Page I
GENERAL HISTORY
OF THE
DICHLAMYDEOUS PLANTS,
COMPRISING COMPLETE
DESCRIPTIONS OF THE DIFFERENT ORDERS;
TOGETHER WITH THE
CHARACTERS OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES, AND AN ENUMERATION OF THE CULTIVATED VARIETIES;
THEIR PLACES OF GROWTH, TIME OF FLOWERING, MODE OF CULTURE, AND
USES IN MEDICINE AND DOMESTIC ECONOMY;
THE SCIENTIFIC NAMES ACCENTUATED, THEIR ETYMOLOGIES EXPLAINED, AND THE CLASSES AND ORDERS
ILLUSTRATED BY ENGRAVINGS,
AND PRECEDED BY INTRODUCTIONS TO THE LINNÆ AND NATURAL SYSTEMS,
AND A GLOSSARY OF THE TERMS USED:
THE WHOLE
ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL SYSTEM.
____________
BY GEORGE DON, F. L. S.
____________
IN FOUR VOLUMES
VOL. III. — CALYCIFLORÆ.
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LONDON:
PRINTED FOR J. G. AND F. RIVINGTON; J.. AND W. T. CLARKE; LONGMAN AND CO.; T. CADELL; J. RICHARDSON; JEFFERY
AND SON; BALDWIN AND CRADOCK; J. BOOKER; J. BOOTH; HARVEY AND DARTON; S. BAGSTER; SHERWOOD AND CO.;
HARDING AND LEPARD; J. F. SETCHEL; WHITTAKER AND CO.; SIMPKIN AND MARSHALL; AND E. HODGSON
____________
MDCCCXXXIV.
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ORDER CXXXIV. LOBELIACEÆ (this order contains plants agreeing with the genus Lobelia in many characters). Juss. ann. mus. 18. p. 1. (1811.). D. C. et Duby, bot. gall. p. 310. (1828.). Lindl. introd. nat. syst. p. 107. — Campanulaceæ, § 2. R. Br. prod. p. 562.
Calyx superior, 5-toothed, or 5-parted, seldom entire, with the tube adnate to the ovarium at the base. Corolla monopetalous, irregular, inserted in the calyx, 5-lobed, or deeply 5-cleft. Stamens 5, inserted into the calyx alternately with the lobes of the corollas; anthers cohering; pollen oval. Ovarium inferior, with from 1 to 3 cells, but usually of 2 cells. Ovula very numerous, attached to the axis or parietes of the fruit. Style simple; stigma usually 2-lobed, surrounded by a cup-like fringe. Fruit capsular or baccate, 1-2-celled, rarely 3-celled, many seeded, dehiscing at the apex. Seeds attached to the axis or parietes of the fruit. Embryo straight, in the axis of the fleshy albumen, with the radicle pointing to the hylum. — Herbaceous plants or shrubs. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Flowers axillary or terminal, of various colours.
This order appears more nearly related to Compositæ than to Campanulaceæ, in their cohering anthers, and in the irregularity of the corolla; the stigma is surrounded by hairs, which are probably analogous to the indusium of Goodenoviæ, to which order Lobeliaceæ approaches very closely. It participates in all the affinities of Campanulaceæ.
The plants contained in this order are all dangerous or suspicious, in consequence of the acridity of their milk. Tupa Fueillei yields a dangerous poison in Chili. The most active article of the Materia Medica of North America is said to be Lobelia inflata; it is possessed of an emetic, sudorific, and powerful expectorant effect, especially the first. When given with a view to empty the stomach, it operates vehemently and speedily, producing, however, great relaxation, debility, and perspiration, and even death, if given in over-doses. Barton, 1. p. 189. The antisyphilitic virtues ascribed to Lobelia syphilitica are supposed to have resided in its diuretic properties; they are however, generally discredited altogether. Barton, 2. p. 211. Hippobroma longiflora, native of some of the West India Islands, is one of the most venomous of plants. The Spanish Americans call it Rebentia Cavallos, because it proves fatal to horses that eat it; it acts as a violent cathartic, the effects of which no remedy can assuage, and which ends in death. The leaves are an active vesicatory. Lobelia cardinalis is an acrid plant, which is reckoned authelmintic. Barton, 2. p. 180. All the plants contained in this order are very ornamental, and therefore well deserving the care of the gardener. The flowers are very showy blue, white, red, scarlet, but seldom yellow.
Synopsis of the genera.
1 CLERMONTEA. Calyx tubular 5-cleft. Corolla arched, 5-cleft, almost regular. Stamens with combined filaments and cohering anthers; the two lower anthers bearded. Stigma 2-lobed, girded by hairs. Capsule baccate, naked at the apex, indehiscent, 2-celled, many-seeded.
2 ROLLANDIA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla compressed at the sides, with an undivided tube, and a 5-parted, somewhat bilabiate limb. Stamineous column adnate to the superior part of the crolla. Anthers cohering, two lower ones bearded. Stigma pilose. Capsule baccate, crowned by the calyx, 2-celled, many-seeded, indehiscent.
3 CYANEA. Calyx 10-furrowed, with oblong, foliaceous, curled segments. Corolla tubular, arched, with a 5-parted, somewhat bilabiate limb. Stamens, combined filaments, and cohering bearded anthers. Stigma capitate ciliated. Capsule baccate, 10-furrowed, indehiscent, crowned by the limb of the calyx, 2-celled, many-seeded.
4 DELISSEA. Limb of calyx 5-toothed. Corolla with an arched undivided tube, and a 5-parted somewhat bilabiate limb. Anthers cohering; 2 lower ones bearded. Stigma 2-lobed, girded by hairs. Capsule baccate, crowned by the limb of the calyx, indehiscent, 2-celled, many-seeded.
5 PRATIA. Limb of calyx 5-toothed (f. 119. a.). Corolla cleft on the back, even to the base, and therefore the limb is 5-parted, unilabiate, or all on the lower side (f. 119. b.). Stamens combined above and the anthers cohering; the two lower anthers mucronate (f. 119. d.). Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule baccate, crowned.
6 TUPA. Calyx spherical, 5-parted. Corolla cleft on the back almost to the base, having the limb divided into 5 segments, which are all united at their tips. Stamens combined almost to the base; anthers cohering, bearded. Stigma 2-lobed, protruding. Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded.
7 SIPHOCAMPYLUS. Limb of calyx 5-parted (f. 120. d.). Corolla with a curved undivided tube, which is ventricose in the middle, and a 5-parted bilabiate limb (f. 120. b.). Stamens and anthers combined; anthers bearded. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, dehiscent.
8 LOBELIA. Limb of calyx 5-parted (f. 121. a.). Corolla with the tube cleft on the upper side, and thickened at the base, and a bilabiate limb (f. 121. g.). Anthers cohering; 2 lower ones usually bearded. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, dehiscent at the apex.
9 DORTMANNA. Limb of calyx 5-parted. Corolla with the tube cleft on the upper side, a bilabiate limb, and a bearded throat. Stamens with free filaments, and cohering bearded anthers. Stigma capitate, hairy. Capsule half superior, 3-celled, 3-valved, dehiscent, many-seeded, surrounded by the calycine segments below the apex.
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10 PARASTRANHUS. Limb of calyx 5-cleft. Corolla with hardly any tube, and a bilabiate, 5-parted, reversed limb. Column of stamens under the lower lip. Filaments and anthers combined; the latter bearded. Stigma bifid or trifid. Capsule crowned by the segments of the calyx, 2-celled, many-seeded.
11 ISOTOMA. Limb of calyx 5-parted (f. 122. a.). Corolla salver-shaped (f. 122. d.), or funnel-shaped, with an entire or cleft tube, and a 5-parted, nearly regular limb (f. 122. d.). Filaments combined; anthers cohering, beardless; the two lower ones mucronate. Stigma capitate, protruding. Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded, dehiscent.
12 HOLOSTIGMA. Flowers dioecious. Limb of calyx 5-parted. Corolla with the tube cleft above, and a nearly regular 5-cleft limb. Anthers cohering, bearded. Stigma undivided. Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded, dehiscent.
13 LYSIPOMIA. Limb of calyx 5-parted. Corolla with an entire tube, and a 5-parted sub-bilabiate limb. Anthers cohering; the 2 lower ones bearded, or terminating in a membranous process. Stigma 2-lobed, ciliated. Capsule 1-celled, opening by an operculum at the apex, many-seeded.
14 MONOPSIS. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped, with a terete tube, which is cleft on one side, allowing the stamens to escape, and a regular rotate limb. Anthers cohering. Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded, dehiscent.
15 HIPPOBROMA. Limb of calyx 5-parted. Corolla with a very long undivided tube, and a 5-parted nearly regular limb. Stamineous tube exserted beyond the throat of the corolla. Anthers cohering, bearded. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded, dehiscent.
16 CLINTONIA. Limb of calyx 5-cleft. Corolla bilabiate, with hardly any tube. Anthers cohering; the 2 superior ones bearded. Capsule silique-formed, triangular, dehiscing by 3 loriform valves, many seeded. Seeds attached to two parietal placentas.
17 CYPHIA. Limb of calyx 5-cleft. Corolla bilabiate, 5-parted; the segments easily separated to the base. Stamens with combined hairy filaments, and free anthers. Stigma hollow, gibbous, bearded. Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded, dehiscent.
18 CANONANTHUS. Calyx hemispherical, with a 5-parted limb. Corolla tomentose outside, campanulate, regular, 5-parted at the apex. Stamens with free filaments, and combined anthers. ? Capsule unknown.
I. CLERMONTEA (named in compliment to the Marquis de Clermont-Tonnerre, minister of the marine of France). Gaud. in Freyc. voy. pt. bot. 459.
LIN. SYST. Pentandria, Monogynia. Calyx tubular, arched, 5-cleft, coloured, length of the corolla, caducous. Corolla tubular, arched, 5-cleft, almost regular. Stamens 5, one of which falls off along with the corolla, with combined filaments and cohering anthers; the 2 lower anthers bearded. Stigma 2-lobed, girded by pili. Capsule baccate, 2-celled, naked at the apex, indehiscent; cells many-seeded. — Shrubby or arboreous lactescent plants. Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers racemose, axillary, bracteate, showy, white, or of a rose-violet colour, blue.?
1 C. OBLONGIFOLIA (Gaud. l. c. t. 71.) leaves on very long petioles, oblong, acutish, crenated; calyx 5-parted. ♄. G. Native of the Sandwich Islands. Oblong-leaved Clermontea. Shrub.
2 C. PERSICIFOLIA (Gaud. l. c. t. 72.) leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, crenated; calyx 5-cleft. ♄. G. Native of the Sandwich Islands. Lobelia Clermontiana, Gaud. mss. Peach-leaved Clermontea. Shrub.
3 C. GRANDIFLORA (Gaud. l. c. t. 73.) leaves obovate-oblong, rather acuminated, dentately crenated; flowers large; calyx 5-parted. ♄. G. Native of the Sandwich Islands. Lobelia grandiflora, Gaud. mss. Great-flowered Clermontea. Shrub.
Cult. All the species of this genus bear ornamental blossoms, and are therefore worth cultivating in every collection of greenhouse plants. A mixture of loam, sand, and peat is the best soil for them; and they will be easily increased by cuttings planted in the same kind of soil, under a hand-glass, in a little bottom heat.
II. ROLLANDIA (named after R. M. Rolland, gunner of the expedition under Freycenet, who rendered great services to ornithology). Gaud. in Freyc. voy. pt. bot. p. 458.
LIN. SYST. Pentandria, Monogynia. Calyx closely adhering to the ovarium; limb free, 5-parted, with short obtuse segments. Corolla tubular, with the sides compressed; tube curved, undivided; limb 5-parted, somewhat bilabiate; segments narrow, Stamens 5. Stamineous tube adnate at the bottom to the superior part of the tube of the corolla. Anthers cohering, two lower ones bearded. Stigma 2-lobed, girded by hairs. Capsule baccate, indehiscent, 2-celled, crowned by the permanent calyx; cells many-seeded. — Lactescent shrubs. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Peduncles axillary, few-flowered. Pedicels unibracteate at the base. Flowers white.
3 R. LANCEOLATA (Gaud. l. c. t. 74.) shrub branched; leaves large, oblong-lanceolate, doubly toothed, hairy beneath; calyx 5-parted, glabrous, with ovate obtuse segmentss; racemes few-flowered; stamens epipetalous. ♄. G. Native of the Sandwich Islands. Lobelia Rollandiana, Gaud. mss. Lobelia lanceolata, Hook. et Arn. in Beech. voy pt. bot. p. 88. Lanceolate-leaved Rollandia. Shrub.
3 R. CRISPA (Gaud. l. c. p. 459) shrub branched; leaves large, oblong, tapering much to the base, sharply toothed, glabrous, with undulately curled margins; calyx 5-parted, downy, with ovate obuse segments; stamens epipetalous. ♄. G. Native of the Sandwich Islands. Lobelia crispa, Gaud. mss. Curled-leaved Rollandia. Shrub.
3 R. PINNATIFIDA; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends, running into the short petioles, remotely pinnatifid, sinuately and doubly toothed; flat and glabrous above, reticulately veined beneath and rather hairy; teeth short, and are as well as the lobes obtuse and collously mucronate; racemes axillary; calyx and corolla hairy; ovarium obconical, crowned by the auriculated, ovate, obtuse, calycine segments. ♄. G. Native of the Owahu, on the mountains. Lobelia pinnatifida, Cham. in Linnæa. 7. p. 221. Leaves like those of a species of Sonchus. Pedicels rising from a fleshy peduncle., and furnished with scale-formed bracteas. Corollas 2 lines long, deciduous. Stem branched. Perhaps a species of Cyanea. Pinnatifid-leaved Rollandia. Shrub.
4 R. ? AMBIGUA leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends, sinuately and doubly toothed, flat and glabrous above, and hairy beneath and fuscescent: teeth callously mucronate; racemes axillary; ovarium obconical, smooth; calycine segments voate, obtuse, mucronate, rather hairy; corolla hairy, especially on the nerves. ♄. G. Native of Owahu. Lobelia ambigua, Cham. in Linnæa. 7. p. 221. Stem simple.? Corolla deciduous. Ambiguous Rollandia. Shrub.
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5 R. CALYCINA; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends, unequally and erosely crenated, flat and pilose above, and reticulately veined, fuscescent and hairy beneath; calyx glabrous, with oblong, bluntish, 1-nerved segments; ovarium olive-formed, crowned by the erect calycine teeth; limb of corolla hairy; tube of anthers hairy about the base and along the furrows. ♄. G. Native of Owahu. Lobelia calycina, Cham. in Linnæa. 7. p. 222. Corolla deciduous. Large-calyxed Rollandia. Shrub.
Cult. See Clermontia, p. 698. for culture and propagation.
III. CYANEA (from κυανεος, kyaneos, blue; colour of flowers). Gaud. in Freyc. voy. pt. bot. p. 457.
LIN. SYST. Pentandria, Monogynia. Calyx adhering to the ovarium, 10-furrowed, longer than the limb, which is foliaceous and 5-parted; segments oblong, with reflexed undulately curled margins. Corolla tubular, cylindrical, arched; limb 5-parted, somewhat bilabiate. Stamens 5, with combined filaments, and cohering bearded anthers. Stigma capitate, simple, ciliated with hairs. Capsule baccate, 10-furrowed, indehiscent, 2-celled, crowned by the permanent calyx; cells many-seeded.
5 C. GRIMESIANA; Gaud. l. c. p. 457 t. 75.) branched; leaves large, pinnate-parted, smoothish, with lanceolate coarsely toothed segments; petioles, rachis, and peduncles beset with tubercular prickles; segments of calyx large. ♄. G. Native of the Sandwich Islands. Lobelia Grimesiana, Gaud. mss. Hook. et Arn. in Beech. voy. pt. bot. p. 88. Grimes's Cyanea. Shrub.
Cult. See Clermontea, p. 698. for culture and propagation.
IV. DELISSEA (named after A. M. Delisse, a physician from the Isle of France, and naturalist to the French expedition under D'Entrecasteaux, to the South Seas — from 1800 to 1880). Gaud. in Freyc. voy. pt. bot. p. 457.
LIN. SYST. Pentandria, Monogynia. Calyx closely adnate to the ovarium; limb free, 5-toothed, permanent. Corolla tubular, arched, deciduous; tube cylindrical, undivided; limb 5-parted, somewhat bilabiate; segments narrow. Stamens 5, with connate filaments, and cohering anthers; the two lower ones bearded. Stigma 2-lobed, girded by hairs. Capsule baccate, crowned by the permanent calyx, 2-celled, indehiscent; cells many-seeded. — Shrubby lactescent plants. Leaves scattered, exstipulate, entire. Flowers racemose, axillary, pale red, or whitish red; pedicels unibracteate at the base.
1 D. SUBCORDATA; Gaud. l. c. p. 457 t. 77.) branched; leaves ovate, sharply toothed, glabrous. ♄. G. Native of the Sandwich islands. Lobelia subcordata, Gaud. mss. Subcordate-leaved Delissea. Shrub.
2 D. UNDULATA; Gaud. l. c. t. 78.) stem simple; leaves oblong, sharply and coarsely toothed, glabrous, with undulated margins. ♄. G. Native of the Sandwich islands. Lobelia undulata, Gaud. mss. Undulated-leaved Delissea. Shrub.
3 D. ACUMINATA; Gaud. l. c. t. 76.) branched; leaves oblong, doubly denticulated, hairy on both surfaces. ♄. G. Native of the Sandwich islands. Lobelia Delisseana, Gaud. mss. Hook. et Arn. in Beech. voy. pt. bot. p. 88. Acuminated-leaved Delissea. Shrub.
4 D. ANGUSTIFOLIA; (Cham. in Linnæa. 7. p. 219). glabrous; leaves on long petioles, narrow-lanceolate, flat acute, bluntly serrated; calyx at first 5-toothed: teeth minute, ciliated, but afterwards toothless, with undulated edges; corolla smooth, without papillæ. ♄. G. Native of the Owahu. Stem quite simple? Pedicels axillary at the top of the stem, forming a corymb. Filaments ciliated. Lobes of stigma pilose on the back. Narrow-leaved Delissea. Shrub.
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VIII. LOBELIA (in honour of Matthew Lobel, author of various works, and particularly that called Icones Plantarum; he was born at Lisle in 1538, became physician and botanist to James I., and died in London in 1616). Pohl, pl. bras. 2. p. 99. — Lobelia species, Lin. and other authors.
LIN. SYST. Pentandria, Monogynia. Calyx adnate to the ovarium; limb 5-parted (f. 121. a.). Corolla irregular, tubular; tube cleft on the upper side, thickened or ventricose at the base; limb 5-parted, bilabiate; the 2 segments of the upper lip linear-lanceolate (f 121. f.); lower lip trifid and pendulous, with lanceolate or roundish segments (f. 121. g.). Filaments combined above (f. 121. e.). Anthers cohering (f. 121. c.), bearded; the 2 lower ones usually bearded, and sometimes all. Capsule oval, 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded, dehiscing at the apex. — Erect or procumbent herbs. leaves alternate, usually sessile. Flowers on short pedicels, usually disposed in terminal leafy spikes or racemes, rarely solitary and axillary, blue, red, or white, rarely yellow.
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117 L. SUPERBA; (Cham. in Linnæa. 7. p. 223). arboreous, palm-formed; stem quite simple, straight, with a tuft of leaves at top; leaves glabrous, oblong-obovate, acuminated, narrowed into the petioles, undulated, denticulated, with reflexed edges, almost quite entire towards the base, and revolute; inflorescence and corollas tomentose. ♄. S. Native of the Island of Owahu, in woods. Ribs of leaves thick, and prominent beneath; veins feathered and prominent. Peduncles longer than the leaves, declinate, nutant, furnished with many oblong-elliptic sessile densely imbricated bracteas, bearing a globose head of lowers each. Corolla curved, cleft on the back, 2 1/2 inches long. Column of stamens glabrous, exceeding the corolla. Two lower anthers bearded. Leaves 2 1/2 feet long and 1 foot broad. This is a most superb species. Superb Lobelia. Tree 10 to 15 feet.
118 L. MACROSTACHYS; (Hook. et Arn. in Beech. voy. pt. bot. p. 88.) glabrous; stem tall, straight; leaves linear-lanceolate, attenuated at both ends, subcrenated; racemes simple, terminal, very long; pedicels secund, horizontal; bracteas linear, shorter than the pedicels; tube of calyx hemispherical, with the segments obtuse; corollas twice the length of the pedicels. ♄. S. Native of the Sandwich Islands. Calyx closely adhering to the ovarium; with a free 5-parted limb, which is about equal in length to the tube. Corolla tubular, 3 inches long; tube cylindrical, 5-cleft, split on the back. Stamens with a free tube, and cohering anthers; the two lower ones bearded. Stigma 2-lobed; lobes flat, thick, cartilaginous, rounded, divaricate, beardless. Fruit unknown. Long-spiked Lobelia. Shrub tall.
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