Page I
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
AMERICAN ACADEMY
OF
ARTS AND SCIENCES.
VOL. VII.
FROM MAY, 1865, TO MAY, 1868.
SELECTED FROM THE RECORDS.
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BOSTON AND CAMBRIDGE:
WELCH, BIGELOW, AND COMPANY.
1868
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Enumeration of Hawaian Plants. By HORACE MANN.
During a visit to the Hawaian Islands, made for the purpose of studying especially the Botany of the Group, and which extended from the 4th of May, 1864, to the 18th of May, 1865, I botanized over five of the largest of these islands, and brought together a collection which forms the basis of the following Enumeration. In its preparation I have been permitted to examine the other collections of the Hawaian plants in the Gray Herbarium; namely, that by the United States South Pacific Exploring Expedition under Commodore Wilkes, — the fullest hitherto made in these islands; a set of the specimens gathered by Jules Remy under the auspices of the Paris Museum, given by that institution; some of Macrae's plants, given by the London Horticultural (now Royal Horticultural) Society; and a few of Gaudichaud's, Chamisso's, Douglas's, and Nuttall's. These materials, and all his own memoranda upon them, were freely offered to my use by Professor Gray, without whose friendly encouragement this enumreation would never have been undertaken, and could not have been accomplished.
The botanists who have collected at the Hawaiian Islands, so far as known to me, are as follows: —
DAVID NELSON, who accompanied Captain Cook on his third voyage, and collected at the Islands in 1778-1779. The plants collected by him are stored at the British Museum, and, excepting a few Labiatæ, have scarcely been examined until recently.
ARCHIBALD MENZIES, a most indefatigable botanist and collector, visited the Islands with Vancouver in 1792, 1793, or 1794, or perhaps in each of these years, and made large and valuable collections, mostly on Hawaii. Sets of his plants are in the Hookerian, Smithian, and Banksian Herbaria.
ALBERT CHAMISSO accompanies Kotzebue in the voyage of Romanzoff, and collected principally on Oahu, late in each of the years 1816 and 1817. He published notes and descriptions of new species in the Linnæa, in conjunction with Schlechtendal. FREDERICK ESCHSCHOLTZ was the physician of the expedition.
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CHARLES GAUDICHAUD, as botanist of the expedition under Freycinet, in the Corvettes "Uranie" and "Physicienne," visited the Islands in August, 1819. He returned to the Islands on the "Bonite" in 1836. The results of his first expedition were pubished as the Botanique du Voyage de l'Uranie, in 1826 (as on title-page, but really not appearing till 1830), in 1 vol. 4to, with a folio atlas. Of the collections of the second visit a few plates of Hawaian plants appeared in a folio atlas (Bot Voy. Bonite, bearing no date), without descriptions, or any clew to localities. The lower Cryptogams were elaborated and in part figured by the late Dr. Montagne in the same work.
JAMES MACRAE collected for the London Horticultural Society, in Brazil, Chili, and the Hawaian Islands, which last he visited in 1825. His specimens were mainly distributed to the herbaria of Bentham, Hooker, Lindley, and De Candolle.
MESSRS. LAY & COLLIE, who accompanieid Captain Beechey during the Voyage of the "Blossom," visited the Islands in 1826-1827, and made the collections which formed the basis of the botany of this voyage by Hooker and Arnott.
FRANCIS JULIUS FERDINAND MEYEN accompanied Captain W. Wendt, on the Prussian vessel "Princess Louise," and visited these islands in 1831. After his death, descriptions of species collected by him were published as a volume of the Nov. Act. Acad. Cæs. Leop. Carol. Nat. Cur., in 1843, here cited as the Reliquiæ Meyenianæ.
DAVID DOUGLAS, as collector sent out by the London Horticultural Society to N. W. America, closed his most important explorations by a visit to the Hawaian Islands, which he reached in the last week in the year 1833. He immediately went to Hawaii, where he collected until the 12th of May, when he met a violent death on the flanks of Mauna Kea. His collections are mainly in the herbaria of the Royal Horitcultural Society, and of Hooker, Bentham, and Lindley.
BARCLAY was botanist on the "Sulphur," commanded by Sir Edward Belcher, and visited the Islands in 1837 or 1839.
REV. JOHN DIELL was American Seaman's Chaplain at Honolulu, and sent small collections to Prof. Asa Gray, which he communicated to Sir. W. J. Hooker.
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W. D. BRACKENRIDGE and CHARLES PICKERING made almost all the botanical collections on the United States South Pacific Exploring Expedition, under command of Charles Wilkes, at least those at the Hawaian Islands, which were visited in 1840. The Polypetalæ were published in full in the Botany of the Expedition by Gray, who has also published new species of Monopetalæ in Vols. IV., V., and VI. of the Proceedings of this Academy. But few of the Apetalæ have yet been noticed. The Ferns, by Brackenridge, were published as a separate volume of the Botany of the Expedition; but nearly the whole of the edition was destroyed by fire. Another partially published volume comprises the Mosses by Sullivant, the Lichens by Tuckerman, and the Algæ by the late Professors Bailey and Harvey.
NUTTALL visited the Islands in 1835, from the Northwest Coast, and made a small collection. Most of his specimens are in the Hookerian Herbarium; a few probably in that of the Philadelphia Academy. He published notes and descriptions of some Hawaian Compositæ, Lobeliaceæ, and Vaccinieæ in the Transactions of the American Philosohpical Society.
JULES REMY went to the Islands under the auspices of the Paris Museum, and made a fine collection in the years 1851-1855.
WM. HILLEBRAND, a physician resident in Honolulu, has recently sent interesting collections to Kew, among them a new genus of Begoniaceæ, which Prof. Oliver has named after its discoverer.
W. T. BRIGHAM, with whom I visited the Islands, aided me constantly in collecting, and remained five months after my return, obtaining several species not in my own collection.
The Hawaian Islands lie just within the northern tropic, between 18° 55' and 22° 20' N, and 154° 50' and 160° 40' W. Their climate is not extreme, being much moderated by the N. E. trade winds, which blow pretty steadily for three fourths of the year. The mean annual temperature at Honolulu is about 79° Fahr.; that of the summer, or from May to October, about 81°, and that of the remaining half-year, or winter months, about 75°; the thermometer ranging mostly between 60° and 86°. Lahaina, under the lee of the mountain of West Maui, and Waimea, in the same relative position to the mountain of Kauai, are the two hottest places, while on the summits of the highest mountains the snow persists through nearly the whole year. The snow descends on the flanks of the high mountains to a level of 6,000 or 7,000 feet above the sea, at least in cold winters, but never lies at that elevation long, quickly retreating upward with the return of a warm day.
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The group comprises thirteen islands, only seven of which, however, are of any considerable size. The extend in a curved line from E. S. E. to W. N. W., about 600 miles in length. Their superficial area is about 6,500 square miles; the largest island, which is also the most easterly one, Hawaii, being about 100 miles long, by 80 or 90 miles wide, of an irregular oval shape. It also presents the highest mountains of the group, as well as of the Pacific, — Mauna Kea being 13,980 feet, and Mauna Loa, 13,760 feet; Hualalai somewhat exceeds 8,000 feet.
The next island to the west, Maui, is the next in size also. It consists in fact of two islands, joined by a low sandy isthmus, so low that more than one vessel has been wrecked by attempting to pass between them, mistaking the gap for the Molokai Passage, next westward. The eastern end of Maui is composed of the Mountain Haleakala, somewhat exceeding 10,000 feet in height. West Maui is about 6,500 feet high; its mountain is known as Eeka; several of its highest portions also bear distinctive appellations.
Molokai lies next to the westward, but is the fifth in size. The highest point is near the eastern end, and perhaps reaches 3,500 feet.
Lanai lies a few miles S. S. W. from West Maui, and is the sixth in size. It probably does not exceed 2,500 feet in height.
Oahu, west of Molokai, is the fourth in size. Its mountains are two somewhat parallel ridges of unequal length, lying nearly east and west, the northern one twice the length of the southern. The northern ridge is partly divided by Nuuanu Valley, the mountains to the east taking the name of their highest peak, Konahuanui; those to the west, the name of Waiolani, the highest peak on that side. Each of these peaks probably a little exceeds 4,000 feet. The farther western end of this range (sometimes called the Waialua Mountains) spreads out to a very considerable breadth, and is extremely difficult of access, so much so that it is probably no white man has ever been to the heart of the region. The southern ridge is known as the Kaala Mountains.
Kauai, the island next west, is the third in size, consisting in great part of a central mountain, 6,500 or 7,000 feet high, with an extensive plateau on its leeward flank, at the height of from 3,000 to 4,000 feet.
Niihau, the most westerly island (excepting a few mere rocks) likes to the S. W. of Kauai, is the seventh as regards size, is in no part above 2,500 feet, and is destitute of forests.
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Returning again to Hawaii, where on the whole the climatic conditions are the plainest, and the regions of vegetation best defined, we have an island whose shores are the lower slopes of three mountains, the relative position of which is that of the three angles of a nearly equilateral triangle. These mountains enclose an extensive plateau at an elevation of about 5,000 feet. The windward shores and slopes of Hawaii are the most rainy part of the group, in consequence of the high peaks above, which condense the moisture of the trade winds, and keep it almost continually falling. The elevated plateau is dry, as much on account of its sterility, as it is sterile on account of its dryness; for whatever rain reaches it sinks into the porous lava soil as fast as it falls. The low region is comparatively sterile on account of its being cut off by the high intervening peaks from the reach of the trade winds, and its heat quickly evaporates any thin clouds which may drift over it. The higher leeward regions possess of themselves sufficient coolness to condense the moisture of the air into clouds; and it is owing to the protecting influence of the mountain peaks that the clouds are not blown away by the strong trade winds before they deposit their moisture, as is the case in some places. Thus we have a wet region all along the eastern side of the island, and extending around to the south and to the west, until it reaches the base of Hualalai; and this wet region, between the height of 1,500 or 2,000 feet to about 5,000 feet, is the most heavily wooded of the group. The parts between 1,500 feet and the sea level comprise comparatively few species, and but little of the peculiar vegetation. The high and dry mountain tracts, above 4,000 or 4,500 feet, are very distinct in their character and vegetation from either of the regions below. The highest lava summits are nearly destitute of vegetation.
Similar considerations, making allowances for physical contour, &c., explain the similar distribution of wet and dry regions, and of vegetation on the other islands. Thus, the summit of Haleakala, above 6,000 feet, has the character and nearly the same plants as the higher parts of Hawaii, and its windward slopes are wet and heavily wooded. The high summit stands in the way of the winds in such a manner as to make an eddy to the leewards, where clouds gather every day, and supply sufficient moisture to sustain a forest, while other parts are more frequently cloudless and drier. The summits of West Maui, Oahu, and Kauai, lying between the heights of 4,000 and 6,500 feet, are just in the cloud level, and, being also peaks where denudation has long been active, the soil has become somewhat impervious to moisture, which therefore remains on the surface. The region has a peculiar aspect, which is at once recognized in ascending the mountains. The only forest-tree, the ohia lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha) becomes stunted; the trunks are covered with a thick coating of Mosses and Hepaticæ, which retains the moisture so as to render everything dripping wet; and not more than a dozen species of flowering plants and ferns occur in the whole. Above this, on the mountains of West Maui and Kauai, there is an open tract, where the lehua, one of the largest forest-trees, at an elevation of 2,000 feet, has become dwarfed, a foot or two high, in spreading clumps, but still flowering luxuriantly. In the midst of such clumps are found the violets peculiar to these regions, and in the neighboring tussocks of sedge (an Oreobolus) are found the few other plants, which occur here and nowhere else, to the number of eight or nine; also Drosera longifolia, thousands of miles from its next nearest known habitat.
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The lower parts of the Kaala mountains, and the lower parts of the leeward flank of Kauai, have many characteristics in common, both being somewhat deprived of moisture by high land to the windward.
By far the greater portion of the soil has been formed by disintegration of the lava; the thin sandy soil of those parts which consist of raised coral reefs (as some of the shore regions of Oahu), and that which is formed by the drifting inland of the calcareous beach sands, support a few species which are not found elsewhere.
It is the purpose of this enumeration to give as complete a list as possible of the plants indigenous to the group, inserting also the probably introduced plants which have become thoroughly naturalized. Those which are without doubt indigenous have been left unmarked. Those which are probably of aboriginal introduction are marked with an asterisk (*); the few which are in all probability recent introduction, with a dagger (†).
The specimens which have been distributed, under numbers, from the collection of Mr. Brigham and myself, are referred to by the intials M. & B. The numbers of Remy's plants are cited, as far as they have been met with in the Gray Herbarium. Hillebrand's collection is not here represented fully enough to make it worth while ordinarily to cite his numbers.
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Lobeliaceæ.
ROLLANDIA, Gaud. Bot. Freyc. Voy. p. 458.*
Calyx tubo ovoideo, lobis abbreviatis æqualibus. Corolla arcuato-gibbosa, a latere compressa, tubo integro superne inflato dorso fisso, calyce multo longiore, limbo quinquepartito subbilabiato, lobis lanceolatis. Columna staminea inferne corollæ postice et lateraliter adnata. Antheræ duæ inferiores barbatæ. Stigma bilobum. Bacca bilocularis, calyce diu persistente coronata. — Frutices lactescentes, Sandwicenses, racemis axillaribus brevibus, pedicellis nudis. Folia integra, sesqui-tripedalia.
252. ROLLANDIA LANCEOLATA (Gaud. l. c.): fruticosa; foliis oblongo-lanceolatis duplicato-dentatis subtus hirtellis utrinque acutis, petiolis sesqui-bipollicaribus; pedunculis petiolo subæquilongis paucifloris; calycis lobis glabris obovatis obtusis tubo ovoideo triplo brevioribus; columna staminea antherisque hirsutis; corolla fere glabra; stigmate nudo; semina minutissime striato-reticulata. — R. lanceolata, var. grandifolia, DC. Prodr. 7, p. 344. R. Delessertiana, Gaud. Bot. Bonite, t. 75. Delissea lanceolata, Gray, in Proceed. Amer. Acad. 5, p. 147. — Oahu. (W. T. Brigham).
253. ROLLANDIA CRISPA (Gaud. l. c.): fruticosa; foliis obovato-lanceolatis inferne longe attenuatis breviter petiolatis membranaceis fere glabris margine serrulatis undulatis vel integerrimis; pedunculo petiolum adæquante paucifloro; calycis lobis oblongis obtusis subfoliaceis velutinis valde imbricatis ovario æquilongis; columna staminea glabra; corolla cinereo-puberula; stigmate nudo. — Cyanea ? Rollandia, Gray, l. c. p. 149. — Oahu. (M. & B. 58.)
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* The diagnostic characters of the four fleshy-fruited genera of Lobeliaceæ peculiar to the Hawaiian Islands may be stated thus: —
ROLLANDIA. Calycis lobi breves. Corolla arcuato-gibbosa a latere compressa. Column staminea corollæ postice et lateraliter adnata. Caudex fere herbaceus.
DELISSEA. Calycis lobi breves seu brevissimi, sæpius dentiformes. Corolla arcuata, tubo cylindraceo. Columna staminea libera. Arbusculæ columnæformes vel ramosæ.
CYANEA. Calycis lobi foliacei vel prælongi. Corolla arcuata vel rectiuscula. Columna staminea libera. Frutices vel arbores columnæformes.
CLERMONTIA. Calycis lobi corollam æquilongam sub anthesi valvatim includentes, caduci. Columna staminea libera. Arbusculæ ramosæ.
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254. ROLLANDIA HUMBOLDTIANA (Gaud. Bot. Bonite, t. 76): fruticosa; foliis lanceolatis vel obovato-lanceolatis inferne attenuatis longiuscule petiolatis fere glabris serrulatis vel integerrimis; pedunculo petiolum adæquante vel superante paucifloro; floribus hirtellis; calycis lobis lanceolatis ovario dimidio brevioribus; columna staminea glabra; stigmate pilis cincto. — Oahu. (W. T. Brigham.) — I have fortunately been able to identify a single specimen, which Mr. Brigham collected, with the figure of this species: as is shown by the description, drawn from the specimen, aided by Gaudichaud's excellent figure, it has characters of value upon which to stand.
DELISSEA, Gaud. Bot. Freyc. Voy. p. 459.
Calyx tubo hæmispherico vel turbinato, lobis brevibus sæpius dentiformibus. Corolla arcuata, tubulosa, bilabiata, tubo sæpius dorso fisso, labiis longitudine æqualibus. Columna staminea a corolla libera. Antheræ duæ inferiores barbatæ. Stigma bilobum. Bacca subglobosa, bilocularis. — Frutices vel arbusculæ lactescentes, Sandwicenses, foliis integris vel pinnatifidis, racemis axillaribus, pedicellis sæpe bibracteolatis.
255. DELISSEA CLERMONTIOIDES (Gaud. Bot. Bonite, t. 47):
| fruticosa, hirtella; foliis coriaceis oblongis utrinque acuminatis creberrime serrulatis supra glabris breviter petiolatis; pedunculis bracteatis paucifloris petiolum adæquantibus vel superantibus; pedicellis pedunculo æquilongis bibracteolatis; lobis calycis brevissimis triangularibus; corolla bipollicari sub-bilabiata; ;bacca angulata-sphærica apice truncata (pollicari); seminum testa lævissima. — | woody, hirtellous; leaves coriaceous, oblong, base and apex acuminate, densely serrulate, upper surface glabrous, shortly petiolate; peduncle bracteate few-flowered, of the same length or longer than the petiole; pedicel the same length as the peduncle, bibracteolate; calyx lobes shortly triangular; corolla two inches, sub-bilabiata; berries spherical, ridged, apex truncate, one inch; seed coat pale. |
Gray, l. c. p. 147. — this character has been drawn up from a young specimen in the collection of the United States Exploring Expedition, helped out by Gaudichaud's figure.
256. DELISSEA CORIACEA (Gray, l. c. p. 147): "fruticosa, glabra; foliis amplis (pedalibus et ultra) oblongo-lanceolatis coriaceis repando-serrulatis basi acutis longiuscule petiolatis, venulis conspicue reticulatis; racemis plurifloris petiolum haud superantibus; calycis limbo obsolete seu dentibus 5 minutis instructo; corolla (glabra) pollicari subcurvata." — Kauai. (Remy, 302.)
Var.? β. "foliis spathulata-lanceolatis in petiolum brevem longe attenuatis." — Fruit as large as a cherry. — Haleakala, East Maui. This may be my D. arborea.
Var.? γ. PINNATILOBA (Gray, l.c. & in Bot. S. P. Expl. Exped. ined.): "foliis profunde sinuato-pinnatifidis, lobis utrinque 5-7 obtusissimis integerrimis." — Mountains of Kauai. This was doubtfully referred by Gray to D. Delessertiana, Gray, l. c., which is Rollandia Delessertiana, Gaud. Bot. Bonite, t. 75, which again appears to be identical with R. lanceolata, Gaud. I have little dout that it is a variety of D. coriacea, but only some leaves have been collected.
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257. DELISSEA OBTUSA (Gray, l. c. p. 148): "fruticosa, ramis junioribus floribusque undique pubescentibus; foliis (5-8-pollic.) membranaceis oblongis serrulatis apice vel utrinque obtusis subtus parce pubescentibus; racemis plurifloris petiolum gracilem haud superantibus; calycis limbo minuto vel fere obsoleto; corolla gracili subpollicari incurva"; columna staminea glabra; seminum testa lævissima nitidiuscula. — Mountains of Maui. (M. & B. 466.)
Var. MOLLIS (Gray l. c.): "caule crassiori; foliis elongatis (subpedalibus) oblongo-lanceolatis basi in petiolum breviusculum attenuatis supra puberulis subtus molliter pubescentibus; floribus pollicaribus crassiusculis cæruleis." — Mouna Kea, Hawaii.
258. DELISSEA HIRTELLA (sp. nov.): fruticosa, ramosa, hirtella; foliis oblanceolatis utrinque acuminatis crebre serrulatis supra glabris petiolatis; pedunculis paucifloris petiolo brevioribus; lobis calycis lanceolatis ovario multo brevioribus. — Mountains above Waimea, Kauai. — A large branching shrub, 20 feet high, hirsute with short rusty hairs. Leaves 7 to 10 inches long, 2 to 3 wide. Petioles about 2 inches long. Only flower-buds seen, in which the sepals are scarcely a line long. (M. & B. 574.)
259. DELISSEA ACUMINATA (Gaud. Bot. Freyc. Voy. p. 475, t. 76; DC. Prodr. 7, p. 342, non Gray, l. c. p. 148): fruticosa, ramosa; foliis oblongis utrinque acuminatis denticulatis membranaceis pilosiusculis subtus pallidioribus longiuscule petiolatis; pedunculis petiolo brevioribus; pedicellis filiformibus nudis, floribus racemosis; calycis lobis lanceolatis puberulis ovario dimidio brevioribus; corolla (12-16 lin. longa) glabrata; columna staminea hirtella; seminum testa lævissima flava. — Oahu. (M. & B. 233.)
fruticosa, ramosa, hirtella;260. DELISSEA ANGUSTIFOLIA (Presl, Prodr. Lob. p. 47); fruticosa, ramosa; foliis lanceolatis acutis serratis, serraturis obtusis, petiolis limbo dimidio brevioribus; pedunculis axillaribus plurifloris petiolo æquilongis; floribus corymbosis; pedicellis filiformibus nudis; calycis lobis dentiformibus ciliolatis caducis; corolla cum columna staminea glabra; seminum testa lævissima nitidiuscula. — DC. Prodr. 7, p. 343. D. acuminiata, var. angustifolia, Gray, l. c. p. 148. Lobelia angustifolia, Cham. in Linnæa, 8. p. 219. — Oahu. (M. & B. 231; Remy, 299.)
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261. DELISSEA RHYTIDOSPERMA (sp. nov.): arborescens; foliis lanceolatis petiolatis membranaceis utrinque acuminatis serratis, serraturis acutis; pedunculis axillaribus paucifloris petiolo brevioribus; floribus racemosis; pedicellis nudis; calycis lobis dentiformibus persistentibus; seminum testa valde undulato-rugosa. — Mountains above Waimea, Kauai. — A small tree, glabrous in all parts as far as known. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, 1 to 1 1/4 inches wide, thin and somewhat reticulated-veiny. Petioles an inch long or less. Peduncles quite short. The persistent calyx-lobes less than half a line long. Flowers unknown (M. & B. 576).
262. DELISSEA ARBOREA (sp. nov.): caule simplicissimo fere glabro; foliis bipedalibus subcoriaceis oblanceolatis superne creberrime serrulatis inferne longe gradatim attenuatis integerrimis sessilibus; pedunculis axillaribus brevibus paucifloris; calycis limbo fere obsoleto; corolla alba fere recta. — Ulapalakua, E. Maui — Trunk simple, erect, 20 feet high, bearing a large tuft of horizontally spreading leaves at the apex, among the sessile bases of which are the short-peduncles clusters of flowers. (M. & B. 461.)
263. DELISSEA SUBCORDATA (Gaud. Bot. Freyc. Voy. p. 457 t. 77): fruticosa, ramosa, glaberrima; foliis ovatis subcordatis acutis inæqualiter serratis, dentibus acutis, petiolo limbo æquilongo; pedunculis petiolo æquilongis vel brevioribus; pedicellis nudis; calycis lobis brevissimis pilosiusculis; corolla (sesquipollicari) dorso ad medium fissa; bacca turbinata; seminum testa eximie rugosa. — DC. Prodr. 7, p. 342. D. undulata, Gray, l. c. p. 148, pro parte. — Kaala Mountains, Oahu; Kauai. (M. & B. 573.)
264. DELISSEA UNDULATA (Gaud. Bot. Freyc. Voy. p. 457, t. 78): fruticosa; caule simplicissimo glaberrimo; foliis ovato-lanceolatis acutis serratis in petiolum limbo dimidio breviorem v. æquilongum angustatis, nunc subcordatis; pedunculis brevibus confertis plurifloris; pedicellis nudis; calycis lobis brevissimis; corolla (subpollicari) dorso ad medium usque fissa; bacca ovoidea; seminum testa læviuscula. — "Kauai" or more probably "Niihau" (Remy, 300bis), where it was also found by Mr. W. T Brigham.
265. DELISSEA PLATYPHYLLA (Gray, l. c. p. 148).: caule fruticoso orgyali petiolisque tuberculis aculeisve conicis mollibus obsitis; foliis sesquipedalibus obovato-oblongis repandis membranaceis glabris petiolatis; pedunculis axillaribus brevibus crassis paucifloris; pedicellis subpollicaribus nudis; lobis calycis brevibus subulatis; floribus fere bipollicaribus. — Puna, Hawaii, in woods near Hilo. (M. & B.)
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266. DELISSEA RACEMOSA (sp. nov.): fruticosa; foliis oblongo-lanceolatis vel ovato-lanceolatis utrinque acutis minute eroso-crenulatis in petiolum brevem longe attenuatis, supra pilis conicis brevibus raris, subtus albidis pubescentibus venis brunneis; pedunculis folium adæquantibus bracteatis; pedicellis bracteoliatis; calycis lobis glabratis oblongis obtusiusculis ovario multo brevioribus. — Oahu. — An unbranched shrub, 5 or 6 feet high. Leaves a foot long, about 4 inches wide, tapering gradually at the base into a petiole but an inch long. The pubescence on the under surface of the leaf whitish, except on the brown veins, and quite characteristic. Peduncles loosely several-flowered. Ovary 6 or 7 lines long. Sepals hardly exceeding a line in length. (M. & B.)
267. DELISSEA CALYCINA (Presl. Prodr. Lob. p. 47).: foliis oblongo-lanceolatis utrinque acutis in petiolum brevem longe attenuatis inæqualiter eroso-crenulatis supra planis pilisque conicis brevibus raris sparsis conspersis subtus reticulato-venosis in rete fuscescente præsertim hirtis; calyce glabro, lobis longis obtusiusculis uninerviis; ovario sub anthesi obconico, grossificatione olivæformi, vertice lobis calycis erectis coronato; corolla limbo hirtella; tubo antherarum circa basin sursumque in sulcis hirto. Lobliea calycina, Cham. in Linnæa, 8,, p. 222. — Leaves crenulate, shining above, 1 1/2 feet long, 3 inches wide. Petiole 1 inch long. In some notes which Prof. A. Braun has obligingly communited concerning Chamisso's specimen of this plant in the Berlin herbarium, he shows that the common peduncle is but an inch or two long, much thickened, and that the sepals are ovato-lanceolate, 3 lines long and half as wide. It thus differs in several respects from the preceding species, which I had at first thought should be referred here, but I am not so sure now that this species should not stand in Cyanea and near C. aspera, Gray.
268. DELISSEA PINNATIFIDA (Presl. Prodr. Lob. p. 47).: ramosa; foliis oblongo-lanceolatis utrinque acutis in petiolum brevem decurrentibus remote pinnatifidis leviter sinuato-duplicato-dentatis, dentibus brevibus pinnisque obtusis calloso-mucronulatis, supra planis glabris, subtus reticulato-venosis in rete fuscescente præsertim hirtis; racemis axillaribus; calycibus corollisque hirtis; ovario obconico lobis calycis auriculatis ovatis obtusis corornato. Lobelia pinnatifida, Cham. in Linnæa 8, p. 220. — Oahu.
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269. DELISSEA AMBIGUA (Presl. Prodr. Lob. p. 47).: foliis oblongo-lanceolatis utrinque acutis in petiolum brevem longe angustatis sinuato-duplicato-triplicatoque-dentatis (dentibus calloso-mucronulatis) supra planis glabris subtus hirtis reticulato-venosis rete fuscescente; racemis axillaribus; ovario obconico glabrescente; lobis calycis ovatis subemarginato-obtusis mucronatis paululum hirtellis; corolla in nervis præsertim hirta. Presl. — According to Chamisso, perhaps not distinct from the preceding, but the calyx-lobes less auricles, etc. Lobelia ambigua, Cham. l. c. p. 221. — I know nothing of this or the preceding species. Perhaps they should stand in Cyanea.
270. DELISSEA MANNII (W.T.Brigham, in litt.): fruticosa, ramosa, puberula; foliis lanceolatis acutis serratis subtus pallidioribus; pedunculis petiolo subæquilongis pollicaribus; calycis lobis linearibus ovario bis longioribus; corolla fere recta; seminum testa minutissime striato-reticulata. — Molokai. — Leaves 5 or 6 inches long, 1 to 1 1/2 inches wide. Calyx lobes 3 or 4 lines long less than a line wide. (W. T. Brigham.)
271. DELISSEA FISSA (sp. nov.): fruticosa, ramosa; foliis sesquipedalibus in petiolum longe attenuatis obovato-lanceolatis utrinque præsertim basi acuminatis crenatis supra glaberrimis subtus parce hirsutulis; racemis brevibus 8-12-floris; pedunculis pedicellisque bracteolatis cum floribus (sesquipollicaribus) glanduloso-villosis; lobis calycis lanceolatis ovario longioribus; corolla purpurea dorso usque ad basim fissa; columna staminea glaberrima. — Valleys of Kealia and Hanalei, Kauai. — A branching shrub about 10 or 12 feet high. (M. & B. 577).
272. DELISSEA PILOSA: "caule frutescente; foliis subpedalibus membranaceis obovatis utrinque acutis vel acuminatis eroso-crenatis pilis brevibus mollibus hirsutis; racemis brevibus in pedunculo 1-2-pollicari hirsuitissimo paucifloris; floribus parvis griseo-cæruleis pedicellisque glabris; lobis calycis linearibus [subfoliaceis] ovario oblongo æquilongis." — Cyanea pilosa, Gray, l. c. p. 149. — Mauna Kea, Hawaii.
273. DELISSEA ASPLENIFOLIA (sp. nov.): fruticosa, fere glabra; foliis membranaceis amplis (ultrapedalibus) pinnatisectis; segmentis lanceolatis sinuato-subpinnatifidis ala sinuata confluentibus; costa rhachi petiolisque plurifloris aculeis brevibus armatis; pedicellis bracteolatis; lobis calycis oblongis obtusiusculis ovario dimidio brevioribus; corolla gracili fere bipollicari. — Waiehu Valley, West Maui. — A small simple-stemmed shrub 3 to 5 feet high. Leaves much like those of Cyanea Grimesiana (M. & B. 464.)
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CYANEA, Gaud. Bot. Freyc. Voy. p. 457.
Cayx profunde 5-fidus, tubo turbinato, lobis æqualibus foliaceis persistentibus. Corolla tubulosa, subarcuata, 5-fida, dorso ad medium vel basim usque fissa, lobis sub-bilabiatis æquilongis lineari-lanceolatis. Columna staminea a corolla libera. Antheræ duæ inferiores vel omnes barbatæ. Stigma bilobum. Bacca bilocularis. — Frutices vel arbores lactescentes, Sandwicenses, sæpius tuberculato-aculeatæ, foliis integris vel pinnatipartitis, racemis axillaribus.
274. CYANEA ASPERA (Gray, l. c. p. 148): "foliis oblongo-ovatis acuminatis denticulatis subtus ad venas venulasque ochraceo-hirtellis utrinque setulis basi papillatis asperis, petiolo muricato; calycis glabri lobis ovalibus obtusissimis foliaceis tubum elongato-obconicum æquantibus; corolla 2 1/2-pollicari curvata." — Oahu. (Expl. Exp.)
275. CYANEA ARBORESCENS (sp. nov.): ramosa, glabra; foliis coriaceis obtusis basi angustatis crebre repando-serrulatis supra viridissimis subtus pallidioribus; pedunculis axillaribus paucifloris; bacca flava diametro sesquipollicari; lobis calycis succulentis pollicaribus vel sesquipollicaribus oblongis obtusis. — West Maui. — A small tree 20 or 25 feet high, much branched. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, 1 to 1 1/2 inches wide. Fully expanded flowers not seen, but the young bud an inch long. (M. & B.; Hillebrand?)
276. CYANEA LOBATA (sp. nov.): fruticosa, glabra; foliis sesquipedalibus oblanceolatis obtusis inæqualiter sinuato-lobatis subtus pilis brevibus rarissimis (petiolo 3-4-pollicari aculeis conicis sparsis) obsitis; pedunculis bracteatis paucifloris petiolo subæquilongis, bracteis linearibus subfoliaceis; sepalis foliaceis late oblongis obtusis mucronatis plurinerviis pollicaribus ovario multo longioribus; corolla magis curvata 2-3-pollicari; stigmate valde bilobo nudo — West Maui. — A small shrub (M. & B. 467.)
277. CYANEA GRIMESIANA (Gaud. Bot. Freyc. Voy. p. 4, t. 75): fruticosa, glabra; foliis cum petiolo 6-pollicari bi-tripedalibus pinnatisectis, segmentis lanceolatis sinuatis; petiolis aculeis conicis armatis; pedunculis longis laxe paucifloris pluribracteatis, bracteis lanceolatis foliaceis; pedicellis bipollicaribus bracteolatis; lobis calycis oblongis acuminatis foliaceis plurinerviis ultrapollicaribus ovario longioribus; corolla curvata 2-3-pollicari; stigmate bilobo pilis cincto; bacca longe turbinata. — Oahu. (M. & B. 201.)
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Var.? CITRULLIFOLIA (Gray, l. c. p. 148): "foliis bipinnatipartitis, segmentis sinuatis; caule aculeis conicis creberrimis horrido." — Hawaii. Oahu.
278. CYANEA LEPTOSTEGIA (Gray, l. c. p. 149): "glabra; foliis ad apicem caulis simplicis arborei confertis lanceolatis subsessilibus integerrimis undulatis (bipedalibus et ultra); racemis brevissimis confertifloris; calycis segmentis prælongis e basi latiori angustissime linearibus patentibus corolla gracili longioribus persistentibus." — Mountains above Waimea, Kauai. — A very remarkable-looking plant, the erect columnar trunk 30 to 40 feet high, bearing at its apex a dense spreading tuft of leaves. Flowers dark purple. (M. & B. 575.)
279. CYANEA TRITOMANTHA (Gray, l. c. p. 149): "caule simplici arborescente orgyali; foliis lato-lanceolatis membranaceis subintegerrimis fere glabri basi acutis tripedalibus (incl. petiolo crasso 5-8-pollicari); floribus confertis magnis; calyce pubescente, lobis linearibus pollicaribus foliaceis ovario cylindraceo longioribus; corolla tripollicari extus tomentoso-pubescente in segmenta 3 longo-linearia mox divisa." — Mouna Kea, Hawaii. (Expl. Exp.)
280. CYANEA SUPERBA (Gray, l. c. p. 149): caule arborea simplicissima; foliis ad apicem caulis confertis lanceolatis eroso-crenulatis subcoriaceis bi-tripedalibus petiolatis; inflorescentia corollisque tomentosis; pedunculis elongatis nutantibus crebre bracteatis capitulo compacto globoso terminatis; lobis calycis oblongis foliaceis (margine imbricatis?); corolla bipollicari tubulosa unilabiata, laciniis linearibus patentibus. — Macrochilus superbus, Presl. Prodr. Lob. p. 47. Lobelia superba, Cham. in Linnæa, 8. p. 223, 225. — Seen growing on the Kaala Mountains, Oahu, but unfortunatley not in flower.
CLERMONTIA, Gaud. Bot. Freyc. Voy. p. 459.
Calyx coloratus, supra ovarium productus, arcuatus, corollam æquilongam sub anthesi valvatim includens, ab ovario circumcisse caducus. Corolla tubulosa, arcuata, semi-quinquefida dorso ad basim usque fissa, lobis subæqualibus. Columna staminea a corolla libera. Antheræ 2 inferiores barbatæ. Stigma bilobum. Bacca subglobosa, bilocularis. — Arbusculæ lactescentes, Sandwicenses, foliis integris, racemis axillaribus, pedicellis bibracteolatis.
281. CLERMONTIA GRANDIFLORA (Gaud. Bot. Freyc. Voy. p. 459 t. 73; Gray, l. c. p. 150. Var. BREVIFOLIA, Gray, l. c. Var. OBLONGIFOLIA, Gray, l. c. C. persicæfolia et C. oblongifolia, Gaud. l. c. t. 71, 72. Var. LONGIFOLIA, Gray, l. c. C. grandiflora Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. Voy. p. 88. C. Kakeana, Meyen in Presl. Lob. C. macrophylla, Nutt. C. macrocarpa, Gaud. Bot. Voy. Bonite t. 49. Though variable in the leaves, and in a lesser degree in the flowers, this is a well-marked species, at once recognized wherever seen in the mountain florests which it inhabits, and of which it at times almost forms a part, as it is a large, much brached shrub or small tree, 10 to 30 feet high. (M. & B. 232.)
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282. CLERMONTIA PARVIFLORA, Gaud.; Gray, l. c. p. 150. C. oblongifolia, Hook. & Arn. l. c., non Gaud. A small branching shrub. (M. & B. 296.)
BRIGHAMIA, Gray, nov. gen.
"Calyx tubo oblongo eximic 10-costato, dentibus parvulis. Corolla hypocraterimorpha; tubo prælongo fere recto antice sinubus 2 profundius fisso; lobis ovato-oblongis æqualiter patentibus consimilibus, nisi 2 anticis longiter unguiculatis. Columna staminea corollæ tubo infra medium (postice altius) adnata; synanthera subinclusa apice recurvo barbata. Ovarium biloculare. Stigma bilobum, nudum. Capsula primum carnosa, loculis demum rimis 2 longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Semina oblonga; testa tenuiter crustacea læviuscula: embryo rectus albumine oleoso brevior. — Arbuscula Sandwicensis, carnosa, glabra; caule orgyali simplicissimo folia obovata subintegerrima creberrime quasi capitatim conferta gerente; pedunculis axillaribus folio brevioribus apice racemosa-paucifloris; floribus pedicello recto haud resupiinatis albis.
283. "BRIGHAMIA INSIGNIS. — Molokai. (W. T. Brigham.) 'Kauai or Niihau.' (Remy, 309ter.) — Stem 5 to 18 feet high. Leaves (in the specimens) only 6 or 8 inches long, contracted at the base into a very short petiole, evidently more or less flesy, and forming a close tuft at the summit of the columnar stem. Peduncles stout and manifestly fleshy, 3 to 5 inches long; the thick ascending pedicels half an inch or an inch long: bracts deciduous. Calyx-teeth much shorter than the tube, oblong-linear, slightly accrescent and persistent on the ripe fruit collected by Mr. Brigham, deciduous from that of Remy's specimen. Corolla showy, white with a tinge of cream-color; the rather slender tube about 4 inches long, slightly incurved; the 5 lobes when expanded about an inch long, thickish, valvate in æstivation, with the pointed tips inflexed, in equality of size and position apparently as nearly regular as in Isotoma, but the two anterior lobes separated from each other and from the lateral ones by sinuses, forming narrow claws of nearly the same length as the lobe. The anther-tube half an inch long, scarcely projecting beyond the cleft of the corolla, straight, with the apex abruptly curved toward the upper side of the flower, and tipped with a uniform tuft of beard, otherwise glabrous. Stigma neither bearded nor indusiate, of two small and flat rounded lobes. Ovary acutely and nearly equably 10-ribbed. Fruit three fourths of an inch long, fleshy-coriaceous, 10-ribbed, evidently capsular; each cell opening by two equidistant, longitudinal, intercostal chinks or clefts extending from just below the apex to the base. Seeds very numerous, half a line long. — Described from a specimen in Remy's collection, communicated by the Paris Museum, and from flowers and fruits collected by Mr. Brigham, and preserved in alcohol. — This very interesting addition to the peculiar Lobeliaceæ of the Sandwich Islands, I have dedicated to Mr. Mann's companion in Hawaiian exploration, WILLIAM T. BRIGHAM, Esq., who not only, after M. Remy, discovered it, and brought the materials needful to complete its characters, but who has paid particular attention to this group of plants, collecting specimens, and especially making sketches of the arborescent species he met with. The fruit of my specimen from Remy would rather be thought to be baccate; but Mr. Brigham's prove it to be capsular. The resemblance of our plant to Isotoma is mainly in the great length and general form of the corolla. But its true relaionship is evidently with the unfortunately little-known Sclerotheca arborea, A. DC. (Lobelia arborea, Forst.) of Tahiti. In that, however, so far as its made out, the corolla is no longer than the foliaceous calyx-lobes, and cleft to the base and the capsule opens at the vertex by two round pores. The one-flowered peduncle is of small moment, as it is bibracteate; and I suppose it is not certain that the flower is resupinate after the manner of the order, although so described by De Candolle. In the present plant there is no torsion of the pedicel, and the odd sepal is anterior. Unless future discoveries invalidate the characters, Brighamia and Sclerotheca must surely be regarded as distinct, related genera." A. Gray, mss.
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284. LOBELIA MACROSTACHYS, Hook. & Arn. l. c. p. 88; Gaud. Bot. Voy. Bonite, t. 46; Gray, l. c. p. 150. A shrub with an upright simple stem, 4 to 8 feet high, dividing at the top into a crown of flowering branches, spreading like the arms of a chandelier. When the light pink flowers have expanded, it is an exceedingly showy plant. (M. & B. 463.)
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285. LOBELIA GAUDICHAUDII, A. DC. Prodr. 7, p. 384; Gaud. Bot. Voy. Bonite, t. 45; Gray, l. c.. Var. KAVAIENSIS, Gray, l. c. (M. & B. 462.).
286. LOBELIA NERIIFOLIA, Gray, l. c. p. 150. (M. & B.)
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