Cyanea

Cyanea Gaudich.

Cyanea breaks easily into two sections: Delisseiodeae and Genuinae. It is quite likely that these two groups together do not form a monophyletic group, but rather that Delisseoideae is sister to Clermontia and these two are sister to the Genuinae section. Therefore, it seems wasteful at this point to struggle to find distinctive traits uniting these two clades and separating them from Clermontia; instead they will be introduced separately.

Section Delisseoideae Hillebr.

The purple-fruited Cyanea are likely sister to Clermontia. They consist of 25 species. One-half are found on Kaua'i, the other half are spread across the remaining islands. In general, they are shrubbier than the Genuinae. On average, this section has narrower leaves. Their leaf margins are more variable than than the subsections of Cyanea (e.g. margins are predominantly crenulate in Rollandiae and dentate in Cyaneae).

Species	Subsection	Island
Cyanea angustifolia	D	O, Mo, L, M
Cyanea obtusa	D	M
Cyanea arborea	D	M
Cyanea mannii	D	Mo
Cyanea elliptica	D	M, L
Cyanea membranacea	D	O
Cyanea comata	D	M
Cyanea pycnocarpa	D	H
Cyanea procera	D	Mo
Cyanea pohaku	D	M
Cyanea hamatiflora	D	M, H
Cyanea giffardii	D	H
Cyanea coriacea	coriacea	K
Cyanea hardyi	coriacea	K
Cyanea minutiflora	coriacea	K
Cyanea pseudofauriei	coriacea	K
Cyanea leptostegia	D K	K
Cyanea spathulata	D K	K
Cyanea undulata	D K	K
Cyanea rivularis	D K	K
Cyanea linearifolia	D K	K
Cyanea asarifolia	D K	K
Cyanea habenata	D K	K
Cyanea kahiliensis	D K	K
Cyanea dolichopoda	D K	K

Section Genuinae Hillebr.

The section Genuinae are the orange fruited Cyanea. They are found on all islands with subsection Rollandia dominating on O'ahu but also with many species found on Maui Nui, some are armed, they are in general either trees or treelets.

Clade Hirtellae

This clade is made up of nine species all from Kaua'i. I suspect it is the result of a radiation on that island before one of its members gave rise to all other Cyanea genuinae further down the island chain. Because the other members are all nested within this clade, it is not monophyletic. They are shrubby, unarmed, with entire leaves or only minutely denticulate and densely pubescent flowers.

Species
Cyanea eleeleensis
Cyanea fissa
Cyanea hirtella
Cyanea kolekoleensis
Cyanea kuhihewa
Cyanea recta
Cyanea remyi
Cyanea sylvestris
Cyanea salicina

Subsection Rollandia

The subsection Rollandia is a clade of 11 species. They are endemic to O'ahu (except see Cyanea parvifolia). Their stamen are adnate to the corolla for at least some length. They are all unbranched treelets except some are so short that they are classified as subshrubs. The leaves of Rollandia are similar to the majority of the other Cyanea, they are generally elliptic with crenulate margins and acute/acuminate apices.

Species
Cyanea lanceolata
Cyanea crispa
Cyanea calycina
Cyanea humboldtiana
Cyanea longiflora
Cyanea koolauensis
Cyanea parvifolia
Cyanea purpurellifolia
Cyanea sessilifolia
Cyanea st.-johnii
Cyanea konahuanuiensis

Subsection Pilosae

This small clade made up of four species all from Hawai'i and Maui. C. pilosa, C. floribunda and C. kunthiana are all quite similar: they are subherbaceous treelets, unarmed, with densely pubescent leaves. The fourth species, C. copelandii, is either an epiphytic treelet or a liana with leaves pubescent only on the undersurface.

Species	Island	Form
Cyanea pilosa	Hawai'i	Treelet
Cyanea floribunda	Hawai'i	Treelet
Cyanea kunthiana	E & W Maui	Treelet
Cyanea copelandii	Hawai'i and Maui	Liana

Subsection Grimesianae

This clade made up of species from all islands except Kaua'i. All except C. acuminata have pinnate leaves. All are armed.

Species	Island	Form
Cyanea grimesiana	O'ahu, both ranges	Treelet
Cyanea cylindrocalyx	Hawai'i, Kohala	Treelet
Cyanea mauiensis	East Maui	Treelet or shrub
Cyanea magnicalyx	West Maui	Treelet or shrub
Cyanea munroi	Lana'i and Moloka'i	Treelet
Cyanea pinnatifida	O'ahu, Wai'anae	Treelet
Cyanea acuminata	O'ahu, both ranges	Treelet
Cyanea truncata	O'ahu, Ko'olau	Treelet

Subsection Scabrae

This large clade, like subsection grimesiana, has many armed species. Most are treelets, but there are a few shrubs mixed in. I have broken the section into series, grouping highly similar plants together.

Species/Series	Island	Form
Cyanea superba	O'ahu, extirpated from Ko'olau	Tree
Series molokaiensis	Moloka'i	Treelets and shrubs
Series mauiensis	Maui Nui	Treelets [shrub]
Series scabrae	Maui Nui	Treelets [shrub]
Series hawaiiensis	Hawai'i	Treelet

Series Molokaiensis

Four Cyanea from the island of Moloka'i [West Maui].

Species
Cyanea solenocalyx	Moloka'i	Treelet
Cyanea dunbariae	Moloka'i	Shrub
Cyanea profuga	Moloka'i	Treelet
Cyanea kauaulaensis	West Maui	Shrub

Series Mauiensis

Seven Cyanea from the islands of Maui Nui.

Species
Cyanea aculeatiflora	East Maui	Tree
Cyanea horrida	East Maui	Treelet
Cyanea solanacea	Moloka'i / West Maui	Shrub
Cyanea quercifolia	East Maui	Tree
Cyanea macrostegia	Lana'i / Maui	Tree
Cyanea duvalliorum	East Maui	Treelet
Cyanea maritae	East Maui	Shrub

Series Scabrae

Six Cyanea from the islands of Maui Nui.

Species
Cyanea lobata	Lana'i / West Maui	Treelet
Cyanea scabra	West Maui	Shrub
Cyanea asplenifolia	West Maui	Treelet
Cyanea mceldowneyi	East Maui	Treelet
Cyanea longissima	East Maui	Shrub
Cyanea glabra	East Maui	Shrub

Series Hawaiiensis

There is a small group of five Cyanea from the big island nested within a much larger group of plants from Maui. These are not the only Cyanea on the big island of Hawai'i, but they seem to cluster as a unit. They are all tall, single-stemmed trees and treelets. They all are armed. They have large flowers. Their leaves are petiolate, oblanceolate with dentate or serrate margins. Note that C. platyphylla has itself been split into four different species C. nolimetangere, C. rollandioides and C. fernaldii. The folk at PEPP have found some specimens of C. platyphylla that are distinct enough that they are informally resurrecting C. fernaldii to denote these specimens.

Species
Cyanea platyphylla	H	H
Cyanea shipmanii	H	H
Cyanea tritomantha	H	H
Cyanea marksii	H	H
Cyanea stictophylla	H	H

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