Page I
FLORA
OF THE
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
____________
A DESCRIPTION
OF THEIR
PHANEROGAMS AND VASCULAR CRYPTOGAMS
BY
WILLIAM HILLEBRAND, M.D.
ANNOTATED AND PUBLISHED AFTER THE AUTHOR'S DEATH
BY
W.F. HILLEBRAND
| LONDON: WILLIAMS & NORGATE 14 HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. | NEW-YORK: B. WESTERMANN & CO. 835 BROADWAY. |
HEIDELBERG:
CARL WINTER, UNIVERSITY-BOOKSELLER.
1888
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ORDER XLIII. LOBELIACEAE.
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, the limb 5-lobed, but the lobes sometimes connate. Corolla gamopetalous, 5-lobed, the lobes valvate, slightly 2-lipped, the upper ones separated by deeper slits from the lower and from each other. Stamens 5, alternate with the lobes of the corolla, the filaments and anthers united into a tube, the anters introrse, opening longitundinally, all, or the two lower ones only, bearded at the apex. Ovary either 1-celled with 2 parietal placentas, or more commonly 2-celled with everted placentas and numerous anatropous ovules. Styles simple, 2-lobed, with a ring or patches of hair below the lobes. Fruit a capsule or berry. Embryo straight in fleshy albumen. - Herbs, shrubs or small trees with milky juice. Leaves alternate, without stipules.
A considerable Order, spread over the tropical and subtropical regions of all continents.
Of this Order, the most interesting and characteristic of our flora, 58 species are known thus far, all endemic and distributed in 6 genera, 5 of which are also endemic. Of these 5, one, Brighamia, stands near the Australian genus Isotoma, which has also sent an outrunner to the Society Islands; the other four, Clermontia, Rollandia, Delissea and Cyanea, are very peculiar and intimately connected with each other, so that it is not easy to determine where one ends and the other begins. They were all established by Gaudichaud, but very unsatisfactorily defined by irrelevant technical characters which separated in different genera closely related species and brou ght together quite heterogeneous ones. In the following new arrangement, which is based upon the study of a much larger material than was at the disposal of any previous writer and upon the knowledge of the mode of growth of the different species, it is claimed that they have been grouped according to their natural affinities, but not that every debatable ground between the several genera has been removed. The sixth genus, Lobelia, which is widely spread over the tropical and subtropical regions of the whole world, comprises among its 5 species two distinct types, of which one, represented by one species only, is closely connected with a plant of the Loo Choo and Bonin Islands.
In determining the range of a species in the fleshy-fruited genera it is necessary to attend to two peculiarities in their mode of growth and to frequent sources of error. In the first place, the axillary centripetal raceme continues to grow until the last flower is matured, and this growth proceeds at a very slow rate, perhaps occupies a couple of months in the many-flowered racemes, and the length of a fruit-bearing raceme may be several times that of one which only holds the first expanded flowers. In the second place, the same rule prevails to some extent in the calycine lobes. In many species these are larger with the fruit than with the flower; the increase seems to take place at the base of the sepals and to continue until the seeds mature. But, aside from this circumstance, there is no part of the plant more subject to variation than the calycine lobes. Their relative length, far from offering a useful character for limiting genera, cannot even be made available for determining varieties. Both in Clermontia and in Cyanea we meet with lobes which are short toothlike and with those which exceed their corollæ, and connate lobes do not belong exclusively to the former, but occur also in a new species of the latter genus.
| Corolla salver-shaped, with a straight entire tube; the fruit capsular | 1. Brighamia |
| Corolla tubular, curved, deeply slit at the back: | |
| Fruit a capsule; flowers in terminal racemes | 2. Lobelia |
| Fruit a berry; inflorescence axillary: | |
| Flowers 2 or 3 in simple cymes, the median pedicel equal to the lateral ones, or 5 to 13 in compound cymes or cymose umbels | 3. Clermontia |
| Flowers in strict racemes: | |
| Staminal column in part adnate to the corolla, the latter deep red or reddish-purple, laterally compressed | 4. Rollandia |
| Staminal column free from the corolla: | |
| Seeds white, wrinkled, with a thin testa; corolla white or greenish, with a dorsal and often 2 lateral knobs; leaves fleshy, glabrous | 5. Delissea |
| Seeds crustaceous, smooth and shining; corolla more or less purplish, without knobs; leaves not fleshy | 6. Cyanea |
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1. BRIGHAMIA, Gray.
Calyx-tube cylindrical, 10-ribbed, with short lobes. Corolla salver-shaped, with a long and straight entire tube, the lobes spreading, valvate in the bud with inflected tips and margins, nearly equal, but two of them separated by deeper slits. Staminal column adnate to the corolla below the middle, highest at the back; all anthers bearded at the apex. Ovary bilocular, with peltate placentas. Stigma shortly 2-lobed, the rounded flat lobes faintly pubescent externally. Fruit a thin-skinned (fleshy?) capsule opening by 2 slits on each side. Seeds numerous, small ovoid, with a thin and smooth pale testa. Embryo shorter than the albumen. — A perennial plant with a thick fleshy simple stem, conically enlarging at the base and densely foliose at the apex. Leaves entire. Flowers white, on erect axillary racemes, with small deciduous bracts and straight pedicels.
A Hawaiian genus of a single species, nearest related to Isotoma, an Australasian genus, of which also a species occurs in the Society Islands.
1. B. insignis, Gray, in Mann, Enum. no. 283. — Stem 5-12 ft. high, several inches thick at the base, fleshy throughout and glabrous. Leaves 9-12' x 5-6', obovate or ovate, with contracting base, subsessile, thick fleshy, glossy, subentire or sinuate-crenate. Peduncle 2-5' long, naked below, bearing 5-15 flowers in its upper half on naked pedicels of 1/2-1'. Bracts small dentiform. Calyx-tube 6-7", its lobes triangular or lanceolate, 1 1/2-4". Tube of corolla 3-5' long, the lobes 9-12", ovate acuminate, with contracting base, sometimes subbilabiate, the 2 upper ones on a common claw divided by deeper sinuses from the others. Staminal column glabrous, almost white. Capsule ovoid to cylindrical, 8-9" long, crowned with the calycine lobes. — Mann, in Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. I, 531, pl. 23.
Molokai ! on steep palis of the northern coast, from Koolaupapa to Halawa, in great numbers at the outlet of the latter valley; Niihau (Remy). The singular plant has been aptly compared to a big cabbage-head stuck on a naked pole. The flowers are sweet-scented, with an odor like that of violets, whence the native name "Punala".
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2. LOBELIA, L.
Calyx 5-toothed or lobed. Corolla slit open on the upper side to near the base, 5-lobed, the 2 upper lobes half the length of the corolla, forming an upper lip, the 3 lower united into a tridentate or trifid lower lip. Staminal tube free from the corolla, the 2 lower anthers or all bearded at the top with a tuft of short stiff hairs. Style shortly 2-lobed, with 2 patches or a ringlet of short hairs below the lobes. Capsule 2-celled, opening at the top into 2 loculicidal valves. Seeds numerous, small, with a thin smooth testa. — Mostly herbs, but all Hawaiian species shrubby. Peduncles 1-flowered, in the axils of leaves, or in terminal bracteate racemes or spikes.
A very large genus, spread over the tropical and temperate regions of the whole world.
| Corolla curved, with converging upper lobes, cream-colored; all anthers penicillate; seeds marginate | 1. L. Gaudichaudii. |
| Corolla suberect, the upper lobes spreading; lower anthers only penicillate; seeds ovoid: | |
| Stem ending in a single raceme; flowers bluish | 2. L. yuccoides. |
| Stem branching near the end into several racemes: | |
| Flowers pink or rose-colored; capsule globose, with a flat vertex | 3. L. macrostachys. |
| Flowers bluish; capsule partly superior, with a conical vertex: | |
| Leaves glabrate; capsule ovoid | 4. L. neriifolia. |
| Leaves white tomentose underneath; capsule cylindrical | 5. L. hypoleuca. |
1. L. Gaudichaudii, DC. Prod. VII, 384 — Stem erect, 2-3' thick near the base, with a thin woody zone and a thick compact medulla, closely covered with rhomboidal leaf-scars, loosely foliose near the top, 4-6 ft. high, generally simple and continuing directly into a pyramidal breateate raceme of 1 1/2 - 2 ft in length, rarely with 1 or 2 short suberect secondary racemes from the base of the terminal one. Leaves coriaceous, quite glabrous, sessile with a broad base, oblong-lanceolate, 6-9' x 1-1 1/2', shortly acuminate, narrowing little toward the base, the margin entire, revolute and lined with a conspicuous row of resinous glands, the oblique veins hidden. Bracts ovate-oblong, glandular-dentate, 1 1/2 - 3/4'. Pedicels suberect, 1-2', puberulous, with 2 accrete bractlets at the base. Calyx greenish, glabrous, the obconical tube 5 x 6", the broad foliaceous lobes twice as long, and imbricate in the bud, deciduous after flowering. Corolla large curved, 3-3 1/2' long, 1/2' broad at the base and widening toward the apex, of thick texture, cream-colored, glabrous, deeply bilabiate, both lips curving downward, the lower 3-dentate or shortly 3-fid. Staminal column glabrous. Anthers 7" long, pale greenish with bluish edgings, all penicillate at the apex. Capsule hard, almost woody, obconical, 10 x 7", with 10 ribs, free in its upper third, which is conical and opens late by loculicidal dehiscence. Seeds compressed, reniform or orbicular; margined, with little albumen, attached edgewise, 1" long, the testa thin and pale. — Gaud. Bot. Voy. Bon., tab. 45. — Gray, in Proc. Am. Ac. V, 150. — Wawra, in Flora, 173, p. 68. — The seeds are, as described, in capsules already open at the vertex. With age the calycine covering withers away, leaving a fenestrate woody net-work which encloses the now freed pergameneous capsule.
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Oahu ! on Konahuanui and Waiolani; Maui ! Eeka; Kauai ! Pohahupili and Waialeale (Wawra & Kn.); at elevations of 3000 to 6000 ft. - On Eeka the plant is not scarce, growing in company with Wilkesia Grayana. It is resinous in all parts and has a very thick milksap. The racemes, bearing from 80 to 100 flowers, make a showy appearance. After the maturation of the fruit the stem dies off, as is also the case with the next following species, but probably becomes replaced by offshoots from near the base. The Harvard herbarium contains an undescribed Lobelia from the Loo Choo Islands, collected by Mr. Ch. Wright, which resembles the present species greatly.2. L. yuccoides, sp. n. — Trunk simple, erect, with a thin woody zone and compact medulla, 4-6 ft. high, 1-1 1/2' thick, closely covered with spires of rhomboidal leaf-scars and bearing a crown of leaves at the end, thence passing at once into a thick terminal raceme of 2-3 ft. in length which is closely covered with 200-400 flowers. Leaves linear, 12-15' x 2-6", acute at both ends, with revolute entire margins, whitish and puberulous underneath, chartaceous, with almost horizontal nerves. Pedicels 4-6", with setiform bracts and bractlets. Calyx whitish, the obconical striate tube about 2", the subulate lobes somewhat longer. Corolla puberulous, bluish, very slender, suberect, 18-20" long, the upper lip spreading, the lower deeply trifid. Filaments puberulous, a small patch of pubescence at the base of each anther; only the 2 lower anthers penicillate. Capsule ovoid or almost cylindrical, 5-6" high, semi-inferior, with a conical apex, loculicidal in the free portion and at last down to the base.
Oahu ! ridge of Waianae, mountains above Lihue; Kauai ! Waimea (Kn.); at elevations of 2000-3000 ft.
3. L. macrostachys, Hook. & Arn. in Bot. Beech. p. 88 — A shrub, 5-6 ft. high, the erect woody stem 1-1 1/2' thick, dividing at the apex candelabra-like into 5-9 horizontal branches, each 1 1/2 - 3 ft long and terminating in a many-flowered raceme, the leaves rather abruptly falling off to bracts. Leaves glabrous, membranous, lanceolate, 10-12' x 3/4-1', acuminate, gradually narrowing into a margined petiole, faintly crenate in its upper portion, with a small gland under each crenature. Racemes about 1 ft long, the pedicels horizontal, 9" long, bibracteolate below the middle, the bracts as long as the pedicels. Calyx glabrous, its tube globose, about 3", the lobes lanceolate, or nearly the same length. Corolla glabrous, pale rose or pink, slender, about 2' long and 3" wide, suberect before expansion, the 2 upper lobes spreading, the lower lip shortly trifid. Staminal column glabrous, excepting a small hairy patch at the base of each anther; only the 2 lower anthers penicillate. Stigmatic hairs in a ringlet. Capsule coriaceous, subglobose, 3-4" x 5-6", with prominent lines and a broad depressed umbonate vertex, inferior throughout, indehiscent or opening by small pores at the vertex, with permanent calyx-lobes. Seeds minute, ovoid, not margined. — Gaud. Bot Voy. Bon. tab. 46. — Gray, l.c.. — The seeds would seem to become free only after the maceration of the calycine tube, which then presents the same fenestrate appearance as in L. Gaudich. The plant is scarcely resinous, the marginal leaf-glands being much smaller than in 1. Milksap watery.
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On high ridges at elevations of 2000 to 3000 ft. Oahu ! on both ranges; Kauai ! Pohakupili (Wawra); Molokai ! Hawaii. This and the first species are plants of striking beauty and deserve to be cultivated.
4. L. neriifolia, Gray, in Proc. Am. Ac. V, 150. — Low prostrate, the woody trailing stem about 3" thick and studded below with knobby leaf-scars, distantly foliose above and ending in a long raceme, with generally one or more distant smaller ones in the axils of the upper leaves. Leaves chartaceous, linear-lanceolate, 8-10' x 4-7", acute at both ends, glandular-dentate or with revolute margins, subentire, generally pale underneath with a faint pubescence. Terminal raceme 6-10' long, rather loose; bracts linear. Pedicels 4-6", bracteolate below the middle, Calyx-tube short obconical, 1-2", the subulate lobes about twice as long, persistent. Corolla lilac, slender, suberect, 9-10" long, its lips revolute. Filaments pubescent; anthers glabrous, only the lower ones shortly penicillate. Capsule ovoid, 3-4", semi-superior, the free conical portion loculicidal and septicidal. Seeds minute ovoid.
Maui ! ridges of Wailuku and Waikapu, Haleakala, 2000-3000ft.
β var. — Leaves green underneath. Inflorescence paniculate, 5-6 secondary racemes besides the terminal one.
Molokai ! Maunahui, where it ws found trailing among Lycopodium fastigiatum.
γ var. — Leaves narrow linear, 2-4" wide, green underneath, membranous, crenulate. A single raceme, 5-6' long. Capsule 3", the free portion more than half its length.
Oahu ! Niu, on a dry exposed slope. The stems, only 1 ft. long, exhibit the growth of several seasons, the remnants of old racemes standing at the base of the latest growth.
5. L. hypoleuca, sp. n. — Erect, subherbaceous, the hollow stem 2-4 ft. long, with few distant leaves, branching above, the long branches bearing 1-4 distant leaves and ending in a rather loose raceme of 6-10' in length. Leaves broadly lanceolate, 12-18' x 1-3', acute, gradually narrowing into a petiole of 1/2-1', sharply dentate or serrulate with callous teeth, soft chartaceous, white underneath with a thick layer of matted wool. Bracts linear or filiform, as long as the pedicels or longer, these 6", bibracteolate near the base. Calyx tomentose, white, with an elongate tube of 3", the lobes of about the same length, subulate from a broad base. Corolla bluish, puberulous, very slender, erect, 15-18" long with revolute lobes. Filaments puberulous; anthers glabrous, bluish, only the lower ones penicillate. Capsule whitish, cylindrical, 8-9" long, the free conical vertex less than 1/4 of the length, with 10 warty ridges. The calycine covering being very thin the capsule is apt to split laterally even before the vertex. Seeds very minute, smooth, ovoid, light brown.
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Oahu ! Wailua and Halemano; Molokai ! pali of Pelekunu; Maui ! gulches of Lahaina and Wailuku; Hawaii ! woods of Kohala.
3. CLERMONTIA, Gaud.
Calyx-lobes either as long as the corolla and then connate bilabiate, colored, caducous, or shorter than the corolla and free, persistent; the ovarian portion globose or tubinate. Corolla tubular, of even width throughout, arched or suberect, almost uni-labiate, the dorsal slit extending to the base, the lateral slits to the middle and the anterior ones falling little short of the latter. Staminal column free from the corolla, generally glabrous; only the 2 lower anthers penicillate. Stigma 2-lobed, hairy below the lobes. Fruit a globose berry with a broad epigynous disk, 2-celled, with thick everted fleshy placentas which fill the entire cells. Seeds numerous, crustaceous, ovoid, smooth. — Unarmed glabrous trees or shrubs with a thick tenacious milksap, branching horizontally from the base upward. Flowers few in simple or irregularly compound cymes.
A genus of Hawaiian plants, characterized by the cymose inflorescence *, the uni-labiate corolla, the full bushy spreading habitus, and the pale or glaucous foliage. Much more numerous in individuals than the other genera of this Order, it constitutes in many regions a leading feature of the vegetation. The trunk of the arborescent species, although measuring several inches in diamenter, encloses a small medullary cavity. The thick milksap is used as bird-glue by the natives, who apply the common name "Oha wai" to all species.
Clermontiae genuinae — Calycine lobes connate, as long as the corolla or little shorter. (In anthesi the upper lobe of the calycine tube becomes completely detached from the others, which only split to the middle, forming a bilabiate calyx; at maturity the entire tube falls with the corolla).
| Peduncle generally 2-flowered; flowers curved in the bud, over 1 1/2 inch long: | |
| Peduncle long, filiform and pendulous | 1. C. grandiflora. |
| Peduncle short erect: | |
| Calyx and corolla little curved when open, with spreading lobes: | |
| Leaves dull, pubescent underneath; bracts linear | 2. C. macrocarpa |
| Leaves glossy above, glabrous and glaucous underneath; bracts dentiform | 3. C. persicaefolia |
| Calyx and corolla strongly arched when open; leaves pale and glabrous underneath | 4. C. oblongifolia |
| Peduncle cymosely 3-11-flowered: | |
| Flowers more than 1 1/2' in length, curved when open | 5. C. pallida. |
| Flowers less than 1 1/2' suberect even in the bud: | |
| Leaves lanceolate, pale; bracts dentiform; color of calyx and corolla with a tinge of red or purple. | 6. C. multiflora. |
| Leaves broadly oblong, dark; bracts linear; color of calyx and corolla blue | 7. C. parviflora |
______________* Each of the three plates in the Botany of Freycinet's Voyage gives a wrong representation of the inflorescence.
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Clermontioideae. — Calycine lobes free, shorter than the corolla, persistent; peduncle 2-3-flowered.
| Peduncle short, 1/2' or less: | |
| Calyx 5-toothed; corolla puberulous; upper anthers pubescent | 9. C. Gaudichaudii. |
| Calyx 5-lobed; corolla glabrous as well as the anthers | 8. C. arborescens. |
| Peduncles 1' or more in length: | |
| Peduncle 1' long; corolla blue, berry globose | 10. C. coerulea. |
| Peduncle 2' long; drooping, with resupinate pedicels; berry pyriform | 11. C. pyrularia |
1. C. grandiflora, Gaud. Bot. Voy. Freyc. p. 459, tab. 73. — A small tree, 12-15 ft. high, glabrous. Leaves obovate to oblong, 3 1/2 - 5' x 1 1/4 - 1 1/2', on petioles of 1/2 - 2', shortly acuminate or cuspidate, bluntly serrulate or dentate, narrowing at the base, chartaceous, glabrous, dull. Peduncle filiform and pendulous, 1-4', with a pair of empty bracts near the middle, 2-flowered, the slender pedicels 1-2 1/2', bracteolate near the middle, or sometimes 3- or by dichotomy of the pedicels cymosely 4-5-flowered. Calyx glabrous, rather thin, purplish or greenish, the ovarian portion low cup-shaped, 4 x 5", the free portion tubular, strongly curved before expansion, much less so after, 2 1/2-3' in length, 3-4" in width, the anterior lobes 1/8 - 1/2 the length of the whole calyx. Corolla purplish, as long as the calyx or a little longer, its lobes spreading. Berry yellow, subglobose, with a broad depressed disk, 6-12" x 4-8". — C. grandiflora, var. brevifolia, Gray, l.c.
W. Maui ! Lanai ! Molokai ! The inflorescence of this well marked species is quite inicorrectly given in Gaudichaud's plate, but the leaves and flowers are true to nature, the latter by no means too large. Specimens from Gaudichaud's collection, distributed by the Musée du Jardin des Plantes, agree entirely with my plants. Old deflorate specimens, collected in Waihee, Maui (not Kauai), were described by Wawra as Delissea filigera.
2. C. macrocarpa, Gaud. Bot. Voy. Bon. tab. 49 — A tall shrub or small tree with the young shoots tomentose. Leaves obovate-oblong 6-10' x 2-3', shortly acuminate, closely denticulate with callous teeth contracting into a petiole of 1-1 1/3', membranous, dull, not shiniing above puberulous beneath. Peduncle puberulous, longer than the pedicels, about 1', two-flowered, with an empty pair of linear bracts (2-3") in its upper half; pedicels 3/4', bracteolate at the middle. calyx green, its ovarian portion globose, 5-6" in diameter, the tubular portion equalling the corolla, 5-18" long and 4" wide, suberect. Corolla yellowish-green. Staminal column pale green, the anthers rose-purplish. Berry globose, yellow, 10-15" in diameter, faintly 5-ribbed. Seeds pale. — C. Kakeana, Meyen, in Presl, Lobel. (name only), and Walp. Rep. II, 708. — C. grandiflora, var. longifolia, Gray, l.c. — C. macrophylla, Nutt.
Oahu ! Molokai ! Maui ! at the lower edge of the woods up to 2500 ft. above the sea. The insipid fruit, which on E. Maui grows to the size of a crab-apple, is eaten by the natives. Meyen's name is older than Gaudichaud's, but, as it was published without description and the word Kake is the native rendering of the English name Jack, probably adapted by the traveller's guide, I forbear from reintroducing it.
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β var. cymosa. — Peduncle cymosely 5-7-flowered. Bracteoles accrete to the pedicels and therefore apparently at the base of the calyx.
Oahu ! slopes of Kaala.
γ var. rosea — Peduncle 2-flowered. Calyx and corolla pale rose. Only the youngest leaves puberulous.
Oahu ! Halemanu.
δ var. Hawaiiensis. — Leaves chartaceous, glabrous. Peduncle 2-flowered, 1' or more long, but shorter than the pedicels. Bracts linear, 6". Ovarian portion of calyx turbinate, 10-12" long when with flower.
Hawaii ! from Hilo to Waiohinu.
3. C. persicaefolia. Gaud. Bot. Voy. Freyc. tab. 72. — size of C. macrocarpa, but the youngest branches glabrous and purplish. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, 4-5' x 3/4 - 1 1/4', acuminate or somewhat obtuse, coarsely crenate or serrulate, the base gradually contracting into a long petiole of 2-3', subcoriaceous, glossy above as if varnished, glabrous and, when fresh, glaucous underneath. Peduncle 4-6" long, 2-flowered, with a pair of short (1") bracts lower down, shorter than the pedicels, these 6-12", bibracteolate near the base and in the young inflorescence, here often dividing again. Calyx and corolla suberect as in C. macrocarpa, but smaller and with a purplish or bluish tinge, the ovarian portion turbinate. — DC. Prod. VII, 342. — Probably Wawra's C. parviflora from Puakea, Oahu.
Oahu ! Kaala range and western portion of the main range.
4. C. oblongifolia, Gaud. Bot. Voy. Freyc. p. 459, tab. 71. — A tree, 15-25 ft. high, quite glabrous. Leaves oblong, 4-6' x 1 1/2', obtuse or rounded, crenate or bluntly serrulate toward the apex, abruptly contracting into a long petiole of 2-4', chartaceous, pale even whitish, underneath. Peduncle 1/2-1' long, 2-, rarely 3-flowered, with one or two pairs of empty dentiform (1/2-1") bractlets, the pedicels about as long as the peduncle and bibracteolate near the base. Calyx pale greenish, its free portion as long as the corolla, strongly arched, the apex returning to the level of the base, 2-3' long, 4-6" wide. Berry globose, 8-9" in diameter, not furrowed. Seeds dark brown. — DC. Prod. l. c.
Oahu ! on the highest ridges of the main range, Manoa, Palolo, Niu, Waipio, etc. In adopting Gaudichaud's name for our plants I do not feel quite certain about their identity. In the plate the corolla appears like that of no. 3, and possibly his plant was not specifically distinct from C. pericaefolia.
5. C. pallida, sp. n. — A tree, 15 ft. high, quite glabrous. Leaves crowded at the ends of the branches, pale chartaceous, dull, not shining, elliptico-oblong, 4-5' x 1 1/4-1 3/4', on long petioles of 2 1/2-4', cuspidate, bluntly serrulate. Peduncles 3/4', cymosely 3-7-flowered, with a pair of empty bracts. Pedecels of the same length, bracteolate below the middle. Bracts 7", linear-oblong; bractlets 5". Calyx green with a reddish tinge, the free tubular portion moderately arched, about 2' long, a little shorter than the corolla.
Molokai ! on the highest ridge, near the palis of Wailau and Pelekunu.
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6. C. multiflora, sp. n. — A glabrous shrub, 6-12 ft. high. Leaves lanceolate-oblong, 4 1/2-5' x 1-1 1/4', on long petioles of 2 1/2-3', equally acute at both ends, crenulate, pale, chartaceous to membranous. Peduncle 1/2' long, slender, umbellately many-(7-10-) flowered, with empty bracts only when fewer-flowered. Pedicels as long, bracteolate at the base; the bracts 1-1/2". Calyx of thin texture, glossy, pale green, the ovarian portion obconical, 4" long, the free tubular portion as long as the corolla, 12-16" long and 2 1/2" wide, suberect. Corolla purple at the top, as are the anthers.
Maui ! gulches of Waihee and Lahaina; Oahu ! Wailupe. Differs from no. 5 in the smaller suberect flowers and the umbellate inflorescence.
β var. micrantha. — A shrub of only 3-5 ft. in height. Leaves 3-4' x 4-9", on petioles of 1-2'. Peduncle 3" long, 3-5-flowered. Free portion of calyx 10-12", purplish-red, as is the corolla. Berry subglobose, 3" in diam., orange-colored, as are the seeds.
Maui ! Waihee, in the bare gravel along the stream.
7. C. parviflora, Gaud. — Gray, in Proc. Am. Ac. V. 150. — A shrub, 6-10 ft. high. Leaves broadly oblong, 3-4' x 1 1/4-1 1/2', on petioles of 3/4-1', evenly but shortly acuminate at both ends, closely denticulate, thin chartaceous, faintly pubescent. Peduncle rather thick, 6-10" long, bearing 3-6 flowers at the apex. Pedicels 6"; bracts linear, 3-4". Calyx suberect, the free portion 12" long and 3" wide, blue, as is the corolla, and equalling the same. Berry ovoid, 8" long.
Hawaii ! on the Kohala range.
β var. pleiantha. — Peduncle 6-10-flowered, the bracts 2 -- 1". Free portion of the calyx 9" long and 1 1/2" wide, with spreading lobes.
Hawaii! in the woods of Hilo. — Here the median branch of the cyme often divides in place of the lateral ones and lengthens out, simulating a short raceme, but in the young inflorescence the lowest lateral branches generally bear 2 or 3 flowers.
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8. C. arborescens, Hillebr. — A tree, 15-25 ft. high, with the habit of all true Clermontias. Leaves obovate to oblong, 6-8' x 2-2 1/2', on petioles of 1 1/2-3', shortly acuminate or rounded, gradually narrowing at the base, crenate or serrulate, rather coriaceous, dark green and glossy above, with impressed veins. Peduncle fleshy, very short, 2-4", always 2-flowered and without empty bracts, the pedicels much longer, 8-18". Bracts 2-4"; bractlets at the base of the pedicels 2-1". Calyx green, with a campanulate adnate tube of 7-12" in length and thick obtuse or deltoid lobes of very variable length, 2-12", which are separated by sinuses when small, contiguous and partly connate when large. Corolla thick coriaceous (or rather fleshy), 2-3' long and of an even width of 1/2', strongly arcuate, the apex returning to the level of the base, greenish-white, the lobes in the expanded flower longer than the tube, but converging. Anthers glabrous. Berry yellow, globose, 1-1 1/2' in diameter, deeply furrowed, crowned by the calycine lobes. Seeds pale yellow, shining. — Cyanea arborescens, Mann, Enum. no. 275. — Delissea Waihiae, Wawra, in Flora, 1873, p. 8.
A rather common tree in the eastern division of Molokai ! on Lanai ! and W. Maui ! at elevations of 2000 to 3000 ft. Wawra's plant came from Waihee, Maui, where we collected specimens with both extremes in the length of the calycine lobes. remarkable for the thick texture and large size of the corolla, which generally falls off before it expands, and resembles in shape that of Cyanea superba. The species is doubtfully distinct from the following, and offers a striking instance of the unrealiability of the relative length of the calycine lobes for purposes of generic division of this Order.
9. C. Gaudichaudii, Hillebr. — Size and habit as before. Leaves elliptico-oblong to lanceolate, 4-6' x 3/4-2', on pedicels of 1-1 1/2', equally acute at both ends, crenulate, glabrous, pale and dull, chartaceous. Peduncle short, 3-6", 2-flowered, the pedicels longer, 6-9". Bracts 2". Calyx broad campanulate, 4-5" high, with 5 short (1") acute teeth. Corolla arcuate, about 2' long and 3-4" wide, greenish-purple. Anthers pale, glabrous. Berry globose, furrowed, less than 1' in diam. — Delissea clermontioides, Gaud. Bot. Voy. Bon. tab. 47. — Mann, Enum. no. 255.
Kauai ! Waimea, Pohakupili, Waialeale (Wawra, Kn.).
β var. — Calyx and corolla as above. Upper anthers pubescent along the sutures and at the apex. Leaves broader oblong, glossy, as if varnished on the upper face, as in the preceding species.
E. Maui ! Hamakua (Lydg.).
10. C. coerulea, sp. n. — Shrubby, aout 12 ft. high, freely branching. Leaves oblong 6-8' x 1 1/2-1 3/4', on petioles of 1-1 1/2', shortly acuminate, contracting at the base, almost entire, glabrous, membranous. Peduncle slender, 1-1 1/2', 2-3-flowered, with a pair of short (1 1/2") empty bracts above the middle. Calyx colored, the campanulate tube 7" long and wide, the lobes of the limb thin membranous, broad deltoid, acute, from 2-9" in length, without intervening sinuses when long. Corolla moderately curved, about 2' long and 4-5" wide, bluish, of thin texture.
Hawaii ! woods of Kona.
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11. C. pyrularia, sp. n. — Leaves lanceolate, 8-10' x 1 1/2-1 3/4', bluntly acuminate, denticulate, gradually running out into a short petiole of 1', puberulous underneath. Peduncle 2' long or more, deflected, nodding, quite naked, 2-3-flowered at the apex, the pedicels resupinate, 4-6", with short bracteoles near the base. Calyx turbinate, 6" long and broad, with short obtuse teeth, puberulous. Corolla moderately curved, 3-4" wide, puberulous. Berry large pear-shaped, 10-12" x 6-8". Seeds dark brown, shining.
Hawaii ! woods of Hamakua. The position of this species is somewhat doubtful, as no notes are preserved with the rather imperfect specimens collected many years ago.
4. ROLLANDIA, Gaud.
Calyx-tube adnate, ovoid-elongate, the limb 5-toothed or lobed, the lobes imbricate in the bud, persistent. Corolla tubular, falciform or sigmoid, laterally compressed, grooved at the back, gradually widening from the base and contracting toward the mouth (beaked in the bud), with lobes subequal and spreading, short, not exceeding one fourth of its length, the dorsal slit never extending to the base. Staminal column often pubescent, the 3 posterior filaments partly adnate to the corolla, the middle one highest. Stigma 2-lobed, the lobes thick ovoid, with a patch of hairs at their bases. Berry rather dry, 2-celled, obovoid. Seeds small ovoid, crustaceous, smooth and shining. — Woody plants with a simple erect trunk, foliose at the top. Leaves often dimorphous, those of the young plants more or less lobed, those of the adult one lanceolate-oblong, entire, or dentate with patent callous teeth. Flowers alternate in axillary racemes, purplish-red, the pedicels bibracteolate about the middle.
A genus confined to the island Oahu.
The stem or trunk in all the species of this well defined genus is undivided, and it is a matter of suprise that Gaudichaud in the text of the Bot. Voy. Freyc. should have assigned the character "ramosa" to both his species. Fleshy at the top, it encloses a compact medulla which with advancing age becomes chambered by thin diaphragms and at last disappears, leaving a hollow cavity surrounded by a woody zone of moderate thickness. The adherence of the posterior filaments to the corolla, although reduced to less than one third the latters length in R. calycina, exists in all species, and by it is determined the length of the dorsasl slit, this being shortest where the former is most extensive, and vice versa. Another peculiarity in the shape of the corolla depends on this adhesion. The staminal column continuing to grow after the corolla has arrived at its full development, the adherent portion of the latter is drawn in at the back, so as to form a dorsal groove which at its upper end often terminates in a projection or gibbus, at least in those species with extensive adherence — R. longiflora and R. lanceolata — so as to give the appearance of a piece having been cut out of the back. Probably the same cause will account for the double sigmoid curvature in the corolla of these two species. The color, of a deep blood red, in R. longiflora, preserves a tinge of this, or rather of a purplish red, through all species, although it is toned down to an ashy paleness in some forms of R. lanceolata. All species flower in the early part of the year, from January to May.
With regard to the length of the raceme in this genus and in the two following ones, it may not be superfluous to observe that only one with fruit gives the true measure, for, as it is centripetal, the rhachis continues to increase until the last flower is developed. This circumstance will explain differences in the descriptions by different collectors, and also may necessitate some modifications of the measure given below.
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| Leaves tomentose underneath: | |
| Raceme pendulous, 5-10' long | 3. R. racemosa. |
| Raceme shorter and erect: | |
| Leaves papillose-hispid above; petioles and stem muricate | 2. R. calycina. |
| Leaves glabrous above; petioles smooth: | |
| Staminal column glabrate | 6. R. Humboldtiana |
| Staminal column hairy | 5. R. lanceolata |
| Leaves glabrate underneath: | |
| Staminal column hairy | 5. R. lanceolata |
| Staminal column glabrous | |
| Leaves broad obovate, whitish underneath; corolla pale reddish, with deeper stripes, falcate | 1. R. grandifolia |
| Leaves slender lanceolate, green underneath; corolla of a deep blood red, sigmoid | 4. R. longiflora |
1. R. grandifolia, Hillebr. — Subherbaceous, 2-4 ft. high, smooth. Leaves large obovate-oblong, 1-2 1/2 ft long, 5-8' broad, shortly acuminate, sinuately crenate or entire, gradually running out into a thick fleshy margined petiole of less than 4", membranous, glabrous above, pale, almost white beneath, the widely sweeping nerves shortly puberulous or glabrate. Raceme short and thick, 1-1 1/2', many-flowered or bracteate from the base, the pedicels 6-12". Bracts broad oblong, obtuse, 9-4", bractlets below the middle of the pedicel and often accrete, 4-2". Calyx puberulous, obconical, the ovarian portion 4-6", the lobes as long or longer, broad oblong, obtuse, apiculate, strongly imbricate. Corolla falciform, 2 1/2-3' long, puberulous in the bud, pale purplish-red, with deeper stripes along the nerves. Staminal column adherent in the lower third or half, glabrous, pale, the anthers of a deeper color, the upper ones often hispid at the apex in the bud, but soon glabrate. Berry globse, 5" in diam. — R. crispa, Mann, Enum. no. 253, and probably R. lanceolata, var. grandifolia, DC. Prod. VII, 344.
Main range of Oahu ! from Pauoa to Halemanu.
2. R. calycina, G. Don, Gen. Syst. III, 699. — Stem 4-6 ft. high, muricate, the young shoots and inflorescence covered with a dark brown tomentum. Leaves chartaceous, obovate-oblong, 9-14' x 3-5', on petioles of 1-1 1/2', shortly and bluntly acuminate, suddenly contracted at the base, unevenly crenulate or dentate, the upper face dotted with short stiff hairs on conical papillas, the lower coarsely tomentose, particularly along the veins; the rib and petiole muricate. Raceme 1 1/2-2' in flower, 3 1/2' when with fruit, several-flowered near the apex, distantly bracteate below, the bracts 4", the pedicels 6-9". Calyx tomentose, the obconical tube 6", the broad oblong truncate lobes 3-5". Corolla falcate from a rather broad base, 2 1/2' long, faintly pubescent, dark purple, with blackish stripes Staminal column adnate to less than 1/3 its length, pubescent or glabrate, the anthers generally hairy along the base and furrows, the upper ones (in young flowers) tufted at the apex, but soon glabrate. Berry ovoid, 6". Seeds pale yellow. — Lobelia calycina, Cham. (according to the specimen in the Royal Herb. Berlin). — Delissea calycina, Presl, and Mann, Enum. no. 267. — Cyanea aspera, Gray, and Mann. Enum. no. 274 — R. crispa, Meyen, in Herb. Berlin.
Oahu ! Mt. Kaala and Waiolani.
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3. R. racemosa, Hillebr. — Stem 5-6 ft. high, rough but not prickly. Leaves chartaceous, obovate-oblong, 10-14' x 3-4', acuminate, gradually narrowing into a distinct smooth petiole of about 1', eroso-denticulate, the upper face sparsely papillose when young, but glabrate with age, the lower densely covered when young with a dark brown tomentum which at last becomes confined to the venules, including pale areoles. Peduncle tomentose, 4-11' long when in fruit, distantly bracteate below, loosely racemose above; pedicels 6"; bracts 4-6", bracteoles 1 1/2". Calyx pubescent, the tube 3-4", the lobes 2-3 1/2", oblong, truncate. Corolla as in no. 2. Staminal column adnate only in the lower third or fourth, glabrous as well as the anthers, but the upper anthers tufted with a short pencil. Berry ovoid or obovoid, 8" long. — Delissea racemosa, Mann, Enum. no. 266. — R. pedunculosa, Wawra, in Flora, 1873.
Oahu ! Kalihi and Konahuanui. — Is not unlikely to be the Lobelia ambigua, Cham. in Linnaea, VIII, 222, Delissea ambigua, Pr., Rollandia ambigua, G. Don. The original specimen in the Herb. Berlin is much like it and bears a raceme of 5-6' in length. Unfortunately it is without flower, but the description speaks of "nervi corollae hirti". From it, Chamisso thought, his L. pinnatifida (collected on the Waianae Mts., but which is not in the Berline herb.) might not be specifically distinct, and such may well be the case if the specimen came from a juvenile plant, which, as in other species of this genus, is not unlikely to have lobed or pinnatifid leaves; for otherwise the description fits to the present plant, the character "ramosa" in DC. Prod. being an addition of the latter author. That Chamisso should not have made out the short adherence of the staminal column in the miserable specimens brought home by him is not to be wondered at.
4. R. longiflora, Wawra, in Flora, 873, p. 95. — Stem smooth, 4-5 ft. high. Leaves lanceolate, 15-18' x 2 1/2-4', acute gradually narrowing into a short petiole of 1/4 - 1', entire or denticulate, sinuate, particularly near the base, even faintly laciniate, glabrous on both sides, shining, thin chartaceous. Raceme slender, 1-2', bracteate from the base, 5-10-flowered; pedicels 9"; bracts 2"; bractlets dentiform or wart-like. Calyx glabrous, cylindrical, 5-6", its limb tubular, about 2" long and sinuately 5-toothed. Corolla dark red, sigmoid, 3-3 1/2', gradually widening from a slender base to a width of 4", with a deep dorsal groove. Staminal column adherent up to the middle of the corolla, dark red, glabrous, the upper anthers not tufted. Berry pyriform, 5". — The young plant is prickly or muricate and has the leaves unevenly lobed or laciniate. — R. sanguinea, Hbd., in herb.
Oahu ! western division of the main range, from Waipio to Halemanu, Kaala. Wawra's specimens came from the author's herbarium.
β var. angustifolia. — Leaves linear-lanceolate, 6-12' x 3/4-1', nearly entire.
Oahu ! eastern division of the main range, from Kalihi to Niu.
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5. R. lanceolata, Gaud. Bot. Voy. Freyc. p. 458, tab. 74 (R. montana). — Trunk unarmed, about 6 ft high. Leaves oblanceolate, 16-24' x 3-4 1/2', gradually acuminate at both ends, on distinct petioles of 1-3', denticulate, often sinuate, chartaceous, the veins underneath with a short pubescence and always more prominent near the margin. Peduncle 4-5' long when with fruit, distantly bracteate from the base, many-flowered (8-16) in the upper portion; pedicels 9"; bracts 4-2"; bractlets minute, accrete. Calyx often colored, the elongate tube 5", the lobes 1/5-1/2 of its length. Corolla pale reddish, with darker streaks; sigmoid, 2 1/2-3' long, very slender below, grooved at the back. Staminal column adherent to the middle or higher, reddish, hirsute with soft hairs, paritcularly at the base of the anthers; the upper anthers tufted or ciliate at the apex. Berry pyriform 8-9" long. Seeds smooth and shining, reddish (not reticulate). — The young plants are muricate and have short ovate-oblong obtusely lobed leaves, sparsely covered with papillose hairs on the upper face, which in the adult plant sometimes reappear near the edges. — Mann, Enum. no. 252. — Delissea lanceolata, Gray. — R. Delessertiana, Gaud. Bot. Voy. Bon. tab. 75.
Oahu ! Of this species my herbarium contains the following forms.
*Glabratae. — Leaves puberulous along the veins only. Calyx and corolla glabrous.
α. — Calyx-lobes 1/2-1", triangular or ovate acute. Corolla slender, pale greenish, with purple stripes, grooved and adherent to the stamens for 2/3 of its length. Anthers hairy throughout, or at least along the sutures. Leaves lanceolate.
Moanalua, Halawa.
β — Calyx-lobes 1-1 1/2", oblong, obtuse, contiguous. Corolla pale purplish, with darker stripes. Anthers hairy. Leaves oblong.
Kalihi, Waipio.
γ. — Calyx-lobes 1-1 1/2", oblong or obovate, apiculate, overlapping. Corolla as in β, the lobes scabrous. Anthers scabrous, faintly pubescent. Leaves narrow-elongate, 2 ft. long and only 2 1/2-3' broad, quite acute, gradually drawn out into a margined petiole of 2'.
Halemanu.
δ. — Calyx-lobes 2-2 1/2", oblong to obovate, obtuse or truncate. Corolla as in β. Anthers pubescent along the sutures. Leaves thick and broad (5'), the prominent scabrous veins forming a fenestrate network near the margin, which appears crisp and sinuous. — R. crispa, Gaud. — R. scabra, Wawra.
Wailupe, Niu, Nuuanu.
** Tomentosae. — Calyx and corolla pubescent. Leaves tomentose underneath with an olivaceous tomentum.
ε. — Calyx-lobes as in β. Corolla ashy-pale, faint purple at the back, dark inside, pubescent along the lobes. Anthers almost glabrate, but the upper ones ciliate at the top. Leaves lanceolate.
Ewa, Wahiawa.
ζ. — Calyx-lobes 2 1/2", oblong, obtuse, contiguous or overlapping. Corolla rather broad at the base, hairy throughout, of the same color as in ε. Anthers pubescent at the base only and with a few ciliae at the apex of the upper ones. Leaves elongate, narrow (1 1/3-2 1/2' broad) as in γ, with which it shares the same habitat.
Halemanu.
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6. R. Humboldtiana, Gaud. Bot. Voy. Bon. tab. 76. — Trunk 10-15 ft. high. — Leaves broad obovate-oblong, 12-20'x3-5', narrowing into a petiole of 1-3', more or less tomentose underneath with olivaceous hairlets, crenulate or subentire. Raceme rather thick, 3' long or more, floriferous from the base, with pedicels of 6-8", the oblong bracts 3", the bractlets 1 1/2". Calyx pubescent, obconical, the oblong truncate lobes 2 1/2", half the length of the tube, contiguous or imbricate. Corolla falciform from a rather broad base, 2-2 1/2', pale purple, with reddish streaks, pubescent at least on the lobes. Staminal column adnate up to the middle, glabrate, but the upper anthers ciliate at the apex. Berry obovoid, 5". Seeds smooth. — Mann, Enum. no. 254. — R. Kaalae, Wawra. — From, Gaudichaud's plate without text it cannot be made out whether the leaves were glabrous or tomentose. Mann's specimens seem to have been glabrate.
Oahu ! slopes of Kaala and Moanalua. Distinguished from the last species chiefly by the large size of its trunk, but we have to admit that in this respect our knowledge of several of the varieties of R. lanceolata is defective. The plants would seem to begin flowering at an early age, and the size of flowering individuals which fall under the eye of the collector may vary much in one and the same species.
5. DELISSEA, Gaud.
Calyx-tube turbinate or oblong, its lobes dentiform or subulate. Corolla more or less curved, tubular, widening from a narrow base, shortly bilabiate, the dorsal slit not extending beyond the middle, the termination of the dorsal and often also of the lateral slits indicated in the bud by a knob or gibbus. Staminal column free from the corolla, white, glabrous, only the 2 lower anthers tufted at the apex. Stigmatic lobes shortly pubescent outside. Berry ovoid, with narrow epigynous disk, 2-celled. Seeds dull white, the thin testa finely wrinkled in transverse wavy lines. — Unarmed, glabrous, often subherbaceous shrubs, the stems branching or simple, more or less fleshy. Leaves entire or laciniate, succulent when fresh, flaccid and transparent when dry, bright green, glossy. Flowers in axillary racemes with small deciduous bracts and naked pedicels, always white or greenish white.
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This Hawaiian genus, thus restricted to only 3 of its former constituents, to which several new ones have been added, forms a natural group well defined by the white wrinkled seeds, the white corolla with 1 or 3 protuberances, and the succulent leaves. The Delissea of Gaudichaud and later writers differed from Cyanea only in the comparative shortness of the calycine lobes, a character utterly unreliable in our Lobeliads. Most of its members have here been referred to Cyanea, and a few to Clermontia and Rollandia.
| Macranthae. Flowers over 1 1/2' long, curved, white: | |
| Leaves broadly cordate or ovate-oblong | 1. D. subcordata. |
| Leaves lanceolate or spathulate | 3. D. sinuata. |
| Leaves laciniately lobed | 2. D. laciniata. |
| Micranthae. Flowers less than 1' long, suberect, greenish white: | |
| Leaves ovate-oblong, on petioles of 1/2 their length; corolla with 3 knobs; stem stimple | 5. D. undulata. |
| Leaves short lanceolate or oblong, on petioles of less than 1/3 their length; stems branching | 4. D. rhytidosperma. |
| Leaves elongate-oblong, on petioles of more than 1/2 their length; corolla with a single dorsal knob | 7. D. fallax. |
| Leaves laciniate, on petioles of 1/4 their length or less | 6. D. parviflora |
1. D. subcordata, Gaud. Bot. Voy. Freyc. p. 457, tab. 77 — DC. Prod. VII, 342. — A branching shrub, 5-10 ft. high. Leaves ovate-oblong, 6-10' x 3-5', on long petioles of 3-8', acute, dentate or serrulate with sharp cartilaginous teeth, the base often truncate or subcordate and uneven sided, strongly ridged underneath with subhorizontal veins. Raceme fleshy, 3-4', many-flowered (12-24), naked in the lower fourth; pedicels 8-9"; bracts 1 1/2". Calyx shortly dentate. Corolla falciform, 2' long, ampliate above, with a single dorsal knob above the middle, the short lobes connivent. Berry ovoid or oblong, 5-7", bluish. — Mann, Enum. no. 263. — D. undulata, Gray, pro parte.
Kauai ! Oahu ! Wailupe, Manoa, Nuuanu, Wailua, Kaala.
β var. obtusifolia. — Leaves 9-12 x 4-7', broadly oblong, obtuse, even suborbicular. Calycine teeth longer, often almost equalling the tube; the dorsal knob of the corolla often wanting.
Oahu ! Halemanu, Waipio.
2. D. laciniata, sp. n. — A branching shrub. Leaves oblong in outline, 5-6' x 2-3 1/2', on petioles of 3-5', irregularly cut into patent acute lobes, the lowest lobes 1-1 1/2' deep, with irregular serratures, somewhat decurrent along the petiole. Raceme 1 1/2-2', slender, naked in the lower half, 6-10-flowered, the pedicels 6"; bracts short linear. Calyx obconical, its teeth sharp triangular or subulate, 1" or more. Corolla 1 1/3' long, falcate, white, a dorsal knob below the middle and generally 2 lateral ones a little higher, the lobes rather long, their slits extending to the knobs. Anthers faintly pubescent at the base. Berry bluish, obovoid, about 6" long.
Oahu: Wailupe. A variety from the same region has smaller leaves which are only irregularly serrate.
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3. D. sinuata, sp. n. — Stem simple, erect, 2-4 ft high, subherbaceous. Leaves oblanceolate or spathulate, 10-11' x 2-3', bluntly acuminate, gradually contracting into long petioles of 3-5', the margin sinuate and denticulate with appressed teeth. Peduncle 1 1/2-2', nearly naked, the numerous flowers crowded near the apex; pedicels 5"; bracts short linear. Calyx-tube cylindrical, 4-5" long, the sharp subulate teeth 1/4-1/3 of its length. Corolla about 1 1/2', curved, white, the dorsal gibbus generally wanting, but at the middle when present. — Anthers faintly puberulous at the base.
Oahu! Makalaha.
β var. — Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, 6-7' x 2', on petioles of 1-2'. Peduncle 1/2' or less, fewer-flowered. Berry cylindrical, 5".
Lanai !
4. D. rhytidosperma, Mann, Enum. no. 261. — A branching shrub or (according to Mann) a small tree. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, 3-5' x 1-1 1/2', on short petioles of 1-1 1/2', bluntly acuminate, contracted at the base, sinuate, dentate or serrulate. Peduncle 1-1 1/2', naked below, bearing in its upper half 7-12 flowers on pedicels of 4-6". Bracts linear, 4-2". Calyx-tube obconical, 2 1/2", shortly dentate. Corolla small, 6-9", greenish-white, suberect, with a dorsal gibbus below the middle. Anthers naked or faintly ciliate at the base. Berry subglobose, 3-5", ribbed. — D. Kealiae, Wawra.
Kauai! woods of Waimea, Kealia and elsewhere. The description of the flowers from a specimen of Knudsen's. Mann states the species to be arborescent, yet his specimens in herb. Cornell Univ. appear to have come from herbaceous or fleshy branches. D. Kealiae is said by Wawra to be a branching shrub, 4 ft. high, with leaves 6-8' long, 2' broad, on petioles of 2', which in all other respects agrees with the above given description.
5. D. undulata, Gaud. Bot. Voy. Freyc. p. 457, tab. 78 — DC. Prod. VII, 342. — Stem simple and straight, 6-10 ft. high, densely foliose at the apex and closely covered with contiguous spirals of rhomboidal leaf-scars, fleshy throughout, with a compact medulla, conically enlarging at the base to the thickness of several inches. Leaves ovate or subcordate-oblong, 4-5' x 1 1/2-2', on petioles of 2-3', sinuate, dentate or serrulate, the transparent veins exhibiting before the light a close and fine network. Peduncle short, 1/2-1 1/2', the pedicels 2-3". Calyx obconical, with short subulate teeth. Corolla greenish-white, suberect, 9-12" long, with a strong dorsal and two lateral conical knobs about the middle. Anthers glabrous. Berry globose, 3". Seeds white and wrinkled as in all the other species. — Mann, Enum. no. 264.
Niihau (Brigham); Kauai! (Remy); Maui! gulches of Lahaina, Olvalu and Waikapu, on exposed open cliffs. The specimens from Maui agree with those from Niihau, except that in the latter the raceme attains a length of 1 1/2', while in the former it is only 1/2' long. Gaudichaud gives it as of equal length with the petiole. A specimen from Lahaina which seems to belong here has ovate-oblong leaves, contracting and slightly laciniate at the base, with a short peduncle of 1/2'.
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6. D. parviflora, sp. n. — Branching (?), the stem or branches fleshy and distantly foliose. Leaves lanceolate or oblong in outline, 5-6' x 1/2-1 1/2', sharply cut into irregularly dentate or serrulate lobes of 1/4-1/2' in depth, gradually tapering into a petiole of 1-1 1/2', dull, not shining in the badly preserved specimens, but flaccid and pellucid. Peduncle 9-12", several-flowered in the upper half; pedicels 3"; bracts dentiform. Calyx 2-2 1/2", shortly toothed. Corolla suberect, 9", with a dorsal tubercle at the middle. Berry subglobose, 4". Anthers quite glabrous. Seeds white, wrinkled.
Hawaii ! Kohala range, and woods of Mauna Kea (4500 ft.)
7. D. fallax, sp. n. — Stem simple (?), fleshy in the upper portion, distantly foliose. Leaves lanceolate or elongate-oblong, 8-9' x 2', on long petioles of 4-5', obtuse, sharply denticulate, suddenly contracting at the base, dull, but translucent. Peduncle with fruit 1 1/2-2', naked in the lower half; pedicels 5"; bracts subulate, 1 1/2". Calyx-tube 2-3 1/2", the teeth about 1 1/2". Corolla 9", suberect, with a dorsal gibbus at the middle. Anthers glabrous. Berry subglobose, 3-4". Seeds white, wrinkled.
Hawaii ! woods of Hamakua and Hilo. Leaves in shape like those of Cyanea obtusa.
6. CYANEA, Gaud.
Calyx-tube adnate, globose to cylindrical, the lobes of variable length, short tooth-like to several times the length of the tube, often foliaceous, valvate, rarely connate, persistent. Corolla tubular, more or less curved, 5-cleft, sub-bilabiate, the dorsal slit extending beyond the middle. Staminal columnn free from the corolla, the two lower anthers, or rarely all, tufted at the apex. Stigma 2-lobed, hairy at the back or base of the short fleshy lobes. Berry 2-celled, with fleshy placentas. Seeds small ovoid, with a crustaceous smooth shining test. — Milky shrubs or small trees with a simple erect or branching stem which includes a medullary cavity, armed or unarmed. Leaves entire or lobed or pinnate. Flowers in axillary racemes, always with a tinge at least of purplish-blue, the pedicels bibracteolate about the middle.
A large Hawaiian genus.
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| Calcyine lobes shorter than their tube: | |
| Leaves entire: | |
| Corolla glabrous: | |
| Corolla suberect, slender: | |
| Corolla lilac-colored; staminal column glabrous: | |
| Leaves membranous with a close and fine rete, linear-oblong | 1. C. angustifolia |
| Leaves coriaceous, with larger elongate areoles, obovate-oblong | 5. C. coriacea |
| Corolla white; staminal column pubescent | 3. C. acuminata |
| Corolla curved, 2-3" wide: | |
| Corolla pale lilac to purple: | |
| Peduncle 6-12' long; calyx subglobose: | |
| Leaves petiolate | 10. C. comata |
| Leaves sessile | 21. C. arborea |
| Peduncle short, less than 2'; calyx cylindrical | 22. C. procera |
| Corolla white; petiole prickly or muricate; leaves fleshy | 28. C. platyphylla |
| Corolla pubescent: | |
| Corolla suberect, slender, lilac or purple; staminal column glabrous: | |
| Leaves glabrous; calycine teeth very short | 8. C. recta |
| Leaves with gray tomentum; calycine teeth 1/2 as long as the tube, or shorter | 4. C. obtusa |
| Leaves with rusty tomentum; calycine lobes nearly as long as the tube | 6. C. hirtella |
| Corolla curved larger, deep purple; staminal column hispid | 23. C. tritomantha β |
| Corolla hirsute; staminal column hispid: | |
| Corolla dark purple, broad; calycine lobes obtuse | 25. C. atra |
| Corolla whitish, slender; calycine lobes acute | 27. C. Kunthiana |
| Corolla tomentose, large arcuate, cream-colored | 19. C. superba, β |
| Leaves sinuate or lobed; stems prickly: | |
| Calycine lobes acute | 28. C. platyphilla |
| Calycine lobes obtuse | 16. C. solanacea |
| Leaves pinnatiect or pinnate; stem prickly | 18. C. asplenifolia |
| Calcyine lobes as long as their tube or longer: | |
| Leaves entire: | |
| Corolla glabrous: | |
| Calycine lobes 1-nerved, as long as the tube or little longer: | |
| Leaves glabrous | 2. C. Mannii |
| Leaves hairy | 9. C. pilosa |
| Calycine lobes linear-subulate, twice as long as the tube | 20. C. leptostegia |
| Calycine lobes several-nerved, linear-oblong: | |
| Leaves rounded at the base, on long petioles; corolla white | 12. C. holophylla |
| Leaves narrowing into short petioles; corolla purple | 24. C. macrostegia |
| Corolla tomentose or hairy: | |
| Peduncle elongate, 6 inches or more | 19. C. superba |
| Peduncle short; calycine lobes connate | 15. C. solenocalyx |
| Peduncle short; calycine lobes free: | |
| Calycine lobes many-nerved; corolla purplish blue | 24. C. macrostegia |
| Calycine lobes 1-3 nerved, corolla whitish, scabrous | 11. C. scabra |
| Calycine lobes 1-nerved, acute: | |
| Corolla slender, suberect: | |
| Corolla purple; staminal column glabrous | 7. C. fissa |
| Corolla pale, whitish; stmainl column hairy | 27. C. Kunthiana |
| Corolla large, curved, dark purple: | |
| Corolla pubescent: staminal column hispid | 23. C. tritomantha |
| Corolla hirsute; staminal column glabrous | 26. C. Gibsonii |
| Calycine lobes 1-nerved, obtuse; corolla dark hirsute | 25. C. atra |
| Leaves lobed: | |
| Corolla glabrous, or the lobes only muricate | 13. C. lobata |
| Corolla hairy: | |
| Calyx muricate, the lobes thick, 1-nerved | 17. C. ferox |
| Calyx smooth, the lobes thin, 1-3-nerved | 11. C. scabra, β |
| Leaves pinnatisect to pinnate | 14. C. grimesiana |
* Delisseoideae. — Calycine lobes dentate, linear or subulate. Tube of corolla suberect and slender, not exceeding 1 1/2" in width. Berry generally small globose. — Unarmed shrubs with erect sparingly branching stems, the branches ascending. leaves entire. — Young plants generally with a simple stem; several species (nos. 1, 3, 10) seem only to branch when the apex has been broken.
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1. C. angustifolia, Hillebr. — A shrub, 5-8 ft high. Stem simple or sparingly braching, the branches suberect, densely foliose at the ends, glabrous. Leaves lanceolate or elongate-oblong, 5-10' x 1-2', on long petioles of 3 - 4', equally acuminate at both ends, appressedly serrulate, glabrous, membranous, the transparent veinlets minutely reticulate. Peduncle 1 - 4' long, slender, densely flowered near the apex, naked below; the pedicels filiform, ¾ - 1'; bracts subulate, ¾"; bractelets minute or wanting. Calyx turbinate, 2½", purplish, shortly toothed. Corolla slender, moderately curved, 1 - 1½' long, 1 - 1½" wide, the dorsal slit extending to near the base, pale violet. Anthers glabrous. Berry globose, 3 - 4", bluish. Seeds dark yellow. — Lobelia angustifolia, Cham. in Linnaea, VIII, 219. — Delissea angustifolia, Presl. — Mann, Enum. no. 260. — D. acuminata, var. angustifolia, Gray. — D. Honolulensis Wawra. — The medullary cavity of the woody stem is chambered by numerous thin papery diaphragms.
Oahu! main range; common in Nuuanu and adjoining valleys; — peduncles 1 1/2-2 1/2', with flowers crowded at the apex. Molokai! Halawa; — peduncles 3-3 1/2', the flowers disposed along the upper half, smaller, not exceeding 1', the leaves faintly pubescent along the rib. Maui! Lahaina, Oloalu; — flowers small 9-12", on short peduncles of 1', leaves short and broad.
β. — Leaves rounded at the base, coarsely serrate with uncinate teeth.
Lanai!
γ var. racemosa. — Peduncle much elongate, 5-10', drooping, naked in the lower third or half, racemosely flowered above; leaves chartaceous, longer, 2 1/2' broad, crenate.
Oahu! Waipia, Halemanu, Kaala.
δ var. tomentella. — Traces of pubescence on leaves, calyx and corolla. Leaves oblanceolate, 12' x 2 3/4', on petioles of 3'. Peduncles thicker, 3'. Calycine teeth 1/4 the length of the tube.
Oahu! Halemanu. Renders easy the transition to C. obtusa.
2. C. Mannii, Hillebr. — Habit and size of the preceding species. Leaves elongate-oblong with a rounded base, 6-8' x 1 3/4-2', on petioles of 1 1/2-2 1/2', glabrous or puberulous along the midrib below. Peduncle (with advanced buds) 2-3', naked in the lower half, puberulous; pedicels 4-6", bracteolate below the middle; bracts linear, 3", but often foliaceous; bractlets 1-1 1/2". Calyx puberulous, the adnate tube 3", the lanceolate, mostly 3-nerved, lobes as long or longer. Corolla almost straight, and probably of the same size as in no. 1, glabrous, purplish-blue. Staminal column glabrous. — Delissea Mannii, Brigham, in Mann. Enum. no. 270.
Molokai! Kalae. — The seeds are given by Brigham as "minutissime striato-reticulata", but this is so much at variance with what is observed in all allied species that the correctness of the statement may fairly be doubted. Neither the herbarium of Harvard Univ. nor that of Mr. Mann at Cornell Univ. contain specimens. Those collected by myself are without fruit. The extraordinary development of the bracts in some specimens is certainly abnormal, for a few of the pedicels rising from their axils bear several buds.
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3. C. acuminata, Hillebr. — Stem simple and erect, or sparingly branched, 4-5 ft. high. Leaves broad oblong, 8-11' x 2 1/2-3', on petioles of 1 1/2-2 1/2', acuminate at both ends, entire or faintly denticulate, pale below and puberulous along rib and nerves, flaccid. Peduncle commonly not above 1 1/2' long when in fruit, but occasionally longer, puberulous, rather thick, covered with close knobby scars from the base, but seldom bearning more than 6-10 flowers near the apex; pedicels slender, 4-6"; bracts linear, 4-6"; bractlets minute, deciduous. Calyx faintly pubescent, the tube 2 1/2", the narrow sharp lobes 1/3-1/2 its length. Corolla white, with a bluish tinge, glabrous, suberect, 16" in length and 1 1/2" in width. Filaments and anthers puberulous. Berry globose, yellow, 2-3". Seeds pale. — Lobelia acuminata, Cham. l.c. — Delissea acuminata, Gaud. Bot. Voy. Freyc. p. 457, tab. 76. — DC. Prod. VII, p. 342. — Mann, Enum. no. 259.
Oahu! Manoa, Nuuanu, Kalihi, Moanalua.
4. C. obtusa, Hillebr. — A much branching shrub, 8-14 ft. high, the stem of a compact wood with narrow cavity, the branches spreading, tomentose. Leaves elongate-oblong, 6-12' x 1 1/2-3 1/2', on petioles of 1 1/2-4', obtuse or shortly acuminate, contracting below, serrulate with patent teeth, membranous, the ribs and veins puberulous on both faces. Peduncle 2', naked in the lower half or two thirds; pedicels 8-12", bracts 1". Calyx tomentose, bluish, the cylindrical tube 3", the acute triangular teeth 1/3-1/2 of its length. Corolla tomentose, grayish-blue, suberect, 15-18" long. Staminal column glabrous. — Delissea obtusa, Gray, in Proc. Am. Ac. V, 148. — Mann, Enum. no. 257.
Maui! Honuaula, Hamakua, Waikapu, Lahaina; Hawaii, Mauna Kea, leaves tomentose underneath. M. & B.'s no. 466, from Makawao, has small flowers of only 10" in length.
5. C. coriacea, Hillebr. — A branching shrub, 12 ft high, the leaves crowded at the ends of the branches. Leaves obovate-oblong, 9 - 14' x 2 1/2 - 3', on petioles of 2 1/2 - 5', shortly acuminate, moderately contracting at the base, crenate or denticulate, glabrous, subcoriaceous, the veins somewhat prominent below and less closely areolate than in the preceding species. Peduncle 3 - 4', slender, naked in the lower half or two thirds; pedicels filiform, 9 - 12"; bracts and bractlets evanescent. Calyx glabrous, the tube obovate, 2 1/2", with minute teeth. Corolla, berry and seeds as in C. angustifolia. — Delissea coriacea, Gray, l.c. p. 147. — Mann, Enum. no. 256.
Kauai ! Waimea, at elevations of about 2000 ft. — Gray's var pinnatiloba, described from a single leaf of Remy's collection — the leaves with 5 - 7 obtuse lobes on each side -, may belong to a young plant of this species.
β var. spathulata. — Leaves narrow spathulate, 4 - 6' x 3/4 - 1', on petioles of 1/2 - 1 1/2', coriaceous, slightly pubescent underneath along the prominent rib and veins. Calyx 2". Corolla 8".
Same region, at heights of 4000 ft. (Kn.).
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6. C. hirtella, Hillebr. — A tall branching shrub, 12-20 ft. high, the young shoots hirsute with short rusty hairs. Leaves chartaceous, obovate-oblong, 9-11' x 2 1/2-4', on petioles of 2-3', obtuse or shortly acuminate (more or less), often cuneately contracting at the base, sinuate-dentate or serrulate, the ribs and veins shortly pubescent underneath. Peduncle (in flower) 1-2', naked below, 10-12-flowered in the upper third or half, the pedicels about 6"; bracts (1 1/2") and bractelets deciduous. Calyx rusty-tomentose, the tube cylindrical, 4-5" long, the narrow triangular or subulate lobes half as long or nearly as long. Corolla moderately curved, 20" long and 2" wide, slit beyond the middle at the back, purlish-blue, tomentose. Anthers glabrous. Berry pyriform. Seeds pale brown. — Delissea hirtella, Mann, Enum. no. 258.
Kauai! Waimea and elsewhere (Kn.).
7. C. fissa, Hillebr. — A branching shrub, 10-12 ft. high. Leaves obovate-lanceolate, 16 x 3 1/2', including the petiole in which they gradually merge, acuminate, crenate, glabrous above, sparsely hairy underneath, particularly along the rib and veins. Peduncle covered with coarse glandular hairs, as are the calyx and corolla, 1-2' long, 8-12-flowered; pedicels 6", bracteolate; bracts 3-4". Calyx-tube 3-4", the acute narrow-lanceolate lobes as long or longer. Corolla pale purple, in shape and size like that of C. hirtella, the dorsal slit extending to the base. anthers glabrous. — Delissea fissa, Mann, Enum. no. 271.
Kauai, Kealia and Hanalei (Mann). — Has the aspect of C. hirtella.
β var. — Peduncle 2-3'; bracts 6". Calycine lobes 2-4 times as long as their tube. Otherwise as above. — C. humilis, Wawra, in Flora, 1873, p. 47, with a stem of only 1 ft in length, was probably a young plant. The extent of the dorsal slit — to the middle in his specimen — has little value in this genus; in well developed flowers it generally extends to near the base.
Kauai, Hanalei.
8. C. recta. (Delissea), Wawra, in Flora, 1873, p. 47. — "Stem 2 ft. high, simple. Leaves broad lanceolate, 1 ft. long, bluntly acuminate, gradually narrowing into a petiole of 1', entire, glabrous, rather fleshy. Peduncle twice as long as the petiole, scaly (covered with small rudimentary leaves), racemose; pedicels filiform, 6", sparsely pubescent, as are calyx and corolla. Calyx globose, 5-toothed. Corolla slender, straight, about 2' long, purple, with dorsal slit beyond the middle, the lobes obtuse. Anthers glabrous. Berry subglobose, larger than a pea. Seeds brown. smooth, shining."
Kauai! Kealia. Not seen by me; seems to border close upon var. δ of no. 1.
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9. C. pilosa, Gray, in Proc. Am. Ac. V, 149. — Low, shrubby. Leaves broadly obovate, 10-12' x 4-5', acuminate or acute at both ends, eroso-crenate, flaccid, hirsute with short soft hairs on both faces. Peduncle 1-2', densely hirsute, few-flowered; pedicels 4". Calyx glabrous, the elongate foliaceous lobes as long as their oblong tube. Corolla small, graying-blue, glabrous. Berry small, subglobose, 4" (in Macrae's specimen); seeds smooth, brown. — Delissea pilosa, Mann, Enum. no. 272.
Hawaii! at the lower margin of the forests on the windward side of Mauna Kea (U.S.E.E. and Macrae). Imperfectly known from two poor specimens, one of them quite young.
10. C. comata, sp. n. — An unarmed shrub, 5-8 ft. high, with few ascending, distantly foliose branches. Leaves obovate-oblong, 6-8' x 3-3 1/2', on petioles of 1-1 1/2', obtuse or shortly pointed, somewhat contracted at the base, closely and sharply dentate, puberulous underneath, chartaceous, the veins minutely areolate. Peduncules much longer than the leaves, often exceeding 12', slender and drooping, naked, bearing from 6-12 resupinate flowers toward the end, the pedicels 8-10", curved upward, with minute bractlets above the middle; bracts 1 1/2". Calyx glabrous, broader than high, 3 x 4", the short triangular teeth about 1/3 the length of the tube. Corolla strongly arched, 2' long, 2-2 1/2" wide, with the dorsal slit very deep, glabrous, graying or pale lilac. Anthers glabrous, much exserted, 2 1/2-3" long. Berry subglobose, truncate, 4 x 7", broadest at the base. Seeds complanate, smooth and shining.
Maui! southern slope of Haleakala, 3000-4000 ft. In shape of calyx and corolla very different from all the other species which constitute this group.
** Cyaneae genuinae. — Calycine lobes as long as the tube or longer. — Branching shrubs or small trees, generally muricate or aculeate with thick and pale conical spines, the branches ascending. Leaves sinuate, lobed or pinnate.
† Calycine lobes broad foliaceous, contiguous or connate. Corolla ampliate, curved, thin, with spreading lobes. Upper anthers tufted or ciliate at the apex (except no. 15).
11. C. scabra, sp. n. — A small shrub, 4 ft. high, the erect branches prickly toward the ends. Leaves broad, obovato- or elliptico-oblong, 10-14' x 3 1/2 -5', on petioles of 2 1/2-4', shortly acuminate at both ends or obtuse at the base, the undulating margin denticulate, ribs and veins faintly hispid underneath and sparsely covered, as well as the petiole, with short conical spines or tubercles, membranous. Peduncle 2-3', hispid and muricate, many-flowered from the base; pedicels slender, 6-8"; bracts linear-oblong, 4", occasionally foliaceous. Calyx sparsely hispid, the tube obconical, 2 1/2-3", the lobes of the same length or a little longer, obtuse, 1-3-nerved. Corolla curved, 2' long, 2 1/2" wide, with the dorsal slit less than half its length, hispid, the lobes muricate, whitish, with lilac streaks. Stamens glabrous, the upper anthers recurved and scantily ciliate at the apex.
W. Maui! Kaanapali, 1500-2000 ft.
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β var. — Leaves drawn out at the base into a shorter petiole, sinuate-lobate with numerous triangular somewhat obtuse ascending lobes about 1/2' deep. Corolla sparsely hispid, sometimes glabrate, but muricate on the lobes. Peduncle 1-1 1/2'. Berry ovoid, 5-6".
W. Maui! Lahaina, Wailua, Waiehu.
12. C. holophylla, sp. n. — An unarmed shrub, 4 ft. high. Leaves ovate- or obovate-oblong, 10-14' x 3-5', on petioles of 4', shortly acuminate, rounded or subcordate at the base, sinuate or entire, glabrous, flaccid. Raceme 3/4-1 1/4'; ppedicels 1/2'. Calyx-lobes nearly twice as long as the tube, 6-7". Corolla quite glabrous and smooth, otherwise as in C. scabra. Upper anthers ciliate at the apex.
W. Maui! Waiehu.
β var. — Leaves obovate, larger, narrowing at the base.
W. Maui!
13. C. lobata, Mann, Enum. no. 276. — A branching shrub, 4-7 ft. high, sparsely muricate or aculeate, or unarmed. Leaves obovate- or elliptico-oblong, 18-22' x 6-7', irregularly cut into broad triangular lobes, acuminate, narrowing at the base, glabrous, membranous, on petioles of 4-7', these and the midrib generally with some scattering conical spines. Peduncle 2 1/2-3', bracteate from the base, many-flowered, the pedicels 1-1 1/2', the bracts linear, 4-6", often foliaceous. Calyx-tube obconical, 6", its lobes 9-12", foliaceous, 5-9-nerved, net-veined and denticulate, oblong,obtuse, mucronate. Corolla 2-2 1/2' long, 3 1/2" wide, glabrous and smooth, white below, purplish above. Stamens glabrous; anthers purplish, the upper ones ciliate at the apex. Berry yellow, globose. Seeds yellowish.
W. Maui! gulches of Kaanapali, Honokahau, Wailuku and elsewhere.
β var. — Stem quite prickly. Leaves 12' x 6', more deeply lobed. Tube of calyx 3", its lobes 5-6". Lobes of corolla muricate.
E. Maui! Hamakua (Lydg.).
The three preceding species are closely related and their distinctive characters seem to be subject to variability, but the following long known species is not more than a further evolution of the same type.
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14. C. Grimesiana, Gaud. Bot. Voy. Frecy. p. 457, tab. 75. — A stout branching shrub, 6-10 ft. high, aculeate, the stem hollow. Leaves broadly oblong in outline 12-18' x 8-12', on muricate or prickly petioles of 3-8', pinnate below, pinnatisect toward the apex, the pinnae 9-12 on each side, broadly sessile, often separated by small lobules, lanceolate, entire or sinuate, 6-15" broad, the lowest diminishing to mere auricles, membranous, glabrous. Raceme 2-3' long, bracteate from near the base, 6-10-flowered in the upper half; pedicels 1-1 1/2'; bracts lanceolate, 6". Calyx glabrous, the tube obconical, 6-8" long, the lobes broad foliaceous, crisp and britle, 10-18" x 4-6", many-nerved and net-veined, acute. Corolla falciform, nearly 3' long and 1/2' wide, light purple or lilac, with deeper stripes, glabrous, but the lobes sometimes warty. Staminal column glabrous, of the same color, the upper anthers tufted at the apex with long and stiff hairs. Berry large obconical 1-1 1/2' long, orange, crowned with the calycine lobes. — DC. Prod. VII, 344. — Gray, l. c. p. 148. — Mann, Enum. no. 277. — Occasionally a pinnatisect leaf occurs on young plants. Gray's var. citrullifolia probably represents a young plant of no. 16 or 17.
Oahu! on both ranges, those from Kaala with lobules between the pinnae.
β — Pinnae larger and broader, laciniate, decurrent along the rhachis. Calyx-tube cylindrical, the lobes twice as long, 12-18". Corolla almost white.
W. Maui! Oloalu.
γ — Pinnae sinuately notched, contracted at the base. Calyx-tube short cylindrical, 4", the lobes 6-8".
E. Maui! Hamakua (Lydg.).
15. C. solenocalyx, sp. n. — A stout and tall shrub, 6-12 ft. high, the stem hollow, the thick and stiff branches muricate below, aculeate above with pale yellow conical spines. Leaves dimorphous, those of the young plant broadly ovate or cordate, shortly lobed, prickly on both faces; those of the adult plant obovate-oblong, 15-24' x 5-9', on fleshy muricate petioles of 5-10', shortly acuminate or obtuse at either end, sinuate or entire, thin chartaceous, coarsely hispidulous underneath, the rib muricate. Raceme fleshy, 1 1/2-2', bracteate from near the base, the pedicels 6-12", the bracts linear-lanceolate, 9-18"; the bractlets 4-6". Calyx scabrous and hirsute or hispid, but almost glabrate with age, the adnate portion 6", the broad foliaceous several-nerved lobes 10-12" long and connate entirely or in part in a broad cylindrical or funnel-shaped sheath. Corolla semierect but ampliate, 15-20" long, 4-5" wide, slit beyond the middle, scabro-hispid, dark purple. Staminal column glabrous; anthers purple, the upper ones beardless. Berry ovoid, 8". Seeds pale yellow.
Molokai! in deep gulches of Kalae, Mopulehu and elsewhere. Called "Puakala" by the natives. The flowers generally rot inside the long calyx-tube; well developed corollas are therefore of rare occurrence.
β var. schizocalyx. — With hesitation I refer to this species a form collected by Mr. Lydgate in Hamakua, E. Maui at an elevation of 3000-4000 ft. Leaves as above. The short peduncle (1') and calyx densely muricate, but the lobes of the latter (12" long) free to the base. Bracts lanceolate, 15-18"; bractlets 6". Flowers wanting.
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†† Calycine lobes narrow, 1-nerved. Corolla suberect, slender. Upper anthers not tufted.
16. C. solanacea, sp. n. — A stout freely branching shrub, 6-8 ft. high, the stiff ascending branches aculeate with slender straw-colored thorns. Leaves of young plants deeply cut into sharp sinuate segments, the stem, petioles, ribs and nerves bristling on both faces with thorns, which resemble those of Solanum aculeatissimum. Leaves of adult plants obovate-oblong, 10-13' x 3-5', on petioles of 1-1 1/2', shortly acuminate, contracting at the base, sinuate or lobes, the blunt lobes seldom exceeding 1/2' in depth, hispidulous underneath, unarmed, thick chartaceous, with prominent veins. Peduncle fleshy, 1-2', bracteate from the base, but bearing flowers only near the apex; pedicels 4-6"; bracts 1-2". Calyx green, glabrous, the tube obconical, 4", the lobes oblong, truncate, 2-4", thick fleshy, 1-nerved, apiculate, with intervening sinuses. Corolla white, with a lilac tinge, semierect, slender, 2' long, 2" broad, sparsely hispid or glabrous, with lobes warty, the dorsal slit deep. Staminal column pubescent; the upper anthers beardless. Stigmatic hairs in a ring; style lilac. Berry obovoid, 8" long, orange-colored. Seeds reddish, smooth.
Molokai! Kalae, Mopulehu and elsewhere, 1000 to 2000 ft. Called "Populo" on account of the resemblance of the leaf to forms of Solanum incompletum.
β var. quercifolia. — Leaves larger, 11-20' x 3 1/2-6', thicker, scabrous on the upper, hispid on the lower face, with prominent nerves, the lobes deeper and rounded, but to the rhachis at the narrow base. Calyx glabrous, the lobes 2". Corolla as above, but glabrous; the staminal column and anthers pubescent. Berry 8".
E. Maui! Ulupalakua and Hamakua, at elevation of 3000-4000 ft. Attains the size of a small tree, 15 ft. high.
17. C. ferox, sp. n. — Size and habit of the preceding species, the branches bristling with thorns. Leaves of young plants bipinnatisect, to the rhachis in the lower portion, and covered with spines; those of the adult plant oblanceolate in outline, 10-12' x 3-4', deeply cut into patent oblong sinuate segments of 1-2' in depth which shorten to auricles at the base, on petioles of 1 1/2-2', papilloso-hispid on the upper, scabro-hispid on the lower face, thick chartaceous, with prominent nerves, not aculeate. Peduncle (with buds) 1' long, floriferous at the end. Calyx muricato-hispid, the lobes 1-nerved, oblong, obtuse, apiculate, longer than the tube, 6". Corolla coarsely hairy.
Molokai! heights of Kamalo.
β var. — Leaves thinner, pinnatisect to near the rib. Berry glabrate and smooth, ovoid, 7" long, the linear-oblong lobes 7-9". Pinnae or segments of the leaves in young plants separated by small lobules or auricles.
E. Maui! Ulupalakua, Makawao, Hamakua. Nat. name: "Hahanui".
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18. C. asplenifolia, Hillebr. — A branching shrub, 4-6 ft. high, sparsely aculeate. Leaves obovate-oblong in outline, 12-16' x 4-10', on prickly petioles of 3-4', deeply cut into connected segments, or pinnatisect to the rhachis with or without intervening lobules, or pinnate, the segments contracted at the base, almost stipitate, gradually or suddenly decreasing in size toward the base, all bluntly acuminate, entire or sinuate, membranous, glabrate, sparsely muricate on ribs and nerves. Peduncle 2' long, slender, naked or distantly bracteate below, 10-15-flowered near the apex; pedicels 4-6"; bracts setaceous, 1 1/2", but sometimes foliaceous. Calyx glabrous, the tube obconical, 2-3", its lobes as long or shorter, linear-lanceolate, acute. Corolla semierect, 1 1/2' or more in length, 1 1/2-2" wide, pale lilac, glabrous or sparingly hispid, the lobes muricate. Staminal column glabrous; upper anthers naked. — Delissea asplenifolia, Mann, Enum. no. 273.
W. Maui! Kaanapali (leaves pinnatisect), Waihee and Waiehu (leaves pinnate). The stem has a compact wood with a small cavity. The least divided leaves resemble those of var. β of C. ferox, the pinnate ones those of C. Grimesiana.
*** Palmaeformes. Stem or trunk undivided, straight, unarmed, foliose at the apex. Leaves entire. Calycine lobes of variable length. Upper anthers beardless.
19. C. superba, Gray, l. c. p. 149. — Trunk smooth, 12-16 ft high and 3-5' thick at the base, with a thin woody zone, the large medullary cavity septate by closely set chartaceous diaphragms. Leaves obovate-oblong, 2-3 ft. long, 2-8' broad, obtuse or rounded, but shortly acuminate, narrowing at the base, on distinct petioles of 2-3', crenate but almost entire below, coriaceous, glabrate. Peduncle (with ripe fruit) 12-14' long, tomentose, drooping, with the numerous subsessile berries crowded in a cluster near the apex, for the rest distantly bracteate, the bracts tomentose, broad-oblong or lanceolate, obtuse, 12-20" long, besides 2 bracteoles of 6" in length at the base of each flower. Calyx velvety-tomentose, the tube obconical, 5-7", the oblong coriaceous lobes 5-8" long. Corolla arcuate, tubular, with short connivent lobes and a long dorsal slit, 2 1/2' long, coriaceous, tomentose, whitish or cream-colored. Staminal column glabrous. Berry obconical, 8-10" long, 6-8" wide, yellow or orange, ribbed, crowned by the calycine lobes, which are separated by conspicuous sinuses. Seeds rather large, 1", dark brown, smooth and shining. — Mann, Enum. no. 280. — Lobelia superba, Cham. in Linnaea VIII, 223-225. — Macrochilus superbus, Presl. — Enlicher, Gen. Pl. p. 513.
Oahu! gulches of Makaleha on Mt. Kaala. My specimens are with ripe fruit to which a single corolla remained adhering.
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β var. — Leaves with a brownish tomentum underneath.
Gulches on the eastern slope of Mt. Kaala!
γ var. reginae. — Leaves chartaceous, tomentulose underneath when young, but glabrate with age, 20-30' x 4-7', commonly acuminate but sometimes rounded, the base gradually narrowing into a petiole of 2-3'. Peduncle about 8' long, drooping, naked below, distantly bracteate above, bearing near the apex 5-10 flowers on short resupinate pedicels of 3"; bracts 6-18"; bractlets 2-3". Calyx velvety-tomentose cream-colored, with purplish nerves (not "rosea"), arcuate, the apex returning to the level of the base, 2 1/2-3' in length and of even width (4 1/2") throughout, the lobes short connivent, the dorsal slit extending to the middle. Staminal column glabrous; anthers white, with purplish stripes, the upper ones beardless. Stigmatic hairs in 2 patches. Berry obconical, ribbed, 8-10" x 5-6". — Flowers in April. — Delissea reginae, Wawra, in Flora, 1873.
A truly superb and royal plant. Oahu! Niu and Wailupe, at 1500-2000 ft. elevation, not Kaala, as incorrectly stated by Wawra, who seems to have forgotten that his specimens were obtained from the author. (Collected by my son and Mr. Lydgate).
20. C. leptostegia, Gray, l. c. p. 149. — Trunk smooth, 30-40 ft. high, densely covered in its upper portion with rhomboidal leaf-scars. Leaves sessile, narrow lanceolate, 20-24' x 2-2 1/2', denticulate or subentire, glabrous, shining, chartaceous. Peduncle (with flower) 1-1 1/2', slender, naked below, many-flowered at the apex, 12-20 flowers in a crowded cluster, on pedicels of 4"; bracts linear, 12"; bractlets 6". Calyx glabrous, the tube cylindrical, somewhat produced beyond the ovary, 7", the linear erect lobes 18-24" long and less than 1/2" broad. Corolla dark purple, glabrous, semierect and slender, 2' long and 2" wide, thin, with a long dorsal slit. Anthers glabrous. Berry ovoid, 8 x 4", crowned by the calycine lobes. — Mann, Enum. no. 278.
Kauai! Waimea, upper edge of the forest near the tabular summit.
21. C. arborea, Hillebr. — Trunk 12-24 ft. high, smooth. Leaves sessile, oblanceolate, 16-26' x 2 1/2-4 1/2', shortly acuminate or rounded and apiculate, gradually narrowing toward the base, faintly dentate, but almost entire and wavy toward the base, glabrous, or with some pubescence along the rib, glossy, chartaceous to coriaceous. Peduncle slender but still, 6-12' long, almost naked below, closely many-flowered in the upper fourth, the pedicels short, 1 1/2-4"; bracts 12"; bractlets 1/2". Calyx subglobose, glabrous, shortly toothed, small, the tube 3". Corolla slender, moderately curved or suberect, 2' long, 2" wide, glabrous, grayish blue, rather thin, with a deep dorsal slit and connivent lobes. Staminal column glabrous. Berry globose, faintly ribbed, 5-6" in diam. — Delissea arborea, Mann, Enum. no. 262, where however the length of the peduncle
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is incorrectly given as "brevis and pauciflorus". — D. coriacea, var. β Gray, l.c. p. 148.
E. Maui ! Ulupalakua, 3000-4000 ft. One specimen exhibits a monstrous inflorescence, similar to that which occurs in C. Mannii, viz. the empty bracts foliaceous and the fowering part of the raceme branching. Kula ! leaves narrowing into a short petiole.
β var. — Leaves broader (4-6'), glabrous, subsessile. Peduncles 8-12' long, drooping, distantly bracteate, bearing near the end 15-20 subsessile flowers. Corolla dark purple, moderately curved; otherwise as above.
Hawaii, woods of Hilo (Lydg. in lit.)
γ var. pycnocarpa. — Leaves smaller, membranous, running out into a distinct petiole of 1 1/2', pubescent underneath. Peduncle slender, naked, 8-4' long bearing at its end a cluster of sessile subglobose truncate berries 6" in diam., the acute triangular calyx-lobes 2".
Hawaii! Kohala range.
22. C. procera, sp. n. — Trunk and leaves as in no. 21, the leaves broader, 4-6', closely denticulate, pubescent underneath. Peduncle short, thick and fleshy, 1-1 1/2' long, with many (10-20) flowers near the apex, the pedicels 3-5", bracteolate at the base; bracts 5", bracteoles 2". Calycine tube glabrous, cylindrical, 5-7" in length, with triangular lobes of 1 1/2-2". Corolla (undeveloped) glabrous, over 3" broad, bluish below, greenish-yellow above, thick fleshy.
Molokai! Kamalo, 2000 ft. Nearly related to the preceding species. In both the trunk has a thick woody zone which includes a narrow cavity septate by numerous papery diaphragms.
23. C. tritomantha, Gray, l. c. p. 149. — Trunk 6-10 ft high, rough tuberculate. Leaves broadly lanceolate or obovate, 15-28' x 5-8', on muricate petioles of 5-8', acuminate, sinuate-dentate, suddenly contracting at the base, thick chartaceous, pubescent underneath along the prominent nerves. Peduncle 1-2 1/2', thick fleshy, closely bracteate from the base, with 5-7 flowers near the apex on pedicels of 9-12" which are bibracteolate about the middle; bracts linear-oblong, 9-15". Calyx scabro-pubescent, the tube obconical or cylindrical, 7-8", the lobes linear, 1-nerved, acute, herbaceous, as long as the tube or longer, 6-12". Corolla pubescent, falciform, 2 1/2-3' long, 2-2 1/2" wide, cinereous, blue inside, with deep dorsal and lateral slits (but the anterior lip not entire). Filaments slightly pubescent.
Hawaii! windward side of Mauna Kea, 3000 ft. (U.S.E.E.), Hilo (Lydg.), Kohala range (Hbd.). The racemes are sometimes barren and develop only large foliaceous bracts, in which case they grow to a length of often one foot and are apt to branch as in C. arborea. Nat. name: "Aku". According to Lydgate the leaves are cooked and eaten by the natives as a vegetable.
β var. — Leaves smaller, 12-14' x 3', thicker, with a crisp margin. Bracts lanceolate, short, 2-3"; bracteoles ovate subulate 1-1 1/2". Calyx tube 4" long, the narrow lanceolate acute lobes as long or shorter, 3-4". Corolla faintly pubescent, with muricate lobes. Filaments glabrous, the anthers pubescent along the sutures.
Hawaii! Kona (Lydg.).
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24. C. macrostegia, sp. n. — Truck 6-12 ft. high, rather rough but unarmed. Leaves large as in C. tritomantha, but the base gradually narrowing into a short petiole of 1-2', pubescent underneath, when young, and papillose above, membranous. Peduncle 1-1 1/2', thick fleshy, racemose from the base, the pedicels 4-8"; bracts broad oblong, 18-24"; bractlets 6". Calyx smooth and glabrate, its tube obconical, 6" long, the oblong lobes several times as long, 15-24" long and 2-3" broad, erect, obtuse or emarginate, herbaceous, many-nerved. Corolla suberect, 24-30" long and 4" wide, at first pubescent along the linear lobes, but soon glabrate, fleshy, dark purplish-blue, deeply slit at the back, the lateral slits extending to the middle and the anterior ones nearly as far. Staminal column glabrous, purple. Berry large ovoid, 10 x 8", yellow, crowned by the long lobes. Seeds shining.
W. Maui! Kaanapali, Honokahua, Waihee, in deep wooded ravines. The flowers are hidden between the long crowded bracts and calycine lobes, which always retain a large quantity of water and organic debris, in consequence of which the fleshy corollas are apt to perish by rot and intact ones are rare.
β var. — Calycine lobes 9-12". Corolla pubescent. Adult leaves pubescent underneath.
E. and W. Maui!
25. C. atra, sp. n. — Trunk 4-6 ft. high, tuberculate in the upper portion. Leaves lanceolate, 16-20' x 3-4', gradually trapering into a thick muricate petiole of 2-2 1/2', crenulate, coriaceous, with prominent nerves, papillose above, the lower face covered with an olivaceous soft tomentum. Peduncle very short and thick, 4-6-flowered; the pedicels 6"; bracts only 2-3"; bractlets 1 1/2". Calyx dark, hirsute, the cylindrical tube 6", the thick oblong and obtuse or emarginate lobes 1-nerved, of variable length, 3-8". Corolla suberect, 2 1/2-3' long, 3-4" wide, dark purple, almost black, hirsute with coarse hair, the lobes linear, the posterior ones as long as the tube. Staminal column dark purple, the filaments and anthers hispid. Berry ovoid, 8". Seeds pale yellow.
W. Maui! back of Lahaina, Wailuku (3000-4000 ft.).
26. C. Gibsonii, sp. n. — Trunk 3-5 ft. high, smooth. Leaves broad elliptico- or obovato-oblong, acute, generally rounded at the base, wavy, crenate or denticulate, membranous, pubescent but green underneath, 12-16' x 4-6', on petioles of 3-5'. Peduncle dark purple, thick fleshy, 1-1 1/2', many-flowered, the pedicels 8-10", bracteolate above the base, the bracts narrow linear, 6-9". Calyx dark purple, pubescent, the obconical tube 6", the lobes 8-10", oblong, somewhat acute, thin, herbaceous, 1-nerved. Corolla hirsute as in the preceding species, dark purple. Staminal column glabrous.
Lanai! on the highest ridge.
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27. C. Kunthiana? — Stem 3-5 ft. high, unarmed, rather hairy at the top. Leaves elliptico- to obovato-oblong, 7-9' x 3', on petioles of 1 1/2-3', shortly acuminate at both ends, wavy, subentire, pale, almost white underneath, both faces shortly pubescent with scattering pale hairlets. Peduncle about 1', pubescent, as in the whole inflorescence, bracteate from the base, the pedicels 3", bracts linar, 6". Calyx-tube 2-3", the linear-lanceolate lobes 2-4". Corolla (bud) white, with pale violet streaks, hairy, suberect, less than 1' long and 1 1/2" wide. Filaments and anthers hispid, particularly at the base of the latter. — Delissea Kunthiana Gaud. Bot. Voy. Bon. tab. 77 (without description).
W. Maui! back of Lahaina, 4000-5000 ft. (on the ridge overlooking Wailuku). Collected by the late Mr. E. Bishop. The identity of our plant with D. Kunthiana is rather doubtful. The corolla, even when developed, will not attain the size given in Gaudichaud's plate, and the calycine lobes are longer in proportion to the tube The characteristic pallor of the leaves also, which reminds of C. acuminata, is not expressed in the figure.
28. C. platyphylla, Hillebr. — Stem slender, 3-5 ft. high, covered in its upper portion with short and sharp pale spines. Leaves obovate-oblong, 12-20' x 5-8', on prickly or muricate petioles of 3-4', obtuse or rounded at the apex, contracted at the base but not decurrent, wavy or sinuate, denticulate, glabrous, rather fleshy. Peduncle muricate, 1-2' long, naked or distantly bracteate below, many-flowered at the apex, the pedicels 6-8"; bracts 2-4", often foliaceous. Calyx glabrous, the tube cylindrical, 3-4", the lobes sharp dentiform or subulate, 1 1/2-2". Corolla white, thin, glabrous, falciform, 2' long, 3" wide. Staminal column pale, glabrous. Berry obovoid, 4". Seeds crustaceous, reddish, smooth. — Delissea platyphylla, Gray, l. c. p. 148. — Mann, Enum. no. 265.
Hawaii! lower woods of Hilo and Puna. In several respects like a Delissea, but the corolla is not knobby, nor are the seeds of that genus.