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FLORA
OF
BRITISH INDIA.
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Dates of Publication of the Several Parts of this Volume.
Part I. pp. 1-208, was published May 1872.
" II. pp. 209-464 " Jan. 1874.
" III. pp. 465 to end " Feb. 1875.
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THE
FLORA OF BRITISH INDIA.
BY
J. D. HOOKER, C.B.
M.D., PRES. R.S., D.C.L. OXON., LL.D. CANTAB.
CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE INSTITUTE OF FRANCE, AND HON. MEMBER OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.
ASSISTED BY VARIOUS BOTANISTS.
VOL. I.
RANUNCULACEAE TO SAPINDACEAE.
PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR
INDIA IN COUNCIL.
LONDON:
L. REEVE & CO., 5, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.
1875.
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LONDON :
SAVILL, EDWARDS AND CO., PRINTERS, CHANDOS STREET,
COVENT GARDEN.
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TO
HIS GRACE THE DUKE OF ARGYLL, K.T, F.R.S.,
SECRETARY OF STATE FOR INDIA,
PRESIDENT OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.OF LONDON;
&c. ;c. ;c.
My Lord Duke,
The fact of this first part of the "Flora of British India" appearing during your Grace's tenure of office, and under your instructions, affords me the welcome opportunity of following a time- honoured custom in dedicating that work to you. And I congratulate myself on being so circumstanced, since I am thus enabled to express my respect for your high scientific attainments and for those original observations and writings which have appeared during the long period that has elapsed since I first enjoyed the privilege of friendly inter course with your Grace, which long antedates your scientific career and my official connexion with you.
I am.
Your Grace's faithful and obedient servant,
Jos. D. Hooker.
Royal Gardens, Kew,
March 15, 1872.
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PREFACE.
The Flora of British India is intended to comprise within a moderate compass brief descriptions, ordinal, generic and specific, of the Flowering plants and Ferns hitherto found within the British territories in India, together with those of Kashmir and Western Tibet ; countries which, though outside that territory, belong to botanical regions included within it, which have been geographically and botanically explored by officers employed almost exclusively in the Indian service, and which are habitually visited by Indian tourists and travellers. It was originally intended to have included the Floras of Affghanistan and Beluchistan, as was done in the fragmentary "Flora Indica," commenced in 1855 by Dr. T. Thomson and myself ; but the plants of these countries having been recently included in Boissier's excellent " Flora Orientalis," and belonging to quite another botanical region (the Occidental Asiatic), this intention has been abandoned.
At the outset it must be stated, that in a work of this scope, neither fulness nor completeness are attainable in the present state of science. British Indian Botany is represented by some 12-14,000 species, and by hundreds of thousands of specimens, collected over an area of one and a half millions of square miles, in tropical, temperate, and frigid climates, and at all elevations, from the sea-level to 19,000 ft. Of this vast assemblage, not a twelfth part has hitherto been brought together in any one general work on Indian plants. The descriptions of such as are well described, are scattered through innumerable British and foreign journals, or contained in Local Floras, or works on general Botany ; a very large number are described so incompletely or inaccurately, that they can only be recognised after an inspection of the original specimens; and very many are altogether undescribed. In short, there is no quarter of the globe so rich in plants, and from which such a mass of materials has been collected and deposited in European
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museums ; and yet of which so little of the Natural History, and especially the Botany, has been systematically brought together. Under these circumstances an exhaustive Flora would be a work of many years and many volumes ; and it is as a hand-book to what is already known, and a pioneer to more complete works, that the present is put forward.For an account of the materials upon which it is founded, the reader is referred te the Introductory Essay to the Flora Indica alluded to above, which contains a history of Indian Botany up to 1855, together with an essay on the climates and physical features of India, and on its divisions into Botanico-Geographical provinces. Since the date of its publication, no great systematically arranged collections of Indian plants, such as those of Wallich, Wight, Stocks, Strachey, and Winterbottom, &c. &c, have been added to these; though many very valuable local collections have been made ; amongst which the Malaccan Herbarium of the late Dr. Maingay, and the South Indian of Major Beddome, present the most novelty and interest. Since that period, too, the vast Herbaria of Griflfith and Falconer have been made over to Kew by the late East Indian Government, and though in a ruinous condition from damp and vermin, have been arranged and distributed; Wight's invaluable original Herbarium has been added to that of Kew, by private gift from that veteran botanist, and its duplicates also distributed from this establishment; and Rottler's own Herbarium has been transferred from the Museum of King's College, London, and liberally presented to Kew by order of the Council of that Institution. The value of these last two collections, as containing the type specimens of plants described in so many old and modern works, cannot be over-estimated.
The plan approved by his Grace the Secretary of State for India, for bringing out this Flora, viz., of associating with myself a number of competent botanists, whose names will appear in the headings of the pages they (wholly or in part) shall contribute, will, it is hoped, enable me to bring it out with reasonable celerity ; whilst the adoption of as concise a style and phraseology* as is consistent with clearness, and the
* In these matters my Flora of the British Islands has been followed ; the style there adopted having been suggested by the requirements of the Professors of Botany in the Scotch Universities, and approved by them, seemed to me to be equally applicable to a more extended.
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avoidance of repetition in the descriptions and remarks on each species, will enable me to compress the whole into a portable form.With regard to citations of previous works, and references to authors, these have been reduced to what appears to be most useful and desirable for working and especially Indian botanists. As a rule, all Indian Floras are quoted, as also the work wherein the species was first described under the name it bears ; the chief exceptions to the latter are in cases where the author has redescribed the plant in a subsequent better known g-eneral work, when the latter alone is cited.*
I have been compelled to confine the citations of numbered distributed collections to Wallich's; to have introduced the numbers of Wight's, Jacquemont's, Hohenacker's, Strachey and Winterbottom's, Griffith's, Falconer's, Heifer's, Maingay's, Thwaites's, Hooker fil. and Thomson's, and other collections that have been distributed from Kew and elsewhere, would have added at least another volume to the work, and would have prolonged indefinitely the time and cost of its production. All such references, if not checked in the proofs, as well as in the MS., are sure to abound in errors; as do indeed the collections themselves, requiring in such cases the introduction of cross references, discussions and critical notes, essential for the verification of specimens, but not necessarily of species. More* Thus De Candolle's fragmentary " Systema" is not quoted for plants subsequently included in his universally used " Prodromus ;" nor Boissier's inaccessible " Diagnoses Plantarum Orientalium" for those subsequently included in his great work, the " Flora Orientalis." The interposition of a semicolon between the author's name and that of the work cited, indicates that the plant was not first described in that work ; its absence indicates that it was.
With regard to the vexed question, whether to attach to a species the name of the author who first described it, or of him who first put it into the genus to which I think that it belongs, I have adopted the latter alternative, chiefly on the principle that a right comprehension of genera is of higher importance than the power of describing a species.The number of species described by authors who cannot determine their affinities, increases annually, and I regard the naturalist who puts a described plant into its proper position in regard to its allies, as rendering a greater service to science than its describer, when he either puts it into a wrong place, or throws it into any of those chaotic heaps miscalled genera, with which systematic works still abound. I however admit, that no laws or usages embrace all cases of disputed authority or priority, and that the best hitherto proposed are open to great abuses ; but after many years' experience I find that the plan which, in common with the majority of botanists, I have followed, is open to the fewest objections, and does justice to the greatest and most deserving number of naturalists.
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over, such references would not have proved of the smallest use to the Indian resident and traveller, for whom this work is specially intended.And here I must caution botanists against an over-reliance upon the names attached to the Indian collections which have been distributed from Kew, first by myself, and latterly by the keeper of the herbarium, between 1855 and 1870. These collections originally comprised about half a million of specimens, which had been accumulating for upwards of thirty years, principally in the India House (where a great number were wholly destroyed by damp and vermin), at Kew, and at the Linnean Society, and consisted chiefly of the collections of Griffith, Falconer, Helfer, Royle, G. Thomson, T. Thomson and myself, Law, Stocks, Dalzell, and Gibson, together with the remainder of Wallich's, and latterly Wight's. From these, after arrangement, upwards of 380,000 specimens were distributed in sets to public and private museums in Europe, India, and America, every specimen bearing a ticket with the name of the locality and collector, and that of the plant, as far as it could be approximately determined. I have no reason to suppose that these collections contain more errors in nomenclature than do similar ones; but, as was explicitly stated when they were sent out, such names are not to be regarded as authoritative.
The area over which each species is distributed, is indicated by districts; these districts or geographical areas being botanical regions, which coincide in the main so closely with the well recognized territorial divisions of India, that a strict definition of them is unnecessary : an account of their limits and physical features will be found in the Introductory Essay to the Flora Indica, and its accompanying maps.
It has been a source of most sincere regret to me that a combination of circumstances has prevented the continuation of the Indian Flora upon the originally contemplated and more extended plan, under the joint authorship of my old friend and fellow-traveller. Dr. Thomson, and myself. Other duties in our respective services necessitated its postponement for a very long period, until indeed it became obvious that years were not left to us, even could we have commanded sufficient leisure, to finish so laborious an undertaking.
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FLORA OF BRITISH INDIA.
Order I. RANUNCULACEAE. (By Hooker f. & Thomson.)
Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves radical or alternate (opposite in Clematideae). Stipules 0, or adnate to the petiole, rarely free. Flowers regular or irregular, 1-2-sexual, rarely bracteate. Dish very rarely present (Poeonia). Sepals 5 or more, rarely 2-4, deciduous (persistent in Poeonia), often petaloid, imbricate (valvate in Clematis). Petals 0, or 3-5 or more, hypogynous, imbricate, often minute or deformed. Stamens hypogynous ; anthers usually adnate and dehiscing laterally. Carpels usually many, free, 1-celled ; stigma simple ; ovules one or more on the ventral suture, anatropous, erect with a ventral or pendulous with a dorsal raphe. Fruit of numerous 1-seeded achenes, or many-seeded follicles, rarely a berry. Seed small, albumen copious ; embryo minute. - DISTRIB. Abundant in temperate and cold regions ; genera 30, known species about 300.
Tribe I. Clematideae. Erect or climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite. Sepals petaloid, valvate. Carpels 1-ovuled; ovule pendulous. Fruit of many achenes.
Petals 0. | 1.Clematis. |
Petals many, linear | 2. Navavelia. |
Tribe II. Anemoneae. Herbs. Leaves radical or alternate. Sepals petaloid, imbricate. Carpels 1-ovuled ; ovule pendulous. Fruit of many achenes.
Petals 0, flowers involucrate | 3. Anemone. |
Petals 0, flowers not involucrate | 4. Thalictrum. |
Petals 5-15, with a nectariferous pit | 5. Callianthemum. |
Petals 5-16, with no nectariferous pit | 6. Adonis. |
Tribe III. Ranunculeae. Herbs. Leaves radical or alternate. Sepals herbaceous, imbricate. Carpels 1-ovuled ; ovules erect. Fruit of many achenes.
Sepals 3-5, deciduous, petals usually 5 . | 7. Ranunculus. | |
Sepals 5 persistent, petals 10-15 | 8. Oxygraphis. |
Tribe IV. Helleboreae. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate. Sepals petaloid or herbaceous, imbricate. Carpels several, many-ovuled. Fruit of 1 or more follicles (berried in Actoea).
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Flowers regular solitary or panicled. | |
Petals 0. leaves undivided | 9. Calthia. |
Petals 0, leaves palmately divided | 10. Calathodes. |
Petals small, carpels long-stalked | 12. Coptis. |
Petals small, carpels sessile, flowers yellow | 11. Teollius. |
Petals small, carpels sessile, flowers white | 13. Isopyrum. |
Petals as large as the sepals, all spurred | 14. Aquilegia. |
| Flowers regular racemed. | |
Carpel solitary, berried when ripe | 17. Actaea. |
Carpels 4-8, follicular when ripe | 18. Cimicifuga. |
| Flowers irregular. | |
Posterior sepal spurred | 15. Delphinium. |
Posterior sepal vaulted | 16. Aconitum. |
Tribe V. Paeonieae. Herbs or undershrubs. Sepals herbaceous, imbricate. Carpels several, several-ovuled, girt by a fleshy disk. Fruit of coriaceous few-seeded follicles.
| 19. PAEONIA. |
Sect. I. Viticella, DC. Achenes beaked, without feathery styles.
1. C. Cadmia, Ham. ex Wall. Cat. 4669 ; H.f.dc T. Fl. Ind. 5; C. sulcata. Wall Cat. 4667. Thalictrum bracteatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 671,
E. Bengal in tropical jungles, and along the base of the Himalaya, from the Kosi to Assam. Birma, Griffith.
A slender subherbaceous climber. Leaves 3-nately decompound ; leaflets 1-2 in. ovate-oblong, glabrous, base oblique or cordate. Flowers axillary, solitary ; peduncle long, with two leafy bracts about the middle. Sepals 5 to 6, 3/4 to 1 in. spreading, linear-oblong, blue. Achenes many, large, broadly ovate, beak long straight, young silky.
Sect. II. Cheiropsis, DC. Achenes with long feathery styles. Flowers in axillary fascicles; pedicels 1 fld.
2. C. Napaulensis, DC. Syst. i. 164; leaves ternately divided, pedicels with 2 connate bracts at or near the middle. II. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 6; Wall. Cat. 4680. C. montana, Don Prodr. 192 (not of others).
Temperate Himalaya from Garwhal to Bhotan.
A slender nearly glabrous climber. Leaflets 1-2 in., elliptic-lanceolate, sometimes very narrow, entire toothed or 3-lobed, 3-nerved, lateral oblique. Flowers many, pedicels shorter than the leaves ; bracts forming a 2-lipped cup, in which the bud is sessile. Sepals 4, oblong, silky outside. Filaments glabrous, tapering from a broad flat base ; anthers short. Achenes flat, margined, hairy.
3. C. montana, Ham. ex DC, Syst. i. 164; leaves ternately divided, pedicels naked, stamens glabrous. Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii. t. 217; H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 5. C. Punduana, Wall. Cat. 4862. C anemoniflora, Don Prodr. 192 ; Anemone curta. Wall. Cat. 4690.
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Temperate Himalaya from the Indus to the Bramaputra, ascending to 12,000 fi:., always above 8500 ft. in Sikkim. Khasia hills above 4000 ft.
A woody climber, glabrous or silky. Leaves fascicled at the nodes; leaflets ovate, toothed or incised, usually acute. Flowers 2 to 4 in. diam., often scented, white or pinkish or yellowish ; pedicels exceeding the leaves. Sepals 4, elliptic, acute or obtuse, glabrous or silky outside. Filaments narrow-linear ; anthers short. Achenes flat, glabrous ; receptacle pilose.
4. C. barbellata, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 25 ; leaves once ternately divided, pedicels naked, anthers softly bearded on the back. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4794; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 5. C. nepaulensis, Royle III. 51 (not of others).
Western Temperate Himalaya in Garwhal and Kumaon, Royle, &c.
A woody climber, glabrous or nearly so. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, acute, toothed or lobed. Flowers large, dull purple. Sepals oblong, acuminate, pubescent on both surfaces, margins villous. Filaments broadly linear, 1-nerved, often ciliate with long hairs ; anther-cells introrse. Achenes glabrous.
5. C. acutangula, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 5 ; leaves 2-pinnate, pedicels 2-bracteate at the base rarely in the middle, anthers softly hairy.
Khasia Hills, near Molim, alt. 5000 ft. Griffith, H. f. & T.
A slender, hardy woody climber. Stem angled, deeply furrowed, slightly hairy. Leaflets 1-2 in., ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, crenate or 3-lobed. Flowers brownish-yellow ; pedicels 1-3-nate, short. Sepals oblong, acute, pubescent outside. Filaments narrow-linear, 1-nerved, pilose ; anthers introrse. Achenes flat, margined, pubescent. - Intermediate between this and the following section.
Sect. III. Flammula, DC. Achenes with long feathery tails. Flowers in axillary panicles.
* Sepals spreading from the base.
t Filaments glabrous ; connective of anthers not produced.
6. C. smilacifolia, Wall, in Asiat. Researches, xiii. 414; Cat. 4683; glabrous, leaves large usually simple ovate or cordate coriaceous entire or remotely serrate. Bot. Mag. t. 4259; H.f & T. FL Ind. 6. C. subpeltata, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. i. t. 20; Cat. 4868. C. Munroana, Wight III. i 5, t. 1. C. smilacina, Blume Bijd. 1.
Himalaya from Sikkim eastwards, ascending to 5000 ft. Khasia hills ; Concan ; Travancor ; Ava, - Distrib. Java, Borneo, Philippines.
A tall, glabrous, woody climber. Leaves 3-10 by 1-7 in., rarely once ternate, upper smaller, narrower and cuneate at the base. Panicles 6-12 in. Flowers 1-1 1/2 in. diam. Sepals 4-5, coriaceous, oblong, at length reflexed, outside dull-brown tomentose, inside deep purple. Filaments membranous, linear, glabrous, inner shorter with longer anthers; connective produced. Achenes flat, pubescent, margins broad.
7. C. triloba, Heyne in Roth. Nov. Sp. 251 ; silky, leaves small simple or once ternate entire or 1-3-toothed or -lobed. DC. Prodr. i. 8 ; W. & A. Prodr. i.2;H.f & T. Fl. Ind. 7.
Mountains of the Mawal district of the Dekkan, and W. Concan.
An extensive climber. Leaves or leaflets 1-2 in., elliptic-ovate or cordate, 3-nerved. Panicle many-flowered; lower bracts leafy. Flowers 1 1/2 -2 in. diam., white. Sepals 4 6, membranous, oblong, silky outside. Filaments narrow-linear, glabrous.
8. C. grata, Wall. Cat. 4668 ; PI. As. Rar. i. t. 98 ; hoary-pubescent, leaves simply pinnate. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 7.
Subtropical and Temperate Himalaya, from Kumaon westwards, alt. 2-8000 ft. - Distrib. Affghanistan, China, trop. Africa.
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A woody climber. Stem deeply furrowed. Leafets about 5, 1-2 in., broadly ovate or cordate, acuminate, inciso-serrate or 3-lobed, villous on both surfaces or glabrate above. Panicles often exceeding the leaves, decompound. Flowers 3/4-1 in. diam., cream-coloured. Sepals tomentose outside. Filaments narrow-linear ; anthers short. Achenes densely pubescent. - Variable in habit and pubescence.
9. C. Gouriana, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii 670 ; usually glabrous, leaves pinnate 2-pinnate or 2- ternate, flowers very small in dense panicles. DC. Prodr. i. 3; Wall Cat. 4673 ; W . & A. Prodr. 2 ; Wight Ic. t. 933-4; H.f & T. Fl. Ind. 8. C. cana, Wall. Cat. 4672. C. Javana, DC Prodr. i 7.
Hilly districts from the Western Himalaya, alt. 1-3000 ft. to CEYLON and the Eastern Peninsula.- DISTRIB. Java, Philippines.
An extensive climber, young parts pubescent. Leaflets membranous, ovate-oblong or cordate, acuminate, shining above, sometimes pubescent beneath. Panicles usually exceeding the leaves. Flowwers 1/3-1/2 in. diam., yellowish or greenish-white. Sepals obovate or oblong, revolute, puberulous, edges tomentose. * filaments narrow-linear. Achenes narrow-oblong, hairy. - Resembles C. vitalba, and is very variable; two forms with many intermediates are widely diffused, one with larger leaflets tomentose below and less shining above, the other with leaves glabrous on both surfaces.
10. C. puberula, H.f. & T. ; pubescent, leaves pinnate, leallets simple or 3-sect, flowers small few (3-9) in a lax panicle.
Western Temperate Himalaya, from Simla to Garwhal; Khasia hills, alt. 2-4000 ft
Climbing Stem deeply grooved, slender, downy. Leaflets membranous, 1-1 1/2 in., ovate- lanceolate, entire or remotely toothed, pubescence scattered. Panicles shorter than the leaves; pedicels slender. Sepals 1/2 in., linear-oblong, acute, 3-nerved, silky outside. Filaments narrow- linear ; anthers short. Achenes silky. - Confounded in Fl. Ind. with C. nutans.
tt Filaments glabrous; connective of anther more or less produced.
11. C. hedysarifolia, DC. Syst.i. 148; nearly glabrous, leaves simply pinnate, Ieaflets reticulate, connective much produced. H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 7. (Excl. citation of Bot, Reg.)
CONCAN, Law; Belgaum, Ritchie ; Pegu, Hore (in Brit. Mus.).
A woody climber. Leaflets 3-5, 2-4 in., coriaceous, ovate or cordate, acuminate, entire or coarsely toothed. Panicles many-flowered. Flowers 3/4 in. diam. Sepals 4-5, long acuminate. Anthier-cells marginal. Achenes hairy, margins tubercled.
12. C. apiculata, H.f & T. ; pubescent, leaves 3-foliolate long petioled, connective very shortly produced.
Khasia Hills; Nunklow, Griffith; Churra, H.f. & T.
A woody climber. Leaflets short-stalked, ovate-oblong, acute, base rounded, coarsely toothed from the middle upwards. Panicles many flowered. Flowers small. Sepals 1/6-1/4 in., oblong, tomentose outside. Filaments broadly linear, short, scarcely exceeding the anthers. Achenes broadly oval, hairy.
ttt Filaments hairy ; connective of anther not produced.
13. C. graveolens, Lindl. in Journ. Hort. Soc. i. 307 ; glabrous except the flowers, leaves pinnately decompound, sepals elliptic obtuse. C. parvifolia, H.f & T. FL. Ind. 9 (not of Edgeworth).
Western Temperate Himalaya, from Marri to Kulu and Kumaon, alt. 6-11,000 ft. ,
A slender climber. Leaflets 1/2-1 in., toothed or incised, or 3-lobed or -partite, terminal segment oblong, acute or obtuse. Panicles 3-7-flowered; upper flowers often
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solitary with a pair of pinnate leafy bracts on the peduncle. Flowers 1 1/2-2 in. diam., pale yellow, odour heavy. Sepals pubescent outside, densely tomentose inside. Filaments narrow-linear. Achenes pubescent. - Resembles the European C. Flammula.14. C. orientalis, L. ; glabrous, glaucous, leaves pinnate or 2-pinnate, sepals ovate acuminate. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 9.
Western Himalaya, dry inner valleys from the Indus to Kumaon, ascending to 14,000 ft. Western Tibet, T. T. - Distrib. Temp. Asia, from Persia to Manchuria.
A large woody climber, branchlets sometimes puberulous. Leaflets 1-2 in., orbicular to ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, entire toothed or cut. Panicles many-flowered. Flowers 1 1\2 in. diam., yellow or mottled with purple. Sepals 4, villous outside or on both surfaces, edges tomentose. Filaments membranous, tapering from a broad base, silky or ciliate. Achenes oblong, silkily hairy. - Very variable.
Var. 1. acutifolia; leaves oblong-lanceolate acute or acuminate, flowers usually large. C. tenuifolia, Royle III. 51. C. graveolens. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4495 (not of Lindl.). C. parvifolia, Edgew. in Linn. Trans, xx. 25. C. Ispahanica, Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 3 (flowers small). C. longicaudata, Ledeb. Fl Ross. i. 3.
Var. 2. obtusifolia ; usually very glaucous, leaves oblong obtuse, flowers small .or middle-sized. C. glauca, Willd.
Var. 3. latifolia ; glaucous, leaves orbicular or oval obtusely lobed, flowers middlesized. C. globosa, Royle Ill. 51 . C. albida, Klotzsch in Bot. Reis. Pr. Wald. t. 40.
15. C. Wightiana, Wall. Cat. 4674; softly downy, leaves pinnate, sepals broadly ovate. W. & A. Prodr. 2 ; Wight Ic. t. 935 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 10.
Hills of the Dekkan, Orissa, Concan and Nilghiri, ascending to 7000 ft., Wight, &c.
A large woody climber. Leaflets usually 5, 2 in., orbicular- or ovate-cordate, 3-5-lobed, densely villous and brown below, at length glabrate above. Flowers 2-2 1/2 in. diam., in decompound panicles. Sepals 4, brown-tomentose outside. Filaments narrow-linear, silky below the middle, glabrous at the base and tip ; anthers short. Achenes silky.
** Sepals erect, with recurved tips. Filaments hairy ; connective not produced.
16. C. nutans, Royle III. 51 ; silkily pubescent, leaves decompoundly pinnate. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 10.
Western subtropical Himalaya, from the Sutlej to Kumaon, alt. 2-5000 ft., Royle, &c. Khasia hills, at Nurtiung, alt. 4000 ft., H.f. & T. Behar, on Parasnath, alt. 2000 ft.
Stem furrowed, slender, woody, climbing. Leaflets 1-3 in., ovate oblong or lanceolate, deeply acutely or obtusely 3-5-lobed, rarely entire. Flowers 1 1/2-3 in. diam., in much branched many-flowered panicles, pale yellow. Sepals oblong, many-nerved, silky outside. Filaments narrow-linear, silky below the middle, tapering upwards ; anthers short. Achenes large, ovate, silky-hairy,
17. C. acuminata, DC. Syst. i. 148 ; glabrous except the flowers, leaves once ternate, rarely simple. Don Prodr. 192 : Wall. Cat. 4670; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 11.
Temperate Himalaya, from Garwhal to Bhotan. Upper Assam, Mishmi and Patkay, Griffith,
A large, woody, slender, branched climber. Leaflets 3-5 in,, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, shining, quite entire or minutely distantly toothed. Flowers 1-1/2 in. diam., in decompound (sometimes few-flowered) panicles. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, more or less pubescent outside, suberect or spreading. Filaments narrow-linear, ciliate with long spreading hairs throughout. Achenes silky. - The following varieties may prove species: -
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Var. 1, Wallichii; more slender, leaflets smaller narrower more membranous, flowers fewer larger, buds tomentose. - W. Himalaya, Nepal, Bhotan.
Var 2. Sikkimensis ; leaflets larger, coriaceous, flowers very numerous. smaller, buds glabrous except the margins of the sepals. - Sikkim, alt. 5-7000 ft., H. f. & T. Mishmi and Naga hills, Griffith.
18. C. connata DC. Prodr. i. 4 ; glabrous, leaves pinnate, sepals not ribbed, filaments tapering to a point. Wall. Cat. 4679 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 11 . C. venosa, Royle ill. 51 ; C. amplexicaulis, velutina, and gracilis, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 24.
Temperate Himalaya, from Hazara to Sikkim, alt. 4-10,000 ft.
A large woody climber, young parts with scattered hairs. Leaflets 3-7, distant, 2-4 in., broadly ovate-cordate, coarsely serrate or sub-3-lobed. Flowers in manyflowered panicles. Sepals oblong, subacute, pubescent outside, densely tomentose inside. Flaments narrow-linear below, hairy; anthers short. Achenes silky -pubescent. - Closely allied to C. Buchananiana, but smoother, smaller flowered, and leaflets narrower ; petioles often connate into a coriaceous or woody flat expansion.
19. C. Buchananiana, DC. Syst. i. 140 ; hoary or coarsely hairy, leaves simply pinnate, sepals ribbed, filaments linear. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 10.
Throughout the Temperate Himalaya, alt. 5-10,000 ft. Mishmi, Griffith.
A large woody climber. Leaflets 5-7, 2-3 in., broadly ovate or suborbicular-cordate, obtuse or acute, coarsely serrate or 3-5 lobed. Flowers 2-3 in. diam., in branched many-flowered panicles, often sweet-scented. Sepals linear-oblong, many-ribbed, tomentose on both surfaces. Filaments densely hairy ; anthers elongate. Achenes densely hairy. - Very variable, roughly divisible as follows : -
Var. 1. rugosa; stem tomentose, leaves rugose and reticulate white and hoary especially beneath. C. Buchananiana, Wall. Cat. 4677.
Var. 2. vitifolia (sp Wall. Cat. 4676) ; stem pubescent, leaves membranous slightly pubescent.
Var. 3. tortuosa (sp. Wall. Cat. 4675) ; stem with long soft fibrous hairs, leaves glabrous or veins only silky.
20. C. grewiaeflora, DC. Syst. i. 140 ; densely tomentose, leaves simply pinnate, filaments filiform above. Don Prodr. 191 : Wall. Cat. 4678 ; H. f. &' T. Fl. Ind. 10.
Lower Temperate and Sdbtropical Himalaya, alt. 3-5000 ft., from Kumaon to Bhotan.
A large woody climber. Leaflets 3-5, 3-4 in., broadly ovate-cordate, more or less serrate, usually deeply 5-lobed. Panicles many-flowered. Sepals 14 in., oblong, densely tomentose outside, pubescent inside. Filaments 1 in., narrow-linear below, covered with soft spreading hairs ; anthers very long, narrow, twisted after flowering.
Doubtful Species.
C. LOASAEFOLIA, DC. Syst. i. 140; flowerless, doubtless either C. grewiaeflora or Wightiana.
C. LOASIFOLIA, Don Prodr. 191. Probably C. Buchananiana.
C. SCABIOSAEFOLIA, DC. Syst. i. 154. India¿ Herb. Mus. Paris.
C. VILLOSA, DC. Syst. i. 154. India ? Herb. Mus. Paris.
C. COMOSA, DC. Syst. i. 156. India? Herb. Mus Paris. (C. triloba)
C. GROSSA, Wall. Cat. 4671 (not of Benth.) Ava ; too imperfect for determination.
Climbing shrubs. Flowers in axillary 1-flowered peduncles. Leaves 3-foliolate, terminal leaflet generally transformed into a tendril Sepals
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4-5. Petals 6-12, narrow, longer than the calyx. Achenes narrow, long, stipitate, with long-bearded styles - Distrib. Two E. Asiatic species.1 . N. zeylanica, DC. Syst. i. 167 ; more or less pubescent, leaflets broad-ovate, sepals linnear-spathulate. Wall. Cat. 4687 ; W. & A. Prodr. 2 ; H.f.& T. Fl. lnd. 5. Atragene zeylanica, L.; Roxb. Cor. PI. ii. t. 188; Fl. Ind. ii. 670.
Tropical forests of the Himalaya, from E. Nepal eastward, Bengal, Assam, E, And W. Peninsulas, Ceylon. - Distrib. Java.
Leaflets usually cordate at the base, entire or coarsely toothed, often tomentose below, sometimes pubescent on the nerves only. Flowers 1/2-3/4 in. diam. Sepals pubescent outside, twice as long as the glabrous petals.
2. N. laurifolia, Wall. Cat. 4685 ; glabrous, leaflets narrow acuminate, base usually acute, petals very long linear not spathulate. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 3. N. Finlaysoniana, Wall. Cat.468 (achenes diseased, subulate, beardless, corky, seedless).
Eastern Peninsula; Mergui to Malacca and Penang. - Distrib. Eastward to the Philippines.
Perennial herbs. Leaves radical, lobed or divided. Flowers on 1- or more flowered simple or branched scapes ; involucre 3-partite, bracts free or connate. Sepals 4-20, petaloid, imbricate. Petals 0. Stamens many, outer sometimes deformed or petaloid. Carpels many; ovule 1, pendulous. Fruit a head of sessile achenes, with short or long naked or bearded styles. - DISTRIB. Cold and temperate regions, very rare in the S. hemisphere ; species 80.
Sect. I. Pulsatilla, DC. Achenes with long feathery styles.
1. A. albana, Stev. in Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Mosc. iii. 264 ; softly hairy, leaves pinnatisect, sepals erect. DC. Prodr . i. 17; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 19. A. Wallichiana, Royle III. 52.
West Tibet; above 15,000 ft., Jacquemont, &c. - Distrib. N. Asia, from Armenia to Baikal.
Densely tufted. Rootstock thick, woody, clothed with old leaf-sheaths. Leaf segments pinnatifid ; ultimate broadly linear, incised. Scape 6 in., fruiting 12 in. Invol. leaves connate at the base, 3-fid or pinnatifid above. Flowers solitary, nodding, dull red-brown. Sepals with erect tips, silky outside, about as long as the stamens. - Probably an alpine state of the European A. pratensis, but the invol. is less divided. Tibetan specimens are usually smaller than the Siberian, but not always.
Sect. II. Eriocephalus, H.f. & T. Achenes with short styles, imbedded in dense wool.
2. A. biflora, DC. Syst. i. 201 ; rootstock tuberous, scape glabrous, leaves 3-partite or 3-foliolate, segments rounded, flowers 1-3 small H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 20. A. Gordschakowii, Kar. & Kir. in PI. Soong. No. 14. -Griff. It. notes, 349.
Kashmir ; in dry stony places, alt. 4-6000 ft. - Distrib. Turkestan and E. to Persia
Scape 2-8 in., slender, usually quite glabrous. Radical leaves long-petioled ; segments suborbicular or broadly cuneate, palmately-lobed or partite. Invol. leaves sessile, lobed to the middle. Flowers dull red ; pedicels pubescent, lateral with a. 2-leaved involucre, the terminal naked.
3. A. rupicola, Camb. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 5, t. 2 ; rootstock long slender woody, scape silky, leaves 3-partite, segments acutely toothed or cut, flowers 1-2 large. H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. i. 20.
Inner alpine valleys of the Himalaya, from Gores and Kashmir to Sikkim, alt. 12-15,000 ft., Jacquemont;. &c.
Scape 12 in., softly silky. Radical leaves long petioled, segments more or less petioled, sharply incised or 3-lobed. Invol. leaves almost sessile, 3-lobed to the middle ; segments toothed and cut. Flowers showy ; lateral pedicels involucellate. Sepals 1-1 1/2 in., broadly oval, downy outside. Achenes in an oval head. - Variable in pubescence and acuteness of leaf-lobes.
Var. 1. sericea; leaves coarsely toothed, softly silky.
Var. 2. glabriuscula ; nearly glabrous, leaves sharply cut.
4. A. vitifolia, Ham. ex DC. Syst. i. 210; rootstock stout woody, scape branched many-flowered, leaves orbicular-cordate. Don Prodr. 193 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3376 ; Wall. Cat. 4695 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 20.
Temperate Himalaya, alt. 5-10,000 ft. : in Sikkim found only on the inner ranges. MISHMI, Griffith.
Stem 1-3 ft, stout, erect, branched. Radical leaves 4-8 in. diam., deeply 5-lobed, glabrous above, densely tomentose beneath ; lobes sharply lobulate and cut. Invol. leaves petiolate, like the radical. Flowers 1 1/2-2 in. diam , white, in decompound cymes; lateral peduncles involucellate. Sepals 5-8, silky outside. Achenes in large heads. - Habit of A.japonica, but leaves 3-foliolate.
Sect. III. Anemonanthea, DC. Achenes tipped by a short style, not imbedded in wool, oblong cylindric or slightly compressed.
5. A. Griffithii, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 21 ; rootstock horizontal woody, invol. leaves like the radical long-petioled free, scape 1-2-flowered.
East Himalaya. Lachen valley in Sikkim, alt. 8-9000 ft., H.f. ; Bhotan, near Chuka, alt. 6000 ft., and Mishmi hills, Griffith.
A small plant. Leaves 3-partite ; segments cuneate at the base, tapering upwards to a point, 3-lobed; lobes inciso-crenate. Flowers 1 in. diam., white or pinkish. - Habit of A. nemorosa, L., and A. ranunculoides, L.
6. A. Falconeri, Thoms. in Hook. Ic. PI. t. 899 ; rootstock short stout fibrous, invol. leaves small sessile connate, flowers solitary. H.f.&T.Fl. Ind. 21. Hepatica sp., Falc. in Royle III. 25 (in note).
West Temperate Himalaya, in shady woods; Kashmir, Falconer; Kishtwar, Thomson; Hazara, J. L. Stewart.
Softly hairy. Radical leaves many, long-petioled, 3-partite ; segments ovate-cuneate, lobed. Scapes 3-6 in. ; invol. leaves oblong, entire or obtusely 3-lobed. Flowers 1/3-1/2 in. diam., white, shortly pedicelled. Achenes oblong, angled, silky. - Habit of Hepatica, but flowers pedicelled.
7. A. obtusiloba, Don Prodr. 194 ; rootstock woody fibrous, radical leaves 3-partite, segments broad sessile, invol. leaves small sessile free, scape 1-3- flowered. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 22. A. Govaniana, Wall. Cat. 4688. A. discolor, Royle III. 52. t. 11, f. 1. A. micrantha, Klotzsch in Bot. Reis. Pr. Waldem. t. 38. A. mollis. Wall. Cat. 4689, in part
Temperate and Alpine Himalaya, from Kashmir to Sikkim, alt. 9-15,000 ft.
Densely tufted, glabrate or softly hairy. Rootstock clothed with old leaf-sheaths. Radical leaves many, stalked, suborbicular, deeply cordate ; segments broad, cuneate, variously cut and lobed, rarely shortly petiolate. Scapes 6-12 in., 1-3- flowered; invol, leaves 3-fid. Flowers white purplish or golden; pedicels long, slender. Sepals
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silky outside, generally lead-coloured near the claw. Achenes strigose, rarely glabrous. - Very variable in size, hairiness, and colour of flower ; the most abnormal form is described as var. glabra in Fl. Ind. from W. Tibet ( Winterbottom), it is quite glabrous with very many golden sepals.8. A. rupestris, Wall. Cat. 4696; slightly hairy, rootstock stout fibrous, radical leaves 3-partite, segments narrow petioled,invol. leaves small sessile free, scape 1-3-flowered. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 21.
Alpine Himalaya, from Kashmir and Hazara to Sikkim ; ascending to 15,000 ft., Wallich, &c.
Probably a state of A. obtusiloba, but smaller, more slender, less hairy, with narrower segments to the more cut leaves. The Sikkim specimens have more divided leaves and hooked glabrous achenes, but the latter are immature. - Flower golden yellow.
9. A. trullifolia, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 22 ; densely hairy, rootstock stout fibrous, radical leaves oval 3-lobed, invol. leaves small sessile free, scape 1-3-flowered.
Alpine Eastern Himalaya, Sikkim, alt. 11-15,000 ft., Hooker f.; Bhotan, Griffith.
Probably another form of A. obtusiloba, with more entire leaves, and more silky hairs, the flowers are golden yellow and achenes densely strigose. - Amongst Strachey's specimens of A. obtusiloba, are some with similarly entire leaves, but they are longer petioled and less hairy than in A. trullifolia.
10. A. rivularis, Ham. in DC. Syst. i. 211 (not of Wall. Cat); silky pubescent, rootstock stout woody, radical leaves 3-partite, segments lobed and serrate, invol. leaves large free, cymes many-flowered. Don Prodr. i. 93 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 23. A. hispida, Wall. Cat. 4694. A. Wightiana, Wall. Cat. 4697; W. & A. Prodr. 3; Wight Ic. t. 936. A. dubia. Wall. Cat. 4698; W. & A. Prodr. 3 ; A. geraniifolia, Wall. Cat. 4693.
Temperate regions above 5000 ft. throughout India, and Ceylon.
Stem 1-3 ft., branched. Radical leaves long-petioled, 3-6 in. diam.; segments cuneate at the base, broadly oval or trapezoid, deeply 3-lobed, lobes cut and serrate. Cyme compound; branches spreading, elongate, 2-bracteolate ; invol. leaves large, 3-partite, ultimate segments linear-oblong, acutely inciso-serrate. Flowers 1-1/2 in. diam., white or bluish outside. Sepals 5-8, silky outside. Achenes large, oblong; style hooked. - A monster with the inflorescence or leafy umbel often 6 in. diam., is common in the W. Himalaya.
Sect. IV. Omalocarpus, DC. Achenes with a short style, not imbedded in wool, much compressed, almost winged. (Flowers usually many in the umbels ; pedicels not involucellate.)
* Flowers in simple umbels (sometimes compound in 12, polyanthes.)
11. A. demissa, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind.-23 ; softly hairy, leaves 3-partite, Segments petiolate, scapes decumbent.
Alpine Eastern Himalaya ; Sikkim, alt. 13-16,000 ft., Hooker f.
Rootstock woody, clothed with old leaf-sheaths. Leaves 1 in. diam.,orbicular ; segments cuneate-obovate, variously cut. Scapes 6-16 in., stout; invol. leaves small, 3-lobed. Flowers 3-6, 1 in. diam., bluish. Achenes very flat, orbicular, glabrous ; style deflexed.
12. A. polyanthes, Don Prodr. 194; densely silky, leaves 5-7-lobed, scapes erect. H. f & T. Fl. Ind. 24. A. longiscapa. Wall. Cat. 4691. A. scaposa, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 27. A. villosa, Royle III. 52. A. Govaniana, lb. p. 45 (not. Wall. & Don.)
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INNER Himalaya, alt. 10-12,000 ft,; from Kashmir to Sikkim, Wallich, &c.
Rootstock stout, woody. Stem 1-2 ft. Leaves long-petioled, 2-4 in, diam., reniform-cordate ; lobes broad, cuneate, 3-fid and crenate. Umbels many-flowered, simple or with the side branches divided and involucellate ; invol. leaves cuneate-oblong, variable, more or less cut. Flowers 1 in, diam., white. Achenes broadly oval, with a sharp straight beak. - Perhaps only a form of A. narcissiflora, with less cut leaves, more compound umbel, and differently shaped achenes.
13. A. narcissiflora, L. ; DC. Prodr, i. 21 ; densely villous, leaves palmately 5-partite, segments deeply cut into linear lobes, scapes erect. H.f.&T.Fl.Ind.24.
Kashmir, Falconer, Winterbottom. - Distrib. Alps of S, and Central Europe, W. Asia, Siberia, N. W. America.
Very similar to and probably connected by intermediates with A. polyanthes, but smaller, 1 ft. high ; leaves 1-2 in. diam.; flowers simply umbelled, and achenes nearly orbicular with an incurved beak.
** Flowers in umbels or cymes (see 12, polyanthes).
14. A. tetrasepala, Royle III. 53; glabrate, leaves deeply 5-lobed, achenes obovate-oblong with a hooked beak. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 24.
Western Himalaya, Marri, Kashmir and Kishtwar, alt. 8-11,000 ft.
Rootstock woody, crown fibrous ; buds, petioles, and young leaves woolly. Radical leaves 3-10 in. diam., long-petioled, coriaceous, reniform or cordate, deeply 5 lobed ; segments acute, entire lobed or inciso serrate. Cyme often thrice branched, contracted or efluse and 1 foot long; invol. leaves large, broadly cuneate, sharply toothed. Flowers white, - A large robust species allied to A. polyanthes.
15. A. elongata, Don Prodr. 194 ; pubescent, leaves 3-partite, achenes broadly oval with a short straight beak. H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 25. A. rivularis, Wall. Cat. 4692 (not of others).
Temperate Himalaya, Garwhal, alt. 10,000 ft., Str. & Winterb.; Nipal, Wallich; Khasia hills, alt. 5000 ft., H. f. & T.
Rootstock small, fibrous, often 2-3 ft., slender, pubescent. Radical leaves 2-4 in. diam., long-petioled, orbicular, base cordate, with a few soft hairs chiefly below; lateral segments deeply 2-lobed, mid-segment 3-lobed ; lobes acute, inciso dentate. Cymes elongate, few-flowered, twice or thrice divided, fascicles 2-3 flowered. Invol. leaves oblong or broad -cuneate, variously toothed. Flowers white, - Remarkable for the elongate stems and Scapes.
Erect, usually rigid, perennial herbs. Leaves compound ; petioles sheathing, often auricled or stipuled. Flowers panicled or racemed, often polygamous. Sepals 4-5, petaloid, imbricate. Petals 0. Stamens many. Carpels few or many ; ovule 1, pendulous. Fruit a small head of sessile or stalked achenes ; style persistent or deciduous.- Distrib. Temperate and cold northern regions, very rare in the S. ; species 50.
Sect. I. Physocarpum, DC. Achenes stalked, laterally compressed, flat or inflated. Leaves ternately decompound, or in 6, pauciflorum. 2-ternately divided.
1. T. elegans, Wall. Cat. 4728; stem 8-12 in., leaves 2-3 in. glaucous beneath, flowers small, anthers short mucronate, achenes long-stalked ventral suture winged. Royle III 61 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 13; Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 26.
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SUBALPINE Himalaya, from Hazara to Sikkim, alt. 10-13,000 ft.
Leaves decompound ; leaflets small, suborbicular, 3-lobed or -partite ; segments obovate. Panicle sparingly branched ; branches almost racemose. Flowers very small, green-purple. Filaments filiform. Achenes 6-12, shorter than their stalks, obliquely obovate, membranous ; stigma sublateral, incurved.
2. T. platycarpum, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 13; stem 8-18 in., leaves 2-3 in, glandular-puberulous beneath, flowers small, anthers long not pointed, achenes short-stalked strongly 3-ribbed on each side.
Alpine Himalaya and West Tibet, rare ; Nubra, H. Strachey ; Hundes, Str. & Wint. ; Badrinath and Chur in Garwhal, Falconer.
Habit and appearance of T. elegans, but more wiry, branches of panicle longer and more leafy, and segments of leaves sharper. Flowers greenish. Achenes 4-10, glabrous, broadly obovate, dorsal suture nearly straight. - Probably an alpine state of T. cultratum.
3. T. cultratum, Wall. Cat. 3715 ; PI. As. Rar. ii. 26 ; stem 2-4 ft., leaves large, flowers greenish-white, anthers with a long point, achenes short-stalked 3-ribbed on each side. T. Chelidonii Beta, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 13.
Temperate Himalaya, from Kashmir to Sikkim, alt. 8-12,000 ft.
Glabrous, branched. Leaf-sheaths with small auricles; leaflets 1/4-1/2 in., obovate-cuneate, membranous, glabrous or slightly pubescent below, obtusely 3-lobed, lobes mucronate, of the upper leaves acute. Panicles lax. Sepals 1/2 in. Achenes glabrous, 4 obovate, dorsal suture straight ; style straight or hooked.
4. T. Chelidonii, DC. Prodr. i. 11 ; stem 2-8-flowered, leaves large, flowers large lilac or purple, anthers shortly mucronate, achenes long-stalked membranous reticulate, style incurved. T. Chelidonii x cysticarpum, H. f. & T.Fl.Ind. 14. T. cysticarpum. Wall. Cat. 3714; PI. As. Rar. ii. t. 129.
Temperate Himalaya, alt. 8-12,000 ft. ; from Kulu to Sikkim.
Usually much-branched. Leaflets of the lower leaves I in. diam., orbicular-cordate, 3-4-crenate or lobed, glabrous and pale beneath ; floral leaflets sharply toothed. Panicle with long rigid branches; pedicels often 1 in., rigid, tips deflexed, especially in fruit. Flowers 1 in. diam. Sepals elliptic, obtuse. Achenes numerous, as long as their stalk. - Muricated bulbils often occur in the leaf axils ; monstrous states have many or all the achenes enlarged and seedless.
5. T. reniforme. Wall. Cat. 3716 ; PI. As. Rar. ii. 26 ; glandular when young, stem 3-6 ft., leaves large, flowers small greenish-white, anthers with a long point, achenes long-stalked puberulous 3-ribbed on each side, style straight. T. Chelidonii a reniforme, H. f. & T. PI. Ind. 13. T. neurocarpum, Royle III. 51.
Temperate Himalaya, from Kulu to Sikkim, alt. 8-10,000 ft.
Usually much branched. Leaf-sheaths expanding into adnate stipules ; principal divisions with white deciduous stipellae at the base ; leaflets 1-1 1/2 in. diam., orbicular-cordate, often slightly 3-lobed, pale and softly pubescent beneath, floral smaller and more sharply toothed. Panicle lax, decompound. Flowers smaller than in the two last, 1/3-1/2 in diam. Sepals very deciduous. Achenes 6-8, as long as their stalks, 1/2-obovate, dorsal suture straight.
6. T. pauciflorum, Royle III. 52 ; glabrous, stem 1-2 ft., leaves subsessile 2-ternate, flowers small, anthers shortly pointed, achenes short-stalked 3-nerved on each side, style straight. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 14. T. secundum and T. macrostignia, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 26.
Western Temperate Himalaya; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 7-13,000 feet.
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Stem branched. Leaves small, uniform in size all up the stem ; leaflets obovate-cuneate, 3-4-lobed, reticulate, pale beneath, all petioled, mid-leaflets longest-petioled. Panicle with 1 or few flowers at the ends of long branches. Sepals 3-nerved, ovate, acute. Achenes 3-5, obovate, dorsal suture straight.
Sect. II. Euthalictrum, DC. Achenes not compressed, oval or oblong, sessile or stalked (see 11, alpinum, and 14, Punduanum).
* Achenes elongate, more or less stipitate. Anthers with a very short beak or 0.
7. T. virgatum, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 14; leaves subsessile simply ternate, flowers small white, achenes many small erect acute at each end ribbed, stigma straight.
Eastern Himalaya, inner valleys of Sikkim, alt. 6-10,000 ft, Hook.f. Bhotan Griffith (It. notes, 284).
Glabrous. Stem erect, 1-1 4 ft. Leaflets 1/2-1 in., coriaceous, reticulate, orbicular, 5-7-lobed, base cuneate, glaucous beneath. Panicle decompound, spreading, bracts minute. Anthers not beaked. Achenes 10-25, very short-stalked.
8. T. rutaefolium, H.f. & T. FL Ind. 14; glabrous, weak, straggling, leaves decompoundly pinnate, flowers racemed very small greenish, achenes few many-ribbed oblong curved, style incurved.
Western Tibet, alt. 10-14,000 ft., Thomson; interior of Sikkim, alt. 12,000 ft. Hook.f.
More or less glaucous. Stem 1-2 ft. Leaf sheath auricled ; divisions stipellate; leaflets very small, 3-lobed or -partite, base cuneate. Panicle with long rigid simple branches; pedicels spreading or dcflexcd. Anthers short; shortly beaked. Achenes shortly stipitate, abruptly deflexed, beaked by the style. - The Sikkim specimens are greener and more luxuriant than the Tibetan, and have longer achenes.
9. T. pedunculatum, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 27 ; leaves 3-ternate, flowers large white, achenes elongate strongly ribbed, style incurved. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 15 ; Griff. Itin. not. 348.
Western Temperate Himalaya ; Simla to Kaffristan, alt. 6-8000 ft., Edgeworth, &c.
Glabrous. Stem 1-2 ft. Leaves long-petioled, primary and secondary divisions long-stalked; leaflets membranous, 1 in. diam., orbicular or cuneate-obovate, 3-7-lobed. Panicle terminal; pedicels long. Sepals variable in size, 1/4-1 in., oblong, obtuse, twice as long as the stamens. Anthers not pointed, short. Achenes 1/2-2/3 in., linear-oblong, tapering at both ends. - Griffith's Kaflfristan specimens are larger flowered than the Himalayan.
10. T. rostellatum, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 15 ; diffusely branched, leaves ternately decompound, flowers small white, achenes tapering into a straight beak half their length, tip hooked.
Temperate Himalaya, alt. 7-11,000 ft., rare, from Simla, Jacquemont, &c., to Sikkim, Hook.f
** Achenes short, oblong, ribbed, subsessile (stalked in 11, alpinum and 14, Punduanum).
t Leaves simple, once or twice ternate, or pinnate (rarely 2-pinnate).
11. T. alpinum, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 12 ; small, slender, leaves all radical pinnate rarely 2-pinnate, flowers racemed, achenes oblong striate subsessile or stipitate. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 18. T. microphyllum and T. marginatum, Royle Ill. 51. T. acaule, Camb. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. i. A.
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Alpine Himalaya and West Tibet, alt. 10-17,000 ft. - Distrib. North Alpine and Arctic regions.
A slender, tufted, glabrous perennial. Stem 3-6 in. Leaflets small, rounded, 3-lobed or almost 3-partite, glaucous beneath. Scapes simple, rarely forked ; pedicels short, reflexed in fruit ; bracteoles oblong, obtuse, membranous. Flowers greenish. Anthers beaked. Achenes few. - The length of the stalk of the achene varies in both European and Indian specimens.
12. T. rotundifolium, DC. Syst. i. 185 ; leaves simple, stipules free, filaments filiform, achenes with a straight beak hooked at the tip. Don Prodr. 193 ; Wall. Cat. 2713 ; PI. As. Rar. t. 264 ; H.f.& T. Fl. Ind. 19.
NIPAL, Hamilton, Wallich.
Stem erect, 1 ft. ; roots fibrous. Leaves long-petioled, 2-3 in diam., orbicular or reniform, with many shallow toothed lobes, membranous, much reticulate, scabrous on both surfaces ; stipules oblong. Panicle few-flowered. achenes immature.
13. T. Dalzellii, Hook. Ic. PI. t. 866 ; leaves 3-foliolate rarely 2-ternate, stipules free, panicle subsimple, filaments clavate, achenes with a long straight beak hooked at the tip. H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 10 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bombay Flora^ 2.
Mountains of the Western Peninsula ; Harrichander, Dalzell ; Bababuden hills in Malabar, Law.
Stem, erect, 1 ft. Leaves slightly sheathing atr the base; leaflets 11/2-2 in. diam., reniform, deeply cordate. 7-9 lobed, lobes crenate or toothed ; stipules oblong. Panicle small, branches few. Flowers white, fascicled at the ends of the branches. Achenes many, sessile, ribbed.
14. T. Punduanum, Wall. Cat. 3712; PI. As. Rar. ii. 26; leaves 2-ternate, sheaths auricled, panicle much branched, filaments filiform, achenes many small ribbed, beak long straight hooked at the tip. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 18.
Temperate Western Himalaya; wet rocks of Garwhal and Kumaon, alt. 4500-7000 ft. Khasia hills, rocks near Churra, alt. 3-4000 ft.
Stem 2 ft., erect. Leaves long-petioled, upper 3-foliolate; leaflets 1-2 in. diam., orbicular or oval, base cordate or truncate, 5-lobed, crenate, glaucous or tomentose beneath, lateral oblique ; stipels 0. Panicle nearly leafless. Flowers white. Achenes sessile or stalked, beak nearly their own length. - Two well-marked varieties.
Var. 1, glaucum; leaves membranous, glabrous and glaucous beneath, achenes sessile glabrous. - W. Himalaya and Khasia.
Var. 2. glandulosum ; leaves coriaceous viscidly pubescent beneath, achenes more or less stalked glandular-hairy. - Khasia, with the former.
tt Leaves ternately or pinnately decompound.
15. T. saniculaeforme, DC. Prodr. i. 12; small, leaf subsolitary 3-4-ternate, stipules almost free, filaments filiform, anthers short micronate, achenes many small ribbed with a long straight beak hooked at the tip. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 15. T. radiatum, Royle III. 52.
Temperate Himalaya ; on wet rocks and tree trunks, from Simla and Kanawer to Sikkim (alt. 8000 ft.).
Erect, 6-12 in., wiry, glabrous; root fibrous. Radical leaf often equalling the panicle, long-petioled, stem leaves few ; leaflets 1/2-1 in , orbicular or oval, base cuneate, membranous, glaucous beneath, 3-lobed or -partite, lobes rounded or raucronate. Flowers small, white. Achenes sessile, oblong, as long as their beak. - Omitted in Wallich's Catalogue, but distributed by him.
16. T. Javanicum, Blume Bijd. 2; tall, leaves ternately decompound, stipules aduate membranous fimbriate, filaments club-shaped, anthers not
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pointed, achenes large strongly ribbed, beak short hooked. Miquel Fl Ned Ind. i. pt. 2, 5. T. glyphocarpum, W. & A. Prod. 2 ; Wight Ic. t. 48 ; H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 16.Temperate Himalaya, from Simla to Sikkim, alt. 6-12,000 ft. Khasia hills, alt. 5-6000 ft.; Parusnath in Behar, alt. 4000 ft.; mountains of the Western Peninsula and Ceylon. - Distrib. Java.
Stem 2-3 ft., erect, glabrous ; roots fibrous. Leaves -without stipels; leaflets membranous, 1/4-3/4 in. diam., membranous, orbicular or oval, obtusely 3-7-toothed at the tip, base rounded or cordate, more or less glaucous beneath. Panicle branched. Flowers often clustered at the ends of the branches, small, white. Achenes 8-15, huge, oblong.
17. T. foliolosum, DC. Syst. i 175 ; tall, leaves pinnately decompound, sheaths auricled, filaments filiform, anthers beaked, achenes few acute at both ends sharply ribbed. Don Prodr. 192; Wall. Cat. 3711; Royle III. 51 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 16.
Temperate Himalaya, alt. 5-8000 ft. Khasia hills, alt. 4-6000 ft.
Stem 4-8 ft., glabrous. Leaves very much divided, without stipels ; leaflets 1/6 -1/4 in., rarely 1 in., orbicular. Panicle much branched ; bracts small. Flowers polygamous, white pale green or dingy purple. Achenes usually 2-5, small, oblong.
18. T. minus, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 13: tall, leaves decompoundly pinnate exstipulate, filaments filiform, anthers elongate apiculate, achenes tapering at both ends ribbed tipped by the oblong oblique style. H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 16.
Inner valleys of the Temperate Himalaya, and in West Tibet, alt. 9-12,000 ft. - Distrib. Europe, N. Asia, Abyssinia, S. Africa.
Stem 2-4 ft., erect. Leaves sheathing, principal divisions with or without stipels : leaflets very variable, orbicular oval or oblong, 3-lobed ; lobes crenate or toothed. Panicle much branched, leafless or nearly so. Flowers dingy purple. Achenes 5-8, oblong. - We have again compared extensive suites of European, N. Asiatic, and Indian specimens, with the aid of Regel's monograph, and find no reason for modifying the views expressed in Flora Indica, that all our Indian forms are referable to one species which is very variable in foliage, but constant in flowers.- The most prominent Indian varieties are : -
Var. 1. vulgare ; glabrous, leaflets small 1/4-1/2 in. T. minus, Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 8. - The common European form, less common in Tibet than the following.
Var. 2. foetidum (sp. L.); glandular-pubescent especially on the leaves beneath, leaflets as in vulgare. T. minus Beta. glandulosum, Koch. T. vaginatum, Royle III. 52.
Var. 3. rnajus (sp. Jacq.); glabrous, often glaucous; leaflets 1 in., achenes rather shorter and broader than in the common form. T. Kemense, Fries. T. Maxwellii, Royle III. 52. - Kunawer, Royle, &c. Kaffristan, Griffith. - Indian specimens have acutely 3-lobed leaflets, exactly agreeing with T. Kemense, Fr. In foliage it often closely resembles T.flavum.
5. CALLIANTHEMUM, C. A. Meyer.
A stemless perennial. Leaves all radical, 2-pinnate or decompound. Scapes 1 -flowered. Sepals 5, deciduous. Petals 5-15 with a nectariferous pit on the claw. Stamens numerous. Carpels many ; style short; ovule 1, pendulous. Fruit of many subglobose achenes tipped by the short style. - Distrib. Two species, a European and Siberian, and the following :-
1. C. cachemirianum, Camb. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 5, t. 3. C. pimpinelloides, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 26. Ranunculus pimpinelloides, Don in Royle III. 53.
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Inner ranges of the Himalayas, alt. 9-13,000 ft., from Kashmir, Jacquemont, to Sikkim, Hook.f.
Densely tufted, glabrous, glaucous; root fibrous. Leaves very numerous, long-petioled, segments rounded, 2-3-sect ; pinnules orbicular, deeply cut. Scapes 2-4 in., shorter than the leaves. Flowers 1-1/2 in. diam., white. Sepals broadly elliptic. Petals 8-12, 3 times larger than the sepals, oblong-cuneate, retuse. Achenes few, large, ovoid, obtuse, rugose.
Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves much divided. Sepals 5-8, petaloid, coloured, imbricate. Petals 5-16, yellow or red, eglandular. Carpels many ; style short ; ovule 1, pendulous. Fruit a spike or head of many achenes tipped with a short persistent style. - Distrib. 3 or 4 European and Asiatic species.
Sect. I. Adonia, DC. Annual erect herbs, with leafy stems and scarlet flowers.
1. A. aestivalis, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 24 ; petals spreading, achenes angular, with a tooth on the inner angle near the beak. W. & A. Prodr. i.3; H. f. & T. Fl Ind. 25. A. Inglisii, Royle III. 53.
Western Himalaya, in cornfields, from Kumaon to Kashmir, Hazara, and Peshawur. - Distrib. Temperate Europe and Asia.
An erect annual, 1-2 ft., simple or branched, nearly glabrous. Leaves decompoundly-pinnate, segments filiform. Flowers solitary at the ends of the branches, variable in size, scarlet with a dark purple eye. Achenes in an ovoid or oblong head, deeply pitted. - Differs from A autumnalis in the spreading petals, but there are many intermediates. The achenes afford a very variable character, too much used in dividing varieties of this into species.
2. A. scrobiculata, Boiss.; Fl. Orient, i. 17 petals spreading, achenes angular surrounded near the broad base by a flattened almost winged collar.
West Himalaya, Kishtwar, Stewart. - Distrib. Affghanistan.
Doubtfully distinct from A. aestivalis, and only by the achenes which are more sharply angled, less pitted, and rough with small tubercles ; the upper achenes seem to lose the basal wing. A. marginata, Bienert in Herb. Bunge, seems to be the same plant.
Sect. II. Consoligo. Perennial herbs, with golden yellow flowers.
3. A. chrysocyathus, H. f. & T. ; petals at length spreading, achenes not angular turgid, style tapering revolute. A. pyrenaica, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 26 (not of DC ). Chrysocyathus (gen.), Falconer in Royle III introd. XXX.
Western Alpine Himalaya, in Chamba and Kashmir, Jacquemont; Western Tibet in Deotsu and Guge, Strachey & Winterb.
Rootstock scaly, horizontal. Stems several, erect, leafy, flowering 6-9 in., fruiting 15 in. Radical leaves petioled, 3-6 in., deltoid, pinnately decompound, segments narrow-linear or subcuneate. Flowers golden-yellow, 2 in. and more diam., buds globose. Sepals 7-8, obovate, acute, many-nerved. Petals 16-24, twice as long as the sepals, narrow-obovate, obtuse. Achenes in a dense head, 2/3 in. diam , glabrous, flattened anteriorly, dorsally convex and obtusely keeled. - The foliage and flowers closely resemble those of A., pyrenaica, to which in the absence of fruits we formerly referred it, and from which it differs in the numerous much smaller achenes.
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Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves entire lobed or dissected. Stipules membranous or 0. Flowers usually panicled, white or yellow. Sepals 3-5, caducous, imbricate in bud. Petals usually 5, rarely 0, often glandular near the base. Stamens many. Carpels many ; styles short ; ovule 1 ascending. Fruit a head or spike of beaked or apiculate achenes. - Distrib. All temperate and cold regions ; species about 160.
Sect. I. Batrachium. Water plants. Flowers white. Achenes transversely wrinkled, sometimes obscurely.
1. R. aquatilis, L. ; var. trichophyllus ; leaves all submerged capillaceo-multifid, stipules 1/2-adnate, auricles large, flowers small, stamens few. R. aquatilis, Don in Royle III. 54 ; H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 29.
West Himalaya, from Kumaon to the Indus. East and Weht Tibet. Plains of the Punjab, as far south as Delhi and Saharunpore. -- Distrib. Temperate N. and S. hemispheres.
The Indian forms have been identified by Mr. Baker with trichophyllus, and its subvarieties Drouetlii and pantothrix. Large flowered specimens from Hanle in Tibet differ from true aquatilis chiefly in the absence of floating leaves. A small greener terrestrial variety grows in the Punjab. Floating leaves are invariably absent in the Indian plant.
Sect. II Ceratocephalus, Moench (genus). Annual herbs. Flowers yellow. Achenes gibbous at the sides, with a long terminal beak.
2. R. falcatus, L. ; leaves 3-fid or pinnatifid, scapes longer than the leaves 1-flowered. Ceratocephalus falcatus, Pers. ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 28. C. orthoceras, DC; Deless. Ic. sel. i. t. 23. Anemone cynosurus. Griff. Ic. Pl. iv. t. 660, f. 1.
Temperate Himalaya, from Kishtwar westwards. Punjab, dry grassy places at Peshawur, Stewart. - Distrib. S. E. Europe and W. Asia.
Glabrous or a little woolly. Leaves all radical, segments narrow-linear, entire or 3-fid; petiole margined, tapering downwards. Scapes 1 or more, 1-3 in., longer than the leaves. Flowers small, Stamens 0-15. Achenes with the beak straight or curved. - A very variable little plant, of which 7 or 8 species have been made; Boissier reduces them to 2, a hooked and straight beaked, having never seen immediates, of which we have seen many.
Sect. III Hecatonia, DC. Perennial, rarely annual. Flowers yellow (in the Indian species). Achenes smooth or granular, not muricated or tubercled, shortly beaked.
* Radical or all the leaves undivided (except sometimes in 7, pulchellus).3. R. Lingua, L. ; tall, erect, glabrous, leaves lanceolate, flowers large, petals 5. DC Prodr. i. 32 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 30.
West Himalaya ; Kashmir Lake, Jacquemont, &c. - Distrib. Temperate N. hemisphere.
Rootstock creeping. Stem 2-3 ft., hollow. Leaves 4-8 in., sessile, 1/2-amplexicaul, entire or remotely toothed, veins parallel, venules reticulate. Flowers subpanicled. Achenes pitted ; beak broad, flat.
4. R. reniformis, Wall. Cat. 4709; erect, stem softly hairy, leaves broadly oval or orbicular coarsely toothed, petals 12-15. W. & A. Prodr. 3 ; Wight III. i. t. 2 ; Ic. t. 75 ; H.f.& T. Fl. Ind. 30.
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Higher mountains of the Western Peninsula, Wight, &c.
Rootstock stout, horizontal, densely fibrous. Stem 1-1/2 ft.; branches few, 1 -flowered. Radical leaves 1-3 in., thick, base truncate or cordate, glabrate or sparsely setose; cauline few, narrow, bracteiform. Fbwers 1 in. diam. Petals obovate-oblong. Achenes oblong, tumid, in a globose head ; beak straight.
5. R. sagittifolius, Hook. Ic. PI. t. 173 ; erect, glabrous above, leaves oblong-cordate or sagittate crenate, petals 5. H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 30. R hastatus, Walker mss. ex Wight III. i. 5.
Mountains of Ceylon, above 6000 ft., Walker, &c.
Rootstock creeping. Stem erect, with scattered hairs near the base. Radical leaves long-petioled, base deeply cordate with rounded lobes; cauline narrow-lanceolate, inciso-dentate or almost pinnatitid. Petals nearly orbicular. Achenes as in R. reniformis. - Distinguished from R. reniformis chiefly by the few petals ; the leaves are very variable in both. R.javanicus, BL, is closely allied, but quite glabrous.
6. R. Cymbalariae, Pursh. Fl. Bor. Am. ii. 392 ; creeping, glabrous, leaves oblong or orbicular 3-5-lobed, or -partite, petals 5-8. H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 31.
West Tibet, between 7000 and 17,000 ft,, Thomson. Interior of Sikkim, alt. 14,000 ft., Hook.f. - Distrib. Persia, Siberia, Arctic and cold temperate N. America, Cordillera of N. and S. America.
Rootstock with long rooting runners; stem 0, Leaves 1/4-1/2 in. diam., base rounded or slightly cordate. Scape erect, leaflets 1-8-flowered ; bracts at the forks, linear. Flowers 1/4-1/2 in. diam. Sepals spreading or reflexed. Achenes many, small, obovate, compressed, gibbous at the back, sides longitudinally 3-ribbed ; beak straight or hooked, - Variable in foliage and form of heads of fruit, and stolons sometimes absent.
7. R. pulchellus, C. A. Mey. in Led. Fl. Alt. ii. 333 ; erect, glabrous hairy or silky, leaves elliptic oblong entire or 3-7-toothed or lobed, petals 5. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 31. R. salsuginosus, Wall. Cat. 4708 (not of Don). R. flammula, Don in Royle III. 53 (not of Linn.). R. nephelegenes, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 28.
Alpine Himalaya, in the inner ranges from Sikkim westward, and in Western Tibet, from 10-18,000 ft.- Distrib, Affghanistan, Siberia, Mongolia.
Stem 3-12 in., simple or with a few 1-flowered branches. Leaves glabrous or pubescent, sometimes palmately lobed; cauline lanceolate, often entire. Flowers 1/2 in. diam. Sepals elliptic, often black-tipped. Petals broadly obovate. Achenes in an oblong head, small, inflated, glabrous ; style nearly straight. - Common and very variable, states with broad deeply cut leaves pass into glabrous achened states of R. pedatifidus. The R. longicaulis, C. A. Meyer, is another variety.
Var. 1. typicus ; leaves glabrous or slightly pubescent.
Var. 2. sericeus ; leaves densely silky. R. membranaceus, Royle 111. 53.
8. R. lobatus, Jacq. ex Camh. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 5, t. i. B ; decumbent, glabrous, leaves orbicular crenate coriaceous, petals 5. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 31. R. salsuginosus, Don in Royle III. 53 (not of Wall. Cat.).
Alpine Himalaya, in the inner ranges, alt, 12-16,000 ft. from Zanskar to Sikkim, and in West Tibet, Jacquemont, &c.
Rootstock giving off weak decumbent leafy stems 2-3 in., not stoloniferous. Radical leaves 1/2-1 in, diam., long-petioled, rounded or cordate at the base ; cauline similar but shorter petioled, often 3-toothed. Flowers 2/3-3/4 in. diam. Sepals oval. Petals broadly obovate. Achenes in an oval head, slightly compressed, beaked by the long straight style. - Distinguished from R. pulchellus by the diffuse stem, large fleshy cauline leaves and large flower, but intermediates occur.
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** Leaves lobed or much divided. Achenes turgid, not margined, compressed in 10, Choerophyllos (see 7, pulchellus).
9. R. hyperboreus, Rotlb. ; stem creeping stoloniferous, leaves 3-7-lobed or capillaceo-multifid, flowers small solitary, petals scarcely exceeding the sepals.
Inner regions of the Alpine Himalaya, from Sikkim to Kashmir, and in Western Tibet, alt. 14-17,000 ft. - Distrib. Arctic and Alpine Northern regions.
A small glabrous perennial, terrestrial or floating. Leaves orbicular or renifom, base sometimes cuneate, lobed to the middle or base. Sepals reflexed. Petals obovate. Achenes in dense heads, very small, oval, beaked by the short style. - Minute specimens without stolons are undistinguishable from R. pygmaeus, Vahl.
Var 1. typicus ; creeping on moist groundd, leaves very small 3-lobed to about the middle, base rouuded or cuneate, head of achenes small. R. hyperboreus, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 32.
Var. 2. nutans, Regel ; floating, leaves 1/2-1 in. diam., reniform 5-7 -lobed, heads of achenes large. R. natans, C. A. Meyer; R. radicans, H.f.& T. Fl. Ind. 32 (in part) .
Var. 3. radicans; creeping in moist soil, leaves rounded or reniform 5-7-partite, heads of fruit large. R. radicans, C. A. Meyer; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 32 (in part) ; R. radicans a typicus, Regel.
Var. 4. multifidus; floating, leaves capillaceo-multifid like R. aquatilis. R. Purshii, Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. R. radicans y multitidus, Regel. - Ladak, Stewart.
10. R. Chaerophyllos, Linn. ; erect, pubescent or villous, leaves ternately partite rarely entire, achenes compressed in an oblong head, beak long straight. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 33.
Western Tibet, mountains of Hasora, alt. 12,000 ft., Winterbottom. - Distrib. S. Europe, Asia Minor, Persia.
Rootstock tuberous, with thick fibres. Stem 6-12 in., simple or with 2-4 long 1 -flowered branches. Radical leaves rarely oval and entire, usually with 3-partite or variously cut segments, cauline few 3-partite or linear and entire. Flowers 1 in. diam. Sepals spreading. Achenes many, oval.
11. R. affinis, Br.; erect or diffuse, hairy, leaves pedately 5-9-lobed, achenes in oblong heads inflated, beak straight. R. caespitosus, Wall. Cat. 4701 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 33. R. pedatifidus, Led. (not Smith), R. dahuricus, Turcz.
Inner ranges of the Temperate and Alpine Himalaya, from Sikkim to Balti, alt. 11-16,000 ft. ; and in Western Tibet. - Distrib. Temperate and Arctic Asia and America.
Stems 6-12 in., often many, from a perennial, slender, branched rootstock. Radical leaves reniform, 1/2-1 in. diam., lobed to the middle or base, lobes oblong or linear ; lower cauline with narrower segments, upper entire or 3-5-partite. Flowers 1/3-2/3 in. diam. Sepals silky. Achenes small, scarcely compressed. - Hardly different from the Siberian R. amoenus, Led. (R. pedatifidus, Sm.)
12. R. hirtellus, Royle III. 53 ; erect or decumbent, pubescent, leaves 3-partite, achenes in an oblong or globose head inflated, style straight or hooked. H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 34. R. attenuatus, nervosus choorensis and glabratus, Royle III. 53.
Temperate and subalpine Western Himalaya, ascending to 14,000 ft. (a dwarf large flowered state).
Rootstock densely fibrous. Stems many, 1-1 1/2 ft., branched, many-flowered (except the alpine forms). Radical leaves 11/2-2 in. diam., reniform, lateral segments often deeply 2-lobed ; cauline palmately 3-5-partite. Flowers 1/3-2/3 in. diam. Sepals with appressed hairs. Achenes many, glabrous or hairy. - Very variable, and closely allied
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to the European R. auricomus, but the achenes are smaller, less compressed, are in an oval head, and the radical leaf appears never to be entire.13. R. nivalis, Linn. ; small, erect, 1-flowered, shaggy above, leaves 3-5-lobed or -partite, sepals shaggy. H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 35.
Alpine Himalaya. Tunkra pass in Sikkim, alt. 16,000 ft., Hook. f. - Distrib. Arctic Europe, Asia, and America.
Rootstock small. Stems subsolitary, 1-3 in., glabrous below. Radical leaves glabrous, segments 3-lobed; lower cauline petioled, upper sessile. - Apparently the same as the arctic plant, but not found in fruit.
14. R. sceleratus, Linn.; annual, erect, glabrous, leaves 3-partite, achenes many in an oblong head small obtuse or apiculate. Don Prodr. 195 ; Royle III. 53 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 35. R. indicus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 657 ; Wall. Cat. 4699.
River banks in Bengal and Northern India ; marshes of Peshawer ; warm valleys of the Himalaya (unknown south of the Nerbudda). - Distrib. Throughout the North temperate zone.
Stem 1-3 ft., often stout, fleshy and branched, rarely puberulous above. Leaves with cuneate cut segments, cauline sessile. Flowers 1/4 - 1/3 in. diam. Sepals reflexed, nearly equalling the oblong petals. Receptacle oblong, hairy.
*** Leaves deeply divided. Achenes flattened, with an intramarginal rib. (See 20, muricatus.)
15. R. diffusus, DC. ; diffuse or prostrate, hairy, leaves 3-partite. achenes in globose heads dotted, receptacle of fruit small. Don Prodr. 195 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 36. R. napaulensis, DC. Prodr. i. 39. R. trilobatus, Don Prodr. 194. R. geranioides, Blume Bijdr. 2. R. hydrocotyloides. Wall. Cat. 4703. R. mollis. Wall. Cat. 4704 ; Don in Royle III. 53. R. obtectus. Wall. Cat. 4705. R. vitifolius, Royle III. 53. R. subpinnatus, W. & A. Prodr. 4; Wight Ic. t. 49 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 36.
Temperate Himalaya, from the Chenab to Bhotan, alt. 6-10,000 ft. Higher mountains of the Western Peninsula. - Distrib. Sumatra, Java.
Perennial, covered with spreading hairs ; nodes at times rooting. Leaves softly hairy, segments cuneate, of lower leaves often stalked. Peduncles 1-flowered, terminal or leaf-opposed. Flowers 1/2-1 in. diam. Sepals hairy, Achenes ovate, compressed, with an intramarginal rib at a variable distance from the acute margin ; style short, straight or hooked. - Peninsula specimens have usually larger flowers and more divided leaves. - Near R.repens, L.
16. R. laetus, Wall. Cat. 4702 ; erect, appressedly hairy, leaves 3-partite, achenes in a globose head not dotted, receptacle of fruit oblong glabrous. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 36 (excl. syn. R. riparius, Edgew.) ; Royle III. 53. R. distans, Royle III 53. R. brevirostris, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 28.
Temperate Himalaya and Western Tibet. Common on the inner ranges only of Sikkim. - Distrib. Affghanistan.
Rootstock woody. Stem 1-2 ft., usually much branched, many-flowered; hairs white. Radical leaves 2-4 in. diam. ; segments cuneate-obovate, deeply cut ; cauline sessile. Flowers 1 in. diam. Sepals villous. Achenes many, oval, margined, rather large; style short, straight, broad at the base. - Closely allied to and perhaps a var. of R. acris, L.
17. R. pensylvanicus, Linn. ; erect, hirsute, leaves ternatisect, achenes in oblong or globose heads, not dotted, receptacle pilose. R. fibrosus. Wall. Cat. 4706 : Hook.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 37. R. chinensis. Bunge; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 38. R. riparius, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 28. Ranunculi, sp. Griff. Ic. PI. iv. t. 661.
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VSwamps and rice fields in Nipal, Wallich; banks of the Sutlej at Ludiana, and Ganges at Bhojpur, Edgeworth. Assam, and Khasia hills, up to 6000 ft., H.f. & T. - DISTRIB. N. China, Amur-land, N. America.
Stem 2-3 ft., prostrate and rooting at the base only, branched. Radical leaves long-petioled, leaflets long-stalked. 3-partite and deeply cut into linear segments ; cauline shorter petioled, upper subsessile. Flowers about 1 in. diam. Sepals reflexed. Achenes many, large, with an intramarginal rib and short straight beak. - Very variable in the shape of the head of achenes, and in the prominence and position of their intramarginal rib; but a large suite of specimens convinces us of the specific identity of all the forms.
Sect. IV. Echinella, DC. Annual, rarely perennial. Flowers small, yellow. Achenes echinate or tubercled (rarely smooth in 20, muricatus).
18. R. flaccidus, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 38 ; perennial, tufted, prostrate, leaves reniform or orbicular crenate glabrous, achenes beaked, rough with small tubercles.
Temperate Himalaya, in the upper forest region, from Kumaon to Bhotan, alt. 9-10,000 ft.
Patches large, dense, green, appressed to the ground ; stems filiform ; nodes often rooting. Leaves 1/4 in. diam. or less, 3-5-crenate. Floirers minute, 3/8 in. diam., solitary, Ieaf-opposed. Sepals reflexed, nearly equalling the petals. Achenes 6-12, pubescent, oval, not much compressed, beak short reflexed.
19. R. Wallichianus, W. & A. Prodr. i. 4 ; perennial, prostrate, hairy, leaves ternatipartite, achenes compressed orbicular tubercled. - Wight Ic. t. 937 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 38. R. pinnatus, Wight III. i. 6, not of Poiret.
Temperate zone of the mountains of Ceylon and Nilghiri.
Stems spreading and rooting at the nodes from the perennial rootstock, hirsute, rarely glabrate. Radical leaves 1-1 1/2 in. diam. ; segments stalked, obovate-cuneate, sharply cut and toothed ; cauline 3 partite. Peduncles 1-flowered, leaf-opposed and terminal. Flowers 1/3 in. diam. Sepals reflexed, much shorter thau the petals. Achenes flattened, margined, both dotted and tubercled.
20. R. muricatus, Linn. ; annual, erect or diffuse, glabrous, rarely hairy, leaves 3-fid, achenes oval flattened tubercled or spinous, rarely smooth. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 39. R. Cabulicus, Boiss. Diagn. ser. 2, 9.
Swampy places, at low elevations, in the Punjab-Himalaya, and in the plains at Peshawur and Amballah. - Distrib. Europe, W. Asia, temperate N. America.
Stems 4-12 in. Leaves 1-2 in. diam., lobes irregularly cut, base rounded or cordate, of the upper cuneate. Flowers 1/3-1/2 in. diam., solitary and leaf-opposed, or terminal and panicled. Sepals reflexed, rather shorter than the petals. Achenes in a large globose head, 1/3 in. long, tubercles scattered over the flattened sides, or confined to near the intramarginal rib ; beak straight, compressed, ribbed, tip hooked.
21. R. arvensis, Linn. ; annual, erect, much branched, glabrous, or silky above, radical leaves cuneate or obovate 3-5-toothed, cauline 3-partite, achenes few large obliquely obovate not margined, densely spinous. Wall. Cat. 4700 ; Royle lll. 53 ; H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 39. R. tuberculatus, DC. Prodr. i. 41.
Western Himalaya, from Kashmir to Kumaon. - Distrib. Europe, Asia Minor, Affghanistan, Western Liberia.
Stem solitary, 6-24 in. Leaves variable, lowest 1-2 in., soon withering, segments of cauline cut into linear lobes. Flowers 1/2 in. diam. Sepals appressed to and half the length of the petals. Achenes 5-10, usually clothed with hooked spines ; style straight or hooked.
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DOUBTFUL AND EXCLUDED SPECIES.
R. vestitus, Wall. Cat. 4707. The specimens consist of a few long-petioled radical leaves.
R. bulbosus, L. (H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 37). Probably intercalated by mistake amongst Royle's Indian Plants. It has been found by no one else.
Dwarf perennial glabrous stemless plants, with 1-flowered scapes. Leaves entire. Flowers regular, yellow. Sepals 5, persistent, enlarged after flowering. Petals 10-15, with a nectariferous pit on the claw. Stamens many. Achenes many, membranous, in a globose head, beaked by the straight subulate persistent style. Seed erect. - A genus of two species, differing from Ranunculus in the persistent sepals.
1. O. glacialis, Bunge En. PI. Alt, 35; leaves elliptic-oblong, scape solitary. H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 27. Ficaria glacialis, Fisch.
Alpine Himalaya; Kumaon, Strachey & Winterb. ; Sikkim, alt. 16-18,000 ft., Hook. f. - DISTRIB. Siberia, Dahuria.
Root fibrous. Leaves 1/2-1 1/2 in., somewhat fleshy, obtuse, entire or crenate; petiole as long, sheathing at the base. Scape erect, 1-4 in., thickened upwards. Flowers 3/4 in. diam. Sepals elliptic, obtuse. Petals 12-15, narrow-oblong, twice as long as the sepals.
2. O. polypetala, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 27 ; leaves orbicular crenate-lobed, scapes usually several. Ranunculus polypetalus, Royle III. 54, t. 11, f. 2. Callianthemum Endlicheri, Walp. Rep. i. ;33.
Inner Alpine and Tibetan Himalaya, from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 12-15,000 ft.
Small, tutted; roots fibrous. Leaves 1/3-2 in. diam., membranous, base cordate, sometimes with 3 crenate lobes, /Scapes 2-4 in., weak. Flowers 1 in. diam. Petals oblong-spathulate. Achenes as in 0. glacialis.
Herbs with stout creeping rootstocks. Leaves chiefly radical, ovate or cordate. Flowers few, terminal, regular, white or yellow. Sepals 5 or more, petaloid, deciduous, imbricate. Petals 0. Stamens many. Carpels several, sessile. Follicles many, many-seeded. Seeds many, 2-seriate, with a prominent raphe and thick funicle. - Distrib. N. and S. temp, regions; sp. 5-6.
1. C. palustris, Linn. ; stem branched leafy, leaves reniform or deltoid with spreading lobes. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 40. C. Himalensis, Don Prodr. 195 ; Royle III. 54. C. Govaniana, Wall. Cat. 4710 ; Royle III. 54. C. paniculata, Wall. Cat. 4711.
Marshes of the Western Temperate Himalaya, from Kashmir to Nipal, alt. 8-10,000 ft. - DISTRIB. Temperate Europe, Asia, and N. America.
Rootstock. stout, densely fibrous. Stem stout, 6-24 in. Radical leaves long-petioled, 2-5 in. diam., entire or finely or coarsely toothed ; upper sessile. Flowers 1-2 in. diam. Follicles variable in number and length of style. - The leaves are never quite entire in Indian specimens, and are often more closely- and smaller-toothed than in European.
Var. 1. normalis; flower yellow.
Var. 2. alba; flowers white.- C. alba, Jacq. ex Camb. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. vi. t. 4.
2. C. scaposa, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 40 ; leaves all radical oval, scapes many 1-flowered.
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Eastern Alpine Himalaya, Sikkim, in marshes, alt. 15-17,000 ft., Hook.f.
Rootstock densely fibrous. Leaves all radical, 1-1 1/2 in. diam., long-petioled, obtuse, base deeply cordate, entire or finely repand-crenate. Scapes many, 3-6 in. Flowers 1 in. diam. Sepals 5-6, oval, somewhat persistent. Follicles many, stalked.
A perennial, erect, leafy herb. Leaves palmatipartite. Flowers terminal, regular, large. Sepals 5, golden-yellow, deciduous. Petals 0. Carpels many ; ovules 8-10, 2-seriate towards the base of the carpel. Fruit unknown. - Intermediate between Caltha and Trollius having the apetalous flowers of the former, and divided leaves of the latter.
1. C. palmata, H.f. & T. Fl Ind. 41.
Eastern Temperate Himalaya, Sikkim, alt. 10,000ft., Hook.f.
Stem 1-2 ft., simple or branched. Leaves 2-4 in. diam., radical soon withering; cauline 3 partite, segments cuneate at the base, deeply 3-lobed, lobes acuminate inciso-serrate, petiole with a basal inflated membranous sheath. Flowers nearly 2 in. diam.
11. TROLLIUS, Linn
Erect, perennial herbs. Leaves palmate. Flowers terminal, regular, globose or subglobose. Sepals 6 or more, petaloid, coloured. Petals 5 or more, small, clawed, blade with a basal pit. Stamens very many. Carpels 5 or more, sessile ; ovules many, 2-seriate. Seeds angled, testa coriaceous. - DISTRIB. 9 species, N. temperate and arctic.
1. T. acaulis, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1842 ; Misc. 56, and 1843, t. 82 ; stem leafy above the middle, petals short-clawed. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 41. T. pumilis, Royle III. 54 (not of Don).
Western Alpine Himalaya, from Kuniaon to Kashmir, alt. 11-13,000 ft.
Rootstock stout, fibres thick. Stem simple, 3-6 in. in flower, 12 or more in fruit, base clothed with fibres. Leaves appearing with or after the flowers; radical long-petioled, palmati-5-partite, segments oblong lanceolate, incised; cauline 1-3, similar; base of petiole sheathing. Flowers 2 in. diam., solitary. Sepals 6-8, broad-oval, spreading, obtuse or entire. Petals 12-16, shorter than the stamens; blade oblong. Carpels many, ripe 1 in., membranous, wrinkled, style persistent. Very near T. laxus, Salisb. (americanus, DC), and patulus, Salisb.
2. T. pumilus, Don Prodr. 195; cauline leaves few, all below the middle of the stem, petals long-clawed. - H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 41.
Alpine Himalaya, in the interior ranges; Kumaon, alt. 14,000 ft,; Nipal; Sikkim, alt. 15-17,000 ft.
Rootstock horizontal. Stems 6-12 in., naked above, base clothed with old leaves. Leaves 1-2 in. diam., radical long-petioled, orbicular, coriaceous, 5-partite ; segments broad-obovate 3-lobed, toothed, base cuneate. Flowers 1 in. diam., solitary. Sepals 6-6, rounded, tip obtuse, notched, subpersistent. Petals 10-12, equalling the filaments, blade cuneate-oblong, obtuse, tip thickened. Follicles many, membranous, beaked by the short style.
12. COPTIS, Salisb.
Small stemless herbs ; rootstock perennial. Leaves ternatisect. Flowers regular, small, white, on slender leafless scapes. Sepals 5-6. Petals 5-6, clawed, hooded or linear. Carpels few or many, pedicelled, spreading ;
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ovules many. Follicles many-seeded. Seeds with a black crustaceous testa. - DISTRIB.. North temperate zone ; species 6.- Genus too nearly allied to Isopyrum.1. C. Teeta, Wall. in Trans. Med. & Phys. Soc. Calc. viii. 347 ; H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 42 ; Griff. Journ. 37 ; Notul. iv. 733, Ic. iv. t. 660, f. 2.
MISHMI Mts., east of Assam, in the temperate region.
Rootstock horizontal, golden yellow, woody, densely fibrous, very bitter. Leaves glabrous; petioles 6-12 in. ; leaflets 2-3 in., ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid, lobes incised, terminal largest. Scape slender, equalling the leaves. Flowers 1-3, pedicelled, bracts leafy. Sepals 1/2 in., oblong-lanceolate, acute. Petals narrow, ligulate, obtuse, 2/3 shorter than the sepals. - Characters taken chiefly from Wallich's description; Griffiths' specimens are in leaf only. The very bitter rootstock is much used as a drug in Bengal.
13. ISOPYRUM, Linn.
Small stemless herbs ; annual, or rootstock perennial. Leaves decompound. Flowers regular, white, few or solitary, on leafless or leafy slender scapes. Sepals 5-6, petaloid, deciduous. Petals 5, variable, very small or 0. Stamens 10 or more. Carpels 2-20, sessile ; ovules 3 or more. Follicles few or many-seeded. Seeds with a smooth or granulated testa, crustaceous. - Distrib. North temperate regions ; species 7.
1. I. adiantifolium, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 42 ; cauline leaves opposite or whorled compound, petals long-clawed, carpels 3.
Temperate Eastern Himalaya, outer moist valleys of Sikkim, alt. 7500 ft., Hook.f., &c.
Rootstock slender, horizontal, scaly. Radical leaves long-petioled, stipellate at the top of the petiole ; terminal segment simple, lateral compound ; leaflets 5-7-petiolulate, -1/4-1/2 in., cuneate at the base, obtuse, crenate. Flowers 1/2 in. diam.
2. I. thalictroides, Linn. ; cauline leaves alternate 3-lobed or 3-foliolate, petals hooded shortly clawed, carpels 2-4 DC. Prodr. i. 48 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 43. I. anemonoides, Kar. & Kir. En. Pl. Soong. No. 55.
Temperate Western Himalaya, north of Kashmir, Winterbottom ; Lahul. - DISTRIB. Affghanistan, Siberia, E. Europe.
Rootstock horizontal, fibrous or scaly. Stam 4-8 in., slender. Radical leaves 2-3-ternate; leaflets 2-3-lobed, cuneate at the base, membranous. Flowers 4 in. diam., in few-flowered terminal panicles. Sepals oval, obtuse. Petals with a filiform claw. Follicles 2-4, oval, beaked by the style. - The petals are very variable in European specimens.
3. I. grandiflorum, Fisch. in DC. Prodr. i. 48; leaves all radical 2-4 times ternatisect, carpels 3-7. Wall. Cat. 9123 ; Royle III. 54, t. 11, f. 3; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 43. I. microphyllum, Royle III. I.c. f. 4.
Western Alpine Himalaya, from Kumaon to Balti, alt. 13-17,000 ft. - Distrib. Siberia.
Stems densely tufted ; rootstock stout, clothed with rigid bristles. Leaves long-petioled ; petiole auricled at the sheathing base ; leaflets small, cuneate-obovate, 2-3-lobed. Scapes 3-4 in., equalling the leaves, with 2 small subopposite bracts. Flower solitary, 1-1 1/4 in. diam.
14. AQUILEGIA, Linn.
Erect, perennial-rooted herbs. Leaves ternately compound. Flowers regular, handsome, drooping, white purple or yellow. Sepals 5, regular,
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coloured, deciduous. Petals 5, funnel-shaped, produced into a spur at the base. Stamens many, inner reduced to scales. Carpels 5 or more, sessile ; ovules many. Follicles many-seeded. Seeds with a crustaceous testa. - DISTRIB. North temperate zone ; species 6 or 6, with many subspecies and varieties.1. A. vulgaris, L. ; glabrous or pubescent, stem usually branched, leaves biternately compound, lobes incised sessile or petiolulate, sepals Iarger than the carpels and stamens, spur of petals gradually narrowed to the point.
Western Temperate and SUBALPINE Himalaya. - Distrib. Temp. Europe and Asia
SUBSP. 1. vulgaris proper; glabrous or slightly pubescent, sepals ovate obtuse, spur hooked as long as the blade of the petal. - A. vulgaris, DC. &c. - Tibetan region.
SUBSP. 2. viscosa ; habit, &c. of vulgaris proper, but smaller, odorous, and covered with glandular hairs. - A. viscosa, Gouan, &c. - VVestern Tibet, abundant.
SUBSP. 3. pubiflora ; softly pubescent, sepals ovate-lanceolate tapering to a fine point, spur short much curved. - A. pubiflora, Wall. Cat. n. 4714; Royle III. t. 55. - Temperate outer Himalaya.
SUBSP. 4. alpina ; pubescent or glandular, leaflets generally much cut, flowers very large, sepals obtuse or subacute, spur nearly straight. - A. alpina, L., &c. ; Deless. Ic. i. t. 48. A. glandulosa, Fisch. in DC. Prodr. i. 50. - Alpine region of the West Himalaya.
SUBSP. 5. pyrenaica ; softly pubescent or glandular often glaucous, flowers often white and sweet-scented, sepals ovate acute, spur very long slender straight or hooked. A. pyrenaica, DC. Prodr. i. 50. A. Kanawarensis, Camb. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 5 ; Bot. Mag. i. 4493. A. Moorcroftiana, Wall Cat. n. 4713; Royle. 111. 55. A. Olympica, Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 71. A. glauca, Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxvi. t. 46. A. fragrans, Benth. in Maund's Botanist, iv. t. 151. -- Alpine and temperate western Himalaya and Tibet, alt. 10-14,000 it.
SUBSP. 6. jucunda ; stem simple, 4-8 in. leafless or with one small leaf, flower very large dark purple, sepals very broadly ovate, spur short much incurved. - A. jucunda, Fisch. & Mey.; Led. Fl. Ross. i. 736. - Kashmir.
Annual or perennial erect herbs. Leaves palmately lobed. Flowers racemed or panicled, irregular, white blue or purplish. Sepals 5, free or cohering at the base, dorsal spurred behind. Petals 2-4, small ; spurs of the 2 dorsal developed within that of the sepal ; 2 lateral spurless or 0. Stamens many. Follicles 1-7. Seeds many, testa wrinkled or plaited. - DISTRIB. N. temperate zone ; species about 40, very variable.
* Spur cylindric or inflated (not subulate or conical).
1. D. uncinatum, H.f.& T.; leaves 5-partite, segments inciso-pinnatifid, flowers 1/2 in. long, spur inflated hooked obtuse. D. penicillatum, H.f & T. Fl. Ind. 48, not of Boissier. D. vestitum, Boiss. Fl. Or. i. 92, not of Wall. & Royle.
Salt range of the Punjab, Vicary, and West Himalaya, from Banabal to Marri ; on dry hills, Winterbottom, &c.
Stem 1-2 ft., simple or sparingly branched, pubescent or glabrous, few-leaved. Radical leaves 2 in. Flowers in long many-flowered densely glandular-hairy or glabrous racemes. Spur equalling or shorter than the flower, more or less incurved. Anterior petals deeply 2-fid, densely hairy. Follicles 3, straight.
A West Asiatic form, which we formerly identified with D. penicillatum of Boissier, who, however, with far better materials before him, considers it distinct. The glabrous form was found at the Margala pass, near Rawal Pindi, by Major Vicary.
2. D. Incanum, Royle III. 55 ; leaves 3-partite, segments, multifid, flowers 1 1/4 in. long, spur almost straight cylindric. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 50.
Western Temperate Himalaya, from Gores and Kashmir to Kunawer, alt. 6-8000 ft.
Stems 1 1/2-3 ft. ; simple below, leafy, hoary all over. Radical leaves soon withering, 2 in. diam., segments subpinnatifid, lobes linear or incised ; cauline subsessile. Racemes simple or compound, terminal, long and dense flowered ; pedicels 1 in. ; bracteoles 2, linear. Flowers large, bright blue. Sepals pubescent outside, shorter than the spur. Anterior petals 2-fid, hairy. Follicles 3, puberulous.
** Spur subulate.
t Radical leaves divided to, or almost to the base (see 8, elatum).3. D. saniculaefolium, Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 91 ; stem 1-2 ft., racemes long many-flowered, flowers about 1/2 in. long pale blue. H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 49.
Western Punjab, on dry hills from the Indus to the Jelam, Fleming. - Distrib. Affghanistan.
Branches rigid, spreading, hoary with appressed pubescence or glabrate. Leaves 1 1/2-3 in. diam., firm, lateral segments deeply 2-lobed, lobes all cuneate and cut. Pedicels straight, spur rather larger than the pale blue flowers. Anterior petals 3-fid, white, back hairy. Follicles 3, glabrous or pubescent.
4. D. denudatum, Wall. Cat. No. 4719 ; stem 2-3 ft., racemes many-flowered, flowers nearly 1 in. long. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 49. D. pauciflorum, Royle III. 55 (not of Don).
West Temperate Himalaya, from Kashmir to Kumaon in grassy places.
Stem branched, glabrous or downy above. Radical leaves 2-6 in. diam., orbicular, 5-9-partite ; segments cuneate-obovate, 2-pinnatifid, lobes oblong or linear-oblong ; cauline few, uppermost 3-partite, segments linear entire. Flowers pale blue, in lax much-branched racemes; bracts linear ; pedicels 2-bracteolate. Sepals pubescent outside, yellow with blue margins. Anterior petals deeply 2-fid, hairy on both surfaces. Follicles 3, inflated, glabrous or sparsely hairy.
5. D. caeruleum, Jacq. ex Camb. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 7, t. 6 ; stem 3-12 in. much branched, racemes few-flowered, flowers 1 in. or more long. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 67.
Alpine Himalaya, from Kumaon to Sikkim, attaining alt. 17,000 ft. in the latter country.
Stem branched from the base, leafy, spreading. Leaves suborbicular, 1 1/4 - 1 1/2 in. diam., 6-7-lobed, lobes cuneate-oblong, incised or pinnatitid, segments linear. Flowers solitary, in long branches, or few in a loose raceme, pale blue, hairy. Sepals shorter than the nearly straight spur. Anterior petals obovate or obcordate, a little hairy. Follices 5, hairy.
tt Radical leaves orbicular or reniform^ palmate to the middle (or base in 8, D. elatum).
6. D. dasycaulon, Fresen. Mus. Senk. ii. 272 ; stem softly tomentose, flowers bright-blue, spur shorter than the sepal H. f & T. Fl. Ind. 50 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bombay Fl. 2 ; Oliver Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 11.
Mountains of the Dekkan near Junir, Stocks, &c. - Distrib. Abyssinia.
Stem 1 1/2-3 ft., branched, few-leaved. Radical leaves 3-6 in. diam., 5-fid to the middle, pale and veined beneath, lobes broadly trapezoid, 3-fid, segments incised ; cauline 5-partite, segments narrower, inciso-pinnatifid. Racemes lax, compound; lower bracts 2 in., leafy, oblong or lanceolate, upper linear; pedicels 1-2 in., ebracteolate. Flowers bright-blue, inodorous. Sepals 1/3-1 in., with a bearded dorsal pale spot. Spur conic,
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slightly curved, nearly 4 as long as the sepal. Anterior petals 2-fid. Follicles 3/4 in., tomentose.7. D. altissimum, Wall. Plant. As. Rar. ii t. 128; Cat. 4718; stem sparsely hairy glabrous below, racemes lax few-flowered, flowers deep blue or purple, spur longer than the sepals. Griff. It. Notes 64 (No. 827) ; H.f.& T. Fl. Ind.
Central Himalaya ; Nipal, Wallich, Khasia hills, above 5000 ft., Griffith, &c.
Stem 2-4 ft., much-branched, few-leaved, hairs spreading. Radical leaves 3-6 in. diam., pale beneath, 5-7-fid, lobes broadly cuneate, 3-lobed, coarsely toothed ; cauline sessile, 3-lobed or entire ; petiole 1 ft. and under. Racemes long, lax, few-flowered; pedicels often 2 in. ; bracts and bracteoles linear. Flowers large, very fetid, hairy outside. Spur subulate, incurved. Anterior petals 2-lobed, hairy ; posterior, dark-purple, 2- toothed. Follicles 3, pubescent
8. D. elatum, L. ; stem glabrous or hairy, racemes dense-flowered, flowers pale blue or purplish, spur equalling the sepals. D. ranunculifolium, Wall. Cat. 4716 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 51. D. incisum, Wall. Cat. 4717. D. pyramidale, Royle III. 56. D. Hoffmeisteri, Klotzsch Bot. Reise Pr. Wald. t. 39.
West Temperate Himalaya, in the inner and Tibetan valleys, alt. 10-12,000 ft. ; from Kumaon to Kashmir.
Stem 2-4 ft., sparingly branched. Leaves 4-6 in. diam., rounded or reniform, pale beneath, 5-7-lobed or -partite, segments cuneate-oblong, 3-lobed or variously cut. Racemes much branched, elongate; pedicels 1-3 in.; lower bracts leafy, 3-lobed or -partite ; bracteoles linear. Flowers hairy outside. Sepals elliptic, obtuse. Spur subulate. Follicles 3.
Var. 1. ranunculifolium ; leaves 5-lobed to about the middle, segments broadly cuneate.
Var. 2. incisum; leaves 6-partite, segments narrow incised. *** Spur inflated, conical. Flowers large; sepals connivent, membranous.
9. D. vestitum, Wall. Cat. 4715 ; stem hispid, leaves palmately 5-7-lobed, flowers in long dense racemes. Royle III. 55 ; H.f & T. Fl. Ind. 52. D. rectivenium, Royle III. 56.
West and Central Temperate Himalaya, alt. 8-12,000 ft., from Nipal to Kunawer.
Stem 1 1/2-3 ft., simple below, hairs spreading or reflexed. Radical leaves 6-12 in. diam., lobes rounded, cut or toothed; petiole 6-12 in. ; cauline 2-3, smaller. Raceme often 1 ft., simple or sparingly branched below; pedicels 1-3 in. ; bracts linear or lanceolate, lower sometimes 3-lobed ; bracteoles 2 above the middle. Flowers dense, large, hairy. Sepals membranous, broad, rounded, equalling or exceeding the conical incurved spur. Follicles 3.
10. D. Cashmirianum, Royle III. 55. t. 12 ; stem glabrous strigose or softly hairy, leaves palmately 5-7-lobed, lobes sharply cut, flowers in lax corymbs. H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 52 (excl. syn. D. Jacquemontianum, Camb.).
West Tibet and Tibetan Himalaya, from Kumaon to Kashmir, alt. 11-16,000 ft.
Stem 1-1 1/2 ft., few-leaved, glabrous or softly or hispidly hairy. Radical leaves 2-4 in. diam., lobes cuneate-ovate, acute, 3-lobed and cut ; cauline 3-5-partite. Branches of corymb terminating in few-flowered racemes, upper bracts lanceolate ; bracteoles linear. Sepals 1 in. or more long, hairy, equalling or exceeding the straight conical spur. Follicles 3-7, downy. - The strigose states are best distinguished from small plants of D. vestitum, by the inflorescence and size of the flowers.
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11. D. viscosum, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind, 52 ; stem covered with soft brown tomentum, leaves reniform palmately 5-7-lobed, lobes obtusely crenate, flowers corymbose.
Alpine East Himalaya; Sikkim, alt. 12-16,000 ft., Hook.f.
Stem 1-2 ft., branched from the base. Leaves 2-4 in. diam., at length glabrate, lobed to near the middle, Flowers solitary or few at the ends of the brandies of the corymb ; bracts 3-partite ; bracteoles linear-oblong. Sepals 3/4 in., broadly oval, pale blue, purple, tomentose, membranous, equalling the conical incurved spur. Follicles 3, glabrous, ciliate on the suture.
12. D. glaciale, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 53 ; stem softly hairy, leaves 3-partite. lobes deeply multifid, flowers in lax corymbs.
Alpine East Himalaya; Sikkim, alt. 16-18,000 ft., Hook.f.
Stem 3-6 in., simple, leafy. Leaves 2-3 in. diam., segments broadly cuneate. Corymbs few-flowered ; bracts leafy ; bracteoles many on the long pedicels, linear, or cut into linear lobes. Flowers large, hairy. Sepals exceeding 1 in., orbicular, membranous, longer than the short straight conical spur. Follicles 4-5, 1/2 in. long. - Whole plant of a rank musk odour.
13. D. Brunonianum, Royle III. 56; stem glabrous or downy below glandular-pubescent above, leaves 5-fid to the middle, lobes sharply cut or toothed, flowers corymbose. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 53 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t 5461. D. Jacquemontianum, Camb. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 8, t. 7. D. moschatum, Munro in H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 53.
Alpine West Tibet, alt. 14,000 ft.
Stem 6-12 in., simple below, leafy. Leaves 3-4 in. diam., lobes cuneate-ovate ; petioles very long. Flowers large, pale-blue, hairy; corymbs sometimes compound; bracts 3-5-partite, upper simple, oblong or linear. Sepals 1 in., membranous, orbicular, veined; longer than the conic spur. Follicles 5-6, 3/4 in., viscidly pubescent: whole plant musky. - D. moschatum was distinguished by the colour and texture of the posterior petal, which proves to be very variable.
D. scabriflorum, Don in Mem. Wern. Soc. iii. 412 (D. Carela, Don Prodr. 195), appears to differ from D. altissimum and vestitum chiefly in the glabrous follicles ; it is described from Nipal specimens of Wallich, but none thus named exist in the Wallichian Herbarium.
Fragments of a Delphinium, closely allied to D. incanum were brought by Dr. Hooker from Tibet, north of Sikkim ; it differs from D. incanum in the slightly notched petals, and may be new.
D. pauciflorum, Don Prodr. 106, is doubtless the cultivated D. ajacis or common Larkspur.
16. ACONITUM, Linn.
Perennial, erect, rarely twining herbs. Leaves palmatipartite, rarely entire. Flowers irregular, racemed, blue purple white or yellow. Sepals 5, petaloid, posterior (helmet) vaulted, the rest flat, 2 anterior narrower than the lateral. Petals 2-5 ; 2 posterior clawed, limb hooded and enclosed in the helmet, 3 lower small or obsolete. Stamens many. Follicles 3-5 sessile. Seeds many ; testa spongy, rugose or wrinkled. - Distrib. North temp, zone, species about 183.
The roots of all the species, except A. Lycoctonum, A. heterophyllum, and certain forms of A. Napellus, are poisonous, and called Bikh or Bish by the Hill people. We have omitted the characters taken from the petals (which are over much relied on by systematists) because they are so variable and so difficult of exact discrimination in dried specimens.
The genus Nirbisia of Don (Gen. Syst. Gard. i. 63) was founded on an indeterminable species of this genus.
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1. A. uncinatum, Linn. ; stem twining, leaves palmately 3-5-fid, flowers panicled, helmet with a short blunt dorsal cone, testa plaited. DC. Prodr. i. 60. A. variegatum, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 56 (not of L.).
East Temperate Himalaya ; Sikkim, Lachoong valley, alt. 9000 ft., Hook.f.
Stem several feet long, very slender, weak, sparingly branched, glabrous or puberulous. Leaves 3-4 in. broad, lobes cuneate ovate sharply cut and toothed ; bracts similar. Flowers 2/3-1 in. long, in open large panicles, yellowish or bluish green. Helmet much arched, bluntly beaked in front. Spur reflexed. Follicles 5, glabrous. - Specimens too scanty for correct identification.
2. A. Lycoctonum, Linn. ; stem erect much branched, leaves palmately deeply 5-9-lobed, racemes branched, helmet with a short beak and long cylindric or conical dorsal prominence, testa plaited. DC. Prodr. i. 57 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 72. A. laeve, Royle lll. 66.
West Temperate Himalaya ; Kumaon to Kashmir, alt. 7-10,000 ft. - Distrib. Europe, N. Asia.
Stems 3-6 ft., glabrous or pubescent. Leaves 6-10 in. diam., lobes cuneate-ovate, sharply cut, lower long petioled, upper sessile. racemes long, tomentose ; bracts minute. Flowers pale yellow or dull purple, variable in size. Follicles 3, spreading.
3. A. luridum, H. f & T. Fl. Ind. 55; stem erect simple, leaves palmately 5-fid below the middle, raceme simple, helmet with a long straight beak and broad dome-like dorsal prominence, testa smooth.
Alpine East Himalaya ; Sikkim, alt. 14,000 ft., Hook.f.
Stem 2-3 ft., slightly pubescent, few-leaved. Radical leaves 2-3 in. diam., segments cuneate-ovate, 3-fid and coarsely crenate, petiole long ; cauline 2-5-partite. Raceme 1/2-1 ft., pedicels short; lower bracts leafy, sessile, 3-5-partite, upper entire. Flowers dull red. Sepals brown-tomentose. Follicles 3-5, erect.
4. A. palmatum, Don Prodr. 196; stem erect simple below, leaves reniform deeply 5-lobed, panicle few-flowered, helmet much vaulted shortly beaked, testa plaited. Wall. Cat. 4723 ; Royle III. 57 ; H.f & T. Fl, Ind. 56 ; A. lethale, Griffith Notul. iv. 732.
Temperate Himalaya, from Sikkim to Garwhal, alt. 8-10,000 ft. ; Mishmi, Griffith.
Stem 2-5 ft , leafy, glabrous. Leaves 4-6 in. diam., sinus shallow ; segments cuneate-ovate, deeply sharply cut ; petioles long. Flowers large, greenish-blue, pedicels long. Helmet rather higher than broad. Follicles 5, 1-1 1/2 in. long, glabrous.
5. A. ferox, Wall. in Seringe Mus. Helvet. i. 160, & in DC. Prodr. i. 64 (not of Plant. As. Rar.) ; stem erect simple below, leaves rounded or oval palmately 5-fid, raceme terminal dense-flowered, helmet vaulted with a short sharp beak, testa plaited. Wall. Cat. 4721, B, C, D ; H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 56. A. virosum, Don Prodr. 196.
Temperate Subalpine Himalaya, from Sikkim to Garwhal, alt. 10-14,000 ft.
Stem 3-6 ft., puberulous, leafy. Leaves 3-6 in. ; lobes cuneate-ovate, incised. Raceme 6-12 in., simple or sparingly branched below, tomentose ; pedicels 1-2 in., thickened at the top; bracts pinnatifid ; bracteoles linear. Flowers large, pale dirty blue. Helmet about twice as long as high. Follicles 5, erect, usually densely villous, glabrous in some Garwhal specimens.
6. A. Napellus, Linn. ; stem erect simple, leaves palmatipartite, segments linear multifid, raceme simple few- or many-flowered, helmet shallow, tapering to a slender beak, testa smooth, DC. Prodr. i. 62 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind 57.
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Temperate Alpine Himalaya, from 10,000 ft. to the highest limit of vegetation in the N.W. provinces. - Distrib. Temp, and arctic Europe, Asia, and America.
Stem 6 in.-3 ft., often decumbent in small states, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Leaves very variable in size, ultimate divisions linear. Racemes simple or sparingly compound; bracts entire or 3-fid. Flowers 3/4-1 in. long, bright or dull greenish-blue. Helmet three times as long as high. Follicles 3-5, in the Indian forms hairy. - An extremely variable plant, of which we have vainly attempted to refer the Indian forms to those indicated by Regel The small alpine forms closely resemble the arctic American forms of A. delphinifolium. The roots of vars. 1 and 2 are poisonous, but those of 3 and 4 are eaten by the Bhoteas.
Var. 1. Napellus proper; stem 2-3 ft. leafy, raceme dense flowered.
Var. 2. rigidum; stem 2-3 ft. few-leaved, leaves firm subcoriaceous with spreading falcate sharp teeth, racemes lax few-flowered, tomentose. A. dissectum, Don Prodr. 197 ; Wall. Cat. 4724 ; Royle III. 54. A. ferox. Wall. Cat. 4721 A ; Plant. As. Rar. t. 41.
Var. 3. multifidum; stem 6-12 in. erect or decumbent few-leaved, leaves 1-2 in. diam. many-lobed to the base, lobes cut into linear segments; racemes lax few- or many-flowered. A. multifidum, Royle Ill. 56. A. oliganthemum, Kern. Nov. PI. Sp. Dec. ii. 23.
Var. 4. rotundifolium ; like var. 3, but leaves not divided to the base. A. rotundifolium, Kar. & Kir.; Led. Fl. Ross. n. 1740. A. Tianschanicum, Osk. & Rupr. Sert. Tian. in Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. 1869.
7. A. heterophyllum, Wall. Cat. 4722 ; stem erect leafy, leaves broad ovate or orbicular-cordate more or less 5-lobed and -toothed, upper entire amplexicaul. raceme many-flowered, helmet shortly beaked, testa smooth. Royle III. 56, t. 13 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 58. A. cordatum, Royle III. 56. A. Atees, Royle in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, i. 459.
West Temperate Himalaya, from Kumaon to Hasora, alt. 8-13,000 ft.
Stem 1-3 ft., simple or branched from the base, glabrous below, puberulous above. Leaves 2-4 in., acute or obtuse ; cauline sharply toothed, the lowest long petioled and not amplexicaul. Racemes often panicled ; bracts sharply toothed, upper 3-fid or entire. Flowers more than 1 in. long, bright blue, greenish blue with purple veins. Helmet half as high as long. Follicles 5, downy. - Root much valued in India, according to Royle, as a febrifuge and tonic.
17. ACTAEA, Linn.
An erect perennial herb. Leaves alternate, ternately compound. Flowers small, in short crowded racemes. Sepals 3-5, rather unequal, petaloid. Petals 4-10, small, spathulate, or 0. Stamens many, filaments slender. Carpel 1, many-ovuled ; stigma sessile, dilated. Berry many-seeded. Seeds depressed ; testa coriaceous, smooth.
1. A. spicata, Linn.; leaflets ovate-lanceolate entire or 3-lobed acutely serrate. DC. Prodr. i. 65; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 59. A. acuminata, Wall. Cat. 4726 ; Royle III. 57.
Temperate Himalaya, from Bhotan, Griffith, to Hazara. - Distrib. Europe, N.Asia, N. America. (Bane-berry.)
Stem 2-3 ft., erect, from a woody horizontal rootstock, covered at the base with leafless sheaths. Leaves 1 ft.; leaflets 1/2-2 in. Racemes 1-3 in. ; pedicels filiform. Flowers 1/4 in. diam., white. Berry elliptic or subglobose; black in the European and Himalayan form, white and red in the American.
Erect perennial herbs. Leaves 2-5-ternately divided. Flowers in long slender racemes, regular. Sepals 4-5, deciduous, petaloid. Petals (or trans
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formed stamens) 1-8, small, clawed, 2-horned at the tip. Stamens many filaments slender. Carpels 1-8, many-ovuled. Fruit of many-seeded follicles. Seeds compressed, testa smooth or scaly.- Distrib. Europe, N. Asia, N. America; species about 8.1. C. foetida, Linn.; leaflets ovate or lanceolate serrate glabrous or downy, racemes panicled. H.f. & T. Fl. ind. 59. C. frigida, Royle III. 57. Actaea cimicifuga, L.; DC. Prodr. i. 64. A. frigida, Wall. Cat. 4725.
Temperate Himalaya, from Bhotan, Griffith to Gores and Kashmir; alt. 7-12,000 ft. - DISTRIB. E. Europe, Siberia.
Stem 3-6 ft., leafy, branched, glabrous below, tomentose above. Leaflets 2-3 in., pale beneath, terminal often 3-lobed. Racemes rarely simple. Flowers small, yellowish. Petals more or less 2-fid. Follicles 4-8, 1/2 in. long.
19. PAEONIA, Linn.
Erect, stout, leafy, perennial herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, compound. Flowers large, solitary or panicled, white or red. Sepals 5, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 5-10, larger than the sepals. Stamens many, Carpels 1-5. girt below by a fleshy disk, many-seeded. Fruit of 1 or more coriaceous few-seeded follicles. Seeds large, subglobose, testa thick; albumen fleshy. - DISTRIB. N. temp, zone ; species 3-4.
1. P. emodi, Wall. Cat. 4727 ; flowers usually in the axils of the upper leaves long peduncled, follicles 1 rarely 2. Royle III. 57 ; Hook.f, in Bot. Mag. t. 5719. P. officinalis, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 60 (not of L.).
West Temperate Himalaya ; alt. 5-10,000 ft., from Kumaon to Hazara.
Erect, 1-2 ft., glabrous. Leaves 6-12 in., once or twice ternatisect; leaflets decurrent, entire or incised, ultimate segment oblong or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, glabrous, glaucous beneath. Flowers 3-8; buds globose ; bracts 2-3, leafy, appressed to the calyx. Sepals rounded, outer with a leafy point. Follicles ovoid, obtuse, strigose or glabrous. - The specimens from the outer Himalaya are usually 1-carpellary, from the inner 2-carpellary.
Var. 1. Emodi proper; follicles strigose with yellow-brown hairs.
Var. 2. glabrata; follicles glabrous. - Very near the Siberian P. albiflora, but monocarpellary.
Order II. DILLENIACEAE. (By Hooker f. & Thomson.)
Trees shrubs or herbs, sometimes climbing. Leavs alternate, simple, entire or toothed (pinnatipartite in Acrotrema), exstipulate with sheatlhng petioles, or more rarely with lateral deciduous stipules. Flowers yellow or white, often showy. Sepals 5, imbricate, persistent. Petals 5 (rarely 3 or 4) deciduous. Stamens many, hypogynous, many-seriate ;anthers innate, with lateral slits or terminal pores. Carpels 1 or more, free or cohering in the axis; styles always distinct; ovules amphitropous, solitary or few and ascending, or many and attached to the ventral suture. Fruit of follicles, or indehiscent and subbaccate. Seeds solitary or many, arillate, testa crustaceous, raphe short, albumen fleshy ; embryo minute, next the hilum. - DISTRIB. Chiefly tropical ; species about 200.
Tribe I. Delimeae. Filaments thickened upwards ; anthers short, cells remote oblique.
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Carpel solitary | 1. Delima. |
Carpels 2-5 | 2. Tetracera. |
Tribe II. Dillenieae. Filaments not thickened upwards ; anthers with parallel cells.
Carpels 3; stemless herbs, leaves all radical large | 3. Acrotrema. |
Carpels 3 ; trees or shrubs | 4. Schumacheria. |
Carpels 5-20; seeds arillate | 5. Wormia. |
Carpels 5-20; seeds not arillate | 6. Dillenia. |
1. DELIMA, Linn.
A woody climber. Leaves very scabrid, parallel-veined. Flowers many, in terminal panicles, hermaphrodite, white. Sepals 5. Petals 2-5. Stamens many ; filaments dilated upwards ; cells much diverging. Ovary solitary, subglobose, narrowed into a subulate style ; ovules 2-3, ascending. Follicles ovoid, coriaceous, 1-seeded. Seed with a cupular toothed aril.
1. D. sarmentosa, Linn.; DC. Prodr. i. 69; Wall. Cat. 6632; Bot. Mag. t. 3058. Tetracera sarmentosa, Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 645. Leontoglossum scabrum, Hance. in Walp. Ann. iii. 812.
Eastern tropical India, from Assam to Singapore. - Distrib. Eastern Archipelago.
Leaves 3-5 in., obovate ovate or broadly lanceolate, obtuse or acute, strongly nerved, quite entire serrate or crenate, appressed pilose. Flowers 1/4-1/3 in. diam., in tomentose or pilose spreading panicles that are often leafy. Sepals reflexed. - A very variable plant indeed
Var. 1. glabra; fruit glabrous.
Var. 2. hebecarpa; fruit hairy, D. hebecarpa, DC. Prodr. i. 70; Deless. Ic. Sel. t. 72 ; Wall. Cat. 6633. D. intermedia, Blume.
Trees or climbing shrubs, smooth scabrid or pubescent. Leaves with parallel lateral veins. Flowers in terminal or lateral panicles, hermaphrodite or partially 1-sexual. Sepals 4-6, spreading. Petals 4-6. Stamens many, filaments dilated upwards, anther-cells distant. Carpels 3-5 ; ovules many, 2-seriate. Follicles coriaceous, shining. Seeds 1-5, with a fimbriated or toothed aril. - Distrib. All tropical ; species about 24.
1. T. laevis, Vahl Symb. iii. 71 ; glabrous, leaves smooth, sepals silky inside glabrous outside, follicles 1-2-seeded. DC. Prodr. i. 68 : Wall. Cat. 6627 ; H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 62. T. Rheedii, DC. Prodr. i. 68 ; W. & A. Prodr. 5 ; Wight Ic. t. 70 T. trigyna, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 645. T. sericea, Bl. Bijd. 3.
Western Peninsula ; forests of Malabar ; and in Ceylon. - Distrib. Java to Borneo.
Branches angular. Leaves 3-5 in., oblong or lanceolate, glabrous, entire or remotely toothed, veins rather distant. Panicles terminating leafy branches, few- or many-flowered. Sepals broadly oval.
2. T. Assa, DC. Prodr. i. 68 ; young branches strigose, leaves glabrous or hairy on the nerves beneath, sepals glabrous on both surfaces, ciliolate, follicles 3-5-seeded. Wall. Cat. 6629 ; W. & A. Prodr. 5 in note ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 63.
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Eastern Bengal and Eastern Peninsula from Chittagong to Sincapore. - Distrib. Java, Philippines.
Leaves 2-4 in., oblong, serratures remote. Sepals broadly oval.
3. T. Euryandra, Vahl Symb. iil 71 ; young branches tomentose, leaves rigid, shining above, pubescent beneath, panicle few-flowered, sepals pubescent outside and densely ciliate, follicles 2-3-seeded. DC. Prodr. i. 68 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind ii. 646 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 63. T. lucida, Wall. Cat. 6631.
Eastern Peninsula ; Malacca and Sincapore. - Distrib. Moluccas and New Caledonia.
Branches angular. Leaves 2-5 in., elliptic-oblong and obtuse, or oblong lanceolate and mucronate, entire or subdentate at the tip ; petiole short. Panicle terminal, leafy, many-flowered. Sepals ovate-oblong.
4. T. macrophylla, Wall. Cat, 6628 (by error macrocarpa) ; young branches pubescent, leaves rigid scabrid on both surfaces, panicle decompound many-flowered, sepals puberulous outside, follicles 1-seeded. H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 63.
Eastern Peninsula, Malacca and Sincapore.
Stemless perennial herbs, with horizontal woody rootstocks. Leaves large, gland-dotted, entire toothed or pinnatipartite, with sheathing deciduous stipules. Scape usually short, axillary, clothed with membranous imbricated scales. Flowers in short racemes, yellow. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 15-20, in 3 bundles which alternate with the carpels; filaments filiform ; anthers erect, cells dehiscing from the middle to the tip. Carpels 3, slightly cohering in the axis ; styles subulate, recurved ; ovules 2 or more. Fruit of 3 follicles, bursting irregularly. Seed with a membranous aril, testa crustaceous pitted. - Distrib. Species about 8, all Indian.
A remarkable genus of very variable species. The descriptions apply to adult foliage only, all have the young leaves silky.
* Carpels 1-2-seeded.
1. A. costatum, Jack. in Mal. Misc. ex Hook. Bot. Misc. ii. 82 ; leaves obovate base sagittate toothed, flowers 8-10 in lax racemes, stamens 16. Wall. Cat. 1117 A; H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 66. A. Wightianum, W. & A. Prodr. 6; Wight Ill t. 9.
Eastern Peninsula, from Moulmein to Sincapore.
Leaves 3-6 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., rough with stiff hairs, toothed and densely ciliate, veins beneath pale and hairy ; petiole short. Scape shorter than the leaves, setose ; pedicels much longer than the linear bracts. Ovules collateral ascending. - In the Flora Indica Travancore is given as a habitat for this species on the faith of a single specimen in the Wightian Herbarium fastened in the same sheet, A. Arnottianum, and collected by Koenig, who, though he formed most of his collections in the Madras Peninsula, also visited the Straits of Malacca.
** Carpels many-seeded.
t Leaves not pinnate or pinnatifid.
2. A. Arnottianum, Wight III. 9, t. 3 ; leaves obovate-oblong obtuse base rounded or cordate sharply toothed, scape many-flowered. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 64. A. costatum, Wall. Cat. 1117 B. A. Wightiauum, Wall. Cat 3669 (not of W. & A.).
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Western Peninsula, Malabar and Travancore.
Leaves 6-12 by 3-5 in., ciliate and covered with long distant soft hairs, otherwise glabrous ; petioles 1-3 in., broadly winged, but not to the base. Racemes axillary, 2-3 in., pedicels 2-4 in., clothed with long hairs. Sepals nearly 1/2 in.
3. A. uniflorum, Hook. Ic. Plant, t. 157 ; leaves obovate-oblong base cordate entire or toothed scabrid on both surfaces, scape 1-2-flowered, very short, stamens 30-50. H.f.& T. Fl. Ind. 64; Thwaites Enum. 2. A. bullatum, and A. sylvaticum, Thw. l.c. 2 & 3.
Central and Southern Provinces of Ceylon, in shady moist places, alt. 2-4000 ft.
Leaves 4-9 by 1-3 in., tapering to the cordate base; petiole 4-2 in., narrowly winged. Flowers small, pedicels 1-2 in. - A very variable plant of which the following varieties seem the best marked : -
Var. 1. PETIOLARISD, Thw. l.c. ; Ieaves narrow obovate, petioles 2-3 in.
Var. 2. ROTUNDATUM, Thwaites, I.c.; leaves very broad nearly entire, hairs stiffish, petioles very short.
Var. 3. BULLATUM ; leaves narrow softly silky bullate, petioles very short, pedicels appressed hairy. - A. bullatum, Thw. I.c.
Var. 4. APPENDICULATUM ; leaves deeply serrate at the very base, almost lyrate, petioles short.
Var. 5. SYLVATICUM ; leaves minutely pilose hirsute with rigid hairs on the nerves beneath, base deeply cordate, petiole and pedicels short. - A. sylvaticum, Thw. I.c.
4. A. Walkeri, Wight ex Thwaites Enum. Ceyl. PI. 3 ; leaves narrowly obovate-oblong bullate sharply tootlhed ciliate laxly hairy above, base auricled, raceme very short, stamens about 15. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5353.
Central Province of Ceylon, alt. 2-4000 ft., Thwaites.
Leaves 2-4 by 1/2-1 1/2 in., rugose, dull red and hairy on the veins beneath; petiole very short. Racemes axillary ; pedicels 1-2 in., laxly villous.
Var. argyroneuron, Thwaites, I.c. 398 ; leaves larger, midrib and veins above white.
5. A. intermedium, Thwaites Enum. 3; leaves, obovate-lanceolate acute crenate-toothed coarsely hairy above, base auricled, petiole margined, racemes short, subsessile, pedicels and calyx hirsute, stamens about 40.
Bank of streams Ambagamowa district of Ceylon, Thwaites.
Rootstock elongate. Leaves 6-12 by 1-2 in., more or less hirsute above, and appressed hairy on the veins beneath ; petiole 1-1 1/2 in., margined.
6. A. lanceolatum, Hook. Ic. Pl. under t. 157 ; leaves very narrowly lanceolate sinuate-toothed, glabrous above, scape very short, stamens about 40. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 65 ; Thw. Enum. 3.
Kittool Galle, in Ceylon.
Rootstock short. Leaves 4-12 by 1/2-1 in., acute, appressed hairy on the costa and nerves beneath ; petiole 1 1/2-1 in., hairy, margined. Pedicels 1-2 in., hirsute.
7. A. Gardneri, Thwaites Enum. 3 ; leaves narrowly spathulate acute sinuate with inflexed rigid teeth glabrous above substrigose on the veins beneath, scape very short, stamens about 15.
Between Galle and Ratnapoora, Ceylon, by banks of streams, Thwaites.
Rootstock horizontal. Leaves 2-4 by 1/4-1/2 in., base auricled, nerves beneath with appressed hairs. Racemes short ; pedicels 1-2 in., with appressed hairs. - Very near A. lanceolatum, but differing in the number of stamens, perhaps not a constant character.
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8. A. Thwaitesii, H. f. & T. in Kew Journ. Bot. viii. 241, t. 4 A ; leaves lanceolate pinnatifid to or beyond the middle, hairy above and on the nerves beneath, scape very short, stamens about 20.
In the Dolosbage district, Ceylon, Thwaites.
Rootstock small, short. Leaves 3-6 by 1-1 1/2 in., segments linear-oblong, acute, entire or toothed; petioles very short. Pedicels 1-1 1/2 in., slender, pilose. Sepals hirsute.
9. A. dissectum, Thwaites in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. viii. 242, t. 4 B ; leaves lanceolate interruptedly pinnatisect, softly hairy, scape very short.
At Hinidoon Korle, CEYLON, Thwaites.
Rootstock horizontal. Leaves 2-4 by 1-1 1/2 in., larger segments acutely lobed, with two or more pairs of very small segments between each pair, white and silky beneath, segments sometimes petiolulate. Pedicels slender, with spreading hairs. Flowers very small, 1/5 in. diam.
10. A. lyratum, Thwaites in Hook. Kew Journ. viii. 242 ; leaves linear-oblong obtuse lyrate-pinnatifid toothed, glabrous except the nerves beneath, base cordate, scape long naked below, pedicels glabrous, stamens about 35.
At Hinidoon Korle, in Ceylon, Thwaites.
Rootstock stout, ascending. Leaves 3-12 by 2-4 in., coriaceous, terminal segment equalling 2/3 of the whole leaf, lateral segments 3-5 pair, small, rounded, adnate by a broad base, deflected, sharply toothed; petiole margined. Scape 1-3 in.; bracts recurved ; pedicels 1 in., often recurved. Sepals glabrous or puberulous. Flowers about 1/2 in. diam.
Erect or sarmentose shrubs, branches flexuous. Leaves coriaceous, lateral nerves many, very strong. Flowers yellow, 2-bracteolate, in axillary or terminal secund simple or panicled spikes. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens indefinite, many-seriate, unilateral, filaments very short united into a short oblique cylindric posticous column ; anther-cells dehiscing longitudinally. Carpels 3, distinct, pilose ; styles filiform-subulate ; ovules solitary. Ripe carpels indehiscent. Seed erect, subglobose, arillate, testa crustaceous. - DISTRIB. All Cinghalese.
1. S. angustlfolia, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. C6 ; leaves oblong-lanceolate tapering to a fine point serrate, spikes axillary simple or panicled shorter than the leaves. Thw. Enum. 4.
At Hinidoon Korle, in Ceylon, abundant.
Branches slender, young silky, old glabrous. Leaves 4-6 by 1-1 1/4 in., glabrous and shining above, puberulous on the veins beneath, base rounded or narrowed; petiole 1/2 in. Spikes 1-2 in.
2. S. alnifolia, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 66 ; leaves broadly oval acute or subacute sinuate or toothed, spikes axillary panicled shorter than the leaves. Thw. Enum.
Forests in the Ambagamowa and Hunasgiria Districts of Cetlon, Thwaites.
Branches strigose, old glabrous. Leaves 4-6 by 3-4 in., base obtuse, glabrous above, beneath strigose on the nerves, and pubescent or glabrate between them; petiole scabrid or hirsute. Spikes 1-2 in.
Var. 1. SCABRA, Thw. I.c.; leaves scabrid with distant rigid hairs.
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Var. 2. DENTATA, Wight mss. ; Thw. I.c.; leaves acutely coarsely toothed beneath and the petioles hirsute,
Var. 3. SUBGLABRA, Thw. I.c. ; leaves subglabrous beneath.
3. S. castaneaefolia, Vahl., in Act, Hafn, vi. 122; leaves broadly oblong crenate or sinuate, spikes in much branched terminal panicles longer than the leaves. Wight III. i. 9, t. 4 ; H.f. & T. Fl Ind. 66 ; Thw. Enum. 4.
In the Saffragam and Galle Districts of Ceylon.
Branches hoary, at length glabrate. Leaves 4-10 by 2-4 in., usually obtuse at both ends, but sometimes acute at either, glabrous above, hoary on the veins beneath. Panicle sometimes leafy. Flowers variable in size.
Trees, sometimes lofty, or shrubs. Leaves broad ; lateral nerves many, strong, parallel ; petioles usually with deciduous stipular wings. Flowers large, in terminal racemes or panicles. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens indefinite, in several series, nearly free ; anthers linear, erect, cells opening by 2 pores. Carpels 5-10, scarcely cohering in the axis ; ovules numerous. Fruit of indehiscent or follicular 3- or more-seeded carpels. Seeds with a fleshy aril. - DISTRIB. Tropical Asia and Australia, and one in Madagascar ; species about 9.
Sect. I. Capellia, Blume (genus). Inner row of stamens much longer than the outer and arching over them.
1. W. suffruticosa, Griff. Notul. iv. 706 ; Ic. iv. t. 649, f. 1 ; leaves oval- or elliptic-lanceolate sharply toothed, petiole broadly winged. W. excelsa, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 67. (excl. syn.) W. subsessilis, Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. Suppl. i. 618 ; Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bot. i. 315, t. 9.
Eastern Peninsula, at Malacca and Sincapore. - Distrib. Extends to Borneo and Banka,
A shrub or small tree, young parts floccose. Leaves 4-12 by 2-5 in., acute or rounded at each end, coriaceous, glabrous, with scattered hairs on the veins beneath ; petioles 1/2-2 in., wing entire. Flowers 4 in. diam., bright yellow, in leaf-opposed simple or forked racemes ; pedicels alternate, 1/2-1 in., top thickened. Sepals ovate, obtuse, subequal, persistent. Petals obovate, crenulate. Carpels about 7, 3-5-seeded. - W. excelsa, with which we had confounded this (Fl. Ind. I.c.) is distinguished by its crenate leaves and narrow petiolar wing.
2. W. oblonga, Wall. Cat. 951 ; leaves oval or oblong entire or subcrenate, petiole scarcely winged. H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 67.
Eastern Peninsula ; Penang, Malacca, and Sincapore.
A tree, bark black ; young parts tomentose, old glabrate. Leaves 4-8 by 2-4 in., coriaceous, glabrous when mature ; petiole 1-2 in. Flowers 3-4 in. diam., in terminal leafy flexuous few-flowered panicled racemes; pedicels 1 in., thickened upwards, tomentose. Sepals orbicular, young covered with appressed yellow pubescence, mature glabrate. Carpels 8-10. - Very near W. excelsa, Jack.
Sect. II. Euwormia. Filaments all erect and nearly equal in length.
3. W. triquetra, Rottb. Nov. Act. Hafn. ii. 532, t. 3 ; leaves broadly oval repand-toothed or sinuate, petioles with broad membranous sheathing deciduous stipular wings. H.f, (S: T. Fl. Ind. 67 ; Thw. Enum. 4. W. den
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tata, DC. Prodr. i 75. Dillenia dentata, Thunb. in Trans. Linn. Soc. i. 201, t. 20.Moist warm parts of Ceylon, up to 2000 ft.
A tree, bark black, young parts hoary. Leaves 5-8 by 4-5 in., tip obtuse or subtruncate, base rounded; petiole 2-3 in, Flowers 2 in. diam., white, in subterminal leaf-opposed secund few-flowered racemes ; pedicels 1 in., thickened upwards. Carpels 5, indehiscent, 1-2-seeded.
4. W. pulchella, Jack. Mal. Misc. ex Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 221 ; leaves obovate obtuse, nerves distant, petiole slightly margined. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 68.
Eastern Peninsula ; Malacca, Griffith. - Distrib, Sumatra.
A small tree ; branches dark grey, glabrous. Leaves 4-5 by 2-3 in., quite entire, coriaceous, tip obtuse, truncate or retuse, mucronate, base acute, nerves rather distant ; petiole 1 in., channelled, base slightly sheathing. Flowers 2 in. diam., on axillary leaf-opposed ebracteate peduncles. Sepals broadly ovale, glabrous. Follicles 5, few-seeded. Seeds few, aril red pulpy.
Trees. Leaves broad, with conspicuous parallel lateral nerves. Flowers large, solitary or fascicled, yellow or white. Sepals 5, spreading. Petals 5, broad. Stamens nearly free ; anthers linear, bursting by small slits or pores ; inner erect or recurved introrse, outer recurved extrorse. Carpels 5-20, cohering in the axis ; ovules indefinite. Fruit globose, formed of the matured indehiscent Carpels inclosed in the thickened calyx. Seeds naked or immersed in pulp, exarillate. - Distrib. Tropical Asia; species 12.
Sect. I. Eudillenia. Leaves persistent. Flowers white, (always?) appearing with the leaves, solitary or racemed, terminal or leaf-opposed.
1. D. indica, Linn. ; leaves lanceolate serrate, flowers solitary very large, sepals fleshy. Hamilton in Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. 99. D. speciosa and D. elliptica. Thunb. in Trans. Linn. Soc. i. 200; DC. Prodr. i. 76; Wall. Cat. 943 ; W. & A. Prodr. 5 ; Wight Ic. 823 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 69.
Tropical forests in the Western Peninsula, Behar and Ceylon, and the Himalaya, from Nipal to Assam. Eastern Peninsula from Silhet to Sincapore. - Distrib. Malay Archipelago.
A round headed tree, branchlets tomentose. Leaves 8-10 by 2-4 in., fascicled at the ends of the branches, acute, veins close-set, glabrous above, pubescent especially on the nerves beneath. Flowers 6 in. diam., subterminal. Sepals orbicular, thick and fleshy. Petals white, obovate. Inner stamens arching over the outer. Seeds compressed, margins hairy.
2. D. ovata, Wall. Cat. 945 ; leaves ovate denticulate, flowers solitary, sepals thick. H.f. & T. Fl. Lid. 70.
Eastern Peninsula ; Penang, Wallich, &c.
A tree, branches softly tomentose. Leaves 8 by 5 in., acute or subacute, base rounded and suboblique, glabrous or pubescent on the nerves above, softly pubescent beneath; petiole 1-1 1/2 in., tomentose. Flowers on terminal or leaf opposed peduncles 2 in. long. - Colour of flower unknown.
3. D. meliosmaefolia, H. f. & T. ; leaves obovate-oblong acuminate serrate, flowers 1-2. terminal, sepals densely tomentose.
Eastern Peninsula; Malacca, Griffith.
A tree; bark grey, striated; branchlets densely clothed with fulvous tomentum.
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Leaves 6-8 by 2 1/2-3 1/2 in., base acute, pilose on the nerves above, shortly hairy especially on the nerves beneath, nerves 16-18 on each side, oblique, terminating in short sharp serratures; petiole 1 in., brown, hairy. Peduncles 1-1 1/2 in., densely clothed with brown tomentum. Sepals nearly 1 1/2 in., ovate. - Only two specimens seen, with imperfect flowers.4. D. bracteata, Wight Ic. t. 358; leaves oblong crenate, flowers racemed, sepals suborbicular silky. Wormia bracteata, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 68. ? D. repanda, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 652.
Western Peninsula ; mountains of Maisor.
A tree, young branches silky-pubescent. Leaves densely fascicled, 3-6 by 1 1/2-3 in,, coriaceous, subacute, or obtuse, shining above, puberulous on the nerves beneath. Racemes 1-2 in., few-flowered, subterminal or leaf-opposed. Flowers 2 1/2-3 in. diam. Stamens all equal, anthers 2-porose. Carpels 5, membranous, indehiscent. - Roxburgh's description of D. repanda, a native of Hindostan, differs but little from the above in the retuse repand smooth leaves, 5-7 -flowered raceme, and villous calyx ; we know of no specimen or drawing.
5. D. retusa, Thunb. in Trans. Linn. Soc. 200, t. 19 ; leaves obovate-oblong truncate or retuse quite entire or sinuate-toothed, flowers 1-3 on a peduncle. Lamk. III. t. 492; DC. Prodr. i. 76; Wall, Cat. 6625; W. & A. Prodr. 6 ; Thw. Enum. 5. D. Integra, Thunb. I.c. 199, t. 18 ; DC. I.c. Wormia Integra, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 68.
Warmer parts of Ceylon, up to 2000 ft.
A tree ; branchlets hairy, soon glabrous. Leaves 4-6 by 2-3 in., coriaceous, glabrous, base acute; petiole 1 in. Flowers subterminal, 3 in. diam., white; peduncle 2 in. Petals obovate. Stamens all erect, anthers 2-porose. Fruit 1 1/2 in. diam., of 5 carpels.
Sect. II. Colbertia, Salisb. (genus). Branchlets scabrid. Leaves deciduous. Flowers appearing before the leaves, yellow, axillary or from the scars, solitary or panicled.
6. D. aurea, Sm. Exot. Bot. t. 92, 93 ; leaves obovate-crenate, flower solitary 4-5 in. diam., adult sepals glabrous glaucous. DC. Prodr. i. 76 ; Wall. Cat. 6624 ;H.f.& T. Fl. Ind. 70. D. ornata, Wall. PI. As. Rar. i. 21, t. 23 ; Cat. 947. D. speciosa, Griff. Notul. iv. 703. Colbertia obovata, Blume Bijd. 6.
Tropical forests along the base of the Himalaya from Bhotan to Nipal. Eastern Peninsula, in Pegu, Martaban, Mergui and the Andaman Islands. - Distrib. Java to Borneo.
A spreading tree, bark grey. Leaves 1 ft., tapering to the base, distantly crenate-toothed, glabrous above, softly pubescent beneath. Flowers terminating axillary short shoots ; peduncle 1 in. Sepals when young villous. Carpels 8-12. Fruit with the calyx as large as a small apple.
7. D. pulcherrima, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1871, 46; leaves broadly obovate sinuate glabrous above, flowers 4 in. diam. solitary or geminate, adult sepals silky.
Tropical forests of Pegu, Kurz.
A large tree ; bark grey; young parts silky. Leaves 9-18 by 6-12 in., orbicular or cordate, rarely narrowed at the base, nerves ending in marginal points, glabrous above, pale and sparsely pilose beneath ; petiole 1-2 in., 1/2-amplexicaul, deeply channelled. Flowers on short axillary shoots; peduncles 1 1/2-2 in., silky, ebracteate. Sepals elliptic. Petals narrow-obovate. - Nearly allied to D. aurea, but leaves larger, nerves less close, aud petals narrower.
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8. D. scabrella, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 43 ; Fl Ind. ii. 653 ; leaves obovate-oblong toothed scabrid above, flowers fascicled 1 1/2-2 in. diam., sepals glabrous. Wall. PI. As. Rar. i. 20, t. 22 ; Cat. 944 ; H.f & T, Fl. Ind. 70. D. pilosa. Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. 102 (not of Roxb.).
Forests of Assam and Silhet, ascending to 3000 ft. in the Khasia hills.
A tree ; bark grey; young parts hairy. Leaves 6-10 by 4-6 in., obtuse, tomentose beneath ; petiole 1-2 in., 1/2-amplexicaul at the dilated base. Flowers 3-5 together, sweet-scented, pedicels 2 in., with scattered bracts near the middle. Sepals glabrous. Carpels 5-7.
9. D. parviflora, Griff. Notul. iv. 784 ; leaves obovate-oblong, scabrid above, margins undulate denticulate, flowers 2-4 rarely solitary 1 1/2-2 in. diam., sepals silky. Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1871, 45.
Forests of Tenasserim, Mergui, Pegu, and the Andaman Islands.
A tall tree; bark grey, rugged; young parts silky or tomentose. Leaves 7-12 by 4-5 in., acute or abruptly acuminate, rigidly hirsute or softly tomentose beneath, reticulated between the nerves; petiole 1-1 1/2 in., pubescent, 1/2-amplexicaul. Flowers on wart-like lateral branchlets ; pedicels 1-1 1/2 in., ebracteolate, tomentose. Sepas elliptic, obtuse, silky, two inner less so. Petals obovate-spathulate. Stigmas 5-8.
10. D. pentagyna, Roxb. Cor. PL i. t. 20; Fl. Ind. ii. 652; leaves oblong-lanceolate acute strongly serrate, petiole short broadly winged, flowers umbelled 1 in. diam., sepals glabrous. Graham Cat. Bomb. PL 2 ; W. & A. Prodr. 5 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 71. D. augusta and D. pilosa, Roxb, Fl. Ind. ii. 652. Colbertia Coromandeliana, DC. Prodr. i. 75 ; Wall. Cat. 949. C. augusta, Wall Cat. 948.
Forests throughout India, from Oude and Behar to Assam, in the Western Peninsula and Pegu (absent from Ceylon).
A spreading tree ; bark grey ; branches rough and scarred ; young parts very silky. Leaves 1-2 by 1/2-1 ft., subsessile or tapering into a broad 1/2-amplexicaul petiole 1-2 in. long, young silky pubescent, old glabrous. Flowers 5-8 ; pedicels 1-2 in., ebracteolate. Sepals elliptic, glabrous. Petals obovate. Carpels 5.
11. D. grandifolia, Wall. Cat. 946 ; leaves oblong-lanceolate acute serrate, petiole 5-6 in. hardly winged. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 71.
Eastern Peninsula ; at Penang and Malacca.
Very similar to D. pentagyna, but leaves softly hairy above, densely tomentose beneath, and petioles 5-6 in. also densely tomentose. The specimens in Wall. Herb, are very imperfect.
12. D. floribunda, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 71 ; leaves broadly elliptic glabrous above obtuse at both ends subentire, petiole not winged, flowers umbelled about 1 in. diam. Colbertia floribunda, WalL Cat. 950.
Eastern Peninsula, Martaban, Wallich.
A tree. Leaves 18 by 10 in., obtuse at both ends, glabrous above, downy on the nerves beneath; petiole about 3 in., glabrous, ebracteolate. - Two leaves and a truncheon of wood with a few withered flowers are all that represent this species in the Wallichian Herbarium.
Order III. MAGNOLIACEAE. (By Hooker f. & Thomson.)
Trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing, often aromatic, wood-tissue with glandular markings. Leaves alternate, quite entire or toothed, stipulate or not. Flowers axillary and terminal, often showy, white yellow or red,
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sometimes unisexual. Sepals and petalls very deciduous, hypogynous, arranged in whorls of 3 (in Euptelea absent). Stamens indefinite, hypogynous, filaments flattened or terete, free or monadelphous ; anthers bisifixed, adnate cells bursting longitudinally. Carpels indefinite, free or partly cohering in one whorl or in several on an elongate axis ; styles short or rarely long, stigmatose on the inner surface ; ovules 2 or more, or the ventral suture anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit of berried or follicular rarely woody indehiscent carpels, which are sometimes arranged in a cone. Seeds solitary or few, sometimes pendulous from a long funicle, testa single and crustaceous, or double, the outer fleshy ; albumen granular or fleshy and oily ; embryo minute, cotyledons spreading, radicle short blunt next the hilum. - DISTRIB. Chiefly natives of the tropical and temperate Asiatic mountains and United States, a few are Australian ; species about 70.Tribe I. Trochodendreae. Perianth absent.
| 1. Euptelea. |
Tribe II. Wlntereae. Stipules 0. Perianth double. Carpels in one whorl.
| 2. Illicium. |
Tribe III. Magnolieae. Erect trees or shrubs. Stipules conspicuous, convolute and sheathing the young foliage, deciduous.
Gynophore sessile. | |
Carpels of fruit indehiscent, deciduous. | 3. Talauma. |
Carpels of fruit dehiscing dorsally. Ovules 2 | 4. Magnolia. |
Carpels of fruit dehiscing dorsally. Ovules 6 or more. | 5. Manglietia. |
Gynophore stalked | 6. Michelia. |
Tribe IV. Schizandreae. Climbing shrubs. Leaves exstipulate.
Carpels of fruit spiked | 7. Schizandra. |
Carpels of fruit capitate | 8. Kadsdra. |
A shrub. Leaves alternate, deciduous, toothed ; petiole sheathing ; stipules 0. Flowers pedicelled, polygamo-dioecious. Sepals and petals 0. Stamens 15-20, in one whorl. Carpels as many as the stamens, pedicelled, obovate, much compressed, winged, indehiscent ; stigma sessile, decurrent from the tip to opposite the insertion of the ovule. Fruit of indehiscent dry flat winged 1-4-seeded carpels. Seeds closely packed ; testa hard, coriaceous ; albumen granular ; embryo minute. - Distrib. 2 species, the following and a Japanese.
1 . E. pleiosperma, H. f. & T. in Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 240, t. 2.
MISHMI HILLS, near the top of Mount Thumathaga, Griffith.
A shrub ; branches smooth, spotted with white ; buds lateral and terminating short lateral shoots, enclosed in hard black shining scales. Leaves 3-4 by 2-3 in., broad elliptic, acutely toothed, acute at both ends, glabrous, pale beneath, nerves very oblique ; petiole 1 1/2 in., channelled above, dilated at the base. - Specimens imperfect.
Evergreen aromatic shrubs or small trees. Leaves quite entire, pellucid-dotted. Flowers 2-sexual, solitary or fascicled, yellow or purplish. Sepals
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3-6. Petals 9 or more, 3- many-seriate. Stamens indefinite, filaments thick ; anthers adnate, introrse. Ovaries indefinite, 1-seriate, 1-ovuled ; style subulate, recurved. Fruit of spreading compressed hard follicles. Seeds compressed, testa hard shining, albumen fleshy.- Distrib. N. America, China, Japan, India ; species about 5.1. I. Griffithii, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 74 ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, perianth segments about 24.
Copses in Bhotan and the Khasia hills, alt. 4-5000 ft., Griffith, &c.
A shrub, branches angular, glabrous. Leaves 2-4 by 1-2 in., acute at both ends, coriaceous, shining, flowers 1 1/2 in. diam. Sepals 6, orbicular. Petals 18, outer oval, inner smaller and narrower. Carpels with a thin fleshy epicarp, woody endocarp, and short subulate incurved beak. - Specimens in bud and fruit only.
2. I. majus, H.f. & T. ; leaves obovate-oblong or lanceolate, perianth segments about 16.
Tenasserim, on the Thoung Gain range, alt. 5500 ft., Lobb.
A shrub, 30 ft. Leaves 4-6 by 1 1/2-2 in., sharply acuminate, coriaceouus, glabrous shining above ; petiole 1 m. Flowers pink. Pedicels 1-3 in., subterminal, solitary or fascicled. Sepals and petals orbicular, ciliate, inner broad-oval. Filaments short, broader than the oblong anthers. Ovaries spreading. Fruit unknown.
3. TALAUMA, Juss.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves and inflorescence of Magnolia. Sepals 3. Petals 6 or more, in 2 or more whorls. Stamens very numerous, many-seriate ; anthers linear, introrse. Gynophore sessile. Ovaries indefinite, 2-ovuled, spiked or capitate ; stigmas decurrent. Carpels woody, separating from the woody axis at the ventral suture, and leaving the seeds suspended from the latter by an elastic cord. Seeds of Magnolia.- Distrib. Tropics of E. Asia and S. America, and in Japan ; species about 15.
1. T. Hodgsoni, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 74 ; leaves obovate-oblong acute or obtuse glabrous, ovaries glabrous, fruit ovoid, carpels sharply beaked. H.f. III. Him. Pl.t. 6.
Forests of the Sikkim Himalaya and of the Khasia hills, alt. 4-5000 ft.
A lofty evergreen tree. Leaves 8-20 by 4-9 in., coriaceous, petiole 1-2 in. Flowers white, odorous; peduncle short, thick; buds subgIobose, 2-3 in. diam. Fruit 4-6 in. carpels 1 1/2 by 1 in. ; pits of the axis deep, nearly square.
2. T. Rabaniana, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 75.; leaves lanceolate glabrous, ovaries glabrous, fruit ovoid, carpels shortly beaked. Liriodendron liliifera, Roxb. Fl. Ind. il 654.
Forests of the Khasia hills, alt. 4000 ft. H. f. & T.
A lofty tree. Leaves 8-12 by 2-4 in. ; petiole 1 in. Fruit 4-6 in., longer than broad ; pits of the axis shallow, elongated.
3. T. lanigera, H.f. & T. ; leaves lanceolate acute at both ends, glabrous, ovaries densely woody, ripe fruit unknown.
Eastern Peninsula, Griffith.
A tree. Leaves 12 by 5 in. ; petiole 1 in., thickened below. Flowers large, odorous; peduncle densely tomentose. Sepals 3, tomentose, at length glabrate. Petals about 8, oblong, fleshy, exceeding the sepals. Carpels (immature) densely woolly, beak glabrous.
4. T. mutabilis, Blume Fl. Jav. Magnol. 24, t. 10-12 ; leavas elliptic or lanceolate acuminate usually pilose or downy beneath, fruit ovoid;
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carpels 9-12 coriaceous tubercled, beak short recurved. H. f. & T, Fl. Ind, 74, Manglietia Candollei, Wall, Cat. 6497 (not of Blume).Eastern Peninsula, from Moulmein to Penang. - Distbib, Java.
A shrub, 6-9 ft. (Blume) or tree; bark brown. Leaves 6-12 by 2-4 in., glabrous above, rarely so beneath, base acute; petiole 1-2 in., thickened below. Flowers large, white ; peduncle stout, silky or woolly. Sepals 3, 1-2 in., oval, thick, greenish. Petals 6, obovate. Fruit 2 in.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves evergreen or deciduous ; buds enveloped in the convolute stipules, which are connate in pairs. Flower large, terminal. Sepals 3. Petals 6-12, 2-4-seriate. Stamens numerous, many-seriate, filaments flat; anthers adnate, introrse. Gynophore sessile. Carpels many, imbricated on a long axis, 2-ovaled, persistent ; stigmas decurrent on the ventral suture. Fruit an elongated axis, with persistent adnate 1-2-seeded dorsally dehiscing follicles. Seeds pendulous from the carpels by a long cord ; outer walls of testa fleshy ; albumen oily. - Distrib. Temp. N. America, temp, and trop. E. Asia and Japan ; species about 15.
1. M. Campbellii, H.f.& T. Fl. Ind. 77 ; leaves deciduous elliptic ovate or oblong acute or acuminate membranous, flowers appearing before the leaves white or rose, carpels obtuse not beaked. H. f. III. Him. Pl. t. 4, 5 ; Griff. Ic. iv. t. 656.
Eastern Himalaya, forests of Sikkim and Bhotan, alt. 8-10,000 ft.
A lofty tree, branches black. Leaves 4-12 by 2-4 in., glabrous above, glaucous pubescent or silky beneath, base cordate rounded or oblique ; petiole 1 in. Flowers 6-10 in. diam. Petals 9-12. Fruit 6-8 in.
2. M. globosa, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 77 ; leaves deciduous ? ovate acute or obtuse shortly mucronate glaucous beneath, buds globose appearing with the leaves, carpels shortly beaked.
Inner ranges of the Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 9-10,000 ft.
A small tree, branches brown, young tomentose, old glabrous. Leaves 5-9 by 3-6 in., nerves beneath tomentose. Flowers 4-5 in. diam., white, odorous; buds 1 1/2 in. diam. Petals 6. Fruit 2-3 in. long.
3. M. Griffithii, H.f. & T.; leaves persistent oblong acute pale beneath, buds oblong appearing with the leaves, carpels obtuse not beaked.
Forests of Upper Assam, near Sadya, Griffith.
An evergreen tree ; young branches and buds silky tomentose, finally glabrate. Leaves 10-14 by 5-6 in., coriaceous, glabrous above, nerves a little rough beneath ; petiole 1/2 in. Flower-buds 2 in., enclosed in silky bracts. Carpels 1-2-seeded. - The number of ovules is doubtful, and the plant may be a Manglietia.
4. M. sphenocarpa, Roxb. Cor. PI. iii. t. 266; leaves evergreen oblong obtuse or subacute glabrous on both sides or puberulous beneath buds globose appearing with the leaves, carpels very long-beaked. Wall, Cat. 975 ; H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 78. Liriodendron grandiflorum, Roxb. Fl. Ind, ii. 653. Michelia macrophylla, Don Prodr. 226.
Tropical Himalayan forests, from Nipal to Assam, Khasia hills, and Chittagong, alt. 3000 ft.
Evergreen ; young parts hoary, at length glabrate. Leaves 8-16 by 3-6 in , tapering to the base, thick, coriaceous ; petiole 1-2 in. Flowers white, fragrant ; buds 2 in. diam. Petals 6, oval, fleshy. Fruit 8-16 in. ; beak of carpels compressed, 1 in. or more. -
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There is an undescribed Magnolia or Manglietia in Herb. Hook, from Bhotan (Booth) too incomplete for description.Trees ; foliage and inflorescence of Magnolia. Sepals 3. Petals 6 or more, 2- or more-seriate. Stamens very numerous, many-seriate ; anthers linear, adnate, introrse. Gynophore sessile. Ovaries many, cohering in an ovoid head ; stigma Recurrent on the ventral suture ; ovules 6 or more. Fruit ovoid, head of carpels persistent dehiscing dorsally. Seeds as in Magnolia. - DISTRIB. Mountains of tropical Asia ; species 5.
1. M. insignis, Blume Fl. Jav. Magnol. 23 ; leaves lanceolate acute or acuminate, fruit a dense oblong spike of carpels. H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 76. Magnolia insignis, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. t. 1 ; Pl. As. Rar. ii 1. 182 ; Cat. 973.
NIPAL, alt. 6-10,000 ft. Khasia hills, alt. 3-6000 ft.
A lofty tree, wholly glabrous except a few brown hairs on the tips of the. bud-scales. Leaves 4-8 by 1-2 1/2 in. coriaceous, shining above, pale beneath, petiole 3/4-1 in. Flowers odorous, pale pink ; buds 2 in., ovoid-oblong. Petals 9. Fruit 3-4 in., bright-purple when fresh.
Var. 1. latifolia; leaves 4-6 by 2-2 1/2 in., elliptic-lanceolate acute.
Var. 2. angustifolia; leaves 6-8 by 1-2 in., lanceolate acuminate.
2. M. Caveana, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 76 ; leaves obovate oblong obtuse or mucronate, fruit an ovuid or subglobose spike of carpels.
Forests of the Khasia hills, alt. 2-3000 ft., H.f. & T.
A lofty tree, glabrous everywhere. Leaves 8-10 by 3-4 in., coriaceous, glaucous beneath, reticulated when dry ; petiole 2 in. Flowers unknown. Carpels rounded at the back. Seeds 2-6.
Trees. Leaves as in Magnolia. Flowers axillary, solitary (terminal in M. Cathcartii). Sepals and Petals similar, 9-15 or more. 3- or more-seriate. Stamens as in Magnolia. Gynophore stalked. Carpels in a loose spike, stigma decurrent ; ovules 2 or more. Fruit a lax or dense elongate spike of coriaceous dorsally dehiscing carpels. Seeds of Magnolia. - Distrib. About 12 species ; temp, and trop. Mts. of India.
* Flowers terminal.
1. M. Cathcartii, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 79; leaves oblong-lanceolate acuminate, nerves hairy on both surfaces, perianth-segments 9. H. f. III. Him. PI. t. 7.
Temperate forests of the Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 5-6000 ft.
A lofty tree ; young branches densely silky. Leaves 4 by 1 1/2 in., thin, subcoriaceous, pale beneath; petiole 4 in. Flowers 1 in. diam., white. Sepals and petals oblong, inner gradually smaller. Carpels sessile, densely imbricate ; rachis 2-4 in.
** Flowers axillary. Ovules 3 or more (see also 8, nilagirica).
2. M. Champaca, L. ; leaves ovate-lanceolate tapering to a long point, flowers yellow, segments of perianth 15-20, ovaries pubescent. DC Prodr. i. 79; Wall. Cat. 969 (except K); Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 656; W. & A. Prodr. i. 6 ; Wight III. i. 13 ; Blume Fl. Jav. Magnol. t.1, H.f.& T. Fl. Ind. 79. M. rufinervis, DC. I.c. 79. M. Doldsopa, Ham. ex DC. I.c. ; Don Prodr. 226 ; Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. t. 3 ; Cat. 971. M. aurantiaca. Wall. Cat. 6492; Plant. As. Rar. t. 147. M. Rheedii, Wight III. i. 14, t. 6, f. 6.
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Commonly cultivated, but wild in the forests of the Temperate Himalaya, from Nipal eastward ; and in Pegu, Tenasserim, the Nilghiris and Travancor. - Distrib. Java ( Champi).
A tall tree ; branchlets pubescent. Leaves 8-10 by 2 1/2-4 in., shining above, pale and glabrous or puberulous beneath ; petiole 1-1 1/2 in. Flowers 2 in. diam., pale yellow or orange, very fragrant; peduncle short; buds silky. Sepals oblong, acute. Petals linear. Fruit 3-4 in., carpels subsessile.
3. M. excelsa, Blume Fl. Jav. Magnol. 9 ; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate acute silky-brown beneath, flowers white, segments ,of perianth about 12, ovaries pubescent. Wall. Cat 6494; Wight III. i. 14; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 80 ; Griff. Ic. iv. 655. Magnolia excelsa, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. t. 2.
Temperate Himalaya, alt. 5000 ft., from Nipal to Bhotan, and in the Khasia hills.
A lofty tree ; young parts softly brown-hairy. Leaves 5-8 by 2-3 in., acute, glabrous above; petiole 1 in. Flowers 4-5 in. diam.; buds 2 in., silky-brown. Sepals obovate. Petals gradually narrower. Fruit 5-8 in. ; carpels subsessile, rather distant.
4. M. lanuginosa, Wall. Tent Fl. Nep. 8, t. 5 ; Cat. 6493 ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, glabrous above white and tomentose beneath, flowers white, segments of perianth about 18, ovaries densely woolly. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 80. M. velutina, DC. Prodr. i. 79.
Temperate Himalaya, alt. 5-7000 ft., from Nipal to Bhotan, and in the Khasia HILLS.
A small or large tree ; young parts densely white or grey-tomentose. Leaves 6-10 by 2-3 1/2 in. ; petiole 1/2 in. Flowers 3-4 in. diam. ; buds 1 1/2 in. Sepals narrow- obovate, obtuse. Inner petals narrower, acute. Fruit 4-5 in. ; carpels obovate, stalked, distant. - Wallich describes this as a tall tree flowering in spring. In Sikkim it forms a large bush, flowering in autumn.
5. M. Kisopa, Ham. DC. Prodr. i. 79 ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate glabrous, flowers pale yellow, segments of perianth about 12, ovaries densely pubescent. Wall. Tent Fl. Nep. t. 4 ; Cat 970; Don Prodr. 226 ; H.f.& T. Fl. Ind. 81.
Temperate Himalaya, alt. 5-7000 ft., from Nipal to Kumaon.
A tall tree ; bark grey, young parts clothed with appressed grey pubescence, soon glabrous. Leaves 5-6 by 1 1/2-2 in., acute or acuminate, glabrous on both surfaces; petiole 1 in. Flowers 3/4-1 in. diam. ; buds puberulous. Sepals narrow-obovate. Petals scarcely narrower than the sepals. Fruit 3-4 in. ; carpels sessile. *** Flowers axillary. Ovules 2, superposed.
6. M. oblonga, Wall. Cat. 972; leaves obovate-oblong glabrous glaucous beneath, flowers white, segments of perianth about 12. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 81 ; M. lactea, Wall. Cat 6491.
Forests of the Khasia hills and Assam.
A tree ; branches glabrous. Leaves 4-6 by 2-2 1/2 in., obtusely acuminate ; petiole 1/2-1 in. Flower-buds about 1 in., glabrous. Sepals 11/2 in., narrow-obovate. Petals lanceolate. Carpels sessile. - An imperfectly known species.
7. M. punduana, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 81 ; leaves oblong abruptly acuminate glabrous, flowers white, segments of perianth about 9, ovaries densely pubescent. Magnolia punduana, Wall. Cat 974.
Forests of the Khasia hills, alt. 3-5000 ft.
A tall tree; young parts brown-silky, soon glabrate. Leaves 4-6 by 2 in., base acute or obtuse ; petiole 1/4-3/4 in. Flowers 1 1/2-2 in. diam. ; buds 3/4-1 in., silky. Segments of perianth obovate, outer obtuse, inner acute. Fruit 3-4 in. ; carpels sessile.
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8. M. nilagirica, Zenk Plant. Ind. t. 20 ; leaves oblong, elliptic- or obovate-lanceolate acute at both ends or tip mucronate glabrous or puberulous only on the nerves beneath, flowers white, segments of perianth 9-12, ovules 2 or 4-5. Wight III. i. 14 ; Ic. t. 938 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 82 ; Thwaites Enum, 5. M. Pulneyensis, Wight III. i. 14, i. 5 (except figs. 5 and 6).
Higher mountains, alt. 5-6000 ft., of the Western Peninsula (var. 1) and of Ceylon (var. 2).
A tall tree, or shrub at high elevations, young parts silky. Leaves 2-4 in. Flowers 3-4 in. diam. ; buds 1/2-1 1/2 in., ovoid, pubescent. Perianth-segments obovate, inner acute. Fruit 2-3 in. ; carpels sessile - There is some confusion in the descriptions of the Ceylon and Nilghiri plants. Zenker describes M. nilagirica as 1-ovuled; Wight, (lllust.) repeats this, but (Icones) figures 2 ovules and describes 4. Wight further describes (Illustr.) M. Walkeri as 2-ovuled, and ovalifolia as 3 ovuled, whilst under glauca he makes no mention of the ovules. His M. Pulneyensis is figured with yellow flowers, and 4 ovules, and may be M. Champaca. - The following varieties are possibly species : -
Var. 1. WIGHTII; a tree, leaves 3-5 by 1 1/2-2 in. elliptic green below, segments of perianth usually 12, ovules 4-5. - M. ovalifolia, Wight. III. i. 13.
Var. 2. Walkeri; leaves 2-3 by 1-1 1/2 in. oblong or obovate-oblong glaucous below, segments of perianth usually 9, ovules 2, superposed.- M. Walkeri and M. glauca, Wight lll. i. 13, 14.
Climbing glabrous shrubs. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers unisexual, white, yellow or reddish, axillary, or in the axils of scales near the base of short lateral leafy branches. Sepals and petals 9-12, imbricate in about 3 series. (males) Stamens 5-15 or more, in a spiral series, filaments very short, free or subconnate, often fleshy ; anthers free or subimmersed in a fleshy head of confluent filaments, cells small, remote. (females) Ovaries many, densely imbricated ; stigma sessile ; ovules 2. Fruit a slender spike of globose indehiscent fleshy 1-seeded carpels. Seeds 1-2, suspended, albumen fleshy, testa crustaceous : embryo minute.- Distrlb. U. States, mountains of temperate and tropical India and Java ; species about 6.
* Filaments monadelphus below, free above.
1. S. grandiflora, H. f. & T. ; leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate acuminate distantly toothed, flowers 1 in. diam., fruit 6-9 in., carpels scarlet fusiform on a cylindric fleshy axis. Sphaerostema grandiflorum. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 84. Kadsura grandiflora, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. t. 14 ; Cat. 4985 A, in part.
Temperate Himalaya, from Simla to Bhotan, alt. 6-10,000 ft.
A woody glabrous climber. Leaves 3-6 by 1-2 in., rather fleshy, base acute, pale beneath; petiole 1-1 1/2 in. Flowers solitary, pinky-white, odorous ; pedicel 1-2 in. Filaments cylindric above; anthers ovoid, conneclive thickened, cells lateral or subextrorse.
2. S. elongata, H. f. & T. ; leaves ovate acute or acuminate minutely cartilaginous-toothed, flowers 2/3 in. diam., fruit 2-3 in., carpels on a slender axis. Sphaerostema elongatum, Blume Fl. Jav. Schiz. t. 6; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 85. S. grandiflorum. Wall. Cat. 4983, A in part & C.
Temperate Himalaya, from Nipal to Sikkim, alt. 5-6000 ft.; Khasia hills. - DISTRIB. Java.
A woody climber; branches slender. Leaves 3-4 by 1 1/2-2 in., pale, or glaucous beneath ; petiole 1/2-1 in. Flowers fascicled or solitary, 1/2-3/4 in. diam., yellowish ; pedic
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els 1-1 1/2 in., slender. Stamens as in S. grandiflora. - Confounded with S. grandiflora by Wallich (under 4985), but more slender, flowers smaller. The fruit is not so stalked as in Blume's figure, but we believe this to be a variable character.** Anthers sessile in cavities of the fleshy head of filaments.
3. S. propinqua, H.f. & T. ; leaves ovate-lanceolate serrate-toothed, flowers small, pedicels long, fruit 6 in. long, axis fleshy. Sphaerostema propinquum, Blume Fl. Jav. Schiz. 16; Wall. Cat. 4986; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 85. Kadsura propinqua, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. 15.
Himalaya, from Nipal to Kumaon, alt. 4-6000 ft.
A woody climber. Leaves 3-5 by 1 1/2 in.; base rounded or cuneate ; petiole 1/2 in. Flowers small, yellow or orange, solitary or fascicled ; buds 1/4-1/2 in. diam. ; pedicels 1/2 in., bracteolate. Anthers slightly protruded. Carpels as in S. grandiflora.
4. S. axillaris, H. f. & T. ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate tapering to a fine point, entire or remotely toothed, flowers 1/2 in. diam., pedicels very short bracteolate, fruit 1-2 in. long. Sphaerostema axillare, Blume Fl. Jav. Schiz. t.3;H.f & T. Fl. Ind. 86.
Khasia hills, alt. 4-5000 ft. - Distrib. Java.
A slender climber. Leaves 3 by 1 1/2-1 3/4 in., base cuneate or rounded; petiole 1/2 in. Flowers dull scarlet, axillary ; bracteoles imbricating. Stamens as in S. propinqua. Carpels small.
Characters of Schizandra, but ripe carpels arranged in a globose head, ovules sometimes 4. - Distrib. temp, and subtrop. Asia; species about 7.1. K. Roxburghiana, Arn. in Jard. Mag. Zool. & Bot. ii. 546; leaves ovate or oblong acute or acuminate, filaments connate in a column. H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 83. Kadsura japonica, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. t. 12; Cat. 4987 A, B (partly), not ofJussieu. Uvaria heteroclita, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii 663.
SUBTROPICAL Forests of Sikkim, Assam, Silhet, and the Khasia hills, ascending to 5000 ft.
A stout rambling climber; bark very rough. Leaves 3-6 by 1 1/2-3 in., fleshy ; petiole 1/2 in. Flowers 1/2 in. diam. ; pedicels 3/4-1 in., stout, bracteolate to or below the middle. Outer filaments short, free above, inner wholly connate. Ovules 2. Fruit 1-2 in. diam. Carpels many, as large as a bean, base cuneate, top rounded.
2. K. Wightiana, Arn. I.c. ii. 546 ; leaves broadly ovate acute or obtuse, filaments free, ovules usually 4. H.f & T. Fl. Ind. 84 ; Thwaites Enum. 5.
Mountains of Malabar, Wight, and of Ceylon, alt. 2-3000 ft.
A woody climber. Leaves 2-3 by 1-2 in., pale beneath, base cuneate. Flowers 1/2 in. diam., pale, yellow-green ; pedicels 1-2 in., stout, with several bracteoles. Fruit like K. Roxburghiana.
There is in Herb. Kew. an imperfect specimen of a Malacca Kadsura collected by Griffith (see Notul. iv. 714, Ic. iv. t. 651, f. 1 & 2) ; it may be K. scandens, Blume, distinguished by its mucronate fruit.
Order IV. ANONACEAE. (By Hooker f. & Thomson.)
Trees or shrubs, often climbing and aromatic. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, simple, quite entire. Flowers 2- rarely 1-sexual. Sepals 3, free or connate, usually valvate. Petals 6, hypogynous, 2-seriate, or the inner absent. Stamens many, rarely definite, hypogynous, closely packed on the torus, filaments short or 0; anthers adnate, cells extrorse or sublateral,
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connective produced into an oblong dilated or truncate head. Ovaries 1 or more, apocarpous, very rarely (Anona) syncarpous with distinct stigmas, style short or ; ovules 1 or more. Fruit of 1 or more sessile or stalked 1- or many-seeded usually indehiscent carpels. Seeds large ; testa crustaceous or coriaceous ; albumen dense, ruminate,often divided almost to the axis into 4 series of horizontal plates ; embryo small or minute, cotyledons divaricating. - Distrib. Tropics of the Old World chiefly ; genera about 40 with 400 species, the determination of which is exceedingly difficult.Tribe I. Uvarieae. Petals 2-seriate, one or both series imbricate in bud. Stamens many, close-packed ; their anther-cells concealed by the overlapping connectives. Ovaries indefinite.
Flowers 1 -sexual ; ovules many ; torus conical | 1. Stelechocarpus. |
| 2. Uvaria. | |
| 3. Elipeia. |
Tribe II. Unoneae. Petals valvate or open in bud, spreading in flower, flat or concave at the base only, inner subsimilar or 0. Stamens many, close-packed, their anther-cells concealed by the overlapping connectives. Ovaries indefinite.
* Petals conniving at the concave base and covering the stamens and ovaries.
Ovaries 1-3, many-ovuled ; peduncles not hooked . | 4. Cyathocalyx. |
Ovaries many, 2-ovuled; peduncles hooked | 5. Artabotrys. |
Ovaries many ; ovules 4 or more ; peduncles straight . | 6. Drepananthus. |
** Petals flat ; spreading from the base.
Ripe carpels indehiscent. | |
Ovules many, 2 seriate ; petals lanceolate | 7. Cananga. |
Ovules many, 2 seiiate ; petals broad-ovate | 8. Cyathostemma. |
Ovules 2-6, 1-seriate on the ventral suture | 9. Unona. |
Ovules 1-2, basal or subbasal | 10. Polyalthia. |
Ripe carpels follicular | 11. Anaxagorea. |
*** Inner petals valvate, tip incurved.
| 12. Popowia. |
Tribe III. Mitrephoreae. Petals valvate in bud, outer spreading; inner dissimilar, concave, connivent, arching over the stamens and pistil. Stamens many, close-packed, anther-ceils concealed by the overlapping connectives. Ovaries indefinite.
* Inner petals not clawed.
Inner petals smaller than the outer | 13. Oxymitra. |
Inner petals much larger than the outer. | 14. PHAEANTHUS. |
** Inner petals clawed, usually smaller than the outer.
Ovules 1-2, near the base of the ovary | 15. Goniothalamus. |
Ovules many | 16. Mitrephora. |
Tribe IV. Xylopieae. Petals valvate in bud, thick and rigid, connivent, inner similar but smaller, rarely 0. Stamens many, close-packed, anther cells concealed by the produced connectives. Ovaries indefinite.
Ovules solitary ; fruit fleshy, of many connate carpels. | 16.* Anona. |
Ovules 2- infinite ; outer petals broad ; torus convex | 17. Melodorum. |
Ovules 2-infinite ; outer petals narrow; torus flat or concave. | 18. Xylopia. |
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Tribe V. Miliuseae. Petals imbricate or valvate in bud. Stamens often definite, loosely imbricate, anther-cells not concealed by the overlapping connectives. Ovaries solitary or indefinite.
* Ovaries indefinite.
Petals valvate, inner largest; ovules definite | 19. Miliusa. |
Petals valvate, inner largest ; ovules indefinite | 20. Saccopetalum. |
Petals valvate, subequal; ovules 4-8 | 21. Alphonsea. |
Petals valvate, inner shortest; ovules 2-4 | 22. Orophea. |
Petals imbricate, subequal ; ovules 2-8 | 23. Bocagea. |
** Ovaries solitary.
Outer petals valvate, inner imbricate | 24. Kingstonia. |
All the petals valvate | 25. Lonchomera. |
1. S. Burahol, Blume Fl. Jav. Anon. 48, t. 23 & 25 C ; leaves oblong-lanceolate acute or acuminate glabrous. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 95.
Singapore, Lobb. - Distrib. Java.
A tall tree; branches black, glabrous. Leaves 5-8 by 1 1/2-3 in., base acute; petiole 1/2 in. (female) flowers many, 1 in. diam. ; (male) much smaller ; pedicels with scaly bracteoles, of (male) 1 in., slender, of (female) 2-3 in., stout, clavate bracteolate below the middle. We collected a similar plant, but flowerless, near Chittagong.
Scandent or sarmentose shrubs, usually stellately pubescent. Flowers terminal or leaf-opposed, rarely axillary, cymose fascicled or solitary, yellow-purple or brown. Sepals 3, often connate below, valvate. Petals 6, orbicular oval or oblong, imbricate in 2 rows, sometimes connate at the base. Stamens indefinite ; top of connective ovoid-oblong truncate or subfoliaceous. Torus depressed, pubescent or tomentose. Ovaries indefinite, linear-oblong ; style short, thick; ovules many, 2-seriate, rarely few or 1-seriate. Ripe carpels many, dry or berried, few or many-seeded. - Distrib. Many tropical Asiatic and a few African species.
Sect. I. Outer stamens flat, subfoliaceous, often imperfect.
* Peduncles 1-2-flowered, leaf-opposed, rarely terminal (2-4-flowered in 3, dulcis and 7, Lobbiana).
a. Leaves below and buds appressed tomentose.
1. U. purpurea, Blume Bijd. 11; Fl. Jav. Anon. 13, t. 1 & 13 A; leaves cuneate- or oblong-lanceolate acute or acuminate cordate stellate tomentose beneath, buds tomentose enclosed in 2 large bracts, carpels oblong or cylindric mucronate tomentose, dorsally 2-keeled. Wall. Cat. 6485, excl. E & G ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 95. U. grandiflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 665 ; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. ii. t. 121 ; Wight & Arn. Prodr. 9. Unona grandiflora, DC. Prodr. i, 90
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From Pegu, Wallich, to Singapore, Lobb, and Penang, Phillips-Distrib. Eastward to the Philippines.
Shrubby, sarmentose ; young parts stellately pubescent. Leaves 6-12 by 2-4 in,, tapering downwards from above the middle, young pubescent above, soon glabrous and shining; nerves many, paralIel, close-set near the petiole, which is 1/4-1/3 in. Flowers 3-3 in. diam., rarely geminate, terminal or leaf-opposed, purple, odorous ; bracts, orbicular, deciduous ; peduncle 1-1 1/2 in. Sepals ovate, acute. Carpels many, stalked, subtorulose ; stalk 1-1 1/2 in.
2. U. Hamiltoni, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 96; leaves oblong-obovate long acuminate pubescent above tomentose beneath, buds tomentose, peduncle 1-bracteolate, carpels subglobose or broad ovoid tomentose not keeled. Wall. Cat. 6485.
E, Forests of the Sikkim Terai, Behar near Monghir, and Assam, Hamilton.
Shrubby, sarmentose or scandent ; branches rough, tomentose Leaves 5-8 by 2-3 1/2 in., tapering to the rounded or cordate base ; petiole 1/6-1/3 in. Flowers 2 in. diam., solitary or geminate, leaf-opposed ; pedicel 1 in., tomentose. Sepals connate below, short, broad, obtuse, mucronate. Petals broad-oval, densely tomentose on both surfaces. Carpels many, 3/4-1 in., transversely grooved when dry ; stalk 1 in.
3. U. dulcis, Dunal Anon. 90, t. 13; leaves oval or oblong subacute puberulous above woolly beneath, buds globose tomentose, peduncle with several bracteoles about the middle short 1-4-flowered. DC. Prodr. i. 88 .; H.f.& T. Fl. Ind. 98. U. Javana, Dunal I.c. 91 ; Blume Fl. Jav. Anon.t.3.
Malacca, Griffith, Maingay ; Tenasserim, Brandis.
A large woody climber , young branches densely tomentose. Leaves 3-5 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., base rounded or subcordate, slightly repand ; petiole 1/6-1/4 in. Flowers 2 in. diam., subumbellate, greenish, odorous ; peduncle 1/4-1/2 in., leaf-opposed, short, woody ; bracts several; pedicels bracteolate about the middle. Petals oblong, subacute, tomentose on both sides. - Allied to U. macrophylla.
4. U. sphenocarpa, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 99; leaves narrow-obovate or cuneate-oblong, shining above stellate-tomentose beneath, peduncle 1-flowered, bracts orbicular scaly imbricate, carpels obovate-cuneate sessile warted. Thwaites Enum. 6 ; Beddome Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 80.
Forests of Ceylon, ascending to 15,000 ft. Walker, &c.
A large shrub, climbing? Leaves 3-5 by 1 1/4-2 1/4 in , shortly petioled, long-acuminate, base obtuse or retuse, above sparsely hairy, midrib tomentose. Flowers 1/3-1/2 in. diam., greenish-brown; peduncles 1/2 in., leaf-opposed. Petals broadly oblong, tomentose. Carpels 1 in. diam., obovate-cuneate.
b. Leaves, buds and carpels with loose spreading hairs.
5. U. hirsuta, Jack Mal. Misc. ex Hook Bot. Misc. ii. 87 ; leaves oblong with scattered hairs above and stellate hairs beneath, peduncle 1- rarely 2-flowered, bracts large deciduous basal, carpels long-stalked warted hairy. - Blume Fl. Jav. Anon. t. 5; Wall. Cat. 6458 (excl. C); H.f. & T. Fl. Ind, 99. U. trichomalla, Blume I.c. 42 t. 18 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 665.
Penang, Jack; Singapore, Lobb. - Distrib. Sumatra, Java.
A woody sarmentose shrub; young branches softly hairy. Leaves 5-6 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., base rounded or cordate ; petiole 1/6 in. Flowers 1 1/2 in. diam., red ; buds globose, hairy ; peduncles 1 in., terminal or lateral, softly hairy, articulate near the base; bract 1/2 in. Sepals large, orbicular, connate. Petals oblong, downy. Carpels 1-1 1/2 in., oblong or ovate-oblong, beak obscurely keeled - "deep orange, rugose, densely stellate pilose," Maingay mss.
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y. Leaves glabrous, except on the nerves.
6. U. bracteata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 660 ; leaves oblong or obovate-oblong acute or shortly acuminate, peduncle 1-2 flowered, bract median leafy petioled, carpels subsessile oblong obtuse young tomentose. Wall. Cat. 6468; H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 100. U. Gomeziana, A. DC. Mem. Anon. 27; Wall Cat. 6459.
Eastern Bengal, from Silhet, Roxburgh ; to Tenasserim, Wallich.
A large woody climber; young branches tomentose. Leaves 4-7 by 1 3/4-2 1/2 in., base rounded, thin, firm, glabrous except the midrib and nerves beneath ; petiole 1/4-1/2 in., tomentose. Flowers 1/2 in. diam., pale yellow ; peduncles 1/2 in., leaf-opposed ; bract 1/2 in., oblong or ovate. Sepals connate to the middle, pubescent. Carpels 1-2 in.
7. U. Lobbiana, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 100 ; leaves oblong or obovate-oblong obtuse acute or mucronate glabrous, peduncle 2-4-flowered, bract small cordate amplexicaul at the fork, carpels obliquely ovoid long-stalked tubercled.
Malacca, Griffith, Maingay, and Singapore, Lobb.
A large woody climber; branchlets pubescent. Leaves 4-7 by 1 3/4-3 in., base rounded or subcordate, thin, coriaceous, midrib and under surface with sometimes a few stellate hairs ; petiole 1/4-1/3 in. Flowers 1 in. diam., purplish-brown ; buds globose; peduncles terminal and leaf-opposed, pedicels bracteolate ; bracts and bracteoles about 1/2 in. Sepals connate for 2/3 their length into a wavy cup. Petals broad-oval, tomentose, warted on both surfaces. Carpels 1 in., tomentose. - Near U. ptychocalyx, Miq.
** Peduncles 3-6-flowered, leaf-opposed. (See 3, dulcis and 7, Lobbiana.)
8. U. macrophylla, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 663 ; leaves oblong or obovate-oblong abruptly acuminate, glabrous or stellate-pubescent beneath, peduncle many-flowered, bracts small oval basal, carpels ovoid or oblong glabrous sessile or stalked. Wall. PI. As. Rar. t. 122 ; Cat. 6487 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 97 : Beddome Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 81. U. cordata, Wall. Cat. 6486. Guatteria cordata, Dunal Anon. 129, t. 30 ; DC. Prodr. i. 93.
Eastern Bengal, from Silhet to Ava and Sincapore ; South- Eastern districts of Ceylon. - Distrib. Java.
A large sarmentose shrub ; young parts tomentose. Leaves 6-12 by 3-6 in., base cordate, nerves above tomentose; petiole 1/4-1/2 in. Flowers 1 1/2in. diam., reddish-brown; peduncles 1 in., and bracts tomentose ; pedicels short ; bracteole supramedian. Petals broad-oval, pubescent. Carpels 1-1 1/2 in., berried, sometimes shorter than their stalk. - The Borneo and Philippine specimens formerly identified with this, we refer to U. ovalifolia, Blume.
9. U. semecarpifolia, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 97 ; leaves oblong or obovate-oblong obtuse or mucronate rarely acute very thick stellate-pubescent beneath, peduncle 3-6-flowered, bracts at the forks scaly, carpels shortly stalked smooth tomentose. -Thwaites Enum. 6 ; Beddome Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 82.
Malacca, Griffith ; tropical forests of Central and S. E. Ceylon.
A woody climber ; branches tomentose. Leaves 6-10 by 2 1/2-4 1/2 in., slightly cordate, nerves above pubescent ; petiole 1/4 in. Flowers 1-1 1/2 in. diam., greenish-brown ; peduncles 1/2 in., leaf-opposed, tomentose. Petals broad-oval, hoary, Carpels 1 in. diam., subglobose. - Malacca specimens have more distant nerves than Ceylon ones.
10. U. ptychocalyx, Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. ii. 4 ; leaves oblong or obovate-oblong obtuse or abruptly acuminate stellately hairy beneath at length glabrous, peduncle 2-3-flowered with a large leafy bract at the base
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of each pedicel and a bracteole under the calyx, carpels stalked subglobose rough densely tomentose.Forests of Pegu, Maclelland, &c. - Distrib. Sumatra, Java?
A woody climber ; bark dark-grey, rugged ; young parts densely tomentose. Leaves 4-12 by 2-5 in., slightly cordate, midrib and nerves above tomentose ; petiole 1/6-1/4 in. Flowers 1 1/4 in. diam., dull red-purple ; pedicels 1/3-1/2 in. ; bract 1/2-1 in. long, ovate, tomentose. Sepals connate halfway up into a densely tomentose cup, margins subplicate. Petals fleshy, oval or obovate-oblong, obtuse, tubercular, pubescent. Carpels size of a cherry ; stalk 1-1 1/2 in.
*** Peduncles axillary, 1 -flowered.
11. U. subrepanda, Wall. Cat. 6483 ; leaves oblong or obovate-oblong acute glabrous above pubescent beneath at length glabrous, peduncles slender stellately pubescent bracteolate about the .middle and base. H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 101.
Singapore, Wallich.
A shrub ; branches very slender, young parts pubescent. Leaves membranous, midrib pubescent above. Peduncles 1 in. ; bracteoles concave. - A very imperfectly known plant.
Sect. II. Stamens all cuneate ; connective truncate or capitate or hardly produced beyond the cells.
* Flowers 1 inch or more in diameter.
12. U. macropoda, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 101 ; leaves .3-6 in. oblong or lanceolate acute or acuminate glabrous, buds tubercled beaked, carpels oblong granulate 3-quetrous very long stalked. Thwaites Enum. 6 ; Beddome Ic. Fl. Ind. Or. t. 79.
Forests in Central and Eastern Ceylon, Walker, &c.
A large woody climber ; branchlets glabrous or with sparse stellate scales. Leaves 3-6 by 1 -2 in., shining above, pale beneath ; petiole 1/4 in. Flowers 2 in. diam., reddish brown, terminal or leaf-opposed ; peduncle scurfy. Sepals granular, tomentose inside, orbicular, mucronate. Petals obloug. Carpels 15-30, 1-2 in., berried, scarlet; stalk 3-6 in., clavate.
13. U. Narum, Wall. Cat. 6473; leaves 3-8 in. oblong-lanceolate or narrow-oblong acute or shortly acuminate glabrous, buds globose stellate-tomentose, carpels ovoid or oblong smooth slender-stalked. W. & A. Prodr. 9 ; Wight III. 1, t. 6 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 102; Thwaites Enum. 6. Unona Narum, Dunal Anon. 99 ; DC. Prodr. i. 89.
Forests of the Western Peninsula; Central province of Ceylon, ascending to 4000 ft.
A large woody climber ; branches glabrous. Leaves 3-6 by 1 1/4-1 3/4 in., shining above ; petiole 1/4 in., glabrous. Flowers 1-1 1/2 in. diam., terminal or leaf opposed, solitary, reddish or dingy-green ; pedicels 1-1 1/2 in., filiform, glabrous. Sepals orbicular, subacute. Petals sometimes 7-8, oval or oblong, connate below. Carpels 1 in., scarlet, subtorulose, glabrous ; stalk 1-2 in.
Var. 1. Eunarum; leaves 3-6 in., more oblong-lanceolate.
Var. 2. macrophylla ; leaves 6-9 in., lanceolate, carpels on longer thicker angular stalks.- U. lurida, var. beta, H.f.& T. Fl. Ind. 101; Wall. Cat. 6473; Dalz. & Gibs. Fl. Bombay, 3.
14. U. lurida, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 101 (excl. var.beta); leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate acute or acuminate, glabrous and shining on both surfaces, buds globose rough glandular, fruit unknown.
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Northern slopes of the Khasia hills, alt. 2000 ft., H.f. & T.
A large woody climber; young parts with stellate scales. Leaves 3-8 by 1-2 1/2 in., base rounded or acute, paler beneath ; petiole 1/3 in. Flowers 2 in. diam., solitary or geminate ; peduncles 1 in., stellately pubescent. Petals broad-obovate, obtuse. - Possibly a state of U, Narum.
15. U. zeylanica, L. ; leaves lanceolate or oblong lanceolate acute or acuminate thickly coriaceous quite glabrous, buds very small subglobose, carpels subsessile ovoid or globose hoary. - Dunal Anon. 88; DC. Prodr. i. 88 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 102 ; Thwaites Enum. 6 ; Beddome Ic. Fl. Ind. Or. t. 78. U. coriacea, Vahl Symb. iii. 72. U. lutea, Wall. Cat. 6462 (not of Roxb.). U. Heyneana, W. & A. Prodr. 8 (not of Wall.). Guatteria Malabarica,* Dunal Anon. 134. G. montana, DC. Prodr. i. 94.
Malabar, Travancor, and Ceylon.
A large woody climber; branchlets tomentose. Leaves 2 1/2-3 1/2 by 3/4-1 1/4 in., base acute, dark green and shining above, red or pale beneath ; petiole very short. Flowers 1 in. diam., solitary or geminate, dull red ; peduncles 1/2 in., terminal or leaf-opposed, tomentose; bracts several, scaly. Petals oblong, acute. Carpels 1/2 in.
16. U. pauciovulata, H. f. & T. ; leaves elliptic or oblong obtuse or obtusely acuminate glabrous shining above paler and scaberulous beneath, pubescent on the strong nerves, racemes terminal few-flowered, carpels globose mammillate tomentose long-stalked.
Malacca, Maingay.
A flexuous shrub ; branchlets bracts sepals and petals externally brown tomentose or scurfy. Leaves 2-5 by 1-2 1/2 in., rigid, coriaceous, base rounded or cordate, nerves many spreading; petiole 1/10 in. Flowers 1 1/2 in. diam.; peduncle short, stout, 1-3-flowered ; bracts orbicular ; buds globuse. Sepals 1/4 in., orbicular, connate to the middle. Outer petals 1 1/2 in., orbicular-oblong, very coriaceous, glabrous within ; inner as long, narrower. Torus flattish. Ovaries linear, with stellate scales, base solid; style cylindric, stigma obtuse ; ovules 1-3 superposed. Carpels 12-15, 1/3-1/2 in. diam., 1-2-seeded; stalk 1/2-3/4 in., slender. Seeds horizontal, compressed, testa shining.
** Flowers small, 1/2 inch or less in diameter.
17. U. micrantha, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 103; leaves oblong-lanceolate obtusely acuminate glabrous coriaceous, petiole very short, buds globose pubescent, carpels glabrous granulate. Guatteria micrantha, A. DC. Mem. 42 ; Wall. Cat.6449. Polyalthia fruticans, A. DC. I.c. 42; Wall. Cat 6430.
Eastern Peninsula ; from Ava and Tenasserim, to Penang.
A large woody climber; young parts tomentose. Leaves 2-3 by 3/4-1 1/3 in., base acute, midrib above and under surface when young slightly hairy. Flowers 1/3-1/2 in. diam., white ; peduncles 1-3, 1/2 in., tomentose ; bracteoles 2-3, orbicular. Sepals pubescent outside, persistent, not much imbricated. Carpels 15-20, 1/4-1/3 in., stalk as long.
18. U. sumatrana, H.f.&T.; leaves elliptic-oblong or oblong-lanceolate membranous long-acuminate tip obtuse or acute glabrous, petiole very short, flowers minute fascicled. Anaxagorea sumatrana, Miq. Fl. Ind. Batt. Suppl. i. 382.
Andaman Islands, Kurz.
Branches slender, rough, young brown-tomentose. Leaves 3-6 by 3/4-1 1/2 in., base rounded or subacute, midrib above tomentose; petiole very short, tomentose. Flowers terminal or leaf-opposed, tomentose ; bracteole submedian, small, orbicular, tomentose. Sepals ovate, acute. Petals twice as long, broad-ovate.
19. U. parviflora, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 103; leaves oblong usually acuminate membranous pellucid-dotted, petiole 1/3-1/2 in., buds minute globose, peduncles 1-4- flowered with several bracts.
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Penang, Phillips.
A slender woody climber ; branchlets glabrous ; buds tomentose. Leaves 4-6 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., base acute, nerves reticulate. Flowers very minute; peduncle about 4 in., leaf-opposed or nearly so ; bracts alternate; pedicels 1/3-1/2 in., puberulous ; bracteole submedian, linear oblong. Sepals orbicular, pubescent. Petals ovate, acute.
U. SCLEROCARPA, A. DC. Mem. Anon. 27; Wall. Cat. 6461, from Moulmein, is a very doubtful plant, of which the flower is unknown and fruit immature.
3. ELLIPEIA, H. f. & T. Characters of Uvaria, but differing in the oblong style, solitary ventral or subbasal ovule, and 1-seeded carpels. - Distkib. Malayan Peninsula and Archipelago; species 5 or 6 - Reduced to Uvaria by Baillon.
1. E. cuneifolia, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 104; leaves oblong or obovate-oblong abruptly acuminate glabrous above tomentose beneath, flowers in terminal panicles, carpels tomentose oblong obtuse. Hook. Ic.Fl. 1. 1025.
Malacca, Griffith, Maingay.
Branches woody, brown-tomentose. Leaves 6-8 by 2-3 in., firm, coriaceous, base rounded or subcordate, shining above except the tomentose midrib ; petiole 1/4 in. Pedicels 1/2 in., densely tomentose ; bracts at each fork oblong or ovate; bracteole under the calyx, orbicular. Flowers 1 1/2 in. diam., densely tomentose. Carpels 1/2-3 in., with a lateral mucro ; stalk 1 in.
2. E. ferruginea, H.f. & T. ; leaves oblong or obovate acute or obtuse appressed pubescent above densely stellate tomentose beneath, flowers solitary terminal or leaf-opposed, carpels stellate tomentose. Uvaria ferruginea, Ham. ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 96.
Forests of Ava at Meaday, Hamilton ; and Pegu, Kurz.
Scandont; branches slender, brown-tomcntose. Leaves 3-6 by 1 1/2-3 1/2 in.; petiole 1/6-1/3 in., brown-tomentose. Flowers 1 1/4-1 1/2 in. diam., grey pubescent; peduncle 1/3-1/2 in. ; bracts submedian, oblong or lanceolate, deciduous. Sepals 1/3 in., broad-ovate, acute. Petals 3/4 in., oval. Carpels many, shortly stalked. - M. Kurz sends detached Iruits, from which the description is taken.
3. E. glabra H.f. & T. ; leaves oblong or elliptic-oblong shortly acuminate quite coriaceous glabrous on both surfaces, cymes axillary 3-5-flowered, carpels subglobose, stalk slender.
Malacca, Maingay.
A tree; branchlets and inflorescence brown-pubescent. Leaves 4-5 1/2 by 1 1/2-2 in., base rounded or acute, rigid above, hardly shining, beneath rather paler, veins strong arched ; petiole 1/4-1/3 in., glabrous. Flowers 1 1/2 in. diam., cymes 1-1 1/2 in. ; peduncle very short; pedicels longer ; bracteole oblong, 1/2-amplexicaul, recurved. Sepals 1/4 in., ovate-lanceolate, acute, recurved. Petals flat, not clawed, outer 1 in. obovate-lanceolate, subacute ; inner shorter, obovate, obtuse. Ovaries glabrous below, solid and strigose above; ovule 1, erect (Maingay). Carpels 2/3 in., walls thin; stalk 3/4-1 1/4 in., slender. Seed oblong, pale, girt with a deep longitudinal furrow. - Very different in habit from its congeners.
4. E. nervosa, H.f. & T. ; branches glabrous, leaves elliptic-oblong or lanceolate finely acuminate coriaceous glabrous pale, nerves beneath strong oblique, flowers solitary extra-axillary polygamous, carpels glabrous stalk stout.
Malacca , Maingay.
Branches stout. Leaves 6-10 by 2 1/4-3 in., base acute, nerves very oblique, faint above ;
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petiole 1/2 in., thickened, glabrous. Flowers 3/4 in. diam., silky-pubescent, solitary, leaf-opposed ; peduncle short, stout ; bracts basal. Sepals broad-ovate, obtuse. Petals spreading, imbricate (Maingay), outer obovate-oblong, obtuse; inner rather shorter, oblong. Stamens in males very many, in females few. Ovaries many, curved, top rounded. Unripe carpels 3/4 in., narrow ovoid, curved, narrowed at either end, fleshy.4. CYATHOCALYX, Champion.
Trees. Leaves glabrous. Flowers fascicled terminal or leaf-opposed. Sepals free or united into a 3-lobed cup. Petals 6, 2-seriate, valvate in bud, subequal, bases concave conniving, blade flat spreading. Stamens indefinite, long-cuneate, truncate ; anther-cells linear, dorsal. Ovaries solitary (or 2-3 in C. ? Maingayi), on a concave torus ; stigma large, peltate ; ovules many. Ripe carpels berried. - Distrib. Tropical India ; species 3.
1. C. zeylanicus, Champ.; H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 127; leaves oblong-lanceolate acuminate, calyx truncate remotely ,3-toothed, carpel oblong or subglobose. Thwaites Enum. 9 ; Beddome Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 47.
Central and southern provinces of Ceylon, Walker.
A tree ; branches glabrous ; bark dark, buds golden-pubescent. Leaves 6-10 by 2-3 in., base acute; petiole 1/2 in. Flowers 1-3, fascicled on a short woody peduncle, pale green; pedicels 1/2-1 in. Petals 2 1/2 by 1 1/2 in., brown-pubescent. Carpels 2 1/2 in. diam., berried. Seeds compressed, 1 in., sides tranversely rugose, testa, redbrown, bony. - We have removed the Mergui plant of Griffith (No. 1032) to the following.
2. C. martabanicus, H. f. & T. ; leaves ovate or oblong acuminate, calyx acutely 3-lobed to the middle, carpel oval.
Forests of Pegu, Tenasserim and Martaban.
A tree ; branches smooth, glabrous, young puberulous. Leaves 6-8 by 2-4 in. ; petiole 1/2 in. Flowers 1-3 together, leaf-opposed ; pedicels very short, pubescent. Calyx pubescent. Petals 3/4-1 in., inner shortest and narrowest. Carpel 3 by 1 1/2 in.
3. C. ? Maingayi, H.f. & T. ; leaves glabrous broad-elliptic or elliptic-oblong, tip 1/2 in. abruptly caudate linear obtuse, buds subglobose silky, carpels very large thick subglobose sessile.
Malacca, Maingay.
A tree ; branchlets nearly glabrous. Leaves 5-7 by 2-3 .in., base obtuse or subacute, membranous, beneath concolorous, nerves slender; petiole 1/12-1/6 in. Flowers 2 in. diam., several on a short pubescent axillary bracteate peduncle. Sepals almost free, ovate, acute, densely pubescent. Outer petals obovate, rusty pubescent ; inner rather smaller and narrower. Connective not prolonged. Ovaries 2-3 ; ovules 10, 2-seriate. Carpels 2-3 1/2 by 1 1/2-3 in., subverrucose, pubescent, at length glabrous. Seeds many, broad, flattened, imbricate in 2 series ; testa bony. - Referred to near Artabotrys and Cananga by Maingay ; a very doubtful member of this genus. Petals valvate below, imbricate above.
5. ARTABOTRYS, R Brown.
Sarmentose or scandent shrubs. Leaves shining. Flowers solitary or fascicled, usually on woody usually hooked recurved branches (peduncles). Sepals 3, valvate. Petals 6, 2-seriate, bases concave connivent, limb spreading, flat subterete or clavate. Stamens oblong or cuneate ; connective truncate or produced ; anther-cells dorsal. Torus flat or convex. Ovaries few or many ; style oblong or columnar; ovules 2, erect, collateral. Ripe carpels berried. - Distrib. Tropical Africa and Eastern Asia.
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* Limb of petals broad lanceolate or elliptic oblong.1. A. odoratissimus, R. Br. in Bot. Reg. 423, not of Blume ; leaves oblong or lanceolate glabrous, petals glabrous when expanded, carpels glabrous. Wall. Cat. 6415 ; W. & A. Prodr. 10 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 128. A. hamatus, Blume Fl. Jav. Anon. 60, t. 29, 31 C. Unona hamata, Dunal Anon. 106, t. 17 ; DC. Prodr. i 90. Uvaria odoratissima and hamata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 666.
Southern parts of the Western Peninsula, and in Ceylon; cultivated throughout India. - Distrib. Java, S. China.
A glabrous shrub; branches long. Leaves 2-8 by 1-2 in. Flowers yellow, solitary or geminate. Petals 1-1 3/4 in., nearly equal, young pubescent, especially at the base. Carpels obovate-oblong, yellow, odorous.
2. A. Kurzii, H.f.& T. ; leaves obovate-oblong obtuse or obtusely mucronate or elliptic and acute at both ends, glabrous except the pilose nerves and midrib, flowers on solitary slender (not hooked) peduncles, petals grey-pubescent, carpels glabrous.
Forests of Pegu, Kurz.
Shrubby, sarmentose ; young parts brown-tomentose. Leaves 2 1/2-6 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., shining above, pale below; petiole 1/8 in. Flowers extra-axillary; peduncle 1/2 in., strigose. Sepals 1/2 in., triangular, acuminate. Petals about 1 1/2 in., limb oblong, subacute or obtuse, grey-pubescent ; inner rather shorter. Carpels (unripe) many. - The peduncles, which are not hooked in flower, may become so in fruit.
3. A. zeylanicus, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 128 : leaves oblong or lanceolate acute or obtusely acuminate glabrous, peduncle leaf-opposed, sepals as broad as long, petals tomentose, carpels tomentose. Beddome Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 48.
Forests of Malabar, Canara, Central and Southern Ceylon.
A woody climber; branchlets puberulous. Leaves 4-6 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., petiole 1/6 in. Flowers brown-tomontose ; pedicels 1/2 in., pubescent. Sepals puberulous, 1/4 in. long. Petals 1 1/4-1 1/2 in., inner shorter and narrower; limb flat, lanceolate. Carpels broad obovoid, mucronate.
4. A. crassifolius, H.f. & T. ; leaves elliptic or oblong obtuse subacute or obtusely mucronate, coriaceous glabrous or pilose beneath, petiole very thick, peduncles reflexed woody, petals and carpels densely tomentose.
Eastern Peninsula, from Martaban, Brandis, to Malacca, Griffith.
A large woody climber; branchlets tomentose. Ieaves 6 by 2 1/2-3 in., base acute or obtuse, lucid above, pale and strongly nerved beneath ; petiole 1/2 in., glabrous. Pedicels 1/2 in., brown-tomentose. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, and petals densely tomentose ; the latter 1 1/2 by 1 1/2 in., inner shorter and half the width. Ovaries sparingly hairy ; style cylindric. Carpels many, 1 1/4 in., obovoid, very thick, glabrous, granulate; stalk hardly any.
5. A. pleurocarpus, Maingay mss. ; leaves elliptic or oblong lanceolate or oblanceolate caudate-acuminate membranous glabrous, flowers fascicled, peduncles falcate, petals subequal elliptic-oblong obtuse, ovaries glabrous, carpels pubescent broad elliptic.
Malacca, Maingay.
A scandent shrub; branches slender, glabrous. Leaves 5-8 by 1 3/4-2 in., base acute, pale, finely reticulate on both surfaces, nerves slender, spreading; petiole 1/8-1/6 in. Peduncles 1/2 in., densely pubescent. Sepals 2/3 in., broad-ovate, obtuse or subacute. Petals flat, pubescent on both surfaces ; outer 1- 1 1/3 in., inner rather smaller. Connective apiculate. Ovaries many, slender. Carpels 3/4 in., mammillate, obscurely grooved, narrowed into the short stout stalk. Seeds 2, testa stony.
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** Limb of outer or all the petals linear, narrow-oblong or subclavate.
6. A. speciosus, Kurz mss. in Hb. Ketv. ; leaves oblong obtusely acuminate thick rigid glabrous, peduncles flattened woody reflexed, outer petals linear-lanceolate tapering from the base, inner much narrower, ovaries glabrous.
Andaman Islands, Kurz.
Scandent ; bark grey, rugged, reticulate ; leaf-buds silky. Leaves 5-8 by 2-3 in., shining above, dull beneath ; petiole 1/4 in. Flowers fascicled towards the end of the pubescent peduncles. Sepals 1/4 in., ovate, acute or acuminate, thick, rigid, puberulous outside, glabrous within. Outer petals 2 by 1/4 in., appressed pubescent, claw concave ; inner much contracted above the orbicular concave claw, narrow-linear. Torus strigose. Fruit unknown.
7. A. Maingayi, H. f. & T. ; leaves elliptic acuminate at both ends glabrous tip caudate, petiole slender, peduncle falcate glabrous, outer petals linear-oblong, inner rather smaller, ovaries glabrous, carpels sessile glabrous.
Malacca, Maingay.
Branches black, glabrous, slender. Leaves 4-6 by 1 1/2-2 in., thin, concolorous and finely reticulate on both surfaces. Flowers 1 in. diam., fascicled ; peduncle 1/2-1 1/2 in., hoary-pubescent. Sepals 1/10 in., obtuse. Outer petals 1-1 1/4 by 1/4-1/3 in., obtuse, concave ; base small, suborbicular ; inner smaller and narrower. Ovaries 3-4, ovoid. Carpels 2 1/2 by 1 1/2 in., elliptic globose, mammillate, yellow, walls thick. Seeds 2, plano-convex, testa stony.
8. A. caudatus, Wall. Cat. 6417; leaves oblong-lanceolate obtusely caudate-acuminate glabrous, peduncles short woody recurved many-flowered, outer petals narrow-linear not contracted above the square claw. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 129.
Khasia Hills, Wallich.
A woody climber ; old branches glabrous, young pubescent. Leaves 3-5 by 1-2 in., membranous, shining; petiole 1/6 in. Sepals short, acute. Petals 1 1/3 in., flattened, tomentose ; inner similar, rather smaller. - Only known from Wallich's specimen in Herb. Linn. Soc.
9. A. burmanicus, Alph. DC. Mem. 36 ; leaves oblong obtusely caudate-acuminate softly pubescent beneath, peduncles woody usually 1-flowered tomentose, limb of petals subulate 3-quetrous, carpels glabrate. Wall. Cat. 6428 ; H.f.& T. Fl. Ind. 129. Ropalopetalum uniflorum, Griff. Notul. iv. 717.
Ava, Wallich; Tenasserim, Griffith.
A large woody climber; branches slender, young tomentose. Leaves 3-7 by 1-2 1/2 in., membranous, glabrous above, except the midrib, nerves subhirsute beneath. Flowers about 1/2 in. long ; peduncles obliquely leaf-opposed, old woody and hooked. Petals grey-pubescent. Carpels 3/4 in. obovate-oblong.
10. A. suaveolens, Blume Fl. Jav. Anon. 62, t. 30, 31 D ; leaves oblong-lanceolate acuminate shining above glabrous on both surfaces or sparsely hairy on the midrib beneath, peduncles woody recurved many-flowered, flowers fascicled bracteolate, limb of petals cylindric or subclavate, carpels sessile smooth. Wall. Cat. 6416; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 129. Unona suaveolens, Blume Bijd. 17.
From SILHET to Malacca. - Distrib. Eastwards to the Philippines.
A large woody climber ; branches dark, striate, young silky. Leaves 3-5 by 1-1 1/2 in., base acute, pale beneath ; petiole 1/4 in. Flowers about 1/2 in. long, yellowish, odorous ; bracts subulate, deciduous. Petals grey-pubescent. Carpels small, oblong.
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6. DREPANANTHUS, Maingay mss.
Trees. Leaves large, pubescent beneath. Racemes short, fascicled on woody truncal tubercles. Sepals 3, nearly free. Petals 6, valvate, 2-seriate, subequal ; bases concave, connivent ; limb erect or spreading, broad or narrow. Stamens many, cuneate, truncate ; anthers linear, cells lateral ; connective not produced. Ovaries 4-12; stigma subsessile ; ovules 4 or more, 2-seriate. Carpels globose, several-seeded.
1. D. pruniferus, Maingay mss.; leaves oblong abruptly acuminate rusty-pubescent beneath, sepals nearly equalling the petals, limb and base of petals nearly equal, both broad obtuse.
Malacca, Maingay.
A tree ; branches stout, woody, pubescent. Leaves 8-12 by 4-5 in., base obliquely rounded or cordate, very coriaceous, opaque above, veins many, strong; petiole 1/2 in., very stout. Flowers 1 in. diam., riistv tomentose peduncles 1/2-1 in., stout, scarred, pedicels 3/4 in., stout; bract oblong, median. Sepals 3/4 in., broad-ovate, acute. Petals constricted in the middle. Ovaries 8-12, silky; ovules many. Carpels 1 1/2 in. diam., sessile, pruinose. Seeds horizontal.
2. D. ramuliflorus, Maingay mss.; leaves oblong obtuse pubescent beneath, sepals much shorter than the petals, limb of petals slender linear much longer than their broad base.
Malacca, Maingay.
A lofty tree. Leaves as in 0. pruniferus, but tip more obtuse, base less cordate. Flowers 1/2 in. long; peduncles densely crowded, very short; pedicels 1/10 in., equalling the broad ovate acute sepals, both rusty pubescent. Petals with a pale silky base, and incurved grey terete obtuse limb, grooved on the inner face. Ovaries 6-10, pilose, 4-6-ovuIed. Carpels (ripe ?) 2/3 in., sessile, obtuse, densely eilky-tomentose ; walls thick.
7. CANANGA, Rumph.
Tall trees. Leaves large. Flowers large, yellow, solitary or fascicled on short axillary peduncles. Sepals 3, ovate or triangular, valvate. Petals 6, 2-seriate, subequal or inner smaller, long, flat, valvate. Stamens linear, anther-cells approximate extrorse; connective produced into a lanceolate acute process (truncate in 3? monosperma). Ovaries many; style oblong (or 0?) ; stigmas subcapitate; ovules numerous, 2-seriate. Ripe carpels many, berried, stalked or sessile. Seeds many, testa crustaceous, pitted, sending spinous processes into the albumen. - Distrib. All Malayan. - Reduced to Unona by BailIon (Hist. PI. i. 209), but besides the marked characters of flowers and stamens, ovules and seeds, the habit is very different. Baillon also retains the name of Cananga for the American plants erroneously referred by Aublet to Rumph's Cananga.
1. C. odorata, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 130 ; leaves ovate-oblong finely acuminate puberulous beneath, petals 3 in. subequal narrow-linear, carpels glabrous long-stalked. Uvaria odorata, Lamb III. t. 495, f. 1 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 661; Wall. Cat. 6457; W. & A. Prodr. S ; Blume Fl. Jav. Anon. t. 9; Griff. Notul. iv. 712. U. farcta. Wall. Cat. 6460. U. axillaris, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 667. Unona odorata and U. leptopetala, Dunal Anon. 108 and 114 ; DC. Prodr. i. 90 and 91 ; Deless. Ic. Sel. t. 88.
Ava and Tenasserim, Wallich. - Distrib. Java, Philippines. Cultivated throughout India and the tropics.
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A tall tree ; trunk straight ; bark smooth, ashy ; shoots glabrous. Leaves 5-8 by 2-3 in., most puberulous on the veins beneath, base rounded, margins waved ; petiole 1/2 in. Flowers 3 in. long, usually 3-nate, drooping, yellow, odorous ; peduncles solitary or several from old scars; pedicels 1 in., recurved, hoary, with a few basal and a median scaly bract. Petals 1/3 in., base broad, silky when young. Carpels about 12, 1/2-2/3 in., ovoid or obovoid, black, 6-12-seeded.
2. C. virgata, H. f. & T. ; leaves elliptic-oblong obtusely acuminate, petiole and nerves beneath pubescent, inner petals much smaller than the outer, carpels sessile densely tomentose. Unona virgata, Bl. Bijd. 14; Miquel Fl. Ned. Ind. i. pt. 2, 42. Uvaria virgata, Bl. Fl. Jav. Anon. 43, t. 19 and 25 B.
Malacca, Maingay. - Distrib. Java.
A large tree ; branches rather slender, pale, ultimate puberulous. Leaves 4-8 by 2-3 1/2 in., base subacute, thin, pale, membranous, above hardly shining, midrib puberulous and nerves faint, below concolorous, midrib arching, nerves distinct ; petiole 1/4-1/3 in., pubescent. Flowers 2/3-1 in. diam., greenish-brown, 3-nate, axillary, tomentose. Sepals 1/5 in., ovate -lanceolate, acute. Petals subulate-lanceolate from a broad base ; inner flat above, concave below with glabrous red ridges. Connective of outer stamens truncate, of inner with a long recurved beak. Ovaries 4-6, hirsute ; ovules many, 2-seriate ; stigma sessile. Torus conic, truncate, hairy. Carpels 2-3 in., ovoid-oblong, top rounded, walls very thick ; base contracted. Seeds many, horizontal, 2-seriate.
3. ¿ C. monosperma, Hook.f. & T. ; branchlets and leaves quite glabrous, leaves elliptic obtuse acute or obtusely acuminate, nerves many slender nearly horizontal, petals pubescent, outer broad oblong, inner oblong-lanceolate, carpels small glabrous mammillate short-stalked 1 -seeded.
Malacca, Maingay.
A tree ; branches slender, pale ; branchlets and buds glabrous. Leaves 3-6 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., thin, coriaceous, base subacute, concolorous, petiole 1/4 in. Flowers axillary, 3/4 in. diam., solitary, cernuous ; peduncle 1/4-1/3 in., glabrous, curved, bract basal. Sepals broad-ovate, very small. Petals hoary, obtuse, inner as long but much narrower than the outer. Anthers truncate. Torus convex, hairy. Ovaries very many, silky ; style 0; ovules several, sub-2-seriate. Carpels 1/3 in., very obliquely globose, or broader than long ; walls thin, stout. Seed a little compressed, shining, pitted.
8. CYATHOSTEMMA, Griffith.
A shrub. ? Flowers subglobose in much-branched axillary pendulous cymes from the old wood. Sepals 3, connate, hirsute. Petals 6, 2-seriate, short, base fleshy, inner rather smaller, all valvate at the base, tips imbricate. Torus flat, margin convex. Stamens many, linear ; anthers subintrorse, process of connective oblique incurved. Ovaries many ; style cylindric, glabrous, notched; ovules many, 2-seriate. Ripe carpels turgid, many seeded.
1. C. viridiflorum, Grif. Notul. iv. 707 ; Ic. iv. t. 650 ; leaves obovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate acuminate or apiculate glabrous.
Eastern Peninsula, Griffith; Penang, Maingay; North Andaman, Kurz.
Wood remarkable (Griffith Notul. I.c.), aromatic, pith small, wood cruciately 4-lobed. Leaves 4-8 by 2-3 in., base rounded or subacute, petiole 1/6-1/4 in. Flowers 1/2 in. diam.; cymes brown-tomentuse; bract submedian, oblong. Sepals broader than long. Petals acute, base contracted, of inner most so, tomentose, granular. Ovaries densely tomentose. Carpels 1-1 1/2 in., oblong, smooth, glabrous; stalk as long, stout. - Kurz's specimens have leaves only, but these and the wood agree with Griffith's.
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9. UNONA, Linn.
Trees or shrubs, erect or climbing. Flowers often solitary, axillary terminal or leaf-opposed. Sepals 3, valvate. Petals 6, valvate or open in aestivation, 2-seriate ; 3 inner sometimes absent. Torus flat or slightly concave. Stamens cuneate ; anther-cells linear, extrorse, top of connective subglobose or truncate. Ovaries numerous ; style ovoid or oblong, recurved, grooved ; ovules 2-8, 1-seriate (rarely sub-2-seriate). Ripe carpels many, usually elongate and constricted between the seeds. Seeds few or many. - DISTRIB. Tropical Asia and Africa ; species about 25.
Sect. I. Desmos, H.f. & T. Petals 6.
* Flowers axillary.
1. U. elegans, Thwaites Enum. 398 ; erect, leaves narrow oblong-lanceolate long-acuminate glabrous, glaucous beneath, petals glabrous (when mature), carpels deeply constricted between the seeds. Beddome Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 50.
Forests of Hinidoon, Pattoo, Ceylon, Thwaites.
A much branched shrub or tree; branches rugose, slender; young golden silky. Leaves 3-5 1/2 by 1/2-1 1/4 in.; petiole 1/4 in. Peduncle 1/4-1/3 in , slender; bracts 1-2, minute. Sepals 1/3 in., ovate, acute, glabrous. Outer petals 1 1/4-1 1/2 in., oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent when very young only ; inner narrower, shorter.
2. U. zeylanica, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 132 ; erect, leaves narrowly oblong-lanceolate acute or obtusely taper-pointed coriaceous glabrous, petals glabrous, carpels constricted between the seeds. Thwaites Enum. 9 ; Beddome Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 74.
Central province of Ceylon, ascending to 3000 ft., Walker, &c.
A small glabrous shrub, 3-6 ft., bark grey, rugged ; young buds pubescent. Leaves 5-8 by 1 1/4-2 in., base acute; petiole 1/2 in. Flowers yellow-green, base red inside; peduncles 1-3, 1/2 in., bracts minute, deciduous, basal. Sepals small, oblong-lanceolate, puberulous. Petals 1 1/2 by 1/3 in., coriaceous, lanceolate, inner shorter and narrower. Carpels stalked; joints 1-4, ovoid.
3. U. Dunalii, Wall. Cat. 6425 ; climbing, leaves oblong-lanceolate acuminate glabrous shining above glaucous beneath, petals glabrous, carpels constricted between the seeds. H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 131 (excl. the Concan plant).
Forests of Chittagong at Sitakund, H.f.& T.; Penang, Wallich.
A large glabrous climber, bark spotted white. Leaves 3-4 1/2 by 1/2-2 in,, with scattered hairs on the midrib beneath, base rounded cordate or acute ; petiole 1/3 in. Flowers pale yellow ; peduncle 2-flowered, pubescent ; bracts 2-3, basal, scaly. Sepals ovate, acute. Petals 1 1/3 in., lanceolate ; inner shorter, narrower. Ovules 4-6. Carpels of 1-3 ovoid joints. - The Concan specimens referred here in Fl. Ind. are referable to U. discolor var. laevigata, having leaf-opposed peduncles.
4. U. pannosa, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 207 ; erect, leaves ovate-lanceolate glabrous above pubescent beneath, petals tomentose, carpels ovoid not constricted between the seeds. H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 135 ; Beddome Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 52, Uvaria mollis, Wall. Cat. 6475.
Forests of Concan, Dalzell ; and Travancor, Wight, &c.
A tree; young parts puberulous. Leaves 2 1/4-4 by 3/4-1 1/2 in., thin, pellucid-dotted, base rounded or acute. Flowers brown-tomentose ; peduncles very short; bracts 1 or more, scaly. Sepals ovate, acute. Petals 1 1/2-2 in., lanceolate, inner narrower and shorter. Ovules 2-4. Carpels 2/3 in., subsessile, obtuse at both ends, pubescent. Seeds 1-3, large, shining.
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** Flowers solitary, extra-axillary, terminal, or leaf -opposed.
5. U. dumosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 670; climbing, leaves oblong or obovate obtuse or acute glabrous above tomentose beneath, peduncle 1-flowered, sepals cordate, petals large obovate-spathulate, carpels constricted between the seeds. Wall. Cat. 6429 ; H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 131.
Forests of Silhet, Roxburgh, &c. ; Malacca, Maingay.
A woody climber ; branchlets brown-tomentose. Leaves 3-5 by 1 1/2-2 1/4 in., brown or yellow beneath, thin, parallel -nerved, base, rounded or cordate ; petiole 1/4 in. Flowers large, pendulous, yellow-green; peduncles 1-1 1/2 in., terminal or leaf-opposed, slender, tomentose ; bract submedian, small, ovate, tomentose. Sepals 1/2 in. broad, acute, nerved. Petals 3 by 1-1 1/2 in., broad-spathulate, nerved, inner rather smaller. Carpels (according to Roxburgh) of 2-3 1-seeded joints.
6. U. Desmos, Dunal Anon. 112; shrubby, leaves oblong acute or acuminate, glabrous above finely pubescent beneath, peduncle 1-flowered slender, sepals ovate acuminate, petals 1 in. broad ovate-lanceolate, carpels constricted between the seeds. H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 134; U. cochinchinensis, DC. Prodr. i. 91. U. pedunculosa, Alph. DC. Mem. 28; Wall. Cat. 6422. U. fulva. Wall. Cat. 6427.
From Assam to Singapore, Wallich. - Distrib. Cochin-China.
A spreading shrub; branches slender, white-dotted, young golden-silky. Leaves 3-8 by 1 1/2-3 in., thickly coriaceous, midrib above slightly hairy, base rounded; petiole 1/3 in., pubescent. Flowers large, pale yellow, odorous, pendulous ; peduncle 2-8 in., usually 1/4-1/2 in. above the axil; bracts submedian, linear-oblong, deciduous. Petals coriaceous, appressed, pubescent, nerved, outer 2 1/2 by 1 in., inner shorter and narrower. Ovules 4-6. Carpels stalked ; joints 1-6, glabrous, subglobose.
7. U. discolor, Vahl Symb. ii. 63, t. 36 ; shrubby, leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate acute glabrous above sometimes pubescent beneath, peduncle 1-flowered slender, sepals ovate-lanceolate, petals 1/2 in. broad lanceolate from a broad base, carpels moniliform. DC. Prodr. i. 90; Wall. Cat. 6420 (partly) ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 669 ; W.& A. Prodr. 9;H.f.& T. Fl. Ind. 133; Beddome Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 51. U. cordifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 602? U. Dunalii, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 131 (the Concan plant); Dalz. & Gibs, Fl. Bomb. 3 (not of Wallich).
Tropical forests from Sikkim, Assam, and Silhet, to Arracan and Malacca, Orissa, and Concan. - Distrib. Malayan Archipelago (all the forms).
A spreading or sarmentose shrub; branches slender, leafy ; young pubescent, rough with white tubercles. Leaves 2-8 by 1-2 1/2 in., shining above, glaucous beneath, base rounded or subcordate ; petiole 1/4 in. Flowers yellow, odorous ; peduncles 1-2 in., leaf-opposed or nearly so ; bract submedian, oblong or lanceolate, deciduous. Petals 2 in. or more, silky pubescent or glabrate. Ovules 5-6. Carpels stalked, joints 1-6, fleshy.
Var. 1. pubiflora; leaves 5-7 in., oblong acute base often cordate, flowers silky.
Var. 2. Iaevigata; leaves 3-4 in., oblong or lanceolate acute base rounded, flowers almost glabrous. - U. chinensis, DC. Prodr. i. 90. U. undulata. Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii. t. 265. - Perhaps cultivated only in India, common in the Archipelago and China.
Var. 3. pubescens ; leaves as in a, but densely pubescent beneath.
Var. 4. latifolia; leaves 3-5 by 2-2 1/2 in., broad-oval acute, flowers silky.
8. U. Lawii, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 132 ; leaves oblong-lanceolate acute or acuminate thin glabrous above pale and downy beneath, peduncle 1-flowered slender, sepals ovate-lanceolate, petals not 1/4 in. broad narrow from a broad base, carpels moniliform. Beddome Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 73.
Malabar, Wight; Concan, Law.
A woody climber ? ; branches slender, young softly pubescent. Leaves 2-4 1/2 by 3/4-1 1/2 in., puberulous above when young only, base rounded or slightly cordate ; petiole 1/5 in., pubescent. Flowers solitary ; peduncle 1 in. leaf -opposed or nearly so, bract
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submedian, oblong, minute. Sepals pubescent outside. Petals 2-3 in., very long and narrow, base broad orbicular, appressed-pubescent, inner a little longer. Ovules 2-3. Carpels short-stalked, joints 1-3, ovoid.9. U. latifolia, H. f. & T. ; arboreous, leaves broad-oval or orbicular obtuse or mucronate glabrous above softly grey-tomentose beneath, peduncle very short, sepals connate at the base ovate acute, petals subequal oblong acute contracted at the base.
Hill forests of the Saluen river, Martaban, Brandis.
A large tree ; branchlets grey-tomentose. Leaves 2-4 in., base truncate or subcordate ; nerves many, oblique, parallel ; petiole 1/3-1/2 in. Flowers appressed-silky, densely fascicled ; peduncle with usually a small submedian oblong nerved deciduous bract. Sepals 1/3 in., striated. Petals 1 1/4 in. Ovules 3-4. Fruit unknown.
10. U. viridiflora, Beddome Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. 34, t. 158 ; climbing, leaves ovate-lanceolate acuminate appressed pubescent beneath, peduncle slender with a cordate bract, sepals ovate free, petals narrow lanceolate.
Anamallay forests in Travancor, Beddome.
A gigantic climber; branchlets golden-pubescent. Leaves 3-5 by 1 1/2 in., membranous, base rounded or cordate, above at length glabrous, whitish beneath ; petiole 1/4-1/3 in. Peduncle axillary or supra-axillary, 1-2 in. ; bract pubescent, median, deciduous. Flowers 2 1/2-3 in. long, bright green. Sepals 3/4 in., membranous, nerved. Outer petals 2 1/2-3 by 1/2-2/3 in., inner rather shorter and narrower, all membranous, nerved, reticulate, silky. - Described from Beddome I.c.
*** Flowers solitary at the base of a leafy shoot.
11. U. praecox, H.f. & T.Fl. Ind. 136; arboreous, leaves broad lanceolate acuminate, flowers pendulous from a slender naked peduncle, sepals linear-oblong acute, petals linear glabrous.
Miku hills in Upper Assam, Simons.
A tree ; branches slender. Leaves (very young and thin) 2-3 in., probably much larger when mature. Flowers from the axils of fallen leaves ; peduncle 1 in. Sepals 2/3 in. long. Petals 2 1/2-3 by 1/4 in. Ovary glabrous; ovules 2-3. - A remarkable species of which we have seen but one specimen.
**** Flowers fascicled on woody abbreviated truncal shoots or tubercles.
12. U. stenopetala, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 136; leaves oblong-lanceolate broadest above the middle acute or acuminate glabrous above pale beneath, sepals subconnate below narrow-linear, petals subequal very narrow linear.
MOULMEIN and Singapore, Lobb.
A tree; young branches rather pubescent. Leaves 4-6 by 1 1/4-1 3/4 in., base oblique, pubescent along the midrib beneath ; petiole 1/12 in. Peduncles 1/4-1/3 in., with 1-2 small basal scaly bracts. Sepals pubescent. Petals 2-3 by 1/2 in. puberulous. Ovaries 4-7, villous ; ovules about 5. - The Javan habitat cited in Flora Indica is erroneous, the species having been collected at Sincapore.
13. U. cauliflora, H. f & T. Fl. Ind. 137 ; leaves lanceolate or linear-oblong acute or long acuminate glabrous and shining above brown-pubescent beneath, sepals ovate-lanceolate tomentuse, petals narrow linear.
Singapore, Lobb.
A tree? ; branchlets tomentose. Leaves 5-6 by 1 1/4-1 3/4, base rounded ; petiole 1/12 in. and midrib tomentose. Peducles 1/41/4 in., tomentose. Sepals 1/2 in. Petals 2 1/2 by 1/4-3/4 in., dull red, inner rather narrower. Ovules 3 or 4.
14. U. pycnantha, H. f. & T.; branchlets softly pubescent, leaves elliptic-oblong or oblong-lanceolate obtusely acuminate glabrous above, midrib puberulous beneath, sepals ovate, petals 1/2 in. subequal linear obtuse, bases of inner concave.
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Malacca, Maingay.
Branchlets rather- stout, pubescence pale yellow-brown. Leaves 6-9 by 2 1/2-3 1/2 in., firm, coriaceous-, pale-brown on both surfaces, base obtuse or rounded, beneath pale with prominent lax arching veins ; petiole 1/6 in., pubescent. Flowers 1/2-3/4 in. diam., tubercles 1-1 1/2 in. diam. ; peduncles 1/4 in., and sepals brown pubescent ; bracts 0. Sepals 1/6 in., acute. Petals 1/2-2/3 in., hoary silky outside, glabrate inside, base not dilated, flat ; inner rather narrower, base concave. Torus columnar, flat-topped, glabrous. Ovules 2, superposed.
15. U. crinita, H.f. & T. ; branches densely tomentose, leaves oblong elliptic-oblong or oblanceolate-oblong acuminate glabrous, midrib and nerves pubescent beneath, sepals ovate lanceolate, petals 6 in. subequal narrow strap-shaped, carpels globose velvety.
Malacca, Maingay.
Branches slender; pubescence long, soft, spreading, rufous. Leaves 4-9 by 1 1/4-2 1/2 in., membranous, pale, base 2-lobed, nerves very indistinct, puberulous chiefly on the prominent nerves beneath ; petiole 1/12 in , tomentose. Flowers in dense masses, crinite from the numerous pendulous petals ; peduncles 1/6-1/4 in., and sepals rusty tomentose ; tubercle 1-2 in. diam. ; bract 0, or linear and infra-median. Sepals 2/3 in., spreading, subulate from a broad ovate base. Petals 1/8 in. broad at the dilated base, flat and again dilated and as broad about the middle, finely pubescent, 1 -nerved, acuminate; inner a little shorter and narrower. Torus columnar, truncate. Ovaries strigose ; ovules 3-5, 1-seriate ; stigma punctiform. Carpels 2/3 in. diam., rufous; stalk very short.
16. U. desmantha, H. f. & T. ; branchlets softly pubescent, leaves elliptic-oblong or -lanceolate or oblanceolate acutely or obtusely acuminate puberulous beneath, sepals ovate, petals 1-1 1/2 in. subequal linear obtuse, carpels globose.
Malacca, Maingay.
A small tree ; pubescence soft, pale yellow-brown. Leaves 3-7 by 1 1/4-2 in., base subacute, coriaceous, opaque above, nerves obscure, beneath paler, nerves distinct oblique; petiole 1/6 in, tomentose. Flowers 2 1/2 in. diam., pale red, densely crowded; tubercles 1-2 in. diam. ; peduncles 3/4 in., puberulous, bract 0. Sepals 1/10 in., acute. Petals sparsely hoary, tapering to the tip, base not dilated ; inner rather narrower. Stamens, torus and ovaries nearly as in U . pycnantha, but ovules 3-5, superposed. Carpels 1/2 in. diam., dark, glabrous ; stalk 1-1 1/2 in.
Sect. II. Dasymaschalon. Petals 3 ; inner series wanting.
17. U. longiflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 668 ; shrubby, leaves lanceolate or linear-oblong acute or acuminate glabrous glaucous beneath, petiole slender, peduncles axillary 1-flowered, sepals small, petals 6 in. long cohering by their margins. Wall. Cat. 6419 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 134.
Forests of Assam, the Khasia hills below 3000 ft., and Chittagong.
A slender sparingly branched glabrous shrub or tree ; buds golden-silky. Leaves 6-15 by 2-4 in , pellucid dotted, base rounded or acute ; petiole 1/4-3/4 in. Flowers elongated, silky when young, soon glabrous; peduncles 1-10 in.; bracts subbasal, linear, minute, pubescent. Sepals rounded, mucronate. Petals 3, narrow-linear, 1/2 in. broad at base, taper-pointed. Ovules 2-4. Carpels stalked, moniliform ; joints 1-4, ovoid or oblong.
18. U. Dasymaschala, Blume Fl. Jav. Anon. 65, t. 27; shrubby, leaves oblong acute or acuminate rarely obtuse glabrous above glaucous beneath, petiole very short, peduncle axillary 1-flowered, sepals small silky, petals 2-3 by 1/2 in. linear from a broad base. - Alph. DC. Mem. Anon, 28; Wall. Cat. 6421 ;H.f.& T. Fl. Ind. 135.
From Ava to Sincapore, Wallich, &c. - Distrib. Sumatra, Java.
An erect or sarmentose shrub ; bark dark ; branches glabrous or pubescent. Leaves
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5-9 by 2-4 in., usually broadest above the middle, red-brown beneath ; petiole 1/12 in. Flowers pendulous; peduncles 1-2 in., slender, top subclavate ; bracts 1 or more, minute, basal. Petals appressed-pubescent, young silky, keeled internally. Ovules 6-7. Carpels moniliform, joints oblong.Var. 1. Blumei; branches glabrous, leaves pale below glabrous or nearly so. - U. Alphonsii, Wall. Cat. 6426.
Var. 2. Wallichii; branches brown-tomentose, leaves glaucous and purple-tinged below.- Wall. Cat. 6241.
10. POLYALTHIA, Blume.
Trees or shrubs; habit of Unona. Sepals 3, valvate or subimbricate. Petals 6, 2-seriate, ovate or elongated, flat or the inner vaulted. Torus convex. Stamens cuneate ; anther-cells extrorse, remote. Ovaries indefinite ; style usually oblong ; ovules 1-2, basal and erect, or subbasal and ascending. Ripe carpels 1-seeded, berried. - Distrib. Tropical Asia and (1 sp.) Australia ; species about 30. - Reduced to Unona by Baillon (Hist. des Plantes, 212) probably with good reason.
Sect. I. Monoon, Miquel. Flowers hermaphrodite. Petals flat. Ovule solitary, basal, erect.
a Flowers axillary or in the old leaf-axils or on woody tubercles.
* Petals linear.
1. P. longifolia, Benth. & H. f. Gen. PI. i. 25 ; branches glabrous, leaves narrow lanceolate glabrous taper-pointed undulate, flowers subumbelled, petals 3/4-1 in. long. Guatteria longifolia, Wall. Cat. 6442; W.& A. Prodr. 10; Wight Ic. t. 1 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 139; Thwaites Enum. 10. Uvaria longifolia, Lam. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 664.
Tanjore, Wight ; drier parts of Ceylon. - Cultivated throughout the hotter parts of India.
A lofty tree; branches slender. Leaves 5-8 by 1-2 in., membranous, base acute rarely rounded, shining above, pellucid-dotted ; petiole 1/4-1/3 in. flowers numerous, dense, yellow-green ; peduncles 1/2 in. or less, hoary ; pedicels 1-2 in., densely racemose, slender ; bracts minute, linear, basal. Petals narrow-linear. Carpels 3/4 in., ovoid, obtuse at both ends; stalk 1/2 in., stout, glabrous.
2. P. bifaria, Benth. & H. f. I.c.; young branches softly pubescent, leaves lanceolate acuminate glabrous above downy beneath, flowers solitary. Guatteria bifaria, A. DC. Mem. 41 ; Wall. Cat. 6447 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 139.
Pegu, Wallich.
A tree. Leaves 5 by 1 1/2 in., base acute, pellucid-dotted ; petiole 1/6 in. Petals linear-lanceolate. Carpels ovoid, long-stalked. - Wallich's solitary specimen is in Herb. Linn. Soc. and is flowerless. A. De Candolle describes it as differing from P. cerasoides only in the linear petals. We suspect it to be a mixture of the flower of P. simiarum with the foliage of P. cerasoides.
3. P. coffeoides, Benth. & H. f. I.c. ; branches glabrous, leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate taper-pointed undulate glabrous, flowers solitary, petals 1-1 1/2 in. Beddome Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 53. Guatteria coffeoides, Thwaites Enum. 10; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 141.
Forests of the Wynaad, Beddome ; and Ceylon, Thwaites.
A tree; branches spreading. Leaves 4-7 by 1-2 1/2 in., membranous, pellucid-dotted ; petiole 1/4 in. Flowers greenish-yellow, rarely on woody tubercles of the trunk ; peduncles 1/2-1 1/2 in., downy, articulate at the base. Sepals suborbicular. Petals broadly linear-
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lanceolate, glabrous. Carpels nearly 1 in., ovoid, glabrous, dark purple ; stalk their own length.4. P. fragrans, Benth. & H.f. l.c.; young branches hoary, leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate glabrous or puberulous beneath, peduncles few- or many-flowered, petals 1 1/2 by 1/6 in. Beddome Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t.54. Guatteria fragrans, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 206 ; H.f.& T. Fl Ind. 142.
Forests of Malabar, Wight ; South Concan, Law, &c.
A tree. Leaves 4-9 by 2-5 in., membranous, lateral nerves many oblique close-set and parallel ; petiole 1/3-2/3 in. Flowers fragrant ; peduncles in the axils of fallen leaves or on woody ramal tubercles, cymose, usually many-flowered, tomentose ; pedicels 1 in. slender ; bract orbicular, infra-median. Sepals small, orbicular. Petals linear, hoary. Carpels 1 1/2 in., broad-ovoid, hoary, walls thin brittle; stalk as long.- There are in Hb. Wight, detached petals apparently of this species upwards of 2 in. long.
5. P. simiarum, Benth. & H.f.l.c; branches glabrous, leaves ovate-oblong or oblong, lanceolate quite glabrous, flowers fascicled, inner petals 1-1 1/4 in. Guatteria simiarum, Ham.; Wall. Cat. 6440 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 142. G. fasciculata. Wall. mss. Voigt Hort. Sub. Calc. 16.
Forests of Assam, Silhet, Pegu, and Martaban, Hamilton, Wallich, &c.
A tree ; buds puberulous. Leaves 4-8 by 2-5 in., membranous ; lateral nerves close, parallel ; petiole 1/4-1/3 in. Flowers in the old axils or on woody tubercles ; peduncles 1 in., sleniler, hoary, naked above ; bracts 1-2, scaly, basal. Sepals very short, orbicular. Petals linear, puberulous, glabrous within, outer 1/3 shorter than the inner. Carpels 1 1/2 in., ovoid, fleshy, glabrous, orange ; stalk as long.
6. P. hypoleuca, H.f. & T. ; quite glabrous, leaves elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate obtusely acuminate, shining above white beneath, flowers Solitary or fascicled, sepals obsolete, petals subequal 1/3 in. narrowly linear-oblong obtuse.
Singapore, Maingay. - Distrib. Borneo ?
Branches pale, youngest puberulous. Leaves 2 1/2-6 by 1-1 3/4 in., base acute, thick, rigid, pale and nerveless above, midrib beneath puberulous, nerves many obscure subhorizontal ; petiole 1/12-1/6 in. Flowers small, axillary, suberect ; peduncle 1/10 in., stout; bracts 2, basal, cucullate. Sepals forming an inconspicuous disk. Petals hoary on both surfaces, base concave, not dilated. Torus conical. Ovaries about 6, pubescent. Carpels 2/3 in., elliptic- oblong, top rounded, glabrous, shining, walls thin ; stalk short, slender. Seed grooved and pitted. Other (imperfect?) carpels are mammillate with longer thicker stalks and contain a stony pitted nucleus, connected with the walls by stout fibres. Very near U. hypoglauca, Miq., of Sumatra, but carpels elliptic-oblong and twice as long.
** Petals ovate or ovate-lanceolate or elliptic.
7. P. acuminata, Thwaites Enum. 399 ; young branches brown-tomentose, leaves elliptic- or obovate-oblong abruptly taper-pointed glabrous above midrib and veins pubescent beneath, flowers 1-3 on woody tubercles, petals 2 by 1 in., thick. Beddome Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 57.
Near Ratnapoora in Ceylon, Thwaites.
A tree; bark silver-grey. Leaves 6-12 by 2 1/2-3 in., shining above, pale beneath; nerves strong, parallel; petiole 1/4-1/3 in. Flowers 3-4 in. diam., greenish-yellow; pedicels 1 in., stout ; bract submedian, densely tomentose. Petals 2 by 1 in., broad-lanceolate, thickly coriaceous, pubescent, strongly nerved when dry. Carpels often as large as a cherry ; broad-ovoid, tomentose ; stalk as long.
8. P. cerasoides, Benth. & H. f. I.c. ; young branches tomentose, leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate acuminate glabrous above softly pu-
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bescent beneath, peduncles on axillary tubercles 1-3-flowered, petals 1/2 in. Uvaria cerasoides, Roxb. Corom. Pl. i. t. 33 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 666. Guatteria cerasoides, Dun. Mem. Anon. 127 ; DC. Prodr. i. 93 ; Wall. Cat. 6436 ; H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 139 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 3.Dry forests on Eastern exposures, from Behar to Travancor, Hamilton, Wight, &c.
A tree ; bark light-grey ; branches glabrous with age. Leaves 3-8 by 1-2 in., membranous, base acute or rounded, dark green above. Peduncles 1/12 in., woody ; pedicels 1/2-1 in., slender, with a few basal imbricating scales, and sometimes 2-3 oblong or ovate bracts 1/4-1/2 in. long. Petals ovate-oblong, dirty green, thickly coriaceous. Carpels size of a small cherry, dark-red ; stalk 1 in.
9. P. Korinti, Benth. & H.f. l.c.; young branches glabrous or subpilose, leaves variable ovate to elliptic-oblong acute or acuminate coriaceous glabrous, flowers axillary solitary, inner petals 1/2 in. oval. Guatteria Korinti, Dunal; DC. Prodr. i 94 ; W. & A. Prodr. 10 ; Wight Ic. t. 398 ; H.f.& T, Fl. Ind. 141. G. acutiflora, Wall. Cat. 6438 excl D.
Western Peninsula, from Vizagapatam, Cleghorn, southwards; warmer parts of Ceylon, very common.
A spreading shrub; bark grey. Leaves 2-4 by 1-2 in., firmly coriaceous, pellucid-dotted, shining above, glabrous or sparsely pilose on the midrib beneath, strongly reticulate ; petiole 1/6 in. Peduncles 1-2 in., .strigose, bract submedian. Petals thickly coriaceous, inner rather the longest. Carpels 1/3 in., subglobose.
10. P. Jenkinsii, Benth. & H.f. I.c. ; young shoots brown-tomentose, leaves oblong-lanceolate glabrous, flowers axillary solitary rarely geminate, outer petals 1 2/3 by 1/2 in. Guatteria Jenkinsii, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 141.
Forests of Assam ; Silhet; Eastern Peninsula; Andamans, Kurz. - Distrib. Sumatra.
A tree ; branches spreading, glabrous. Leaves 4-7 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., firm, shining above, pale beneath, base rounded acute or oblique; petiole 1/3 in. Flowers large, spreading: pedicels 1/2-1 in, erect, bracts 2-3, scaly, basal, and a mesian and an apical one which are oval and deciduous. Petals broad- lanceolate, narrowed to a claw, thinly coriaceous, inner shorter and narrower. Carpels 2/3 in., oblong, glabrous ; stalk as long. - Nearly allied to Monoon canangioides, Miq.
11. P. nitida, Benth. & H. f. I.c. ; young branches puberulous, leaves oblong or lanceolate glabrous obtuse or acute, bracts 1/2-amplexicaul, sepals connate to the middle, petals 1 in. long. Guatteria nitidi, A. DC. Mem. 41 ; Wall. Cat. 6439 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 143.
Tavoy, Wallich; Sincapore, Lobb.
A tree ; bark grey, rugged, dotted with white lenticels. Leaves 8-12 by 3-5 in., thinly coriaceous, shining above, pale beneath, nerves strong, oblique ; petiole 1/4-1/2 in. Flowers axillary; pedicel 1 in., bracts 1-2, oval, submedian. Sepals 1/2 in., orbicular, pubescent. Petals oval, thickly coriaceous, tomentose, inner a little shorter. Carpels large, subglobose, stalked. - Flower described from the Sincapore specimen, the fruit from Tavoyan.
12. P. magnoliaeflora, Maingay mss. ; branchlets rusty-tomentose, leaves large narrow obovate-oblong obtuse or acuminate glabrous except the midrib above membranous, base cordate, bracts 1/2-amplexicaul, sepals connate to the middle, outer petals elliptic.
Malacca, Maingay.
A tree; branches stout. Leaves 10-13 by 3-5 in., opaque above, beneath paler, nerves strong many arched; petiole 1/6 in., stout. Flowers large, greenish-white; peduncle short stout curved ; bracts broad-ovate acute. Sepals silky tomentose. Outer petals fleshy, concave, hairy, tips imbricate; inner 2-2 1/2 in., oblong, constricted
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in the middle. Torus glabrous. Ovaries hirsute, Carpels (unripe) 1 1/2 in., ovoid or oblong, gibbous, pubescent, beaked ; stalk stout. - a magnificent species, referred to a new genus in Maingay's mss. Colour, odour, &c. of flower like a Magnolia.b. Flowers extra-axillary on the terminal branchlets, or on small truncal tubercles.
13. P. biglandulosa, Benth. & H.f. I.c.; young branches silky, leaves elliptic or oblong acute or acuminate glabrous above appressed pubescent beneath, basal margins recurved and glandular, peduncle solitary leaf-opposed. - Guatteria biglandulosa. Blume Fl. Jav. Anon. t. 51 ; H.f.& T. Fl. Ind. 143.
Malacca, Griffith, &c. - Distrib. Sumatra and Malay Archipelago.
A scandent shrub. Leaves 4-6 by 1 1/2-3 in., shining above, glaucous beneath, base subacute ; nerves 7 on each side, strong, curved; rather distant, parallel ; petiole 1/2 in. Flowers unknown. Carpels 1 in., oblong, mucronate, dark purple, subglabrous ; stalk a little longer. - Griffith's specimens correspond to Blume's description and to Miquel's var. a. Carpels 1 -seeded according to Miquel.
14. P. suberosa, Benth. & H.f. I.c. ; young branches pubescent, leaves oblong obtuse glabrous above puberulous beneath, peduncles 1-2 on a short woody extra-axillary tubercle, petals 1/2 in. long. - Beddome Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 56. Uvaria suberosa, Roxb. Cor. PI. i. t. 34 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 567. Guatteria suberosa, DC Prodr. i 93; Wall. Cat. 6437 ; W. & A. Prodr. 10; H. f. & T.Fl. Ind, 140.
Forests of Bengal, the Western Peninsula, Tenasserim, and Ceylon. - Distrib. Java? Philippines (this or a closely allied species).
A small tree or shrub; bark corky, rugged, grey; young branches slender, often spotted white. Leaves 2 1/2-5 by 1-1 3/4 in., usually obtuse at both ends, or base suboblique, thin, glabrous beneath in age ; petiole 1/12 in. Peduncles 1/2-1 in., solitary, rarely geminate, pubescent, bracts inframedian. Sepals small, pubescent. Petals 1/2 in., oval, silky outside, red-brown, outer shorter. Carpels pisiform, young silky, ripe glabrous ; stalk their own length.
15. P. sclerophylla, H. f. & T. ; glabrous, leaves oblong or ovate or linear-oblong obtusely acuminate rigid reticulate and shining on both surfaces, peduncles fascicled on small truncal tubercles, sepals ovate, petals linear-oblong obtuse inner rather smaller.
Malacca, Maingay.
A tree. Leaves 6-8 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in,, base rounded or acute, nerves conspicuous and midrib quite glabrous on both surfaces ; petiole 1/2 in. Flowers 2 in. diam., greenish ; tubercles 1/2-1 in. diam., globose; peduncles 1-1 1/2 in., stout, rusty-pubescent; bracts small median, orbicular. Sepals short obtuse. Petals 1 1/2 in., base slightly concave, puberulous on both surfaces. Torus broad, flat, border raised. Ovaries pilose, shorter than the cyhndric style. Carpels 1-1 1/2 in., elliptic oblong, obtuse at both ends, walls thin, smooth ; stalk as long, slender. Seed oblong, testa fibrous shining pale.
Sect. II. Eupolyalthia, Flowers hermaphrodite. Petals flat. Ovules 2, superposed, subbasal, ascending.
* Flowers extra-axillary, often leaf-opposed.
16. P. cinnamomea, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 138 ; young branches brown tomentose, leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate glabrous above, young pubescent beneath, peduncles solitary or geminate, petals 3/4 in. oblong acute. Guatteria cinnamomea and G. multinervis, Wall. Cat. 6444 and 6445.
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Penang and Singapore, Wallich.
A tree; bark grey, rugged. Leaves 6-10 by 2-3 1/2 in., tapering downwards from the middle or above it, base obtuse or subcordate ; petiole 1/6 in. Peduncles 1/4-1/2 in., extra-axillary, brown tomentose ; bracts scaly, basal. Sepals small, ovate, acute. Petals thick, silky outside. Carpels 1 in. diam., globose, short stalked, densely brown-tomentose.
17. P. Moonii, Thwaites Enum. 9 ; young branches pubescent, leaves subsessile lanceolate long acuminate glabrous above puberulous beneath, peduncles solitary slender glabrous, petals small inner suborbicular. Beddome Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 83
At Caltura and Regiam Corle in Ceylon, Thwaites.
A shrub, 8-10 ft. ; branches slender. Leaves 2-6 by 3/4-2 in., tapering to the obliquely rounded base, thin, midrib pubescent beneath ; petiole not 1/12 in. Flowers red, 1/3 in. diam. ; pedicels 1-1 1/2 in., often leaf-opposed, nearly glabrous; bracts 3, minute, glabrous. Sepals small, ovate, acuminate. Outer petals acute; inner larger, suborbicular, obtuse. Carpels pisiform or oblong, reddish, short-stalked, 1-2-seeded.
18. P. rufescens, H. f. & T. ; young branches densely tomentose, leaves subsessile narrow-oblong acute or acuminate, base obliquely cordate glabrous except on the midrib beneath, peduncles solitary stout tomentose, petals 1/4 in. ovate-oblong.
Cochin in Malabar, Wight.
A tree. Leaves 3-7 by 1-1 3/4 in., shining above, pale below; petiole glabrous. Flowers 1/2-2/3 in. diam., brown- tomentose ; peduncles 1/2-1 in., often leaf-opposed, jointed and minutely bracteate at the base. Sepals small, broadly ovate, acute. Petals oblong, subacute, thick, outer twice? as big as the inuer. Ovaries densely silky.
19. P. persicaefolia, Benth. & H. f. I.c. ; young branches pubescent; leaves subsessile lanceolate taper-pointed glabrous above puberulous beneath, peduncles solitary or fascicled pubescent, petals 1/6-1/4 in. long. Beddome Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 55. Guatteria persicaefolia, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 140.
Ceylon, near Galle, Champion.
A shrub. Leaves 2-4 by 2/3-1 1/4 in., firm, coriaceous, base slightly oblique, pale beneath; nerves inconspicuous; petiole hardly 1/12 in. Peduncle very short, woody, extra-axillary, 2-3-flowered ; pedicels 1/4-1/2 in. Sepals ovate, acute, substrigose. Petals suborbicular, thickly coriaceous, appressed-pubescent, inner much the. largest. Carpels about 10, pisiform, granulate, puberulous; stalk very short; torus small.
20. P. macrophylla, H. f. & T. ; young branches tomentose, leaves lanceolate taper-pointed rigid glabrous and shining above softly pubescent beneath, flowers solitary subsessile. Guatteria macrophylla, Blume Bijd, 19 ; Fl. Jav. Anon. 96. G. brevipetala, Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. Suppl. i. 381.
Moulmein, Falconer; Andamans, Kurz. - Distrib. Sumatra, Java, Borneo.
A tree. Leaves 6-9 by 2-3 in., thickly coriaceous, almost silvery beneath with substellate pubescence; nerves distant, prominent, arched, looping within the margin; petiole 1/4-1/3 in., tomentose. Peduncles 1/12 in., generally 1/2 in. above the leaf axil; bracts strigose. Sepals ovate, acute, strigose. Petals 1/6 in., oblong, acute, strigose, glabrous inside ; inner rather larger, very concave. Torus conical. Fruit unknown. - The two flowers we have examined are male. Miquel describes his as bisexual; Blume does not say which ; so this character is possibly not constant.
** Flowers axillary or in the axils of old leaves.
21. P. cauliflora, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 138 ; branches glabrous, leaves lanceolate obtusely acuminate glabrous above, nerves and midrib beneath downy, flowers 2-3-fascicled in the old axils, peduncles slender downy, petals 1 in. linear. Uvaria cauliflora, Wall. Cat. 6476.
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Singapore, Wallich.
A much branched tree; buds tomentose. Leaves 3-6 by 1-1 3/4 in., narrowed to the subobtuse base, nerves reticulate; petiole 1/8-1/6 in. Peduncles 1 1/2-2 in., filiform, downy ; bracts basal. Sepals ovate, subacute, appressed pubescent. Petals of equal length ; coarsely villous, outer rather broader. Torus cylindric, truncate. Ovaries strigose. Fruit unknown.
22. P. obliqua, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 138; young parts puberulous, leaves subsessile linear-oblong obtusely acuminate base obliquely cordate shining and glabrous on both surfaces, peduncles solitary, petals 1/4 in. oblong obtuse.
Malacca, Griffith.
A tree ; branches twiggy, slender, glabrous. Leaves 4-6 by 1-1 3/4 in., tapering to the base, firm, coriaceous, paler beneath ; petiole 1/6 in. Flowers 1/2 in. diam., axillary ; peduncles 1/4-1 in. ; bract submedian. Sepals small, orbicular. Petals subequal, thickly coriaceous, silky outside. Carpels pisiform, dark brown ; stalk 1/2 in.
Sect. III. Trivalvaria, Miquel. Inner petals very concave or vaulted.
23. P. costata, H.f. & T. ; young branches tomentose, leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate acuminate or acute rigidly coriaceous glabrous above silvery and downy beneath, flowers solitary shortly peduncled. Uvaria costata, Wall. Cat. 6480. Guatteria costata, H.f. & T, Fl. Ind. 143-
Martaban, Wallich.
A tree. Leaves 5-6 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., base acute, deep green above; nerves oblique, nearly straight, nervules conspicuous. Peduncles 1/4 in., extra-axillary. Sepals ovate, persistent in fruit, subconnate at the base. Fruit unknown. - A very imperfectly known species.
24. P. argentea, H.f. & T. ; branches glabrous, leaves oblong-lanceolate acute or acuminate glabrous or both surfaces silvery beneath, peduncles 1-3 on short woody tubercles. Guatteria pallida, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 143 (not of Blume).
Forests of Assam and Silhet, H. f. & T.
A shrub; branches spreading, young hardly puberulous. Leaves 4-8 by 1 1/4 -2 1/2 in , base rounded or acute, thin, coriaceous ; nerves distant, arched ; petiole 1/4 in. Flowers supra axillary, minute, polygamo-dioecious ; male as in P. macrophylla, but smaller; female with many densely pubescent ovaries and a few imperfect stamens; bracts many, minute, strigose. Carpels many, 3/4 in., oblong, granulate, glabrous; stalk 1/3 in. - An apparent congener of P. macrophylla, but the flowers are so young that it is hardly useful to introduce the details given in Flora Indica.
25. P. ? aberrans, Maingay ; branches glabrous, leaves elliptic-lanceolate taper-pointed membranous glaucous beneath nerves faint, flowers subterminal, petals orbicular-ovate outer largest, carpels small oblong 2-seeded.
Malacca, Maingay.
A climbing shrub; branches black, slender. Leaves 4-5 by 1 1/4-1 3/4 in., rather shining above, nerves spreading reticulate on both surfaces ; petiole 1/6 in., slender. Flowers 1 in. diam., erect; peduncle 1 1/2 in., slender; bracts minute, median or inframedian. Sepals 1/6 in., broad-ovate, obtuse, glabrous. Outer petals 1/3 in., pubescent on both surfaces ; inner ovate, acute, very concave, tips imbricate in bud. Ovaries pilose ; cell far above the base; ovules 1-2, snperposed. Carpels 1/3-1/2 in., elliptic-oblong, cylindric, smooth, purple, top rounded, walls thin. Seeds 2, superposed. - Referred also doubtfully to Ellipeia by Maingay, from whose mss. the description of the flower is taken.
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GUATTERIA MEMBRANACEA, A. DC. Mem. Anon. 41 ; H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 142, of which there are no specimens in the Wallichian Horbaritim, is no doubt a Polyalthia, differing from P. nitida apparently only in the slightly pubescent leaves.
11. ANAXAGOREA, St. Hilaire.
Trees or shrubs. Flowers small, greenish, leaf-opposed. Sepals 3, valvate, connate at the base. Petals 6, subequal, 2-seriate, valvate, thin, flat. Torus convex. Stamens indefinite ; anther-cells extrorse or sublateral ; connective with a terminal process. Ovaries few or many ; style variable ; ovules 2, subbasal, collateral, ascending. Ripe carpels follicular ; stalk clavate. Seeds 1-2, exarillate, testa shining. - Distrib. Tropical Asia and America ; species about 6.
1. A. luzonensis, A. Gray, Bot. U. S. Expl. Exped. 27; glabrous, leaves membranous oblong abruptly obtusely acuminate,flowers solitary leaf-opposed, bracts 1-2 amplexicaul. A. zeylanica, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind, 144; Thwaites Enum. 10 ; Beddome Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 46.
Tropical forests of Pegu, Rangoon, the Andamans, Malacca, and Ceylon. - DISTRIB. Philippines.
A shrub. Leaves 3-6 by 1 1/4-2 in., base acute, light green, paler beneath ; nerves distant, oblique ; petiole 1/4 in. Flowers 1 in. diam ; peduncle 1/4 in. Sepals ovate, obtuse. Petals ovate or oblong. Stamens all similar and fertile. Ovaries 2-4, ovoid-oblong. Carpels 1 1/2 in., spathulate, obtuse, obliquely mucronate, glabrous, rather rugose. - Allied closely to A. javanica, Blume, which has 8-10 carpels and elongated inner stamens.
12. POPOWIA, Endl.
Trees. Flowers small, extra-axillary or leaf-opposed. Sepals 3, ovate, valvate. Petals 6, valvate in 2 series ; outer like the sepals, spreading ; inner thick, concave, connivent, acute or tip usually inflexed. Stamens indefinite or subdefinite, short, cuneate ; anther-cells dorsal, remote. Carpels about 6, ovoid ; style large, oblong or subclavate, straight or recurved ; ovules 1-2 on the ventral suture, rarely 1 basal erect. Ripe carpels berried, globose or ovoid, stalked.- Distrib. About 8 species, Asiatic, African, and Australian.
1. P. Beddomeana, H. f. & T. ; leaves membranous lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate long acuminate lower ovate acute smooth above granulate and tomentose on the veins beneath, flowers extra-axillary, outer petals larger than the inner. P. ramosissima, Beddome Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 75 (excl. synon).
Mountains of Travancor, Beddome.
A much branched tree ; young parts densely brown-tomentose. Leaves 2-3 by 1 1/2-2 1/3 in., lower 2 by 1 in., base acute, smooth above; petiole very short. Flower-buds 1/3 in. diam., globose, villous ; peduncles 1/12-1/6 in., tomentose ; bract median. Sepals acute, connate below. Petals thick, glabrous inside, densely tomentose outside ; outer very broad ovate ; inner convex, tip not inflexed ; claw broad, short. Stamens indefinite. Ovaries 4-5 ; ovules 1-2
. 2. P. ramosissima, H.f & T. Fl. Ind. 105 ; leaves ovate or oblong acute glabrous above tomentose on the midrib and veins beneath, flowers leaf-opposed, outer petals smaller than the inner. Guatteria ramosissima, Wall. Cat. 7294, 8006.
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Penang, Wallich.
A spreading much branched tree; bark glabrous; young parts brown-tomentose. Leaves 2-4 by 1-2 in., thin, coriaceous, base rounded ; petiole 1/12 in., tomentose. Flowers solitary or geminate, minute, globose ; peduncles 1/12-1/4 in.; bract small, submedian. Sepals ovate, pilose. Outer petals smaller than the sepals, ovate; inner ovate, acute. Stamens about 18. Carpels many, densely strigose ; ovules 1-2.
3. P. Helferi, H.f. & T. ; leaves narrow-oblong abruptly acutely or obtusely acuminate glabrous above puberulous on the midrib beneath, flowers extra-axillary ? outer petals smaller than the inner.
King's Island, Tenasserim, Helfer.
A small spreading tree ; branchlets coarsely hairy. Leaves 2 1/2-5 by 1-1 1/2 in., base rounded or suboblique ; petiole 1/12 in., subpilose. Flowers minute, globose ; peduncles 1/12-1/4 in.; tomentose. Sepals and (rather larger) outer petals ovate, strigose ; inner petals orbicular, concave, densely strigose, tip inflexed. Stamens 15. Carpels 6, densely strigose ; ovule solitary, subbasal. - We have examined but one bud.
4. P. pauciflora, Maingay mss. ; branchlets strigose, leaves elliptic-lanceolate finely acuminate membranous minutely granulate midrib and veins beneath sparsely appressed pilose, flowers extra-axillary, outer petals much smaller than the inner, carpels pisiform
Malacca, Maingay.
Branches slender, dark-grey. Leaves 5-7 by 1 1/2-2 in., base acute, surfaces similar opaque ; nerves very oblique ; petiole 1/10 in. Flowers 1/4 in. diam., solitary or in pairs, outside the leaf-axil, rusty-strigose ; peduncles 1/6-1/4 in. ; bract basal. Sepals minute, ovate. Outer petals like the sepals, glabrous inside ; inner thrice as large, suborbicular, concave, tip inflexed. Stamens many. Ovaries 6, gibbous, strigose ; style subclavate ; ovule erect. Carpels pisiform, subsessile, glabrous, purple. Testa rugose.
5. P. foetida, Maingay mss. ; branchlets tomentose, leaves elliptic-lanceolate caudate-acuminate glabrous above tomentose beneath, flowers axillary outer petals a little smaller than the inner, carpels very large.
Malacca, Maingay.
A large tree ; branches pale, leaves beneath petioles inflorescence and carpels covered with yellow-grey tomentum. Leaves 5-7 by 2-2 1/2 in., base acute, thin, firm with midrib above puberulous ; nerves many, strong beneath, reaching the margin ; petiole 1/8-1/6 in., thickened. Flowers 1/3 in. diam., buds globose ; peduncles 1/4 in. Sepals minute, obtuse. Outer petals elliptic-ovate, obtuse, yellow ; inner smaller, base excavated, margin thick, triquetrous, apiculate. Stamens about 30, connective produced backwards. Ovaries about 6, strigose, 2-ovuled ; style rather slender. Carpels 2-3 by 1 1/2-2 in., sessile, oblong, cylindric, top rounded, 1-seeded. Seed 1 1/4-2 in., oblong; testa bony, smooth.
6. P. nervifolia, Maingay mss. ; branchlets densely tomentose, leaves oblong or elliptic-oblong shortly acuminate substrigose on the short midrib and nerves beneath, flowers extra-axillary 2-3-nate silky villous, outer petals like the sepals half as large as the inner, carpels 1/2 in.
Malacca, Maingay.
Branches black ; branchlets rusty-tomentose. Leaves 6-8 by 2-3 in., firm, coriaceous, base subacute, opaque, under-surface pale ; nerves prominent, rather remote, very oblique; petiole 1/3-1/2 in., rusty -pubescent. Flowers 3/4 in. diam., peduncles 1/4-1/3 in., stout, clothed with large ovate obtuse clasping hirsute bracts. Sepals orbicular-ovate. Petals broadly elliptic-ovate, very thick, outer 1/3 in., inner coriaceous, tip 3-quetrous, glabrous within. Ovaries many, slender, hirsute ; ovule 1, erect. Carpels many, 1/2 in., elliptic-oblong, smooth, apiculate, walls thin ; stalk short stout. Seed oblong, testa pale shining. - Allied to Xylopia in the conniving triquetrous inner petals. (Maingay).
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7. P. tomentosa, Maingay mss. ; branchlets and leaves beneath softly hirsute, leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate acute or acuminate puberulous above, base cordate, flowers small extra-axillary softly villous, outer petals larger than the inner.
Malacca, Maingay.
A tree ; branches black, rugose. Leaves 3-5 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., rather thin, opaque, dirty green above, pale and greenish beneath under the soft brown hairs ; petiole 1/8 in. Flowers 1/4 in. diam., subsessile Sepals broad-ovate, connate, hardly larger than the sepals. Outer petals suborbicular, very thick, glabrous within ; inner smaller, very concave, obovate, connivent. Torus flat. Stamens about 25. Ovaries 7-9, glabrous; style equalling the ovary; ovules 2 superposed. Ripe ? carpels 1/2-3/4 in. diam., globose, hairy, at length glabrous, smooth, blood-red, 2-seeded; stalk 1/4 in., stout.
13. OXYMITRA, Blume.
Climbing shrubs. Leaves parallel-nerved, nervules transverse, not forming intra-marginal loops. Flowers leaf-opposed or extra-axillary. Sepals 3, valvate, connate below. Petals 6, valvate in 2 rows, outer large, long, flat or triquetrous and narrow, leathery, more or less spreading or connivent ; inner much smaller, ovate-lanceolate or oblong (long and narrow in 0. stenovetala and glauca), conniving over the stamens and ovaries. Stamens many, linear-oblong or cuneate, truncate ; anther-cells dorsal, remote (small and ovoid in 0. glauca). Ovaries oblong, strigose ; style oblong or clavate, recurved ; ovules 1-2, subbasal, ascending. Ripe carpels 1-seeded, stalked. - DISTRIB. About 18 species, Asiatic and African.
1. O. latifolia, H.f.& T. Fl. Ind. 145 ; leaves ovate or obovate obtuse, base cordate glabrous above, softly pubescent beneath, peduncles 1 bracteate in the middle, carpels long-stalked pubescent.
Penang, Phillips; Malacca, Maingay.
A large woody climber, branches rusty -tomentose. Leaves 6-12 by 4-7 in., coriaceous, shining above, tomentose on the nerves and midrib beneath ; petiole 1/2 in. Flowers supra-axiilary ; pedicel 1/2^1/2 in., rusty-tomentose ; bracts ovate or oblong. Sepals orbicular, connate into a 3-lobed cup. Outer petals 1-1 1/2 in., tomentose, ovate-lanceolate, tips triquetrous; inner 1/2 in., broad-ovate, shortly clawed. Carpels red-purple, golden-pubescent, ripe carpels red-purple.
2. O. maclellandii, H. f. & T. ; leaves oblong-lanceolate acute, base rounded or subcordate, above glabrous except the midrib, beneath glaucous and appressed pubescent, peduncle ebracteate.
Rangoon, Maclelland, &c.
A large (climbing?) shrub, young branches appressed tomentose, old glabrate. Leaves 8-10 by 2 1/2-3 in., covered above with microscopic scales, reddish beneath ; petiole 1/3 in. Flowers supra-axillary, solitary ; pedicel 1/4 in., appressedly brown-pubescent. Sepals 1/3 in., ovate, acuminate. Outer petals 1 1/2 in., oblong, obtuse, coriaceous; inner 1/2-2/3 in., oblong, connivent, flat, with a slight oval basal concavity. Ovaries oblong, densely strigose ; style oblong.
3. O. affinis, H. f. & T. ; branchlets densely rusty-tomentose, leaves oblong or obovate-oblong obtuse or subacute, base cordate, above opaque and puberulous, beneath glaucous and rusty-pubescent, peduncle bracteate in the middle, sepals foliaceous, carpels elliptic pubescent shortly-stalked.
Malacca, Maingay.
Branches black. Leaves 5-9 by 2-3 1/4 in., thin ; nerves rusty-pubescent above, beneath distinct spreading ; petiole 1/4 in. Flowers supra-axillary, nodding, solitary, 1 in. long ;
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peduncle 1/4 in. short, curved ; bracts large, orbicular, veined. Sepals 1/3 in., orbibular-ovate, acute, veined, tomentose, twice as broad and half as long as the ovate-lanceolate triquetrous acute outer petals, which are excavated at the base, pubescent outside, glabrous within. Inner petals glabrous, rather shorter than the outer, connate into an acute cone, claw short. 0varies 1-ovuled. Carpels 1/3 in., acute; stalk short. - Near O. Maclellandii.4. O. stenopetala, H. f. & T. ; leaves lanceolate acute at both ends, glabrous above glaucous beneath, petals all long and narrow.
Martaban, Falconer.
A woody climber ; young branches and flowers appressed-pubescent. Leaves 9-12 by 2-3 in. Fhwers supra-axillary. Sepals 1 1/2 in., ovate, acute. Petals tapering from an ovate base to a long fine point, outer 2 by 1/6 in., inner 1/4 shorter, connivent. - Habit of the genus, but differs in the long inner petals.
5. O. unonaefolia, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 146 ; leaves oblong abruptly caudate-acuminate glabrous and shining above very glaucous beneath, carpels oblong stalked glabrous. Guatteria unonaefolia, A. DC. Mem. 41 ; Wall Cat. 6435.
Tenasserim, at Tavoy, Wallich.
A woody glabrous climber; buds with appressed golden pubescence. Leaves 5-7 by 2-3 in., base rounded or subacute; petiole 1/4-1/3 in. Peduncles extra-axillary ; flowers imperfect. Sepals persistent, broad-ovate, brown-pubescent. Carpels 5-6, apiculate, dark-brown ; stalk 1/4 in. - Referred here from its similarity in foliage, &c., to Oxymitra.
6. O. glauca, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 146 ; leaves oblong obtuse or acute at both ends glabrous very glaucous beneath, outer petals very long and narrow, carpels stalked small obtuse at both ends.
Penang, Phillips ; Malacca, Maingay.
A slender glabrous (climbing ?) shrub ; buds slightly pubescent. Leaves 3-5 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., base usually rounded. Sepals minute, acute, deciduous. Fruiting peduncles 1 in., almost leaf-opposed Outer petals 1 in., narrow-linear, triquetrous; inner very small, triquetrous. Anther-cells ovoid, top of connective large, trapezoid. Ovaries hirsute ; ovule 1 erect ; style curved, clavate. Carpels many, 1/3 in. diam., subglobose, dark-brown, smooth ; stalk as long.
7. O. fornicata, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 146 ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate acute or acuminate glabrous above glaucous and hoary-pubescent beneath, carpels narrow-oblong mucronate short-stalked. Uvaria fornicata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 662. U. Roxburghiana, Wall. Cat. 6423 A (not B).
Forests of Assam, Silhet, Mergui, and Penang ?
A climbing shrub, young branches leaves pedicels and carpels brown-tomentose. Leaves 4-6 by 1-2 in., base rounded ; petiole 1/3 in. Flowers pale yellow, supra-axillary ; peduncles 1/4-3/4 in. ; bract median, oblong, deciduous. Sepals 1/2-3/4 in., ovate-lanceolate, membranous, veined, appressed-pubescent. Outer petals 2 in., oblong lanceolate, thin, tomentose, about 5-nerved; inner 1/3 in., ovate, acute,. connivent. Carpels 2/3-3/4 in., stalk very short, stout.
8. O. filipes, H.f. & T. ; branchlets slender and leaves beneath hirsute, leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate acuminate, peduncles very long filiform, flowers very slender.
Malacca, Maingay.
A climbing shrub ; branches brown, clothed with soft spreading hairs. Leaves 4-6 by 1 1/4-2 in., thin, base cordate, opaque above with slender puberulous veins, hardly glaucous beneath ; petiole 1/4 in. Flowers 2-2 1/2 in. long ; peduncles 3-4 in., supra-axil-
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lary, puberulous ; bracts minute, median. Sepals 1/4 in., ovate, acute, rusty -pubescent. Outer petals with a short broad concave base, and almost filiform pubescent blade; inner 1/3 in., oblong, subulate-acuminate. Ovaries silky ; style short, stigma clavate; ovule 1. Carpels 1/3 in., elliptic, beaked, red, walls thin, pubescent ; stalk 1/4 in.14. PHAEANTHUS, H. f. & T.
Trees or climbers. Flowers solitary terminal or in extra-axillary fascicles. Sepals 3, small, valvate. Petals 6, valvate in 2 rows ; outer small like the sepals ; inner large, flat, coriaceous. Stamens numerous, narrow-oblong, truncate or capitate, anther-cells dorsal, distant. Carpels numerous ; style clavate, grooved ventrally. Ovules 1-2, subbasal, ascending. Ripe carpels stalked, 1 -seeded. - Distrib. Species 3, Malayan.
1. P. nutans, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 147 ; leaves oblong or lanceolate acute or acuminate glabrous above except the midrib softly pubescent beneath, carpels oblong puberulous stalked. Uvaria nutans, Wall. Cat. 6481. U. tripetala, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii,667. U. ophthalmica, Roxb. ex Don Gen. Syst. i. 93.
Malacca and Singapore, Wallich, &c. - Distrib. Moluccas.
A climber; young branches brown-tomentose. Leaves 4-6 by 1 1/2-2 1/4 in., base acute; petiole 1/3 in., pubescent. Flowers terminal or lateral, solitary or 2-3 together, fetid, yellowish, purple at the base inside ; peduncles 1-2 in., tomentose ; bracts several, small, linear. Inner petals 3/4-1 in., ovate-oblong, pubescent, 5-7-ribbed. Carpels 1/4 in., beaked ; stalks equal their length.
? 2. P. malabaricus, Beddome Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 76 ; leaves oblong-lanceolate taper-pointed glabrous except the midrib below, flowers axillary or extra-axillary solitary.
Wynaad jungles, Malabar, Beddome.
Young part ferruginous. Leaves 4-7 by 1-2 in., base rounded or cordate ; petioles very short, pubescent. Flowers 1/2-3/4 in. diam., red; peduncles 1/3-1/2 in.; bracts 2, minute, basal. Sepals orbicular-ovate, acute. Outer petals twice as large as the sepals, narrower ; inner twice as large as the outer, cymbiform, fleshy, influxed tips contiguous. Style short, clavate ; ovules 1-2 on the ventral suture. - Foliage of Goniothalamus.
15. GONIOTHALAMUS, Blume.
Small trees or shrubs. Leaves with small nerves, forming intramarginal loops. Flowers solitary or fascicled, axillary or extra-axillary ; peduncles with basal scaly distichous bracts. Sepals 3, valvate. Petals 6, valvate in 2 series ; outer thick, flat ; inner smaller, shortly clawed, cohering in a vaulted cap over the stamens and ovary. Stamens many, linear-oblong ; anther-cells remote, dorsal, connective produced into an oblong or truncate process. Ovaries many ; style simple or 2-fid ; ovules solitary or 2 superposed, subbasal. Ripe carpels 1 -seeded. - Distrib. About 14 species, natives of Eastern tropical Asia and its islands.
A very difficult genus (reduced to Oxymitra, in Baillon's Hist, des Plantes, 237), many species of which require further study. The dimensions of the flower increase rapidly, and those given in the diagnosis are supposed to be the mature ones. - Thwaites' sectional characters taken from the persistence of the calyx and form of the style are probably the best, but not available in all the specimens at our disposal.
I. Outer petals glabrous or very slightly pubescent.
t Leaves oblong or lanceolate ; outer petals 1 1/2 in. or more.
1. G. Thwaitesii, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 106 ; leaves glabrous oblong obtusely acuminate, peduncles axillary, sepals broadly ovate obtuse pers
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istent, outer petals broadly clawed, style subulate, carpels ovoid shortly stalked. Thwaites Enum. 7 ; Beddome Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 58.Travancor, Wight ; Ceylon, alt. 2-4000 ft.
A small tree ; branches glaucous, leafy; buds brown-pubescent, Leaves 3 1/2-6 by 1 1/4-2 1/2 in., coriaceous, dark-green above, paler beneath, margins subrecurved, nerves subdistant ; petiole 1/4-1/3 in. Flowers green ; peduncles 2/3-1 in., subclavate. Sepals 1/2 in., glabrous, reticulate when dry. Outer petals 1 1/4-1 1/2 in., glabrous, ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a rather obtuse tip ; inner subsericeous ; cone of tips acute, 1/3 in. Carpels 1/2-2/3 in., obtuse at both ends.
2. G. Gardneri, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 107 ; leaves narrow lanceolate glabrous, peduncles 1-2 axillary, sepals ovate acute persistent, outer petals hardly clawed, style subulate, carpels oblong subglabrous short-stalked. - Thwaites Enum. 7 ; Beddome Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 60.
Ceylon; in forests, alt. 2-4000 ft., Walker, &c.
A shrub, 8-10 ft. ; branches leafy, glabrous; buds brown-pubescent. Leaves 5-10 by 1-2 in., coriaceous, dark-green and shining above, pale, beneath, nerves close set ; petiole 1/4-1/2 in. Flowers yellow-green ; peduncles 1/4-1/2 in. Sepals glabrous, reticulate when dry. Outer petals glabrous, oblong-lanceolate, longer and narrower than in O. Thwaitesii. Carpels 1 in. ; style subulate.
3. G. griffithii, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 110; leaves oblong obtusely acuminate glabrous, peduncles axillary recurved, sepals large obtuse or subacute persistent?, outer petals long-acuminate scarcely clawed, style subulate, carpels subglobose glabrescent short-stalked.
Mergui, Griffith.
A tree ; branches glabrous, black or grey. Leaves 6-12 by 2 1/2-3 in., coriaceous, base acute, shining above, paler beneath; petiole 1/2 in. Peduncles 1/2 in., axillary or from the old wood. Sepals 1/2-3/4 in., thin, reticulate when dry, connate below. Outer petals 2-2 1/2 in., glabrous, lanceolate from a broad base ; inner 1/2-2/3 in. ; cone sharp, triquetrous. Anthers with an acute process. Ovaries strigose ; style long, subulate. Carpels 1/2 in. diam.
4. G. Hookeri, Thwaites Enum 6; leaves oblong or ovate-oblong shortly obtusely acuminate glabrous, peduncles axillary or cauline, sepals broad acute persistent, outer petals not clawed, style subulate, carpels ovoid short-stalked. Beddome Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 66.
Ceylon ; Hinidoon and Reigam Corles, alt. 1000 ft., Thwaites.
A small tree ; branches glabrous. Leaves 6-13 by 2 1/2-5 in., thick, coriaceous, base acute or rounded, paler beneath ; petiole 1/2-3/4 in. Flowers pale green, solitary or fascicled; peduncles 1/4-3/4 in. Sepals 3/4 in., connate below, reticulate when dry. Outer petals 2 in., glabrous, broad-lanceolate, base rounded, slightly contracted above the middle ; inner tomentose within, cone 3/4 in. high. Carpels size of a small bean.
tt Leaves oblong or lanceolate ; outer petals 1 in. or less.
5. G. sesquipedalis, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 108 ; leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate abruptly obtusely acuminate glabrous margin recurved when dry, sepals ovate acute persistent, outer petals lanceolate, cone of inner long, carpels ovoid glabrous very short-stalked. Guatteria sesquipedalis, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii. t. 266 ; Cat. 6446. O. macrophylla, A. DC Mem. 42 (not ofBlume) Wall. Cat. 6451.
From SIKKIM to Assam, and the Khasia hills to Tenasserim.
A glabrous shrub, 2-4 ft. Leaves 9-13 by 2-3 1/2 in., coriaceous, minutely pellucid-punctate, shining above, paler beneath ; petiole 1/2 in. Flowers greenish-yellow ; peduncles 1/12-1/4 in., axillary or supra-axillary. Sepals 1/4 in., glabrous. Outer petals 1 in.,
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lanceolate, glabrous ; inner pubescent ; cone 3/4 in. Ovaries golden-strigose, narrow, equalling the cylindric recurved style. Carpels 3-4 or 8-10, 2/3 in., mucronate, granulate, orange-red.6. G. Walkeri, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 109 ; leaves narrowly linear-oblong obtusely acuminate glabrous, peduncles axillary, sepals ovate acute persistent, outer petals ovate-lanceolate, style clavate 2-lobed. Thwaites Enum. 8 and 398.
Ceylon ; in the Singhe Rajah forest, Walker, &c.
A small tree ; branches glabrous. Leaves 10-13 by 2-5 in., coriaceous, base acute, very aromatic, dark green and shining above, pale beneath. Flowers red, sparsely pubescent; peduncles 1/12-1/6 in., axillary. Sepals 1/6 in., enlarging in fruit. Outer petals 2/3 in.; inner 1/3-1/2 in. - "The fragrant roots contain camphor and are chewed by the Cinghalese." - Thw. - Very near to O. sesquipedalis. The description of the flower is taken from Thwaites.
ttt Leaves obovate-oblong, widening upwards to above the middle.
7. G. Thomsoni, Thwaites Enum. 7; leaves obovate-oblong abruptly long-acuminate glabrous, flowers solitary or binate axillary or truncal, sepals acute persistent, outer petals 1 1/2 in. lanceolate, style with 2 filiform segments, carpels ovoid short-stalked. Beddome Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 59.
Ceylon; forests between Galle and Ratnapoora, Thwaites.
A small glabrous bush, 1 1/2-3 ft. Leaves 6-12 by 1 1/2-3 1/2 in., base acute, bright green above, pale beneath ; petiole 1/2 in. Flowers yellow, glabrous, often close to the ground; peduncles 1/2-3/4 in., slender, tip decurved. Sepals 1/4 in., lanceolate.. Outer petals 1 1/2 in., taper-pointed, base rounded ; cone of inner broad, 1/2 in. high. Ovaries elongate, equalling the style. Carpels 1/2 in., 1-seeded.
8. G. wynaadensis, Beddome Ic. Pl. lnd. Or. i. 13, t. 61 ; leaves narrowly obovate-oblong abruptly acuminate glabrous, peduncles axillary or truncal, sepals persistent ? outer petals 1/2 in. broad ovate, style elongate 2-lobed, carpels oblong. Atrategia, Beddome.
Western Peninsula ; Wynaad, alt. 2500-5000 ft., Beddome.
An erect shrub; shoots puberulous. Leaves 8-11 by 3 in., thin, membranous, base acute, shining above, paler beneath; petiole 1/3-1/2 in. Flowers 3/4-1 in. long, glabrate ; buds brown-pubescent ; peduncles 1/6-1/4 in. Sepals orbicular, obtuse or acute. Outer petals conspicuously veined ; inner half as long, vaulted. Torus and ovaries hairy ; ovule 1. Ripe carpels 1/2-1 in. long, mucronate ; stalk 1/8 in. - We have seen but one specimen.
9. G. macrophyllus, H.f.& T. ; leaves narrow-obovate-oblong acuminate glabrous coriaceous, peduncles supra-axillary, sepals acute persistent, outer petals 1-1 1/2 in. oblong-lanceolate, style slender, carpels pisiform subsessile. - Polyalthia macrophylla, Blume Fl. Jav. Anon. 79, t. 39.
Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. - Distrib. Java.
A shrub or tree; branches glabrous; bark grey. Leaves 10-18 by 3-5 in., coriaceous, base rounded or acute, pale beneath ; petiole 3/4-1 in. Flowers green, glabrous ; peduncles 1/4-1/2 in., glabrous. Petals, outer acute or acuminate ; inner obtuse, ciliate, cone 1/3 in., depressed, triquetrous. Ovaries 12-18, glabrous, 1-ovuled. Carpels size of a pea, ovoid, mucronate. - Our specimens are in fruit with a bud.
II. Outer petals softly pubescent or tomentose.
* Leaves oblong or obovate-oblong.
10. G. Simonsii, H. f. & T. Fl.. Ind. 108 ; leaves narrowly obovate-oblong caudate-acuminate glabrous above brown pubescent beneath, peduncles axillary, sepals acute persistent, style cylindric, carpels oblong.
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Khasia hills ; alt. 2-3000 ft., Simons, &c.
A small tree ; young branches, midrib and nerves beneath, peduncles and petals brown-tomentose. Leaves 9-15 by 3-5 in., nerves strong; petiole 1/2 in. Flowers 1-1 1/2 in. long; peduncles 1/4-1/3 in. Sepals 1/2 in., ovate. Outer petals 1 1/2-2 in. long, oblong lanceolate ; cone of inner 4 in. long, triquetrous, acute. Connective acute, glabrous. Carpels 4 in., on a much elongated torus, mucronate.
11. G. giganteus, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 109 ; leaves oblong long and obtusely acuminate glabrous above puberulous beneath with a sharply keeled midrib, peduncles from the old axils, sepals broadly ovate obtuse, outer petals flat, style filiform, tip clavate. - Uvaria gigantea, Wall. Cat. 6469 A B (in part).
Penang and Sincapore, Wallich, &c. - Distrib. Philippines.
Branches glabrous, white; buds brown-tomentose. Leaves 6-10 by 1 3/4-3 in., coriaceous, base acute, dark-green and shining above, pale beneath ; petiole 1/2 in. Flowers very large ; peduncles 1-1 1/2 in., subclavate, spreading or pendulous, puberulous. Sepals 2/3 in., ovate, subobtuse, pubescent. Outer petals 3-4 by 1 1/2-3 in., oblong, shortly clawed, pubescent on both surfaces ; inner densely golden-tomentose, cone 2/3 in.
12. G. malayanus, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 107 ; leaves narrow-oblong taper-pointed glabrous, peduncles axillary solitary, sepals connate to the middle acute, outer petals flat, style slender, carpels narrow-oblong glabrate stalked. Uvaria sp. Griff. Notul. iv. 710.
Malacca, Griffith.
Bark white; shoots brown-tomentose. Leaves 6-9 by 1 1/2-3 in., base acute or rounded, shining and dark-green above, paler and lurid beneath, veins subhorizontal, faint; petiole 1/4-1/3 in. Flowers greenish; peduncles 1/3-2/3 in., deflexed, brown-silky. Sepals 1/4 in , broad ovate, pubescent. Outer petals 1 in., ovate-lanceolate, acute, clawed, young silky on both surfaces with a triangular glabrous basal area, back keeled ; inner united into a short acute tomentose cone. Ovaries silky ; ovules 3-5. Carpels 1 in., corky (golden-pubescent when immature) ; stalk 1/4 in. Seeds 1-3, testa hispidulous ; funicle broad, flat. - G. Stingelandtii, Scheffer, of Java, is perhaps the same.
13. G. fulvus, H.f. & T. ; leaves narrowly obovate-oblong obtuse or acute glabrous, peduncles axillary solitary, sepals free subacute, outer petals flat, style cvlindric glabrous.
Malacca, Griffith.
Branches slender, black. Leaves 8-9 by 2 1/2-3 1/2 in., thin, glabrous, pellucid-dotted, base acute, nerves oblique ; petiole 1/4 in., appressed-pubescent. Flowers 1 in. long ; peduncles 1/4 in., puberulous. Sepals 1/3 in., broad ovate. Outer petals 1 1/2-2 in., lanceolate from a broad base, taper-pointed, brown-silky, slightly keeled on the back ; cone 1/3 in., short, triquetrous, obtuse. - Flower of G.malayanus ; leaves more like G. Simonsii.
14. G. cardiopetalus, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 107 ; leaves narrow-oblong or obovate-oblong abruptly acuminate glabrous margin waved, peduncles supra-axillary solitary or superposed, sepals orbicular free, outer petals cucullate clawed, style slender 2-fid. Beddome Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 62. Uvaria obovata, Heyne ex Wall. Cat. 6471. Polyalthia cardiopetala, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. ii. 39. Atrategia Thomsoni, Bedd.
Mountains of Canara, Heyne, &c.
A small tree ; branches slender, leafy. Leaves 6-9 by 2-3 in., thin, coriaceous, base acute, petiole 1/3 in. Flowers 1 in. diam. ; peduncles 1/4-1/2 in. Sepals small, pubescent. Outer petals 1/2-2/3 in., oblong, densely brown-tomentose ; inner 1/3 shorter, tomentose.
** Leaves lanceolate.
15. G. reticulatus, Thwaites Enum. 7, 398 ; leaves lanceolate or very narrowly oblong acuminate glandular-dotted glabrous above sparsely strigose
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beneath, peduncles supra-axillary, sepals broad ovate acute deciduous, style clavate 2-lobed, carpels oblong or globose rusty -pubescent. Beddome Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 64.Ceylon ; forests between Galle and Ratnapoora, Thwaites.
A shrub, 6-8 ft.; bark black, .young branches strigose. Leaves 6-11 by 1-2 1/4 in., membranous, reticulate ; petiole 1/4 in., deeply grooved, almost winged. Flowers 3/4 in., long, red- or yellow-brown; pedicels 1/4 in., very slightly supra axillary, deflexed Ovaries densely red-strigose, style large. Carpels 1/2 in. long, acute, 1-2-seeded ; stalk 1/6 in.
16. G. salicinus, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 106 ; leaves narrow-lanceolate acuminate glandular-dotted glabrous above sparsely strigose beneath, peduncles shortly supra-axillary, sepals deciduous, style 2-lobed. Thwaites Enum. 7 ; Beddome Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 65.
Ceylon ; in forests near Adam's Peak, alt. 2-3000 ft.
A shrub 10-12 ft. ; branches dark, slender, leafy ; young parts, petioles, pedicels, and sepals densely brown strigose. Leaves 3-4 1/2 by 1/2-1 in.; petiole 1/4 in. Flowers yellow-brown or -red; peduncles 1/4 in. Sepals 1/4 in., ovate, acuminate. Outer petals 1/2-2/3 in., oblong-lanceolate, tomentose ; cone of inner 1/4 in. high.
17. G. Wightii, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 106 ; leaves lanceolate acute at both ends glabrous on both surfaces pellucid-dotted, peduncles axillary, sepals persistent, outer petals ovate acute, style oblong tip dilated, carpels oblong glabrous. Wall. Cat. 9089 ; Beddome Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 63
Forests of Travancor, Wight, &c.
Branches glabrous, leafy, buds subsilky. Leaves 3-5 by 3/4-1 1/4 in. thin, bright green above, brownish beneath ; petiole 1/6-1/4 in. Flowers 1/2 in. diam., peduncles 1/2-1 in., subclavate. Sepals 1/5 in., broad-ovate, subacute, puberulous. Outer petals 1 in., appressed brown-pubescent; inner 1/3 in., cone short, brown silky inside. Carpels 2/3 in.; stalk 1/6 in.
16. MITREPHORA, Blume.
Trees. Leaves coriaceous, strongly ribbed, plaited in vernation. Flowers usually terminal or leaf-opposed, sometimes 1-sexual. Sepals 3, orbicular or ovate. Petals 6, 2-seriate, valvate ; outer ovate, thin, veined ; inner clawed, vaulted and cohering. Stamens oblong-cuneate ;above anther-cells dorsel remote. Carpels oblong ; style oblong or clavate, ventrally furrowed; ovules 4 or more, 2-seriate. Ripe carpels globose or ovoid, stalked or subsessile. - DISTRIB, Species about 10 -tropical Asiatic.
1 .M. tomentosa, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 113; leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate obtuse acute or acuminate, glabrous and shining above except the hairy midrib, softly tomentose beneath, flowers cymose shortly pedicelled bisexual leaf-opposed, carpels subglobose tomentose long-stalked.
From Assam, Jenkins; to CHITTAGONG, H.f. & T.
Branchlets tomentose. Leaves 3- 6 by 1 1/2-3 in., base rounded, finely reticulate beneath ; petiole 1/6-1/4 in Cymes few-flowered, densely tomentose, bracts basal, large, orbicular ; pedicels 1/4-1/2 in. ; bracteole submedian. Flowers 2 in. diam. Sepals broad-ovate, acute. Outer petals 1 in., acute ; inner broad ovate. Carpels 1 in. diam. ; pedicel 1-1 1/2 in.
2. M. obtusa, Blume Fl. Jav. Anon. 22, t. 10 and 14 C; branches glabrescent, leaves ovate or oblong acute or mucronate glabrate beneath, flowers long-pedicelled 2-sexual on terminal and leaf-opposed tomentose peduncles, carpels as in M. tomentosa but smaller. H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 113. Uvaria obtusa, Blume Bijd. ; Wall. Cat. 6484.
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Penanq, Wallich; Malacca, Maingay. - Distrib. Java.
A tall much branched tree. Leaves 2-5 by 1-2 1/2 in., coriaceous, base rounded, young pubescent beneath and on the mibrib above, old glabrous and shining on both surfaces. Flowers 1 in. diam., bracts several, distichous, linear ; pedicels 1-2 in., slender; bracteole minute, supra-median. Outer petals 1/2in., yellowish, veins purple, velvety outside ; inner smaller, ovate, obtuse, pubescent outside, densely tomentose inside, claw slender.
3. M. Heyneana, Thwaites Enum. 8 ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, narrowed to an obtuse tip glabrous shining above, flowers 2-sexual shortly pedicelled solitary or in leaf-opposed subracemose cymes, carpels ovoid or subglobose subsessile. Beddome Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 77. Uvaria Heyneana, Wall. Cat. 6463. U. lutea B, W. & A. Prodr. 8. Orophea Heyneana, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 110.
Carnatic, at Courtalam, Heyne, &c., and Ceylon, Thwaites.
Branches glabrous ; buds pubescent. Leaves 2-4 by 1-1 1/2 in., firm, coriaceous, base rounded, finely reticulated beneath ; petioles 1/6-1/4 in. Flowers 1 1/2 in. diam ; peduncle very short ; bracts minute distichous ; pedicels 1/4 in., bracteole small, appressed. Sepals minute, orbicular. Outer petals 2/3 in., yellow, cuneate lanceolate, taper-pointed, downy on both sides ; inner yellow with red spots, 1/2 in. long, trapezoid, acute, villous. Carpels 6-9, 1/2 in., strigose in flower, hoary when ripe, 1-3-seeded.
4. M. ? excelsa, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 114; young parts stellate-pubescent, leaves obovate-oblong acute shining above pubescent beneath, flowers small 2-sexual shortly pedicelled in short cymes in the old axils. Uvaria excelsa. Wall. Cat. 6477.
Penang, Wallich.
Leaves 6 8 by 2-3 1/2 in., base cordate, finely reticulate beneath, nerves oblique, conspicuous ; petiole 1/4 in. Flowers small, white, in 2-3-flowered cymes, tomentose. Sepals orbicular. Outer petals very thick, broad ovate, acute ; inner thick, arched, rather contracted at the base. - Genus doubtful, the flowers being immature.
5. M. reticulata, H. f. & T. ; leaves narrowly obovate-oblong obtusely acuminate glabrous above except the midrib puberulous beneath, flowers monoecious, pedicels fascicled axillary, carpels globose. Uvaria reticulata, Blume Fl. Jav. Anon. 50, t. 24. Pseuduvaria reticulata, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 33.
Tenasserim, Helfer. - Distrib. Java.
A small tree, 25 ft.; young branches hoary. Leaves 4-8 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., base acute, conspicuously reticulate beneath, nerves parallel; petiole 1/6-1/4 in. Pedicels 3-6, slender, 1/2-1 1/2 in., pubescent ; bracts basal ; bracteole median, minute, ovate. Sepals minute, ovate, obtuse. Petals outside and margins tomentose, outer very small, subacute; inner 1/4 in., trapezoid ; claw narrow, erect. Female with 6 staminodes in 3 pairs. Ovaries. pilose, 4-ovuled. Carpels 4-seeded. - Helfer's specimens differ from Blume's figure only in the rather longer petiole, all are male (like Blume's), but Maingay says the species is monoecious.
6. M. Maingayi, H.f. & T.; branchlets buds and peduncles rusty-pubescent, leaves oblong or elliptic-oblong acuminate glabrous shining above, flowers 2-sexual long-peduncled, bract concave median, carpels ovoid stalked.
Malacca, Maingay.
A small tree. Leaves 3-7 by 1 1/4-2 1/2 in , rather rigid, pale, base rounded or acute, minutely reticulate, nerves strong beneath arching upwards ; petiole 1/4-1/2 in , pubescent. Flowers 1 1/2 in. diam., cernuous, yellow with red blotches ; buds globose, brown-villous ; peduncles 2/3-1 in., ascending, slender, and small broad sepals brown-tomentose. Petals
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pubescent; outer 1 in., obovate-oblong, shortly broadly clawed, undulate; inner much smaller, cordate; claw long-linear. Torus urceolate pilose. Ovaries pilose, 8-10-ovuled, style clavate. Carpels (unripe) 3/4 in., rusty-tomentose, top rounded; stalk 1/3-1/2 in., stout.7. M. grandiflora, Beddome Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 101 ; young parts golden-pubescent, leaves elliptic or ovate-lanceolate shining above glabrescent beneath, peduncles 2-3-flowered leaf-opposed, flowers 2-sexual, carpels
Ghats near Coloor and Gairsoppah, in S. Canara, Beddome.
A handsome tree. Leaves 4-5 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., thin, coriaceous, axils of nerves beneath hairy and glandular; petiole 4 in. Flowers 2-3 in, diam., ferruginous, subsessile; buds globose ; bract close to flower. Sepals small. Outer petals broadly elliptic, acute, first white, turning yellow ; inner smaller, deciduous, claw broad, back triangular, white streaked with red. Carpels globose, size of a hazel, 1-seeded, tomentose. - We have seen no specimen.
16.* ANONA, Linn.
Trees or shrubs. Flowers solitary or fascicled, terminal or leaf-opposed. Sepals 3, small, valvate. Petals 3-6, valvate in 2 series, or the inner series wanting : outer triquetrous, base concave. Stamens numerous; anther-cells narrow, dorsal, contiguous, top of connective ovoid. Ovaries many, subconnate ; style oblong; ovule 1, erect. Ripe carpels confluent into a many-celled ovoid or globose many-seeded fruit. - Distrib. A large American and African genus, of which various fruiting species or varieties are naturalized in the Old World.
A. squamosa, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. i, 85 ; leaves oblong obtuse or acuminate glaucous beneath and pubescent when young, fruit tubercled. Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 657; W. & A. Prodr. 7; Wall. Cat. 6490; H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 116; Rheede Hort. Mal. iii, 29.
Naturalized especially in the Western Peninsula. - Distrib. Tropical America. - (The Custard Apple of India, and Sweet Sop of the W. Indies.)
A small tree. Leaves 2-3 by 3/4-1 1/2 in,, membranous, usually obtuse, base acute. Flowers solitary 1 in. long, pubescent. Petals 3, narrow-oblong. Fruit fleshy, areolate.
A. reticulata, Linn.; DC. Prodr. i. 85; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, quite glabrous smooth or roughish beneath, fruit smooth lightly areolate. Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 657: Wall. Cat. 6489; W. & A. Prodr. 7; H. f. & T. Fl Ind. 115 ; Rheede Hort. Mal. iii. t, 30, 31.
Naturalized in Bengal and elsewhere. - Distrib. Tropical America. (Bullock's heart or Custard Apple of the W, Indies.)
A small tree. Leaves 5-8 by 1 1/2-2 in., base acute; petiole 1/2 in- Flowers 2-3 together on lateral peduncles. Outer petals as in A. squamosa ; inner very small, narrow-oblong. Fruit subglobose, roughish outside, with pentagonal areoles.
17. MELODORUM, Dunal
Climbing shrubs. Leaves with strong parallel nerves. Flowers terminal axillary and leaf-opposed, solitary fascicled or panicled ; buds triquetrous. Sepals 3, small, valvate, connate below. Petals 6, valvate in 2 rows ; outer plano-convex or trigonous; inner triquetrous above, hollowed below on the inner face. Stamens many ; anther-cells dorsal, contiguous ; top of connective ovoid or quadrate. Carpels many, free ; style oblong ; ovules 2 or more.
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Ripe carpels berried. - Distrlb. Species about 18; Tropical Asia and Africa.Sect. I. Melodorum proper. Outer petals oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate. Ovaries tomentose; ovules many. Seeds smooth, often with a raised marginal wing.
* Leaves very pubescent or tomentose beneath.
t Leaves pubescent on both surfaces.
1. M. rubiginosum, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 116; leaves oblong obtuse acute or abruptly acuminate glabrous except the tomentose midrib above, pubescent beneath, outer petals 1-1 1/4 in. narrow oblong, carpels ovoid or globose tomentose stalked. Uvaria rubiginosa. A, DC. Mem. 26 ; Wall. Cat, 6465. U. nervosa and U. fulva. Wall, Cat. 6479, 6427.
From SILHET and Chittagong, H.f. & T., to Tenasserim, Wallich.
A large climber; branchlets brown-tomentose. Leaves 3-12 by 2-5 in., rather membranous ; petiole 1/2-1 in. Flowers axillary or in terminal 5-6-flowered leafless panicles, brown-tomentose ; pedicels 1-1 1/4 in. ; bracts 1-2, supra-median, small, ovate. Sepals short, broad. Outer petals oblong acuminate, tomentose outside, hoary within ; inner narrower, ovate, base concave, limb triquetrous. Carpels 1-1 1/4 in. ; stalk as long or longer. Seeds shining.
2. M. latifolium, Dunal ; H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 117; leaves ovate or oblong obtuse coriaceous densely pubescent beneath, outer petals 3/4 in. oblong-ovate, carpels large ovoid beaked, stalks thick. Wall. Cat. 9411. M. mollissimum, Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. i 354. Uvaria latifolia, Blume Fl. Jav. Anon. t. 15.
Malacca, Griffith; Sincapore, Maingay. - Distrib. Sumatra, Java, Philippines.
Very near M. rubiginosum, but leaves very coriaceous, more tomentose and obtuse, young downy above, flowers smaller broader and shorter, in larger panicles. Carpels 3 in., oblong, densely rusty-tomentose, young warted beaked, old smooth; stalks longer.
3. M. lanuginosum, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 117; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate acute or acuminate rarely obtuse glabrous except the midrib above densely woolly beneath, outer petals 1 1/2-2 in. villous, carpels globose tomentose. Uvaria lanuginosa, Wall. Cat. 6454.
Penang and Singapore, Wallich; Malacca, Maingay.
A rambling shrub densely brown-tomentose. Leaves 6-8 by 1 3/4-2 3/4 in., lower on the branches smaller, base rounded; petiole 1/2-2/3 in. Flowers terminal or leaf-opposed, in short 3-4-flowered cymes; bracts small, oblong, deciduous; pedicels 1/2-1 in., bracteole ovate basal. Sepals 1/2 in., ovate. Outer petals oblong, tapering to an obtuse point; inner a little shorter, hoary, narrow, base concave, limb long triquetrous. Carpels 1 in. diam. ; stalk 1/2 in. Seeds dimidiate-oblong, shining.
4. M. manubriatum, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 118 ; leaves 3-5 in. oblong or oblong-lanceulate acute or acuminate glabrous except the midrib above, densely brown-tomentose beneath, outer petals 2/3-1 in., carpels subglobose densely tomentose. Uvaria manubriata. Wall. Cat. 6456.
Penang and Malacca, Wallich, &c.
A woody climber, young branches petioles inflorescence and carpels densely brown-tomentose. Leaves 3-5 by 1 1/4-1 3/4 in., base rounded; petiole 1/4 in. Flowers 1-3, fascicled, terminal, or leaf-opposed, pedicels 1/2-3/4 in.; bracts oblong, infra-median. Sepals nearly 1/4 in., ovate acute. Outer petals ovate-oblong, obtuse ; inner a little shorter, dull purple, ovate-lanceolate, hoary, glabrous within. Carpels 1/2-3/4 in., obtuse; stalk rather longer.
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5. M. verrucosum, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 119 ; leaves 3-5 in. oblong or lanceolate acute or obtuse glabrous except the midrib above, softly pubescent beneath, nerves close-set, carpels subglobose densely warted.
Khasia Hills, alt. 1-5000 ft., H.f. & T.
A large woody climber, young branches and flowers tomentose. Leaves 3-5 by 1 1/4-2 in., base hardly rounded, petiole 1/3-1/2 in. Flowers 1-5, fascicled, terminal or leaf-opposed, buds shorter and broader than in other species ; bracts ovate or oblong, acute, median. Sepals ovate, acute, Outer petals 2/3 in., ovate, acute, slightly keeled inside ; inner triangular-oblong, acute, hoary, concave except at the triquetrous tip. Carpels 2 in. diam., pubescent; stalk 4-8 in. - Griffith's t. 652 (of Icones iv.), which is not referred to in the "Notulae," may belong to this species, but the venation differs much.
6. M. Griffithii, H.f. & T., Fl. Ind. 120; leaves 3-5 in. narrow oblong or lanceolate obtuse or subacute glabrous except the midrib above, rusty-pubescent beneath, tip often retuse, outer petals 1/2 in. Fissistigma scandens, Grif. Not. iv. 706.
Tenasserim, Griffith.
A climbing shrub ; bark dark grey, spotted white ; young branches and flowers tomentose. Leaves 3-5 by 1 1/4-1 3/4 in., base rounded; petiole 1/4 in. Flowers 2-4 in., sub-terminal in leaf-opposed fascicles terminating a short peduncle: pedicels 1/4-1/2 in. ; bracteole, median, orbicular, small. Sepals orbicular, obtuse. Outer petals 1/2 in. ; inner a little shorter, red-brown, glabrous or puberulous. - Resembles Uvaria sphoerocarpa, BI., which is a Melodorum, but the flower of that plant and the fruit of this are unknown.
7. M. bicolor, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind 110; leaves 4-8 in. oblong or lanceolate, lower on each branch obtuse upper acute glabrous except the midrib above silky beneath, outer petals 1 in., carpels globose subglabrous. Uvaria bicolor, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 662 (not of Wall. Cat.).
From the base of the Sikkim Himalaya and Khasia hills to Assam and Ava.
A large woody climber; young branches and flowers tomentose. Leaves 4-8 by 2-3 in.; petiole 1/4-1/3 in. Flowers 1-3, in leaf-opposed fascicles; pedicels 1/2-1 in.; bracteole small, basal. Sepals ovate. Outer petals villous, ovate-lanceolate ; inner rather shorter and narrower, glabrous, red. Carpels 1 in. diam., mucronate ; stalk 1/4-1/3 in. - Very near M. manubriatum, but with usually larger, more obtuse leaves, more lateral flowers, and more globose shorter-stalked fruit.
8. M. Maingayii, H. f. & T. ; branchlets pubescent, leaves broad-elliptic or oblong rounded at both ends or tip apiculate glabrous above glaucous and finely pubescent beneath, flowers 1 1/2 in. solitary, calyx orbicular, carpels oblong straight-beaked.
Penang, Maingay.
A scandent shrub; branches black. Leaves 3-5 by 1 1/2-2 in., hard, coriaceous, red-brown when dry, opaque above with a slender downy midrib, nerves many, much diverging, slender; petiole 1/3-2/3 in. Flowers axillary, cernuous, appressed, brown-pubescent; buds with a swollen base 1/3 in. diam. and trigonous curved beak; pedicel 1/4-1/2 in., stout, curved ; bract small, broad, half amplexicaul. Calyx a disk, 1/3 in. diam. Outer petals flat but keeled down the middle inside, compressed 3-gonous ; base excavated; inner very small, triangular-ovate, glabrous. Stamens very many, small, truncate. Torus conical, low, top depressed Ovaries about 6, silky ; stigma subsessile. Carpels 1 1/2-2 by 3/4 in., rusty puberulous, walls thick ; stalk 1/2 in., stout, straight. Seeds 1/2 in., many, 2-seriate, horizontal ; testa shining, not margined.
9. M. cylindricum, Maingay mss. ; branches rusty pubescent, leaves oblong elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate acuminate glabrous above brown and
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puberulous beneath, flowers 1/3 in. solitary, calyx obtusely triangular, carpels cylindric rough ends rounded.Malacca, Maingay.
Branches very dark. Leaves 3-4 1/2 by 1 1/2-1 3/4, base rounded, coriaceous, hard, midrib slender, puberulous, nerves many slender diverging; petiole 1/2-3/4 in., pubescent. Flowers axillary, cernuous ; buds short, pyramidal, appressed brown-pubescent ; peduncle short, thick, bract obscure. Calyx 1/4 in. diam. Outer petals triangular-ovate, 3-quetrous, base excavated ; inner very small indeed, triangular, glabrous. Torus as in M. Maingayi. Top of connective orbicular. Ovaries 4-6, silky-pubescent. Ripe carpels 1-1 3/4 by 1/3-3/4 in., curved, brown-pubescent, walls very thin; stalk 1/2 in., stout. Seeds many, 1/3 in. long, 2-seriate, horizontal, testa shining, not margined ; aril small, cartilaginous.
** Leaves glabrous or minutely sparsely pubescent beneath, (See also Maingayi and cylindricum.)
t Flowers in terminal or leaf-opposed cymes or fascicles.
10. M. Wallichii, H. f. & T.Fl. Ind. 118 ; leaves narrow oblong-lanceolate acute or acuminate sparsely pilose beneath veins distant, outer petals 3/4 in. carpels subglobose tomentose. - Uvaria bicolor. Wall. Cat. 6466, not of Roxb.
Eastern Bengal, in Assam and Silhet, Wallich, &c.
A large woody climber, young parts with slight golden pubescence. Leaves 4-7 by 1 1/4-2 1/2 in., base rounded, pale beneath and hairy chiefly on the midrib and distant nerves; petiole 1/3 in. Flowers 1-3, in terminal or leaf-opposed fascicles ; pedicels 1/2 in. ; bracts 1-2, ovate, basal. Sepals small, ovate. Outer petals, oblong-lanceolate ; inner one-third shorter, hoary, brown-purple. Carpels (mature ?) 1/2 in- diam., obliquely mucronate ; stalk 1 in.
11. M. polyanthum, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind, 121 ; leaves narrow oblong or lanceolate usually acute at both ends minutely pubescent beneath, outer petals 1/4 in. Uvaria polyantha, Wall. Cat. 6467 .
Forests of the Khasia hills, Silhet, and Assam.
A large woody climber; branches blackish, glabrous. Leaves 3-4 by 1-1 1/2 in. or 8-10 by 2-3 1/2 in., acute or sharply acuminate, pale beneath; petiole 1/4-1/3 in., glabrate. Flowers small, 3-7, in leaf-opposed cymes ; peduncle short, woody, hoary, soon glabrate ; pedicels 1/4 in., with a basal scale and a median orbicular deciduous bracteole. Sepals ovate, subacute, hoary. Outer petals ovate, silky outside ; inner about half the size, pubescent without, glabrous within.
12. M. rufinerve, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 121 ; leaves 6-10 in. long obtuse or acute glabrous glaucous beneath, flowers minute.
Eastern Bengal; forests between Silhet and Cachar, H.f. & T.
A large woody climber ; branches glabrous ; buds golden-pubescent. Leaves 6-10 by 2 1/2-4 in., base rounded or retuse ; petiole glabrous, 1/2-2/3 in. Buds minute, in pubescent leaf-opposed cymes ; pedicels 1/4 in.; bracteole small, median. - A very distinct species, in an immature condition.
tt Flowers axillary, solitary, or appearing racemose only through the fall of the floral leaves.13. M. prismaticum, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 121 ; leaves 5-9 in. oblong rounded or abruptly acuminate glabrous brown beneath, sepals connate, outer petals narrow 2 in., carpels oblong obtuse tubercled glabrous. - Uvaria prismatica, Wall. Cat. 6455. Pyramidanthe rufa, Miq. Ann. ii. 39.
Penang, Malacca and Sincapore, Wallich, &c. - Distrib. Borneo.
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A large woody climber; branches black, glabrous ; buds puberulous. Leaves 5-9 by 2 1/2-4 in., much smaller at the base of the branches, thickly coriaceous, base rounded, puberulous on the midrib beneath ; petiole 1/2-3/4 in. Flowers axillary, solitary; pedicel 1/2 in. ; bracteoles small, linear, subbasal. Calyx a slightly 3-lobed cup. Outer petals 2 in. tapering from a common base to a long triquetrous point, rusty-pubescent outside, hoary inside ; inner 1/3-1/2 in., ovate, acute, glabrate, concave except the triquetrous tip. "Ovaries 4-6, strigose, 4- or more-ovuled," Maingay. Carpels 1/2-1 1/2 in. long ; stalk 1/2-1 1/4 in.
14. M. fulgens, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 120 ; leaves 3-4 in. oblong-lanceolate acuminate glabrous except the midrib above pale and appressed pubescent beneath, outer petals 1/2 in. ovate concave, carpels subglobose silky shining. - Uvaria fulgens and Myristica Finlaysoniana, Walt. Cat. 6482 and 6793.
Malacca and Sincapore. - Distrib. Borneo, Philippines.
A large woody climber (small tree, Maingay) ; branches glabrous, young silky. Leaves 2-4 by 1-1 1/2 in., base rounded or subacute ; petiole 1/4-1/3 in., silky. Flowers tawny-orange, solitary or in subracemose terminal panicles (through the fall of the floral leaves) ; pedicels 1/4-1/2 in., golden-tomentose ; bracteoles 2-3, linear, upper suborbicular. Sepals orbicular, acute. Outer petals 1/2 in., ovate, golden-silky outside, hoary within, with a large concave glabrous basal area ; inner oblong, acute, glabrous. Anthers purple, appendage long. Ovaries strigose. Ripe carpels 1 1/2 in. "Seeds flattened not scrobiculate." Maingay.
Sect. II Kentia. Flowers axillary, solitary. Outer petals orbicular, with broad much thickened margins. Ovaries glabrous, pellucid-glandular ; ovules definite or indefinite. Seeds pitted.
15. M. elegans, H.f. & T, Fl. Ind. 122; leaves lanceolate acuminate glabrous above paler and puberulous beneath, carpels oblong or subglobose. Uvaria elegans, Wall. Cat. 6474 A.
Penang, Wallich ; Malacca, Maingay.
A climber; branches slender, glabrous, black; buds brown-pubescent. Leaves 3-4 by 1-1 1/2 in.; coriaceous, base rounded or acute ; petiole 1/2 in. glabrous. Peduncles slender ; bracteoles 2-3, minute, basal. Sepals small, ovate, acute, persistent. Outer petals 1/2 in., ovate, subacute, brown silky outside, hoary inside ; inner much smaller, ovate, thick, back keeled, fringed round the basal hollow, triquetrous and hoary above the middle. Ovaries 8-10-ovuled. Carpels 1/2 in., stalk as long. - Very like M. Kentii, H. f. & T., of Java (Polyalthia, Blume), but that plant is 2-ovuled.
16. M. pisocarpum, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 123 ; leaves broad-ovate or -oblong emarginate glabrous above reticulate and puberulous beneath, carpels pisiform granulate glabrate. Uvaria mabiformis, Griff. Notul. iv. 709.
Malacca, Griffith.
A shrub, probably climbing; branches glabrous; buds golden-silky. Leaves 1 3/4-3 by 1 1/4-1 3/4 in., coriaceous, base rounded or subacute; petiole 1/3 in. Peduncles 1/4-1/2 in., slender, hardly downy ; bracteoles 2, minute, scale-like, basal ; buds subglobose, obtusely triquetrous. Sepals small, ovate, acute. Outer petals 1/4 in. broad, ovate, suborbicular, golden-silky outside, hoary inside ; inner about half as long, narrow-oblong. Ovaries 2-ovuled. Carpels 1/4 in. diam., globose ; stalk the same length. "Seeds 2, scrobiculate, arilled." Maingay.
18. XYLOPIA, Linn.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves coriaceous. Flowers axillary, solitary cymose or fascicled ; buds triquetrous, conic, often slender. Sepals 3, valvate, connate. Petals 6, elongate, valvate in 2 series ; outer flat or concave ; inner nearly
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as long, 3-gonous, concave at the base only. Torus flat, or hollow and enclosing the carpels. Stamens oblong, truncate or connective produced; anther-cells remote or contiguous, usually septate, with a large pollen-grain in each cellule. Ovaries 1 or more ; style long, clavate ; ovules 2-6 or more, 1-2-seriate. Ripe carpels long or short, continuous or moniliform, usually several-seeded.- DISTRIB. Tropics generally ; species 30-40. - Closely allied to Melodorum, but very different in habit.Sect. I. Habzelia, Alph. DC. (Gen.). Torus flat or slightly concave. Ripe carpels cylindric or obovoid.
1. X. ferruginea, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 123 (Habzelia) ; leaves narrow-oblong acute glabrous and shining above glaucous beneath and rusty-pubescent on the veins, peduncles solitary or geminate, carpels cylindric slender subtorulose. Artabotrys malayana, Griff. Notul. iv. 713.
Malacca, Griffith, Maingay.
A flexuous ramose shrub; branchlets rusty-pubescent. Leaves 5-7 by 1 1/2-2 in., base oblique rounded or subcordate, much reticulate ; petiole 1/4-1/6 in. Flowers pendulous, yellow, fragrant ; peduncles 3/4-1 1/4 in., rusty-pubescent. Sepals ovate, acute. Outer petals 1/4 in., taper-pointed, yellow-tomentose ; inner shorter, narrower, triquetrous above, base contracted. Anthers with a long narrow process, cells septate. Ovaries many golden strigose. Carpels 1/2-4 in., blood-red. Seeds ovoid, aril 0.
2. X. oxyantha, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 124 (Habzelia) ; leaves ovate or oblong abruptly acuminate glabrous glaucous below, peduncles fascicled axillary. Uvaria oxyantha, Wall. Cat. 6478.
Singapore, Wallich.
A tree ; branches glabrous ; young parts puberulous. Leaves 7-8 by 2 1/2-3 1/2 in. ; petiole 1/3 in. Flowers more than 1 in. long, peduncles 1/3-1/2 in., appressed downy. Sepals broad-ovate. Outer petals 1 1/4-1 1/2 in.; narrow-linear, pubescence yellowish appressed, back slightly keeled.
3. X. malayana, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 125 ; leaves oblong obtusely acuminate glabrous reticulate beneath, peduncles very short 3-5-flowered, sepals united to the middle, carpels cylindric-oblong obtuse pubescent. Parartabotrys sumatrana, Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. Suppl. i. 374.
Malacca, Griffith. - Distrib. Sumatra.
A tree; branches slender, glabrous; buds pubescent. Leaves 3-5 by 1 1/2-2 in., coriaceous, base acute, pale-brown when dry beneath ; petiole 1/6-1/4 in. Flowers 1/2-1 in. long, triquetrous ; peduncles, axillary, 1-bracteate; pedicels short and brown-tamentose. Sepals ovate, acute. Outer petals linear, inner shorter. Connective prolonged ; anther-cells septate. Ovaries 5-7, strigose, 2-ovuled (6-ovuled, Maingay). Carpels 1/3-1 in., many-seeded ; stalk short, thick.
4. X. obtusifolia, H.f. & T. ; leaves oblong obtuse or retuse glabrous and shining above brown-silky beneath, cymes subracemose, sepals acute united to the middle.
Malacca, Griffith.
A tree ; branches glabrous ; buds rather silky. Leaves 2-3 by 1-1 1/2 in., coriaceous, base acute ; petiole 1/6-1/4 in. Flowers like those of X. malayana in shape and size, brown-silky. Cymes 1/3-1/2 in. ; pedicels 1/4 in., rather silky, with a median and basal bracteole. Ovules 4-5.
5. X. fusca, Maingay mss. ; branches glabrous, leaves small elliptic- or linear-oblong obtuse coriaceous glabrous, nerves faint reticulate, flowers
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solitary racemed or fascicled, pedicel and subentire calyx rarely pubescent, petals brown-silky, ovaries 4-5.Malacca, Maingay.
A tree ; branches rather stout black, tips and very young leaves silky, shining. Leaves 2-3 by 3/4-1 in., base acute, opaque above, rather darker beneath, midrib sometimes puberulous ; petiole 1/4 in., stout. Flowers 3/4 in., pendent ; peduncle 1/4-1 in., stout, curved; bracts few, minute, pedicels short, stout, ebracteolate. Petals shining; outer linear from a rather broader base, concave ; inner rather shorter, narrower, 3-gonous, base excavated. Top of connective oblong ; anther-cells not septate, lateral. Ovaries cohering in a cone on the slightly concave torus, golden silky ; style short, subulate ; ovules 10-12, 2-seriate.
6. X. magna. Maingay mss. ; leaves oblong or ovate-oblong obtuse or acute glabrous above softly pubescent beneath coriaceous, flowers solitary or racemes terminal, sepals united beyond the middle, carpels obliquely ovoid or obovoid compressed puberulous.
Malacca, Maingay.
A tree ; branches black, glabrous, branchlets pubescent. Leaves 3-6 by 1 1/4-2 1/2 in., base obtuse or rounded, thick, above dull, beneath very opaque, brown, nerves faint ; petiole 1/12-1/6 in. Flowers 5 in. long, white, slender; peduncles very short. Sepals united into a broad acutely-lobed cup, ferruginous. Petals hoary, subequal ; outer very narrow, subulate, flat ; inner more slender, base concave. Torus concave. Anthers rose-coloured, slender, cells septate, tip orbicular. Ovaries strigose ; style slender, Stigma hairy; ovules 4. Carpels 1 1/2 in., walls thick; stalk very short; torus 3/4 in. diam. Seeds about 4, superposed, arillate, testa osseous.
Sect. II. Euxylopia. Torus much hollowed, bearing the stamens outside and enclosing the ovaries.
7. X. parvifolia, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 125 ; leaves oblong-lanceolate acuminate glabrous shining above pale beneath, pedicels fascicled clothed with bracteoles, sepals united to the middle, carpels obovoid or oblong subsessile pubescent. Thwaites Enum. 9 ; Beddome Ic. Fl. Ind. Or. t. 43. Patonia parvifolia, Wight III. 19.
Southern parts of Ceylon.
A tree ; young branches brown-pubescent. Leaves 2-3 by 3/4-1 1/4 in., coriaceous, base acute ; petiole 1/3 in. Flowers 1/2 in. long, in axillary 3-5 flowered subsessile fascicles, pubescence brown appressed ; pedicels very short ; bracteoles orbicular, the upper close to the calyx. Sepals acute. Ovaries 5, 4-6-ovuled. Carpels 1-1 1/2 in. Seeds oblong, smooth; imbedded in pulp (arillate?). - (Patonia Walkeri, Wight Ill. I.c., is a species of Diospyros.)
8. X. nigricans, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 125; leaves broad lanceolate obtusely acuminate glabrous shining above pale beneath, peduncles 2-3 together axillary, bracteoles 2-3 deciduous, sepals free, carpels as in X. parvifolia. Thwaites Enum. 9, 398 ; Beddome Ic. Fl. Ind. Or. t. 44.
Ceylon ; at Trincomalee, Glenie; and in the Doombera district, Thwaites.
A tree; branches glabrous ; young puberulous. Leaves 2-3 by 1-1 1/2 in., thin, coriaceous, base acute ; petiole 1/5 in. Flowers 1/2 in. long, pubescence ochreous, appressed ; pedicels 1/6-1/4 in., short, slender, downy. Ovaries 5, about 4-ovuled.
9. X. Championii, H.f. & T.Fl. Ind. 126 ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate acuminate pellucid-dotted glabrous and shining above puberulous beneath, peduncles solitary, sepals united almost to the tips, carpels oblong 5-ribbed short-stalked. Thwaites Enum. 9 ; Beddome Ic. Fl. Ind. Or. t. 45.
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Ceylon ; Ambagamowa and Ratnapoora districts, Gardner, &c.
A tree ; branches slender, glabrous ; buds rather silky. Leaves 3-5 by 1-1 3/4 in., thin, coriaceous, base acute, pale beneath ; petiole 1/4-1/3 in. Flowers 1 in. long, pale ochreous or reddish, tomentose, triquetrous, broader than in its congeners ; pedicels 1/6 in., brown-silky ; bracteoles 2-3, minute, basal. Calyx slightly 3-lobed. Petals triquetrous above ; inner narrower, one-third shorter. Ovary solitary, 4-ovuled. Carpels 1 3/4 in. Seeds enveloped in pulp.
10. X. caudata, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 125; leaves oblong or lanceolate long obtusely acuminate tip mucronate glabrous except the midrib above silky beneath, peduncles 1-3 very short axillary bracteolate at the base and under the calyx, sepals connate at the base, carpels subglobose or ovoid pubescent short-stalked. Guatteria ? caudata, Wall. Cat. 6452.
Singapore, Wallich; Malacca, Griffith.
A small leaved, much branched shrub, or small tree; branchlets hoary. Leaves 1 1/2-3 1/2 by 2/3-1 in., thin, coriaceous, pellucid-punctate, grey beneath; petiole 1/12 in. Flowers 1/5-1/4 in, long, subsessile. Sepals hoary. Petals silky, about equal in length, very slender. Ovaries 2, silky hairy, 2-ovuled ; styles long, clavate, glabrous, exserted. Carpels 2-3, 1/2 in., 2-seeded.
11. X. pustulata, H.f. & T. ; branches pustulate, leaves small elliptic glabrous tip narrowed obtuse dark beneath, nerves faint, peduncles solitary or geminate very short, sepals united to the middle.
Malacca, Maingay.
A tree ? ; branches pale, minutely white-dotted, glabrous. Leaves 1-2 by 2/3-1 in., base acute, coriaceous, thick, hardly shining above with obscure veins, reddish-brown and reticulated beneath, nerves and venules all alike ; petiole 1/6 in. Flowers 1/2 in. long, many, axillary, pendent ; bracts basal, orbicular, ciliate, deciduous ; buds obtuse. Sepals short, ovate, subacute, rusty-pubescent. Petals densely appressed pubescent ; outer linear from a rather broader concave base, obtuse ; inner much narrower, rather shorter, trigonous with a broader excavated base. Stamens outside the torus, linear; anther-cells long, septate, top of connective rounded. Ovaries 5-8, sunk in the concave top of the torus, strigose ; style slender, clavate ; ovules several.
12. X. Maingayi, H.f. & T. ; branches rusty-pubescent, leaves small elliptic or elliptic-oblong glabrous subacute or obtusely acuminate, nerves very finely reticulate, flowers solitary, peduncles very short and calyx rusty-tomentose, buds hooked, ovaries many.
Malacca, Maingay.
A tree ; branches minutely white-dotted. Leaves 2-3 by 1-1 1/4 in., base subacute, coriaceous, pale above, darker beneath, nerves very slender reticulate on both surfaces ; petiole slender, 1/4-1/3 in. Flowers 1-1 1/2 in. long, pendent, pale-orange ; peduncle very short, stout, curved, and calyx rusty- tomentose ; bracteoles 2-3, orbicular, persistent. Sepals connate to the middle. Outer petals flat, very narrow, subacute, base concave, silky tomentose ; inner as long, very narrow, 3-gonous, base excavated. Anther-cells septate, tip of connective rose-coloured, rounded. Ovaries about 9, immersed in the torus, style glabrate ; ovules 6.
13. X. dicarpa, H.f. & T. ; branches glabrous, leaves elliptic-lanceolate obtuse or obtusely acuminate glabrous, nerves very finely reticulate, flowers solitary or geminate, pedicels short and calyx glabrous, sepals connate to the middle, ovaries 2.
Singapore, Maingay.
A tree?; branches dark, minutely dotted. Leaves 3-4 1/2 by 1 1/2-1 3/4 in., base acute, firm, coriaceous ; nerves oblique, finely reticulate on both surfaces ; petiole 1/4 in. Flowers 1 1/2 in., pendent, peduncle very stout; bracteoles 1-3, orbicular, amplexicaul. Sepals obtuse, tubercled. Petals hoary, outer narrow from a rather broader base,
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concave ; inner narrower, 3-gonous. Stamens many, inner imperfect ; anther-cells septate ; tip of connective rounded. Ovary sunk in the torus, pilose ; style short ; ovules many.14. X. elliptica, Maingay mss. ; branches glabrous, leaves small elliptic obtuse membranous glabrous, tip rounded, nerves faint reticulate, flowers small solitary erect pubescent, sepals subacute united to the middle, ovaries 1-3.
Malacca, Maingay.
A lofty tree ; trunk thick ; branches glabrous, almost black ; branchlets pubescent. Leaves 1 1/2-2 by 1 1/4-1 1/2 in., base obtuse or acute, pale on both surfaces, browner beneath ; petiole 1/4 in., puberulous. Flowers 1/2-3/4 in., slender; peduncle half as long or shorter, and calyx rusty-pubescent ; bracts median, minute. Petals pale brown-tomentose ; outer linear subulate, from a rather broad base, concave ; inner trigonous, base excavated. Stamens minute. Ovaries sunk in the deeply urceolate torus, hidden amongst long white hairs ; ovules 4-6.
19. MILIUSA, Leschenault.
Trees or shrubs. Flowers 1-2-sexual. green or red, axillary or extra-axillary, solitary fascicled or cymose. Sepals 3, small, valvate. Petals 6, valvate in 2 series; outer smaller, like the sepals; inner cohering when young by the margins, at length free. Torus elongated, cylindric. Stamens definite or indefinite; anthers subdidymous ; cells contiguous, ovoid, extrorse ; connective hardly apiculate. Ovaries indefinite, linear-oblong ; style oblong or very short ; ovules 1-2. rarely 3-4. Ripe carpels globose or oblong, 1- many-seeded. - Distrib. Species 7 ; all Indian.
1. M. macrocarpa, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 150; leaves lanceolate or narrow-oblong long-acuminate glabrous shining above, flowers bisexual ? solitary or in leafy cymes, sepals and outer petals large ovate 1/3 in., carpels glabrous long-stalked.
SIKKIM-HIMALAYA ; KHASIA HILLS, Simons.
A small tree ; branches glabrous. Leaves 4-9 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., thin, coriaceous, pale beneath ; petiole 1/12-1/6 in. Flowers subterminal or leaf-opposed ; peduncle 2-3 in., clavate upwards. Outer petals ovate, glabrous, granulate outside, edges and inside appressed-pubescent ; inner 2/3 in., lengthening much after expansion, glabrous, ciliate. Ovaries oblong, silky ; style oblong, glabrous ; ovules 1-2. Carpels 1 in., dark-purple, fleshy ; stalk as long, 1 -seeded, or 2-seeded and twice as broad. - Differs from its congeners in the large sepals and outer petals ; inner petals very small in bud.
2. M. indica, Lesch. in A. DC. Mem. Soc, Genev. v. 36 ; leaves ovate or ovate-cordate obtuse or lanceolate and acute or acuminate glabrous or pubescent beneath, flowers 2-sexual axillary solitary, inner petals oblong subacute, carpels pisiform subsessile. W. & A. Prodr. 10 ; Wall. Cat. 6433 ; H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 148 ; Beddome Ic. Fl. Ind. Or. t. 85. M. montana, Gardner ex Fl. Ind. I.e. ; Thwaites Enum. 4; Beddome I.c. t. 84.
Malabar, Maisor, and Ceylon, in the Central Province, Gardner.
A much branched very variable shrub ; branches strigose, tomentose or glabrate. Leaves 1-2 1/2 by 3/4-1 1/4 in., base generally oblique, coriaceous ; petiole obsolete. Flowers greenish, purple near the base ; pedicel 1/4-3/4 in., slender ; bracteoles several, basal. Outer petals equalling or 2-3 times exceeding the oblong subacute inner. Ovaries 1-2-ovuled.
Var. 1. tomentosa ; branchlets and leaves beneath tomentose, carpels pubescent.
Var. 2. strigose; branchlets and leaves beneath strigose, carpels glabrous.
Var. 3. montana; branchlets and much smaller leaves glabrous.
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3. M. zeylanica, Gard. ex H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 149 ; leaves oblong-lanceolate obtuse acute or acuminate young puberulous beneath, flowers 2-sexual axillary solitary, inner petals narrow oblong taper-pointed, carpels pisiform subsessile. Thwaites Enum. 61 ; Beddome Ic. Fl. Ind. Or. t. 89.
Ceylon ; southern parts of the Island, Walker, &c.
A small tree; branches rugose, young strigose or downy. . Leaves 2-4 by 1-1 1/2 in., coriaceous, rigid, base somewhat oblique rounded or retuse, midrib downy above, when old glabrous on both surfaces; petiole 1/12-1/6 in., strigose. Flowers 3/4-1 in. long; peduncle short, downy ; bracteoles several, basal. Sepals and outer petals oblong, hardly acute, softly ciliate ; inner petals narrow-oblong, greenish-yellow, base purple. - Closely allied to M. indica; but leaves longer and petals narrower.
4. M. Wightiana, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 149 ; leaves narrow-oblong or oblong-lanceolate obtusely acuminate glabrous, shining above, flowers polygamous axillary, inner petals oblong subacute, carpels pisiform or oblong glabrous granulate. Beddome Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 86.
Hill forests of Tinivelly and Travancor, Wight, &c.
A small tree, bark rough ; branches glabrous. Leaves 2-4 by 2/3-1 in., thin, coriaceous, pale beneath; petiole 1/12 in. Flowers like those of M. indica; peduncles 1-2 in., slender ; bracteoles 1-2, minute, basal. Ovaries 1-2-ovuled. Carpels 1-2 seeded ; stalks as long or longer.
5. M. Roxburghiana, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 150 ; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate abruptly acuminate shining above glabrous or tomentose beneath, flowers 1-3 together dioecious axillary, inner petals ovate obtuse, carpels ovoid or pisiform and glabrous. M. Wallichiana, H. f. & T. I.c. 149. Uvaria dioica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 659. Guatteria globosa, A. DC. Mem. Boc. Genev. v. 43 ; Wall. Cat. 6448. Hyalostemma Roxburghiana, Wall. Cat, 6434 ; Griiff. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. iv. t. 653.
SIKKIM, Assam, and the Khasia hills to Tenasserim.
A small tree ; branches softly pubescent ; leaves beneath pedicels and calyx glabrous or densely pubescent. Leaves 3-6 by 1-2 in., thin, coriaceous, lower on the branch smaller, subobtuse ; petiole obsolete. Pedicels 1/2-1 1/2 in., sometimes on a short peduncle, slender ; bracts several, linear. Sepals lanceolate. Inner petals 1 in., ovate, obtuse, blood-red, veins dark. Carpels 1- rarely 2-seeded; stalk 3/4 in.
6. M. velutina, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 151 ; leaves ovate or oblong acute or acuminate tomentose on both surfaces, flowers 2-sexual subracemose, inner petals ovate, carpels ovoid downy short-stalked. Beddome Ic. PI. Ind. Or, t. 87. Uvaria velutina, Dunal Anon. 91. U. villosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 664. Guatteria velutina, A. DC. Mem. Soc. Genev. v. 42 ; Wall. Cat. 6441.
Garwhal, Behar, Malwah, Orissa, Malabar, and Pegu.
A large tree; young branches densely tomentose. Leaves 3-6 by 2-4 in., lower on the branches smaller and often obtuse, base obliquely cordate ; petiole 1/10 in. Flowers 3-6, in leaf-opposed cymes or in short few-leaved branches; pedicels 2-4 in., slender, tomentose ; bracts minute, basal deciduous. Sepals and outer petals small, ovate ; inner petals 1/3 in., ovate, dark brown, glabrous inside. Carpels size of a cherry.
7. M. nilagirica, Beddome Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 88 ; leaves lanceolate linear-lanceolate or elliptic taper-pointed glabrous, peduncles axillary glabrous, inner petals broadly ovate-lanceolate, stamens 8 1-seriate, carpels pisiform glabrous.
Northern slopes of the Nilgiris, alt. 5000 ft., Beddome.
A large shrub; branches glabrous. Leaves 2-4 by 3/4-1 3/4 in., narrowed and obtusely pointed at both ends, coriaceous; petiole 1/4-1/3 in. Flowers 1/3 in. long; peduncles
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1/3-1 in.; bracteoles 2-3, basal. Sepals and outer petals subequal, ciliate; inner petals glabrous except the thickened margin near the tip. Ovaries about 13, glabrous ; style oblong or globose ; ovules 1-2. Carpels pisiform ; stalks 1/6-1/4 in.20. SACCOPETALUM, Bennett.
Trees. Leaves deciduous. Flowers axillary, solitary or fascicled. Sepals 3, small, valvate. Petals 6, valvate in 2 series ; outer small, like the sepals ; inner much larger, erect or conniving, base saccate. Stamens indefinite ; anther-cells dorsal, contiguous ; connective produced into a conspicuous appendage. Ovaries indefinite ; ovules 6 or more. Ripe carpels subglobose.- DISTRIB. Species 5, Eastern Asiatic, with one Australian. - Reduced to Miliusa by Baillon (Hist. des Plantes, 244).
1. S. longiflorum, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 151 ; leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate acuminate glabrous above appressed pubescent beneath, peduncles very short solitary in the old axils, inner petals oblong-lanceolate, carpels glabrous.
Eastern Bengal, near Purneah, Hamilton.
A tree ; branchlets puberulous. Leaves 8 by 3 in,, thin, coriaceous, appressed-pubescent beneath ; petiole 1/3 in. Peduncles 1/4 in. ; downy. Sepals and outer petals 1/6 in., oblong ; inner petals 1 1/3 in., tapering to an obtuse point, thin, downy, base subsaccate. Carpels 1-1 1/4 in. diam., berried, black ; stalk 3/4 in.
2. S. tomentosum, H.f. & T. Fl, Ind. 152 ; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong acute glabrous above except the midrib pubescent or tomentose beneath, flowers cymose, peduncles long, inner petals oblong obtuse. Beddome Ic. Fl. Ind. Or. t. 49. Uvaria tomentosa, Roxb. Cor. Fl. i. t. 35 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 667 ; Wall. Cat. 6472 ; W. & A. Prodr. 8.
Terai of Nepal at Gorakpore, Orissa, and Behar, from the Concan to Travancor.
A large tree; branchlets tomentose. Leaves 4-6 by 2 1/2-3 in., sometimes glabrous when old, base obliquely cordate, pale beneath ; petiole 1/4 in. Flowers few, in leaf-opposed or subterminal cymes, appearing with the leaves in short leafy branches ; peduncles 2-3 in., slender, downy. Sepals and outer petals 1/6 in. ; inner petals 2/3 in., oblong, obtuse, downy. Carpels 1 in. diam,, purple, 3-4-seeded ; stalk 1/2 in. - Intermediate between Miliusa and Saccopetalum.
3? S. sclerocarpum, H.f. & T.; leaves ovate or oblong obtuse or obtusely acuminate glabrous.- Uvaria sclerocarpa, A. DC. in Mem. Genev. v. 27 ; Wall Cat. 6461 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 103.
Martaban, Wallich.
A tree, branches glabrous. Leaves 4-5 by 2-2 1/2 in,, thin, coriaceous, base a little ciliate. Unripe carpels 1/2-2/3 in.; ovoid, subacute, glabrous; stalks rather longer. - A very imperfectly known plant ; certainly not a Uvaria.
21. ALPHONSEA, H. f. & T.
Lofty trees. Leaves thick, coriaceous, glabrous shining. Flowers small or middle-sized, in leaf-opposed rarely extra-axillary peduncled fascicles. Sepals 3, small, valvate. Petals 6, valvate in 2 series, larger than the sepals, equal or the inner rather smaller. Torus cylindric or hemispheric. Stamens indefinite, loosely packed ; anther-cells dorsal, contiguous ; connective apiculate. Ovaries 1 or more ; style oblong or depressed ; ovules 4-8, in 2
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series on the ventral suture. Carpels subsessile or stalked. - Distrib. Species 3, all Indian. - Baillon Hist. 215, unites this genus with Bocagea.1. A. ventricosa, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 152 ; leaves narrow-oblong long-acuminate glabrous shining above, flowers in fascicled short racemes, pedicels 1/2-1 in. bracteolate at the base and middle, carpels tomentose longstalked.- Uvaria ventricosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 658 ; Wall. Cat. 6453.
Assam, Chittagong, Andamans, Penang.
A lofty tree; branches glabrous, young brown-tomentose. Leaves 6-10 by 1 1/2-4 in., base rounded or subacute, young pubescent on the midrib, pale and conspicuously veined beneath ; petiole 1/4 in., puberulous. Flowers numerous, greenish-white, odorous ; racemes tomentose; pedicels 1/2-1 in., with an ovate median and basal bracteole. Sepals small, broad ovate, connate below. Petals 3/4 in., ovate-oblong, brown-tomentose outside. Ovaries about 10, villous ; style oblong. Carpels 1-1 1/2 in. diam. ; ovoid or subglobose ; stalk nearly as long.
2. A. lutea, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 153; leaves ovate-oblong glabrous obtusely acuminate, flowers subcapitate, carpels tomentose subsessile. Thwaites Enum. 399 ; Beddome Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 91. Uvaria lutea, Roxb, Cor. PI. i. t. 36; Fl. Ind. ii. 666 (not of Wall, nor W. & A.). Uvaria Russellii, Wall. Cat. 6464.
From SILHET to Pegu, Beddome ; mountains of Orissa ; Ceylon, Reigam Corle, Thwaites.
A tree ; young branches brown-pubescent. Leaves 3-5 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., base rounded, pale and conspicuously nerved beneath with puberulous costa and nerves ; petiole 1/6-1/4 in., and midrib at first pubescent. Flowers in dense leaf-opposed fascicles ; peduncle and very short pedicels densely brown-tomentose. Sepals orbicular. Petals 1/2 in., ovate, densely tomentose. Ovaries about 10, densely villous; style oblong. Carpels 1-1 1/2 in., broad ovoid, obtuse at both ends; stalk very short.
3. A. zeylanica, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 153 (incorrect as to fruit) ; leaves lanceolate acute or long acuminate glabrous shining above, flowers few in leaf-opposed or extra-axillary fascicles, carpels smooth, tomentose stalked. Beddome Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 90. Uvaria lutea var. a, W. & A. Prodr. 8 (excl. syn.). Guatteria acutifolia, Wall. Cat. 6438 D.
Travancor, at Courtalam, Wight; Ceylon, Central Province, alt. 3-4000 ft.. Walker, &c.
A tree ; young branches downy. Leaves 2 1/2-4 by 2/3-1 in., tip rather obtuse, midrib puberulous beneath when young; petiole 1/6-1/4 in., slender. Flowers yellow-green; peduncle very short, tomentose ; pedicels 1/4-1/2 in., pubescent ; bracteole small, basal. Petals 1/2-2/3 in., downy outside, glabrous within. Ovaries 5 ; style depressed. Carpels 1-1 1/2 in. diam., subglobose ; stalk 1-1 1/2 in., stout.
4. A. sclerocarpa, Thwaites Enum. 11 ; leaves lanceolate obtuse glabrous, flowers fascicled on a very short extra-axillary peduncle, pedicels short carpels bony warted subsessile tomentose.
Ceylon, at Haragam, &c., Thwaites.
A tree; branches glabrous ; buds brown-tomentose. Leaves 2-3 1/2 by 3/4 - 1 1/2 in., base acute, pale beneath; petiole 1/6-1/4 in. Flowers numerous, ochreous-yellow; pedicels 1/4 in., brown-pilose, with a basal and median bracteole. Sepals very small. Petals 1/4 in., hairy outside. Stamens 15, 2-3-seriate. Ovaries 3-5; style depressed. Carpels 1-2 in., yellow, ovoid or subglobose ; stalk short.
5. A. madraspatana, Beddome Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 92 ; leaves lanceolate elliptic-ovate or oblong obtuse, flowers fascicled on leaf-opposed supra-axillary peduncles, carpels ovoid.
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By streams in Maisor and the Carnatic, Beddome.
An umbrageous tree. Leaves 3 1/2 by 1 1/2 in., much reticulated beneath ; petioles 1/4 in., glabrous or puberulous. Flowers 1-6, bright yellow ; peduncles very short ; pedicels 1/4-1/2 in., puberulous; bracteole infra-median. Sepals small, ovate. Petals 3/8 in., puberulous outside. Stamens 12, 2-seriate. Ovaries 3-4; style subglobose, slightly curved ; ovules about 8 ; 2-seriate. Carpels yellow-tomentose.
6. A. Maingayi, H. f. & T. ; leaves elliptic-oblong or lanceolate obtusely or subacutely acuminate shining above reticulate and pubescent beneath, flowers solitary or in loose supra-axillary racemes, ripe carpels very short-stalked tomentose.
Malacca, Maingay.
A middle sized or lofty tree ; branches black, young rusty-tomentose. Leave 3-7 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., base acute or rounded, hard, coriaceous, pale yellow-brown, rusty beneath, petiole 1/6-1/4 in., rusty. Flowers 3/4 in. diam. ; peduncles 1/12-1 1/2 in- and very short pedicels rusty-tomentose ; bracts small. Sepals 1/10 iin. Outer petals ovate, recurved, pubescent outside ; inner similar but rather smaller. Torus 6-angled. Filaments broad short fleshy ; anther cells small, diverging below. Stigma sessile ; ovules about 20. Carpels 2 by 1 in., obtuse, smooth. Seeds many, smooth.
7. A. elliptica, H.f.& T. ; leaves elliptic or elliptic-ovate acuminate shining above glabrous reticulate, nerves very slender, flowers solitary or in 2-3-flowered racemes, peduncle short multibracteate.
Malacca, Maingay.
A tree?; branches rugose, quite glabrous. Leaves 3-5 by 1 1/4-1 3/4 in., tip acute or obtuse, base acute, thin, coriaceous, nearly concolorous, nerves about 5 on a side, venules reticulate on both surfaces ; petiole 1/6-1/4 in. Flowers 2/3 in. diam. ; peduncles very short, bracts many short orbicular persistent; pedicels 1/4-1/3 in., slender, curved, bracteoles minute, median. Petals appressed-pubescent ; outer broad-ovate, revolute ; inner rather smaller. Stamens imbricate in several series, apiculate; anther-cells oblong. Ovaries linear-oblong, silky ; stigma subsessile ; ovules many, 2-seriate.
22. OROPHEA, Blume.
Trees or shrubs. Flowers usually small, axillary solitary, fascicled or cymose. Sepals 3, valvate. Petals 6, valvate in 2 series ; outer ovate ; inner clawed, cohering by their margins into a mitriform cap. Stamens definite, 6-12, ovoid, fleshy; anther-cells dorsal, large, contiguous. Ovaries 3-15; style short or 0; ovules 4. Ripe carpels 1- or more-seeded (very long in O. enterocarpa). - DISTRIB. Species about 16 ; all Eastern Asiatic. - Intermediate between Mitrephora and Bocagea, having the perianth of the former and stamens of the latter.
1. O. uniflora, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 111; leaves elliptic-oblong or lanceolate obtusely acuminate glabrous, peduncles solitary axillary, stamens 12 2-seriate, carpels globose glabrous short-stalked. Beddome Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t 69.
Forests of Travancor at Courtalam, Wight.
A shrub or small tree ; branches glabrous ; buds pubescent. Leaves 1 1/2 by 2 1/2 in., thin, coriaceous, base acute, pale beneath ; petiole 1/12 in. Flowers solitary ; pedicels 1/4-1/2 in., slender ; bracteoles sevaral, minute, basal, and 1 median. Sepals minute, orbicular, ciliate. Outer petals 1/6 in., ovate or orbicular, membranous, glabrate ; inner 1/2 in., trapezoid, tapering mto the narrow claw. Ovaries 6 ; ovules 2. Carpels 1/2 in, diam., brown-black.
2. O. zeylanica, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 111 ; leaves ovate or oblong shortly and obtusely acuminate glabrous, peduncles solitary or fascicled
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axillary, stamens 6, carpels globose glabrous short-stalked. Thwaites Enum. 8 ; Beddome Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 70.Forests of Canara and Coorg, Stocks, &c. ; and Ceylon in the Central Province, Thwaites.
A small tree or shnib ; branchlets yellow-pubescent. Leaves 2-3 1/2 by 1-1 3/4 in., thin, coriaceous, base suboblique rounded or retuse, young puberulous beneath ; petiole 1/24-1/12 in. Flowers greenish-brown, 1/2 in. diam. ; peduncles 1-2 in., 1-4-flowered, slender, pubescent ; peduncle with a basal bract. Sepals and outer petals orbicular, acute, veined, downy ; inner petals larger, trapezoid, glabrous, margins pubescent. Carpels 1/3 in.diam.
3. O. Thomsoni, Beddome in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxv. ; Ic. Plant. Ind. Or. t. 67 ; leaves ovate-oblong obtusely taper-pointed glabrous, peduncle axillary 3-flowered strigose, stamens 10-12 2-seriate, carpels pisiform.
Anamally forests, Travancor, alt. 1500-2000 ft., Beddome.
A small tree. Leaves 1-1 1/2 -2 by 1-1 1/4 in., midrib beneath pubescent ; petiole 1/12-1/6 in. Peduncle and pedicels very short ; bracteoles minute basal. Sepals and outer petals strigose ; inner pubescent, especially inside. Ovaries 5-6, hairy ; ovules 2.
4. O. erythrocarpa, Beddome in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 5 ; Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 68 ; leaves oblong abruptly acuminate glabrous above pubescent beneath, peduncles axillary or supra-axillary 3-4-flowered tomentose, stamens 12, 6 outer rather imperfect, carpels oblong.
Anamally forests in Travancor, alt. 1500-2500 ft., Beddome.
A middle sized tree ; branchlets softly pubescent. Leaves 2-3 1/2 by 1-2 in., thin, coriaceous, most pubescent on the midrib beneath ; petiole 1/12-1/6 in., pubescent. Flowers very small ; peduncle 1 in., tomentose ; bracts many, minute, imbricate below the fruit or 'flower ; pedicels with a linear basal and a supra-median bracteole. Sepals orbicular. Outer petals ovate, acute, margins and outer surface pubescent ; inner 1/4 in., claw glabrous, limb trapezoid hairy. Ovaries 6, densely strigose ; ovules 2. Carpels red. Seed solitary, scrobiculate.
5. O. polycarpa, A. DC. in Mem. Soc. Genev. v. 39 ; leaves ovate-oblong or lanceolate obtusely acuminate glabrous, peduncles axillary or supraaxillary slender 1-3-flowered sparsely hairy, stamens 6, carpels pisiform glabrous long-stalked. H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 111; Wall. CCat 6431; Griffith Ic. PI. Ind. Or. iv. t. 654.
Martaban, Wallich; Andamans, Kurz.
A tree ? ; branchlets slender, pubescent. Leaves 4-5 by 1-1 3/4 in., thin, coriaceous, points long, shining above ; petiole 1/12 in. Peduncles 1-2 in., slender; bracts several, small, remote, linear. Sepals ovate, acute, ciliate. Outer petals orbicular, ciliate ; inner twice as laxge, tip and margins downy. Carpels 9-12 ; stalk nearly as long. - Our specimens have bud and fruit only.
6. O. acuminata, A. DC. in Mem. Soc. Genev. v. 39 ; leaves oblong or lanceolate long and finely acuminate glabrous above softly pubescent on the midrib and veins beneath, peduncle 1-3-flowered axillary or supra-axillary slender, stamens 6. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 112 ; Wall. Cat. 6432.
Tenasserim, Wallich.
A tree ; branches slender, young densely pubescent. Leaves 4-6 by 1-1 3/4 in., thin, conspicuously reticulate beneath ; petiole 1/12-1/6 in., pubescent. Peduncles 1 in., pubescent; bracts several, subulate, hairy. Sepals minute, ovate-lanceolate, densely hairy. Outer petals small, ovate, thin, hairy; inner as in O. zeylanica. Ovaries 6, densely strigose ; ovules 2.
7. O. Brandisii, H. f. & T. ; leaves obovate-lanceolate tapering to a very slender point glabrous above hairy beneath, peduncles 2-3-flowered supra-axillary slender, stamens 12, 3 fertile and 9 imperfect.
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Martaban and Pegu, Brandis; Pegu, Kurz.
Branches softly brown-tomentose. Leaves 6-8 by 2-3 in., thin, point very slender, base narrow rounded or subcordate ; petiole 1/12 in., hairy. Flowers 3/4 in. diam. ; peduncles 1-1 1/2 in., pubescent; bract solitary basal. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, softly hairy. Outer petals 1/3 in., ovate, tomentose, veined on both surfaces; inner 2/3 in., claw long narrow, limb subclavate thickened, slightly hairy, compressed, grooved in front. Anther-cells large, obtusely apiculate. Ovaries 6, oblong, softly villous with white hairs ; style oblong, glabrous ; ovule 1 on the ventral suture.
8. O. enterocarpa, Maingay mss. ; quite glabrous, leaves elliptic or oblong lanceolate caudate-acuminate membranous, peduncles filiform supraaxillary, carpels very slender subtorulose.
Malacca, very rare, Maingay.
A tree ; branchlets slender, black. Leaves 2-4 1/2 by 1-1 1/2 in., base acute or rounded, very thin, nerves slender; petiole 1/12 in. Flowers 1/3 in. diam., nodding; peduncle 1/4-1 in., 1-flowered; bracteole minute. Sepals minute. Outer petals ovate, acute, pubescent; inner as long, silky, claws equalling the conical cap. Stamens 6, with 6 staminodes. Ovaries about 6, cylindric, 2-4-ovuled, hirsute. Carpels 4-6, 3-5 by 1/3-1/2 in., red. Seeds 2-4, linear-oblong, 1-seriate. - A very curious fruit.
23. BOCAGEA, St. Hilaire.
Trees. Leaves shining, and branches glabrous. Flowers small, terminal axillary or fascicled on woody tubercles, 1-2-sexual. Sepals orbicular or ovate, imbricate. Petals 6, imbricate in 2-series, nearly equal, usually orbicular, concave. Stamens 6-21, imbricate in 2 or more series, broadly oblong thick, fleshy ; anther-cells dorsal, oblong ; connective produced. Ovaries 3-6 ; style short, stigma obtuse or capitate ovules 1 or 2-8 on the ventral suture. Ripe carpels globose, stalked. - Distrib. Species about 12, tropical Asiatic and American.
1. B. elliptica, H. f. & T. ; leaves narrow-oblong obtuse or acute, flowers monoecious, sepals ciliate, stamens 12-18, ovaries 3. Uvaria elliptica, A. DC. in Mem. Soc. Genev. v. 27 ; Wall. Cat. 6470, 7421. Sageraea elliptica, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 93. Diospyros ? frondosa, Wall. Cat. 4125.
Tenasserim to Penang, Wallich; Malacca, Maingay.
A tree; young branches angular. Leaves 8-12 by 2 1/2-4 in., thick, coriaceous, base acute obtuse rounded or cordate, nerves spreading; petiole 1/4-1/3 in. Flowers axillary and solitary or fascicled on cauline tubercles, small, red, "monoecious," Maingay ; pedicels 1/4 in., bracteoles several, basal, and 1 orbicular median. Sepals glabrous. Petals 1/4 in. long, ovoid, ciliate. Connective subquadrate, anthers extrorse, Maingay. Ovaries glabrous, ovules about 8. Carpels 1 in. diam., globose, smooth, several seeded ; stalk very short.
2. B. Thwaitesii, H.f. & T. ; leaves narrow-oblong obtuse, flowers fascicled on the large branches 2-sexual, sepals glabrous, stamens about 21, ovaries 3, stigma 2-lobed. Sageraea Thwaitesii, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 94 ; Thwaites Enum. 6 ; Beddome Ic. Fl. Ind. Or. t. 41.
Ceylon ; Ambagamowa and Saffragam districts, Thwaites.
A tree. Leaves 8-12 by 3-4 1/2 in., thick, coriaceous, base rounded, pale beneath ; petiole 1/2-1/3 in. Flowers pale orange ; pedicels 2-4 in. ; bracteoles minute, basal. Sepals short, very obtuse. Petals 1/2 in., orbicular, glabrous, outer larger. Stamens reddish. Carpels 1 in. diam., subsessile.
3. B. Dalzellii, H. f. & T. ; leaves narrow oblong acute or obtuse, flowers 2-sexual in fascicles of 1-15 on woody tubercles, stamens 12-18
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ovaries 3-5, stigma entire. Guatteria laurifolia, Graham Cat. Bombay PI. 4. Sageraea laurina, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 207 ; Bombay Flor. 2 ; H. f. & T. Fl Ind. 93. S. Dalzelli, Beddome Ic. PI Ind. Or. t. 42.Forests of the Concan, Graham ; and Travancor, Beddome.
A middle-sized tree. Leaves 5-9 by 1 1/2-2 in., thick, coriaceous, base acute or rounded; petiole 1/4 in. Flowers crowded, white; pedicels 1/4-1/2 in. ; bracteoles several, scaly, basal. Sepals orbicular. Petals 1/2 in., broad-ovate. Outer stamens sometimes without anthers. Ripe carpels 1 in. diam., globose, glabrous, subsessile.
4. B. coriacea, H.f. & T. ; leaves ovate-lanceolate acute or subacute, flowers 1-3 2-sexual, stamens 9, ovaries 1-2. Orophea coriacea, Thwaites Enum. 8 ; Beddome Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 71.
Ceylon, Central Province, alt. 3000 ft., Thwaites.
A middle-sized tree. Leaves 3-6 by 1 1/4-2 1/2 in., thick, coriaceous, base rounded, dark green above, pale beneath ; petiole 1/12-1/6 in. Flowers 1/3 in. diam., terminal in cauline pedicels 1/4 in., bracteoles basal, strigose. Sepals minute, deltoid, ciliate. Petals orbicular, outer purple outside, orange- brown inside; inner connivent, dark purple. Ovaries 2-ovuIed. Carpels 1/2 in. diam., obliquely subglobose, glabrous, subsessile. - We remove this and the following from Orophea to Bocagea on account of the habit and apparently imbricate outer petals ; the inner petals have no claws.
5. B. obliqua, H. f. & T. ; leaves oblong or lanceolate acute or acuminate, flowers 1-3 together 2-sexual terminal or cauline, pedicels very short, stamens 6 in 2 series, ovaries 3. Orophea ? obliqua, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 112 ; Thwaites Enum. 8 ; Beddome Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 72.
Ceylon, in the Galle and Ratnapoora districts, Gardner, &c.
A middle-sized tree. Leaves 4-5 by 1 1/4-2 in., coriaceous, base oblique, pale beneath ; petiole 1/12 in. Flowers minute, purple. Sepals ciliate. Petals orbicular, outer spreading, inner connivent (imbricate or subvalvate, Thw.) Ovaries 2-ovuled, stigmas depressed. Carpels 1/2 in. diam., red-brown.
24. KINGSTONIA, H. f. & T.
A tree. Flowers fascicled on cauline tubercles, 2-sexual. Sepals 3, bases connate ovate, acute persistent. Petals 6 ; outer ovate, valvate ; inner smaller, oblong, imbricate. Stamens about 12, filaments half the length of the extrorse anther-cells ; connective obliquely truncate. Ovary 1 ; stigma sessile peltate, crenate ; ovules few. Ripe carpel globose. Seeds several, 2-seriate.
1. K. nervosa, H. f. & T. ; leaves elliptic or linear-oblong acuminate glabrous or puberulous on the nerves beneath.
Malacca, Maingay.
Branches woody, young rusty-pubescent. Leaves 4-8 by 2-3 in., base rounded, thin, coriaceous, opaque; nerves many oblique strong; petiole 1/4 in., pubescent. Flowers 1/4 in. long, in fascicles of 8-10; peduncles 1/3-1/2 in., slender, rusty-pubescent; bracts small orbicular, basal, imbricate. Sepals 1/12 in., ferruginous. Petals ashy-pubescent, subacute ; inner one-third smaller. Carpels 1 in. diam., on stout woody peduncles, densely rusty-tomentose : walls very thick. - Differs from Bocagea in the valvate not orbicular outer petals, smaller inner, solitary carpel, and pubescent branches.
25. LONCHOMERA, H. f. & T.
A tree. Leaves shining. Flowers small, in axillary fascicles. Sepals 3, broad-ovate, acute. Petals 6, in 2 series ; outer lanceolate, flat, spreading,
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valvate ; inner smaller and broader. Stamens 8-12, loosely imbricate, broadly cuneate, thick ; anther-cells lateral, introrse. Torus small, slightly concave, pubescent. Ovary solitary, glabrous, sessile, contracted into a very short style, stigma subcapitate ; ovules 2, superposed. " Ripe carpels elliptic, apiculate, succulent, glabrous, 2-seeded. Seeds plano-convex ; testa osseous." Maingay.1. L. leptopoda, H. f. & T.; leaves oblong or elliptic obtusely acuminate or acute.
Malacca, Maingay.
A middle-sized tree; branches black, young granulate. Leaves 2 1/2-4 by 1-1 1/2 in., concolorous, hardly shining, thin, coriaceous, base rounded or acute, reticulate on both surfaces, nerves very slender, subhorizontal ; petiole 1/4 in., slender, naked. Flowers 1/3 in. long ; peduncles 2-6, 1/2-3/4 in., hoary ; bracts small, basal, obtuse. Sepals connate below, tomentose. Petals tomentose on both surfaces, inner like the outer but one-third shorter and much broader. Ovary ovoid. - The fruits enclosed in a cover with the specimens do not accord with Maingay's character (see Genus), they are 1 1/4-1 1/2 in. long, elliptic-ovoid, top rounded, base rather contracted, walls obscurely warted. Seed oblong-cylindric, apparently enclosed in a dry aril which adheres vertically to one side of the cavity ; albumen horny, slightly ruminated ; embryo half the length of the seed, cotyledons linear-oblong, thin ; radicle cylindric, 1/4 the length of the cotyledons.
Order V. MENISPERMACEAE. (By Hooker f. & Thomson.)
Climbing or twining rarely sarmentose shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire or lobed, usually palminerved ; stipules 0. Flowers small or minute, solitary fascicled cymose or racemed, dioecious, sometimes 3-bracteolate. Sepals 6 (rarely 1-4, or 9-12), usually free, imbricate in 2-4 series, outer often minute. Petals 6 (rarely or 1-5), free or connate. Male Flowers : Stamens hypogynous, usually one opposite each petal, filaments free or connate ; anthers free or connate, 2-celIed. Rudimentary carpels small or 0. Female Flowers: Staminodes 6 or 0. Ovaries 3 (rarely 1, or 6-12) ; style terminal, simple or divided ; ovules solitary (2 in Fibraurea), usually amphitropous. Ripe carpels drupaceous, with the style-scar subterminal, or by excentric growth subbasal. Seed usually hooked or reniform, often curved round an intrusion of the endocarp (condyle Miers), albumen even or ruminate or 0; cotyledons flat or semiterete, foliaceous or fleshy, appressed or spreading. - A large tropical Order ; genera 32 ; species about 100.
In this Order we adhere to the classification of the genera, and limitation of the species, adopted in our Flora Indica (1855), at variance as these are with our friend Mr. Miers' views (Contributions to Botany, iii., 1871); this we do after the careful examination of the Order by Bentham and Hooker (Gen. Plant. 1862), a further study of the Indian species by one of us in their native jungles and in the Calcutta Botanic Garden, and a review of Eichler's valuable monograph of the Brazilian species in Martins' Flora Brasiliensis (1864). The divergence between Mr. Miers' conclusions and our own amounts to his adopting for the Indian plants of the Order, 6 tribes, 26 genera, and upwards of 90 species, as against our 4 tribes, 19 genera, and 35 species. We are far from affirming that a few of our 35 species may not embrace two or more, but we find no evidence of this in the materials upon which Mr. Miers and ourselves have worked.
Tribe I. Tinosporeae. Flowers 3-merous. Ovaries usually 3. Drupes with a subterminal rarely ventral or subbasal style-scar. Seed oblong or subglobose ; albumen copious or scanty; cotyledons foliaceous, usually spreading laterally.
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* Drupes with a terminal or subterminal style-scar.
| Sepals 12 ; filaments connate | 1. Aspidocarya. |
| Sepals 6 ; filaments connate | 2. Parabaena. |
| Sepals 6 ; petals 6 ; filaments free | 3. Tinospora. |
| Sepals 9 ; petals 6 ; filaments free | 4. Tinomiscium. |
| Sepals 6 ; petals 0; filaments free | 5. Fibraurea. |
* Drupes with a subbasal style-scar.
| Sepals 6 ; filaments all connate | 6. Anamirta. |
| Sepals 9 ; outer filaments free | 7. Coscinium. |
Tribe II. Cocculeae. Flowers 3-merous. Ovaries usually 3. Drupe with a subbasal rarely subterminal style-scar. Seed horse-shoe shaped, albumen copious ; embryo slender, cotyledons linear or slightly dilated.
| Petals 6, minute ; ovaries 3-12 ; style subulate | 8. Tiliacora. |
| Petals 5-8 ; ovaries 3 ; styles compressed | 9. Limacia. |
| Petals 6 ; ovaries 3-6 ; styles subulate | 10. Cocculus. |
| Petals 6 ; ovaries 3; styles forked | 11. Pericampylus. |
Tribe III. Cissampelideae. Flowers 3-5-merous. Ovaries usually solitary. Drupe with a subbasal style-scar ; endocarp dorsally muricate or echinate. Seed horse-shoe shaped, albumen scanty ; embryo linear, cotyledons appressed.
| Sepals 6-10, free; petals of male and female 3-5 free | 12. Stephania. |
| Sepals 4, free; petals of male 4 connate, of female 1 | 13. Cissampelos. |
| Sepals 4-8, connate ; petals of male 4-8 connate, of female 1. | 14. Cyclea. |
| Sepals 4-8, connate; petals of male 0, of female 2 saccate. | 15. Lophophyllum. |
Tribe IV. Pachygoneae. Flowers usually 3-merous. Ovaries usually 3. Drupes with a subbasal or ventral style-scar. Seed curved hooked or inflexed, albumen ; cotyledons thick fleshy.
| Sepals, petals and stamens, 6 each | 16. Pachygone. |
| Sepals and petals 6 each ; stamens 9 | 17. Pycnarrhena. |
| Sepals 9-12 ; petals and stamens 6 each | 18. Haematocarpus. |
| Sepals 8 ; petals 2 ; stamens 4 | 19. Antitaxis. |
1. ASPIDOCARYA, H. f. & T.
A climber. Flowers in slender panicles. Sepals 12, 2-4-seriate, inner broader. Petals 6, short, cuneate. Male fl. : Anthers 6, encircling the top of the staminal column, bursting transversely. Female fl. : Staminodes 6, clavate. Ovaries 3 ; stigmas subcapitate. Drupes dorsally compressed, style-scar terminal ; endocarp much compressed, keeled dorsally, not intruded, margins winged, toothed. Seed oblong, flat; cotyledons foliaceous, base divaricate, then parallel.
1. A. uvifera, H.f. & T.Fl. Ind. 180; leaves subpeltate ovate-cordate, Miers Contrib. iii. 58, t. 99.
Subtropical forests of Sikkim, alt. 1-5000 ft., H. f. & T.
Branches slender, terete. Leaves 4-6 by 3-6 in., long-acuminate, tip obtuse, base sometimes subsagittate, nerves beneath hairy; petiole 3-4 in., cylindric. Panicles 4-8 in., pubescent. Sepals greenish, ciliate. Petals concave. Drupes 3/4-1 in. ; endocarp woody, fragile.
2. PARABAENA, Miers.
A climber, juice milky. Flowers in axillary dichotomous cymes. Sepals 6, subequal. Petals much smaller. Male fl. : Anthers 6, horizontal, encircling
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the top of the staminal column, bursting transversely. Female fl. : Staminodes 6, cylindric- Ovaries 3 ; styles subulate, recurved. Drupes ovoid, style-scar subterminal ; endocarp subglobose, dorsally spinulose, ventrally concave. Seed pitted, curved, ventrally concave ; cotyledons foliaacous, ovate, spreading.1. P. sagittata, Miers Contrib, iii. 57, t. 98 ; leaves cordate or sagittate obtusely acuminate. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 181. P. oleracea, peterophylla and ferruginea, Miers in Tayl. Ann. Ser. 2, vii. 39. Cissampelos sagittata. Ham. ex Wall. Cat. 4983. C. oleracea, Wall. Cat. 4984.
Tropical forests from Nipal and the Khasia hills, to Ava and Chittagong.
Glabrous pubescent or softly tomentose ; branchlets grooved. Leaves 2-8 by 2-4 in., 5-7-nerved, young sinuate-toothed, older entire ; petiole 3-4 in. Cymes usually geminate, many-flowered. Flowers minute. Sepals subacute. Petals obovate-cuneate, tip often 3-lobed. Drupes greenish.
3. TINOSPORA, Miers.
Climbing shrubs. Flowers in axillary or terminal racemes or panicles. Sepals 6, 2-seriate, inner larger membranous. Petals 6, smaller. Male fl. : Stamens 6, filaments free, tips thickened; anther-cells obliquely adnate, bursting obliquely. Female fl. : Staminodes 6, clavate. Ovaries 3 ; stigmas forked. Drupes 1-3, dorsally convex, ventrally flat ; style-scar subterminal ; endocarp rugose, dorsally keeled, ventrally concave. Seed grooved ventrally or curved round the intruded sub-2-lobed endocarp, albumen ventrally ruminate ; cotyledons foliaceous, ovate, spreading.-DISTRIB. Species about 8, tropical Asiatic and African.
1. T. tomentosa, Miers Contrib. iii. 33 ; leaves orbicular-cordate, more or less 3-lobed pubescent above tomentose beneath. H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 183. Cocculus tomentosus, Coleb. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. 50 ; Wall. Cat. 4956. Menisp. tomentosum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 813.
Tropical thickets in Bengal, Roxburgh, and Ava, Wallich.
Bark pustular ; shoots tomentose. Leaves 3-6 in. diam., tomentose on both surfaces ; petiole as long. Racemes usually simple, solitary or fascicled. Flowers fascicled in the axils or deciduous bracts. Drupes pisiform, orange-yellow, endocarp tubercled.
2. T. malabarica, Miers Contrib. iii. 32 ; leaves ovate-cordate acuminate pubescent above almost woolly beneath. H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 183. Menisp. malabaricum, Lamk. Cocculus malabaricus, DC. Prodr.i. 97; Wall. Cat. 4969 ; Rheede Hort. Mal. vii. t. 19.
Western Peninsula; Sikkim ; Khasia hills and Chittagong.
Branchlets clothed with white hairs. Leaves 3-6 in. diam., 7-nerved ; petiole 4 in., terete, hairy. Racemes 3-6 in. ; flowers green. Drupes red. - Miers distinguishes the Khasia and Chittagong specimens as var. scabridula.
3. T. crispa, Miers Contrib. iii. 34 ; leaves ovate-cordate or oblong acuminate glabrous stamens adnate to the base of the petals, drupe elliptic-oblong. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 183. Menispermum crispum, L. M. verrucosum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 808. M. tuberculatum, Lamk. Cocculus crispus, DC. Prodr. i. 97. C. verrucosus, Wall. Cat. 4966 A, B.
From SILHET and Assam to Pegu and Malacca. - Distrib. Malay Islands.
Bark warted ; shoots glabrous. Leaves 2-6 by 1-4 in., entire or repand, sometimes subsagittate, basal lobes distant ; petiole 1-3 in. Racemes 4-8 in., on the old wood, solitary or fascicled. Flowers 2-3 in the axils of ovate fleshy bracts, 1/6 in. long, green, campanulate
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Anthers square. Drupes size of an olive, pale yellow. - Miers distinguishes the Khasia plant as var. nitidiuscula, probably a distinct species.4. T. cordifolia, Miers Contrib. iii. 31 ; leaves cordate glabrous, stamens free, ripe carpels pisiform. T. palminervis, Miers I.c. 31. Menisp. cordifolium, Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 811. Cocculus cordifolius, DC. Prodr. i. 97 ; Wall. Cat. 4955 ; W. & A. Prodr. 12; Wight Ic. t. 385, 486. C. convolvulaceus, DC. Prodr. i. 97. C. verrucosus, Wall. Cat. 4966 C, D, E ; Rheede Hort. Mal. vii. t. 21.
Throughout tropical India, from Kumaon to Assam and Birma, and from Behar and CONCAN to Ceylon and the Carnatic.
Bark corky ; shoots glabrous. Leaves 2-4 in. diam., acute or acuminate ; petiole 1 1/2-3 in. Racemes exceeding the leaves, axillary terminal or on the old wood ; bracts subulate. Flowers yellow, males fascicled, females usually solitary, glabrous. Petals cuneate. Anthers oblong. Drupes size of a pea or small cherry, red.
5. 1 T. uliginosa, Miers Contrib. iii. 35 ; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong acuminate, base rounded or subcordate, veins reticulate, drupe as in T. crispa, but endocarp thinner.
Singapore, Maingay.
Maingay's mss. contain an excellent analysis of the fruit of this and T. crispa, and the only difference between them that I perceive is that the endocarp of this is thin and crustaceous, with a deeper longitudinal groove ; the cotyledons are somewhat crumpled in both. The leaves are less shining than in the original T. uliginosa of Java, the fruit of which is undescribed.
4. TINOMISCIUM, Miers.
A scandent shrub, juice milky. Flowers racemed. Sepals 9, with 3 bracts. Petals 6, oblong, margins incurved. Male fl. : Stamens 6, filaments flattened ; anthers oblong, adnate, bursting vertically. Rudimentary carpels 3. Fem. fl. : unknown. Drupes much compressed, ovoid-oblong, style-scar terminal ; endocarp much compressed, dorsally convex, ventrally flat or slightly concave, not intruded. Seed almost flat, oblong ; cotyledons quite flat, nearly as broad as the thin layer of albumen, very thin, closely appressed ; radicle short cylindric. - Distrib. 3 E. Asiatic species.
1. T. petiolare, Miers Contrib. iii. 45, t. 94 ; leaves ovate-oblong coriaceous. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 205. Cocculus petiolaris, Wall. Cat. 6964.
PENANG, Wallich; Singapore, Maingay.
Young shoots brown-tomentose. Leaves 4-6 by 2 1/2-4 in., ovate-oblong, obtuse or acuminate, glabrous, very coriaceous, base truncate or rounded, reticulate between the 3-5 nerves ; petiole 3-4 in. Racemes 4-10 in., on tubercles in the upper racemes, or alternate along the branches, brown-tomentose ; flowers minute, solitary or fascicled ; pedicels short. . Sepals puberulous. Petals notched. Drupes 3/4-1 in., endocarp thick woody. - Foliage very similar indeed to that of Fibraurea tinctoria, but nervules beneath prominent, reticulate.
There are two flowerless plants in Hook. Herb., both collected by Griffith, and perhaps species of Tinomiscium; one has membranous elliptic- lanceolate acuminate leaves, and fruit 1 in. long, with a very woody endocarp ; the other has broad ovate-cordate acuminate membranous leaves, and similar but flatter fruit with a thin endocarp ; this last closely resembles T. javanicum, Miers.
5. FIBRAUREA, Loureiro.
A lofty climbing glabrous shrub. Leaves ovate or oblong, coriaceous, 3-nerved. Flowers in large axillary panicles, dioecious. Sepals 6, with
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3 minute bracts, inner larger. Petals 0. Male fl. : Stamens 6, filaments clavate; anthers terminal, adnate, cells spreading, bursting vertically Female fl. : Staminodes 6. Ovaries 3, ovoid, 2-ovuled ; stigma sessile, punctiform. Drupes 3, 1 -seeded, oblong, terete, style-scar subterminal ; endocarp oblong, dorsally convex, ventrally flattened and channelled, hardly intruded. Seed oblong, terete, reniform on a transverse section, albumen copious, horny ; cotyledons foliaceous, longitudinally curved, oblong, very thin ; radicle short, cylindric.1. F. tinctoria, Lour. Fl. Coch ii. 769; leaves 3-nerved from the base or above the base. H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 204. F. tinctoria, fasciculata, and chloroleuca, Miers Contrib. iii. 41, 42, t. 93. Cocculus Fibraurea, DC, Prodr. I 99.
Penang, Phillips; Malacca, Griffith. - Distrib. Cochin-China, Borneo.
Branches pale, bark lax. Leaves 4-7 by 2-4 in., elliptic-ovate or oblong, thick, coriaceous, obtusely acuminata, shinig above, pale beneath, 3-plinerved from the base or above it; petiole 1 1/2-3 in., striate, subangular. Panicles often fascicled, much branched from the base, buds globose ; fruiting panicle 1 ft., woody ; peduncles 1/2-1 in. Drupes 1 in. - We await evidence of there being more than one known species of this genus, pending which we adhere to the opinion expressed in Flora Indica. Leaves like those of Tinomiscium petiolare, but not reticulate beneath. As Griffith (mss. in Herb. Hook.) correctly observes, there are 2 superposed ovules in each ovary, of which the upper only becomes a seed.
6. ANAMIRTA, Colebrooke.
A climbing shrub. Flowers panicled. Sepals 6, with 2 appressed bracts. Petals 0. Male fl. : Anthers sessile, on a stout column, 2-celled bursting transversely. Fem. fl. : Staminodes 9, clavate, 1 -.seriate. Ovaries 3, on a short gynophore ; stigma subcapitate, reflexed. Drupes on a 3-fid gynophore, obliquely ovid, dorsally gibbous, style-scar subbasal; endocarp woody. Seed globose, embracing the subglobose hollow intruded endocarp, albumen dense, of horny granules ; embryo curved, cotyledons narrow-oblong thin, spreading.
1. A. Cocculus, W. & A. Prodr. i. 446 ; leaves ovate or ovate-cordate rarely oblong-ovate. H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 185. A. paniculata, Coleb. A. flavescens and toxifera, Miers Contrib. iii. 51. Menisp. Cocculus, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 807. M. heteroclitum, Roxb. I.c. 817. Cocculus lacunosus, DC. Prodr. i. 97. C. suberosus DC l.c ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 11 ; Wall. Cat. 4954. C. populifolius, DC. l.c.
Eastern Bengal ; Khasia hills; Assam; and from CONCAN and Orissa to Ceylon, - DISTRIB. Malayan Islands.
Bark corky ; shoots stout, glabrous, striate. Leaves 4-8 in. long, as broad or narrower, acute or acuminate, base rarely acute, glabrous above, hairy in the nerve-axils beneath, base 3 nerved ; petiole 2-6 in. Panicles on the old branches 1-1 1/2 ft., pendulous. Flowers 1/4 in. diam., glabrous. Sepals deciduous. Drupes 2/3 in., black, glaucous.
7. COSCINIUM, Colebrooke.
Climbing shrubs. Flowers in dense globose heads. Sepals 6, with a bract, orbicular. Petals 3, large, spreading, elliptic. Male fl. : Stamens 6, filaments cylindric, 3 inner connate to the middle ; anthers adnate, outer 1- inner 2-celled, bursting vertically. Fem, fl. : Staminodes 6. Ovaries 3-6, subglobuse ; styles subulate, reflexed. Drupes globose ; endocarp bony. Seed globose,
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embracing a globose intrusion of the endocarp; albumen fleshy, ruminate in the ventral face ; embryo straight, cotyledons orbicular, spreading, thin, sinuate, laciniate, or fenestrate. - Distrib. Species 2 ; tropical Asiatic.1. C. fenestratum, Colebrooke in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. 65 ; leaves slightly peltate suborbicular yellow-tomentose beneath, heads umbelled, cotyledons laciniate. Miers in Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 6458 ; Contrib. iii. 22, t. 88 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 178. C. Wallichianum and Wightianum, Miers in Tayl. Ann. Ser. 2, vii. .37. Menisp. fenestratum, Gaertn. ; DC. Prodr.i. 103 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind, iii. 809. Cocculus Blumeanus, Wall. Cat. 4971 (partly). Pereira medica, Lindl. Fl. Med. 370.
Western Peninsula, Herb. Wight; Malacca, Maingay ; Singapore, Wallich; Ceylon, Central and Southern provinces. (Specimens all imperfect.)
Young shoots hoary-tomentose. Leaves 5-7 by 4-6 in., young oblong-deltoid obscurely peltate, acuminate, glabrous above, hoary and reticulate beneath ; petiole 3-5 in. Heads 1/2-2/3 in. diam. ; pedicels 1 in. Flowers green. Petals orbicular, acute, and sepals persistent. Drupes 1-3, 1/2 in. diam., subglobose, villous. Perhaps 3 species are confounded here. Wight's has smaller broader and more membranous leaves, whiter beneath; the Malayan are more tomentose.
2. C. Blumeanum, Miers Contrib. iii. 23 ; leaves deeply peltate, thick coriaceous ovate or oblong white-tomentose beneath, heads racemed. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 179. Cocculus Blumeanus, Wall. Cat. 5971 (partly).
Penang, Singapore, and Malacca, Wallich, &c.
Branches woolly. Leaves 7-12 by 3-6 in., peltate obtuse or acuminate, dark-green and shining above ; petiole 3-5 in. Racemes 3-4 in., stout, tomentose, peduncles 1 in.
Maingay's collection contains fruits of a Coscinium from Malacca, of which he describes the cotyledons as fenestrate ; the carpels are 1 1/4-1 1/2 in. diam., globose, bright yellow, sarcocarp very thick, endocarp woody ; seed 3/4 in. diam., albumen so hard that we have failed to remove the cotyledons so as to verify Maingay's description ; it was accompanied with leaves and flowers of Fibraurea (Distrib. Hb. Maingay, 115).
A fourth species in Maingay's herbarium has leaves like C. fenestratum, but more peltate, pale brown beneath, with very appressed pubescence ; a similar plant grows in Java and Sumatra.
8. TILIACORA, Colebrooke.
A climbing shrub. Flowers in axillary panicles, dioecious or polygamous. Sepals 6. 2-seriate, outer much smaller. Petals 6, minute, cuneate. Male fl. ; Stamens 6, filaments subcylindric ; anthers adnate, bursting vertically. Fem. fl. : Rudimentary carpels 3. Ovaries 3-12 ; styles short subulate. Drupes obovoid, pedicelled, subcompressed, style-scar subbasal ; endocarp thin, obscurely ribbed, grooved on both sides. Seed hooked, albumen oily, ruminate ; cotyledons linear, fleshy, plano-convex appressed.
1. T. racemosa, Coleb. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. 67 ; leaves ovate or ovate-cordate acuminate. Miers Contrib. iii. 76, t. 104. T. fraternaria, cuspidiformis and abnormalis, Miers, I.c. 77, 78. T. acuminata, Miers in Tayl. Ann. Ser. 2, vi. 39 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 187. Menisp. acuminatum and radiatum, Lamk. M. polycarpum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 816. Cocculus acuminatum, DC. Prodr. i. 99 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 12. C. radiatus, DC. I.c. 99. D. polycarpus. Wall. Cat. 4958 (excl. K. L.)-Rheede Hort. Mal. vii. t. 3.
Throughout tropical India, from Oude and Bengal, to Concan, Obissa, CEYLON and Singapore. - Distrib. Java.
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Branches glabrous. Leaves 3-6 by 1 1/2-3 1/2 in., ovate, acuminate, glabrous, base acute truncate rounded or subcordate, thin, margin undulate ; petiole 1/2-1 in. Panicles 6-12 in., hoary, at length glabrous; branches 1 in., male 3-7 flowered, female simple 1-flowered ; bracts oblong or subulate ; flowers yellow. Drupes 1/2 in. red.- Mr. Miers (Contributions, I.c.) attributes to us the error of substituting in the Flora Indica the specific name of acuminata for Colebrooke's prior name of racemosa; in this we followed his paper in Taylor's Annals.
9. LIMACIA, Loureiro.
Climbing shrubs. Flowers in panicles. Sepals 6, 2-seriate, outer smaller. Petals 6 (or 3 ?) much smaller, auricled, embracing the stamens. Male fl. : Stamens 3-9 ; anthers adnate, bursting vertically. Fem. fl. : Staminodes 6, clavate. Ovaries 3 ; style short, compressed. Drums obovoid or reniform, style-scar subbasal; endocarp 3-celled, 2 lateral cells empty. Seed elongate, embracing the intruded endocarp ; embryo slender, cotyledons elongate, 1/2-terete, appressed. - Distrib. Tropical Asia and Africa.
* Sepals 8-12, inner imbricate. Hypserpa, Miers.
1. LL. cuspidata, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 189 ; leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate acuminate glabrous. Cocculus cuspidatus, Wall. Cat 4960. Hypserpa cuspldata, praevaricata, pauciflora, and uniflora, Miers Contrib. iii. 102-107, t. 108.
Tropical forests of Eastern Bengal, the Eastern Peninsula, and CEYLON. - Distrib. Malayan Archipelago.
Branches striate, pubescent. Leaves 2-5 by 1-2 in., thin, shining, 3-nerved, base rounded or cuneate, old glabrous ; petiole 1/2-1 in. Panicles axillary and supra-axillary, solitary or geminate, female simple shorter; bracts minute, subulate. Drupes 4 in. long.
** Sepals 6-9, inner valvate or subvalvate.
2. L. triandra, Miers Contrib. iii. 112 ; leaves oblong-lanceolate acute glabrous, panicles 1-1 1/2 in. racemed shorter than the leaves, stamens 3. H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 188. L. Amherstiana and Wallichiana, Miers I.c. 112, 113. Menisp. triandrum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 816. Cocculus triandrus, Colebrooke in Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. 64 ; Wall. Cat. 4962, 4959 C. 4958 L.
From Pegu and Tenasserim to Penang.
Branches puberulous, then glabrate. Leaves 2-4 by 3/4-1/2 in., thin, triplinerved, base rounded; petiole 1/2 in. Panicle puberulous ; bracts minute, deciduous, 3-5 -flowered ; flowers very minute, yellow. Outer sepals minute, inner oblong. Filaments cuneate-oblong, fleshy ; anther-cells spreading.
3. L. oblonga, Miers Contrib. iii. 100 ; branches pubescent, leaves oblong or lanceolate glabrous, panicle 3-8 in., stamens 6. - H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 189. Cocculus oblongus. Wall. CaL 4963.
Penang, Malacca, and Singapore, Wallich, &c.
Pubescence fulvous. Leaves 3-8 by 1-4 1/2 in., acute or acuminate, base subacute or rounded; petiole 2/3-1 1/2 in., and nerves beneath pubescent. Panicles supra-axillary; female solitary, males 2-3 superposed, branches 1-2 in. Outer sepals minute, inner thick, tomentose, subvalvate. Drupes subglobose.
4. L. velutina, Miers Contrib. iii. 110; stem velvety, leaves oblong or ovate-oblong tomentose beneath or on both surfaces, panicles few-flowered, stamens 6. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 189. L. distincta and inornata, Miers I.c. iii. t. 109. Cocculus velutinus, Wall. Cat. 4970.
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From Mergui to Malacca, Penang and Sincapore, &c.
Pubescence yellowish. Leaves 2-6 by 3/4-4 in., variable, obtuse acute or rounded, base rounded or acute, triple-nerved, usually glabrous above ; petiole 1/2-1 1/4 in. Panicles axillary or supra-axillary, solitary few or many, tomentose, flowers villous. Inner sepals orbicular, valvate. Drupes 1 in. long, obovoid, compressed, glabrous.
Aristega laevifolia, Miers Contrib. iii. 376, t. 151, a plant collected by Heifer in the Andamans, or in Moulmein, and of which male flowers alone are known, is probably a 3-petalous Limacia.
10. COCCULUS, DC.
Climbing or sarmentose shrubs, rarely suberect. Petiole not dilated at the base. Flowers panicled. Sepals 6, 2-seriate, outer smaller. Petals 6, smaller, usually auricled. Male fl. : Stamens embraced by the petals, anthers subglobose, cells bursting transversely. Fem. fl. : Staminodes 6 or 0. Ovaries 3-6 ; styles usually cylindric. Drupes laterally compressed ; endocarp horseshoe-shaped, dorsally keeled and tubercled, sides excavate. Seed curved, albumen fleshy ; embryo annular, cotyledons linear, flat, appressed. - Disthib. All warm climates.
1. C. macrocarpus, W.& A. Prodr. 13; leaves suborbicular glabrous long-petioled, panicles 6-12 in., drupes obovoid-oblong. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind, 191 ; Wight III. i. t. 7. Diploclisia macrocarpa, lepida, inclyta, and pictinervis, Miers Contrib. iii. 280-284, t. 127. Quinio cocculoides, Schlecht. in Linnaea, xxvi. 732.
From the Concan southwards, and in Ceylon. - Distrib. China.
Branchlets dark grey, striate. Leaves 2-3 in., rather broader than long, 5-nerved, obtuse retuse or rarely acute, subrepand, glaucous beneath, base truncate or cordate ; petiole 2-4 in. Panicles chiefly in the old branches ; flowers corymbose or fascicled, or axillary. Sepals membranous, and 3-lobed petals streaked with purple. Drupe 1 in., endocarp thin, woody.
2. C. laurifolius, DC. Prodr. i. 100 ; a tree, leaves lanceolate short-petioled shining, panicles axillary shorter than the leaves. Deless. Ic. Sel. i. t. 97; Wall. Cat. 4965; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 191. Menisp. laurifolium, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 815. Holopeira laurifolia, australis, and fusiformis, Miers Contrib. iii. 276.
Subtropical Himalaya, alt. 2500 ft., from Nipal to Jamu, Wallich, &c. - Distrib. Japan, Java (cult.?).
Trunk short ; branches pendulous, angled, striate, smooth, branchlets bearded at the base. Leaves 3-6 by 1-1 1/2 in., coriaceous, acute or acuminate, 3-nerved ; petiole 1/3-1/2 in. Panicles 1-2 in., solitary or 2-superposed, corymbose, male largest ; bracts and flowers minute. Sepals acute. Petals 2-lobed. Styles reflexed. Drupes minute, globose ; endocarp fragile, rugose.
3. C. villosus, DC. Prodr. 1. 98 ; branchlets villous, leaves ovate-oblong subdeltoid villous, male fl. in short panicles, fem. 1-3 axillary rarely racemed. Wall. Cat 4957 ; W. & A. Prodr. 13 ,H.f.& T. Fl. Ind. 193. C. sepium, Coleb. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. 58. C. hastatus and aristolochiae, DC I.c. 98. Menisp. villosum, Lamk. (not Roxb.). M. hirsutum, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 814. M. myosotoides, Linn. Holopeira villosa, Iseviuscula, and auriculata, Miers Contrib. iii. 271-273, t. 126.
Throughout tropical and subtropical India, from the base of the Himalaya to Malabar and Pegu (absent in the Eastern Peninsula and Ceylon). - Distrib. Trop. Africa.
Leaves 2-3 by 1 1/2-2 in., sometimes sublanceolate, retuse or obtuse and mucronate, sometimes 3-lobed, base subcordate or truncate, young villous on both surfaces ;
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petiole 1/2 in. Panicles loosely villous ; bracts minute, linear. Drupes black -purple, endocarp acutely keeled, tubercled.4. C. mollis, Wall. Cat. 4973 ; branchlets pubescent, leaves ovate acute or acuminate white and villous beneath, panicles few-flowered. Nephroica mollis, Miers Contrib. iii. 265.
NIPAL, Wallich; Khasia hills, alt. 5000 ft., H.f. & T.
Branchlets striate. Leaves 2-4 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., of shoots often obtuse, base cordate or truncate, bright green above, at length glabrate ; petiole 3/4-1 in. Panicles axillary or nearly, so, on a tomentose tubercle, shorter than the leaves, males irregular cymose, cymes 4-7-flowered, bracts filiform ; females 1-3-flowered. Petals notched. Drupes pisiform, compressed; endocarp keeled, with 4 rows of tubercles.
6. C. Leaeba, DC. Prodr. i. 99 ; branchlets, puberulous, leaves linear-oblong oblong or trapezoid entire or lobed glabrate, flowers fascicled in the axils, females subsolitary. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 192 ; Miers Contrib. iii. 256. C. laevis, Wall. Cat 4975. C. glabra, W. & A. Prodr. i. 13 ; Miers I.c. 257. C. recisus, Miers I.c. 258.
Drier parts of Western India ; the Punjab, Sindh, and the Carnatic. - Distrib. Affghanistan, Arabia, trop. and subtrop. Africa.
Branchlets long, slender. Leaves 1/2-1 1/2 by 1/4-3/4 in., very variable, angles rounded, sometimes 3-5-lobed, usually obtuse and mucronate, base cuneate or rounded, young hoary, old often glaucous on both surfaces; pedicels 1/6-1/4 in. Flowers fascicled on woody tubercles, pedicels 1-flowered, males dense. Drupes 1/12-1/6 in.
11. PERICAMPYLUS, Miers.
A climbing shrub. Leaves subpeltate, petioles slender, articulate. Flowers in axillary cymes. Sepals 6, with 3 bracts, outer smaller, inner spathulate. Petals 6, cuneate. Male fl. : Stamens 6, filaments cylindric ; anthers adnate, bursting transversely. Female fl. : Staminodes 6, clavate. Ovaries 3 ; styles 2-partite, segments subulate. Drupes subglobose ; endocarp horseshoe-shaped, dorsally crested and echinate, sides excavated. Seed curved ; cotyledons elongate flat, scarcely broader than the radicle.
1. P. incanus, Miers Contrib. iii. 118, t. 3; leaves suborbicular obtuse acute or retuse. P. aduncus, assamicus, and membranaceus, Miers I.c. 119-122. Cocculus incanus, Coleb. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. 57. Cissampelos mauritiana, Wall. Cat. 4980 (not of DC). Menisp. villosum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 812 (not of Lamk.).
SIKKIM, Assam, the Khasia hills, Chittagong and throughout the Eastern Peninsula. - Distrib. Java.
Branchlets tomentose, then glabrate. Leaves 2-4 in. .diam., base truncate or subcordate ; petiole 1-2 in. Cymes 2-3-chotomous, often many and superposed ; peduncles 1-2 in,, axillary, many-flowered ; bracts subulate. Sepals villous. Petals acute or obtuse, margins incurved. Drupes red.
12. STEPHANIA, Loureiro.
Climbing shrubs. Leaves usually peltate. Flowers in axillary, cymose umbels. Male fl. : Sepals 6-10, free, ovate or obovate. Petals 3-5, obovate, fleshy. Anthers 6, connate, encircling the top of the staminal column; bursting transversely. Fem. fl. : Sepals 3-5. Petals of the male. Slaminodes 0. Ovary 1 ; style 3-6-partite. Drupe glabrous ; endocarp compressed, horseshoe-shaped, dorsally tubercled, sides hollowed and perforated. Seed, almost annular ; cotyledons long, slender, 1/2-terete, appressed. - DISTRIB. Tropics of the Old World.
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1. S. hernandifolia, Walp. Rep. i. 96; branchlets glabrous, leaves ovate or subdeltoid acute obtuse or acuminate, umbels capitate. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 196 ; Miers Contrib. iii. 222. S. intertexta, latifolia, and hypoglauca, Miers I.c. 224, 226, 227. Cissampelos hernandifolia, Willd. ; DC, Prodr. i. 100 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 842; Wall Cat. 4977 D, E,F, G, H, K. C. discolor, DC. l.c i. 101. C. hexandra, Roxb. I.c. iii. 842. Clypea hernandifolia, W. & A. Prodr. i. 14 ; Wight Ic. t. 939.
From NIPAL to Chittaqong, Singapore, and Ceylon. -- Distrib. Malay Islands, trop. Australia, Africa.
Branchlets striate. Leaves 3-6 in. diam., base truncate or subcordate, glabrous or thinly pubescent below only or on both surfaces, pale or glaucous beneath; petiole 1 1/2-4 in. Peduncles axillary, short or long; rays 8-12, with subulate bracts. Sepals obovate, obtuse. Petals 3-4. Drupes red. - There are two marked varieties, the Northern and Eastern, with peduncles and leaves beneath more or less pubescent, and the Western one with these parts nearly glabrous.
2. S. elegans, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 195; branchlets glabrous, leaves elongate-deltoid acuminate base truncate or cordate, umbels lax long-peduncled. Miers Contrib. iii. 227.
Subtropical Himalaya from Kumaon to Sikkim, alt. 6-7000 ft. ; Khasia hills, H.f.& T.
Branches slender, angled. Leaves 2 1/2-4 by 1-2 1/2 in., sometimes obtuse, thin, coriaceous, pale beneath; petiole 1-2 in., slender. Umbels with many rays, sometimes branched ; flowers purple or greenish, odour heavy. Sepals acuminate. Petals obovate. Drupe small, red.
3. S. rotunda, Lour. Fl. Coch. 747 ; branchlets glabrous, leaves broad-ovate or suborbicular often repand or sinuate-lobed glabrous, umbels in lax cymes. H.f. & T .Fl. Ind. 197 ; Miers Contrib. iii. 215. C. longa (Khasia specimens), japonica, Roxburghiana, glabra, and glandulifera, Miers I.c. 213-220, t. 119. Cocculus Roxburghianus, Wall. Cat. 4972 (not of DC.) ;W. & A. Prodr. i. 450 in note. C. Finlaysonianus, Wall. Cat. 4974. Cissampelos glabra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 840. Clypea Wightii, Arn. in Wight III. i. 22.
Tropical and Temperate Himalaya, ascending to 7000 ft., from Sindh eastward to the Khasia hills and Pegu. Southern hills of the Western Peninsula. - Distrib. Siam, Cochin-China.
Roots subglobose. Leaves 3-7 in. diam., obtuse acute or acuminate, pale beneath, petiole 3-9 in. Peduncles variable, usually slender, of the females stout; rays of umbels long or short ; bracts subulate ; flowers 1/6-1/4 in. diam., yellow. Sepals narrow cuneate, puberulous. Petals shorter. Drupe pisiform.
13. CISSAMPELOS, Linn.
Suberect or climbing shrubs. Leaves often peltate. Male fl. : cymose. Sepals 4, (5-6) erose. Petals 4, connate, forming in 4-lobed cup. Anthers 4, connate, encircling the top of the staminal column, bursting transversely. Fem. fl. : racemed, crowded in the axils of leafy bracts. Sepals 2 (or sepal and petal 1 each), 2-nerved, adnate to the bracts. Staminodes 0. Ovary 1 ; style short, 3-fid or 3-toothed. Drupe ovoid, style-scar subbasal; endocarp horseshoe-shaped, compressed, dorsally tubercled, sides excavated. Seed curved ; embryo slender ; cotyledons narrow, 1/2-terete, appressed. - Distrib. All hot climates.
1. C. Pareira, Linn. ; climbing, leaves orbicular-reniform or cordate, male cymes long-peduncled many flowered hairy, female racemes with
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large reniform or orbicular bracts, drupes subglobose hirsute. DC. Prodr. i. 100; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 198; Miers Contrib. iii. 139. C. caapeba, Linn.; Roxb. Fl Ind. iii. 842. C. convolvulacea, Willd. ; Wall. Cat. 4979 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 14 ; Roxb. I.c. 842. C. orbiculata, discolor, and hirsuta. Buch ; DC. I.c. 101. C. hernandifolia, Wall. Cat. 4979, partly. C. obtecta, Wall. Cat. 4981. C. diversa, elata, grallatoria, eriantha, and delicatula, Miers I.c. 187-197. C. subpeltata, Thwaites Enum. 13 and 399 ; Miers I.c. 195. Menisp. orbiculatum, Linn. Cocculus orbiculatus, DC. I.c. 98. C. villosus, Wall. Cat. 4957 in part, and C. membranaceus 4967 (diseased state).Tropical and subtropical India, from Sindh and the Punjab to Ceylon and SINCAPORE. - DISTRIB. Cosmopolitan in warm regions.
A lofty climber; Branchlets rarely glabrous. Leaves 1-4 in. diam., usually peltate, obtuse and mucronate, rarely acute, base truncate or more or less cordate ; petiole equalling the leaf or longer. Male cymes 1/2-1 1/2 in. (sometimes replaced by a shoot with small leaver and small axillary cymes), axillary or nearly so, usually 2-3 superposed, decompound ; bracts minute, rarely foliaceous ; peduncle slender, pubescent tomentose or hirsute. Fem. racemes 1-2, axillary ; bracts lax or densely imbricate, usually hoary, sometimes petioled; pedicels very short. Ovaries rarely glabrate. Drupe 1/6 in. diam., scarlet. - A careful reconsideration of the materials discussed in "Flora Indica," with many additional specimens, and an eight years' further familiarity in India with both native and cultivated forms, convince us that the view taken in the above work (which is that of Eichler, Bentham, and Thwaites) is not invalidated by the vigorous attacks of our friend Mr. Miers.
14. CYCLEA, Arnott.
Climbing shrubs. Leaves usually peltate. Flowers in axillary panicles ; Male fl. : Sepals 4-8, connate into an inflated 4-8 lobed calyx. Petals 4-8, more or less connate into a 4-5-lobed corolla. Anthers 4-6, connate, crowning the staminal column, bursting transversely. Fem. fl. : Sepal 1, oblong. Petal 1, orbicular. Ovary 1; style short, 3-5-lobed, lobes radiating. Drupe ovoid, style-scar subbasal ; endocarp horseshoe-shaped, dorsally tubercled, sides convex 2-locellate (as in Limacia). Seed curved ; cotyledons slender, 1/2-terete, appressed. - Distrib. Tropical Asia.
1. C. Burmanni, Miers Contrib. iii. 239, t. 121 ; leaves peltate elongate-deltoid acuminate base cordate or subsagittate suprepand, calyx subglobose 6-8-lobed, corolla urceolate subentire. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 201. Cocculus Burmanni, DC. Prodr, i. 96. Clypea Burmanni, W. & A. Prodr. in part ; Burm. Fl. Zeyl. t. 101, Rhaptomeris Burmanni, Miers in Tayl. Ann. Ser. 2, vii. 41.
CONCAN, Gibson; and Ceylon; ascending to 2600 ft.
Branches pilose or glabrate. Leaves 2-4 by 3/4-2 in., thin, coriaceous, shining above, usually pubescent beneath ; petiole 1/2-1 1/4 in. Panicles equalling or exceeding the leaves, many-fflowered, pubescent. Male fl. and drupe pilose. Calyx much exceeding the corolla.
2. C. peltata, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 201 ; leaves peltate deltoid acute or subacute, calyx campanulate 4-lobed, corolla an irregularly 4-lobed cup. Miers Contrib. iii. 236. C. barbata, versicolor, Arnottii, laxiflora, and debiliflora, Miers I.c. 237-242. Menisp. peltatum, Lamk. Cocculus peltatus, DC. Prodr. i. 96. Cissampelos discolor, Wall. Cat. 4892, in part. C. barbata, Wall. Cat. 4978. Clypea Burmanni, W. & A. Prodr. i. 74 in part. Cyclea Burmanni, Arnott in Wight III. i. 22. Rhaptomeris Burmanni, Miers in Tayl. Ann. Ser. 2, vii. 41. Rheede Hort. Mal. vii. t. 49.
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From Assam and the Khasia hills eastwards ; and throughout the Western and Eastern Peninsula and Ceylon. - Distrib. Java, &c.
Branches grooved, sparsely clothed with reflexed hairs or glabrate. Leaves 3-6 by 2-4 in., thin, coriaceous, acute or obtuse, subrepand, ciliate, above glabrous or sparsely pilose, usually pubescent beneath ; petiole 1-2 1/2 in. Panicles equalling or exceeding the leaves ; males sometimes 1 ft. ; fem. much shorter ; bracts oblong or subulate ; male flowers hispid or glabrous. Calyx much exceeding the corolla. Drupe pilose. - The synonymy of this species is much confused with that of C. Burmanni, and owing to some of the authentic specimens being floweriess these may require revision.
15. LOPHOPHYLLUM, Griffith.
Characters of Cyclea, but male flowers apetalous and female with 2 opposite fleshy saccate sepals.
1. L. bicristatum, Griff. Not. PI. Asiat. part iv. 313, t. 491 ; It. Notes. 114 No. 190, and 165 No. 854; leaves broadly cordate acuminate 7-9-nerved. Peraphora robusta, Miers Contrib. iii. 245, t. 122. Cyclea populifolia, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 202.
Eastern Himalaya, in Sikkim and Bhotan, Griffith, &c. ; Khasia hills, H.f. & T.
A tall climber; bark white; branchlets pubescent. Leaves 4-6 by 3-6 in., firm, coriaceous, glabrous above, pilose with rigid hairs and reticulate beneath ; petiole 2-4 in., cylindric, pubescent, base and tip thickened. Panicles slender, decompound, fascicled, tomentose. Calyx globose, 4-lobed, Anthers 4-5, connate into a peltate disk. Drupe 1/4 in. diam., subglobose ; endocarp with 3 series of hooked spines on each edge.
16. PACHYGONE, Miers.
A climbing shrub. Flowers axillary, racemed, dioecious. Sepals 6, 2-seriate, outer smaller. Petals 6, much smaller, base auricled embracing the filament. Male fl. : Stamens 6, filament incurved ; anthers subglobose, didymous, bursting transversely. Rudimentary carpels 3, minute. Fem. fl. : Staminodes 6. Ovaries 3 ; styles stout, horizontal. Drupes reniform, style-scar subbasal ; endocarp reniform, rugulose. Seed horseshoe-shaped, albumen ; cotyledons 1/2-cylindric, very thick, hard ; radicle very short.
1. P. ovata, Miers Contrib. iii. 331, t. 135 ; leaves ovate-oblong or subtrapezoid, male racemes exceeding the leaves. H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 203. P. Plukenetii, concinna, adversa, and odorifera, Miers I.c. 330-334. Cissampelos ovata, Poir. ; DC. Prodr. i. 102. C. Plukenetii, DC. I.c. i. 97 ; W.& A. Prodr. i. 14; Wight Ic. t. 824, 825. C. Wightianus, Wall. Cat. 4959 A. C officinarum, Pluk. Koon zeylanicus, Goertn. Fruct. ii. 486, 1. 180.
Dry maritime places in the Carnatic and Ceylon. - Distrib, Java and Timor.
A lofty climber ; branches tomentose. Leaves 1 1/2-2 by 3/4-1 1/4 in., thick, coriaceous, obtuse, retuse or mucronate, base cuneate or rounded, 3-5-nerved, glabrous ; petiole 1/2-3/4 in., with a basal ring of hairs; tip thickened. Racemes slender, pubescent, females shortest ; peduncles very short.- Flowers minute, male in the axils of subulate bracts, female solitary. Petals 2- toothed. Drupes pisiform.
17. PYCNARRHENA, Miers.
Suberect or climbing shrubs. Flowers axillary, fascicled or shortly panicled, dioecious. Male fl. : Sepals 6, with 3 bracts, inner larger orbicular. Petals 6, small, lobed. Stamens 9, filaments very short ; anthers subdidymous, bursting transversely. Fem. fl. ; unknown. Drupe broadly oblong,
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subgibbous, style-scar lateral ; endocarp subreniform. Seed slightly concave ventrally, albumen ; cotyledons oblong, 1/2-terete, very thick, slightly incurved, radicle minute, ventral. - Distrib. Two species, an Indian and Bornean.1. P. pleniflora, Miers Contrib. iii. 353, t. 141 ; leaves oblong-lanceolate quite glabrous. P. planiflora, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 206. Cocculus planiflorus, Wall, Cat. 4961 (error for pleniflorus).
SILHET, Wallich.
Branches striate, puberulous. Leaves 5-7 by 1 3/4-2 1/2 in., thin, coriaceous, obtusely acuminate, puberulous on the midrib beneath, reticulate; nerves prominent beneath, arching within the margin ; petiole 3/4 in., top clavate. Flowers almost capitate ; peduncles 1/6-1/4 in., pubescent, 1-2-flowered, with 2 basal and a median bract. Drupes 1/2 in., smooth. - P. mecistophylla, Miers I.c. 353, from Assam (Griffith), described from leaves only, does not appear to us to be congeneric.
18. HAEMATOCARPUS, Miers.
A strong glabrous climber. Leaves very coriaceous, 3-nerved. Flowers in axillary racemes, dioecious. Male fl. : Sepals 9-12 with 3 bracts, large. Petals 6, base minutely auricled. Stamem 0, free ; anther-cells 2, remote on the face of a large galeate dilated connective, bursting obliquely. Rudimentary carpels 3, minute. Fem. fl. : unknown. Drupes 1-4, large, ovoid fleshy, oblong, stalked, style-scar subbasal ; endocarp coriaceous, oblong, adherent. Seed oblong, albumen ; embryo large, cotyledons accumbeht, folded on themselves, very thick 1/2-terrete, obtuse ; radicle short, stout, inferior.
1. H. Thomsoni, Miers Contrib. iii. 325, t. 134 ; leaves oblong obtusely acuminate. F. comptus and incusus, Miers I.c. 326, 327. Baterium validum, Miers in Tayl. Anal Ser. 3, xiii. 124. Fibraurea? haematocarpa, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 204.
SIKKIM- Himalaya and Khasia hills, alt. 3-4000 ft., Griffith, &c.
Branches stout, pale. Leaves 3-4 by 1 1/2-2 in., base obtuse or acute, pale or glabrous beneath, nerves reticulate ; petiole slender, 3/4-1 in. Racemes supra-axillary, solitary or several, slender, branches short; flowers small; pedicels slender. Sepals ciliate. Petals concave. Fruiting racemes woody, 1-3 in.; torus globose with 4-6 scars. Drupes 1 1/2-2 in., smooth, suboblique ; stalks 1/2 in., stout; sarcocarp hard, blood-red; mesocarp traversed by stout vessels from the thin crustaceous endocarp.
19. ANTITAXIS, Miers.
A shrub. Leaves penninerved. Flowers in axillary fascicles, dioecious. Male fl. : Sepals 8, in decussate pairs ; outer small ; 2 next obovate ; 4 inner larger, orbicular, imbricate. Petals 2, obovate. Stamens 4, filaments clavate ; anthers 1-celled, subglobose, bursting transversely. Fem. fl. ; unknown. Drupes 1-3, subglobose, style-scar ventral ; endocarp thin, fragile, subreniform oblong. Seed subglobose, concave ventrally, albumen 0; cotyledons oblong, 1/2-terete, slightly incurved, very thick ; radicle minute, ventral. - Distrib. Eastern Archipelago.
1. A. fasciculata, Miers Contrib. iii. 336, t. 142 ; leaves oblong acuminate glabrous, petiole tomentose. Cocculus lucidus, Teysm. & Ben. Nat. Tijdsch. iv. 397.
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Malacca, Griffith. - Distrib. Java.
Branches rigid, flexuous, smooth ; young pubescent. Leaves 3 1/2-4 by 1 1/2-1 3/4 in., subcoriaceous, base rounded, concolorous, shining above, paler beneath with reticulate veins; petiole 3/4 in. Peduncles of male numerous, 1/2-3/4 in., slender, glabrous. Flowers minute. Drupes tomentose. - A very anomalous genus.
Order VI. BERBERIDEAE. (By Hooker f. & Thomson.)
Usually shrubby, sometimes climbing, glabrous plants. Leaves simple or compound, with articulate segments ; buds scaly. Stipules very rare (Berberis). Flowers often globose, regular, solitary or in simple or compound racemes, usually yellow or white. Sepals and petals free, hypogynous, very caducous, 2-many-seriate, in 3- rarely 4-6-nary whorls, imbricate, or the sepals rarely valvate. Stamens 4-6 (rarely 8) opposite the petals, free or connate ; anthers adnate, erect, dehiscing by lateral or dorsal slits, or by 2 revolute or ascending lids or valves. Carpels 1-3, rarely more, oblong ; style short or 0, stigma dilated or conic or oblong ; ovules usually indefinite on the ventral suture or covering the walls of the ovary, anatropous rarely orthotropous. Ripe carpels dry or fleshy, dehiscent or not. Seeds with a crustaceous fleshy or bony testa; albumen copious, dense ; embryo minute or long, straight or curved, radicle next the hilum. - Distrib. Genera about 20, with 200 species, chiefly temperate and mountain plants.
Tribe I. Lardizabaleae. Stem usually climbing. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Carpels 3. Seeds usually large, testa bony.
| An erect shrub. Leaves pinnate | 1. Decaisnea. |
| Climbing shrubs. Leaves digitate. Stamens monadelphous. | 2. Parvatia. |
| Stamens free. | 3. Holboellia. |
Tribe II. Berbereae. Stem or erect. Flowers hermaphrodite. Carpel 1. Seeds usually small.
| Ovules erect, basal. Shrubs. Fruit berried | 4. Berberis. |
| Ovules superposed along the ventral suture. | |
| Leaves decompound. Ovules few | 5. Epimedium. |
| Leaves simple, palmate. Ovules many | 6. Podophyllum. |
1. DECAISNEA, H. f. & T.
An erect shrub. Leaves unequally pinnate, petioled jointed at base. Flowers racemose, monoecious. Sepals 6, narrow, taper-pointed, subimbricate in 2 rows. Petals 0. Male fl. : Stamens 6, monadelphous ; anthers oblong, connective subulate. Fem. fl. : Staminodes 6, small, free. Ovaries 3, subsessile, oblong ; stigma subsessile, oblong ; ovules many, 2-seriate. Fruit of 3 spreading fleshy many-seeded follicles. Seeds large, compressed, testa bony.
D. insignis, H.f. & T. in Proc. Linn. Soc. 1854, ii. 349 ; Fl.Ind. 213 ; leaflets opposite ovate or ovate-lanceolate long acuminate. Hook. f. III. Him. PI. t. 10. Slackea insignis, Griff. Itin. Not. 187.
Forests of the Eastern Himalaya, alt. 6-10,000 ft. ; in Bhotan, Griffith, and Sikkim, H.f.
Stem naked, erect, simple, or forked. Leaves 2-3 ft., subterminal on the few short branches. Leaflets 6-8 pair, 3-5 by 1 1/2-3 in., thin, glaucous beneath ; petiole 1/4-1/2 in.
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Racemes 1 ft., horizontal, fascicled, terminal or leaf-opposed. Flowers 1 in. long, pendulous, yellow-green ; pedicels as long ; bracts small, subulate, deciduous. Follicles 3 in., cylindric, obtuse, recurved, edible.2. PARVATIA, Decaisne.
A large climbing shrub. Leaves alternate, 3 foliolate. Flowers racemed, monoecious. Sepals 6, 2-seriate, 3 outer valvate. Petals 6, lanceolate, much smaller. Male fl. : Stamens 3, monadelphous ; anthers oblong, apiculate. Fem. fl. : Staminodes 6, minute, free. Ovaries 3 ; stigma, sessile, oblong, acute ; ovules many, covering the walls of the ovary, mixed with long hairs. Fruit of 3, berried, indehiscent, many-seeded carpels. Seeds imbedded in pulp.
1. P. Brunoniana, Decaisne in Archiv. Mus. i 190, t. 12 A; leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate acuminate rarely obtuse. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 214. Stauntonia Brunoniana, Wall. Cat. 4592.
ASSAM and KHASIA HILLS, alt. 3-4000 ft., Wallich, &c.
Bark of old branches pale corky, of young smooth. Petioles 3-5 in. Leaflets 3-5 by 1-2 1/2 in., base subacute or rounded, shining above, glaucous below; petiole of midleaflet 1 in., of lateral 1/2 in. Peduncles 2-4 in., fascicled on scaly tubercles, rigid, slender; pedicels spreading; bracteoles basal, minute, linear. Flowers greenish-white; male 1/3, female 2/3 in. long. Carpels 1/2 in., obtuse at both ends, granulate. - Assam specimens have more membranous and obtuse leaves, less glaucous beneath.
3. HOLBOELLIA, Wall.
A climbing shrub. Leaves digitate. Flower's monoecious, in axillary fascicles or racemes. Sepals 6, 2-seriate ; 3 outer valvate. Petals 6, minute, orbicular. Male fl. : Stamens 6, free ; anthers apiculate. Fem. fl. : Staminodes (3, minute. Ovaries 3 ; stigmas oblong ; ovules many, covering the walls of the ovary. Fruit of 3, berried, many-seeded carpels. Seeds imbedded in pulp.
1. H. latifolia, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. 24, t. 16 ; leaflets ovate or oblong, lanceolate or linear in young plants, acuminate.
Himalaya, alt. 4-9000 ft., from Bhotan to Kumaon ; Khasia hills, alt. 4000 ft. UPPER ASSAM at low elevations.
Trunk sometimes 4-6 in. diam., bark corky when old. Leaves 3-9-foliolate ; leaflets 3-6 by 1/2-2 in., base rounded or acute, shining above, pale and reticulate beneath ; petiole of mid-leaflet its own length, of the lateral shorter. Peduncles solitary or fascicled. Flowers subcorymbose, purplish-green, sweet-scented; male 1/2 -2/3 in., fem. larger. Carpels 2-3 in., sessile or short-stalked, oblong, obtuse at both ends ; very variable. The characters of the seed require confirmation.
Var. 1. latifolia, leaflets 3-5, ovate or oblong, seeds straight obovoid. - H. latifolia, Wall. I.c. ; Decaisne in Archiv. Mus. i. 194, t. 12, B ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 215. H. acuminata, Lindl. in Journ. Hort. Soc. ii. 313. Stauntonia latifolia. Wall. Cat. 4950.
Var. 2. augustifolia, leaflets 7-9, narrow- or linear lanceolate, seeds curved. - H. angustifolia. Wall. Tent. t. 17 ; Decaisne and H.f. & T. I.c. Stauntonia angustifolia, Wall. Cat. 4951.
4. BERBERIS, Linn.
Shrubs ; wood yellow. Leaves pinnate or simple and then fascicled in the axils of 3-5-partite spines. Flowers yellow, hermaphrodite, fascicled, racemed or solitary. Sepals 6, with 2-3 appressed bracts, imbricate in 2
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series. Petals 6, imbricate in 2 series, usually with 2 basal glands inside. Stamens 6, free ; anther-cells opening by recurved valves. Ovary simple ; stigma peltate, sessile or on a short style ; ovules few, basal erect. Berry few-seeded. - Distrib. Species about 50, natives of N. temperate regions, subtropical Asia, the Andes, and temperate S. America.Sect. I. Mahonia, Leaves unequally pinnate ; leaflets opposite.
1. B. nepalensis, Spreng. Syst. Veg. ii. 120 ; leaflets oblong ovate or lanceolate spinous-toothed palmately 3-5-nerved, racemes dense flowered. Wall. Cat. 1480 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 219. B. miccia, Ham. ; Don Prodr. 205. B. acanthifolia, Wall.; Don Syst. Gard. i. 118. Mahonia nepalensis, DC. Prodr. i. 109 ; Deless. Ic. Sel. ii. t. 4.
Temperate Himalaya, alt. 4-8000 ft. ; from Garwhal to Bhotan ; Khasia hills, alt. 4-5000 ft.; Mergui, Griffith; Nilghiri Mts., alt. 5-8000 ft. - Distrib. Japan?
Stem erect, 3-20 ft., subsimple, leafy near the top only. Leaves 6-18 in.; sheath with 2 subulate stipules; leaflets 2-12 pair, 1-5 in., coriaceous, sessile, articulate with the petiole. Racemes 3-12 in., erect ; bracts 1-2 in., various ; bracteoles oblong or ovate. Flowers fascicled ; pedicels 1/4-1/2 in. slender. Berry 1/3-1/2 in., violet, glaucous, bitter. - Probably B. Bealii of Japan is not different.
Var. 1. nepalensis proper; leaflets usually narrow oblong or ovate-lanceolate, berry elliptic. B. nepalensis, I.c. Northern and Eastern India.
Var. 2. Leschenaultii ; leaflets broader, berry globose. B. Leschenaultii, Wall. Cat. 1479 ; Wight I.c. t. 940. Nilghiries.
Sect. II. Berberis proper. Leaves simple, fascicled in the axils of 3-5-partite (rarely simple) spines (reduced leaves).
* Flowers racemed, corymbose or subumbelled.
2. B. vulgaris, L. ; leaves more or less deciduous obovate spinulose-serrate, flowers racemed, petals subentire, stigma sessile discoid. H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 220.
Western Himalaya, alt. 8-12,000 ft., from Nipal to Marri, and in Western Tibet. - Distrib. Temp. Europe and N. Asia.
An extremely variable plant.
Var. 1. vulgaris proper ; 8-10 ft., leaves 2-3 in. quite deciduous long petioled broad oblong lanceolate or obovate acutely serrate, racemes exceeding the leaves pendulous simple not glaucous, flowers large, berries oblong-ovoid compressed red, seeds 2-5. DC. Prodr. i. 105. - Kashmir and Kishtwar, alt. 5-1000 ft.
Var. 2. cratoegina (sp. DC. Prodr. i. 106); a small bush, leaves 1-2 1/2 in. coriaceous and persistent entire or spinulose, racemes elongate, berries oblong or subspherical. B. emarginata, Willd. ; sphaerocarpa, Kar. & Kir.; heterpoda, Schrenk ; turcomanieae, Karel. - Balti & Kashmir, alt. 8-10,000 ft.
Var. 3. oetnensis (sp. Presl. Flor. Sic. i. 28) ; low, rigid, robust, leaves 1-1 1/2 in. obovate obtuse or mucronate rarely lanceolate spinulose serrate rarely entire, nerves prominent, racemes suberect or nodding rather exceeding the leaves - B. Kunwarensis, Royle Ill. 64. - Simla to Balti, alt. 6-12,000 ft.
Var. 4. brachybotrys (sp. Fdgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 29) ; branches robust, often glaucous, leaves 1/2-1 1/2 in. hardly coriaceous obovate or lanceolate spinulose-serrate or entire, racemes short many-flowered subcorymbose. - From Sikkim to Simla, alt. 6-12,000 ft.
Var. 5. cretica (sp. Linn.) ; low or prostrate, densely branched, leaves 1/2-1 in. rigid coriaceous angled spinulose-serrate or lobulate, margin thickened, racemes longer or shorter than the leaves. - (B. vulgaris var. australis, Boiss. B. Thunbergii, DC.) Garwhal to Balti, alt. 9-11,000 ft.
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3. B. umbellata, Wall. Cat. 1475 ; leaves more or less deciduous obovate sparingly serrulate, flowers subumbellate on a long naked peduncle, berries oblong, stigma flat sessile. Don Syst. Gard. i. 116 ; H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 224 B. aristata, DC. Prodr. i. 106 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2549.
Temperate Himalaya, alt. 9-11,000 ft., from Kumaon to Bhotan.
An erect straggling shrub, 8-10 ft. ; branches slender, rigid, leafy. Leaves 1-2 in., submembranous, green or glaucous beneath. Flowers like those of B. vulgaris.
4 B. aristata, DC. Syst. ii. 8 ; erect, leaves evergreen or nearly so, obovate or oblong entire or with few distant spinous teeth, flowers in compound often corymbose racemes, berries tapering into a short style, stigma small subglobose. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 224
Temperate Himalaya, alt. 6-10,000 ft. ; from Bhotan to Kunawar. Nilghiri Mts. and Ceylon, alt. 6-7000 ft.
As variable as B. vulgaris.
Var. 1. aristata, purple, leaves 1-3 in. broad obovate or oblong elliptic acute or awned entire or spinulose-serrate towards the tip green or glaucous beneath, racemes compound, flowers large, pedicels red. DC.Prodr. i. 106 ; Royle III 64 ; Wall. Cat. 1474. B. tinctoria, Lesch. W. & A. Prodr. i. 16; Deless. Ic. Sel. ii. t. 2; Wight III. t. 8. B. chitria, Ham. ; Don Prodr. 204 ; Bot. Reg. t. 729. B. angustifolia, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 87. - Nipal to Sirmore.
Var. 2. floribunda (sp. Wall. mss. Cat. 1474); leaves smaller, flowers on long peduncles, racemes subsimple or subumbellate. B. petiolaris, Wall. under Cat. 1474; Don Syst. Gard. i. 115. B. affinis and ceratophylla, Don I.c. B. coriaria, Royle mss. ; Lindl. in Bot. Reg N.S.xiv. t. 46. B. umbellata, Lindl. I.c. 1844, t.44 (not of Wall.). - Kumaon to Kunawar.
Var. 3. micrantha ; leafy, leaves 1-3 in. very coriaceous obovate-lanceolate coarsely spinulose-toothed, racemes long nodding, flowers small. Wall. Cat. 1474. - Bhotan to Garwhal.
6. B. Lycium, Royle Ill. 64; Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii 94; bark white, leaves subsessile subpersistent lanceolate or narrow obovate oblong usually quite entire pale not lacunose glaucous beneath, raceme elongate, berries ovoid, style conspicuous, stigma capitate. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 225.
Western Himalaya, in dry hot places ; alt. 3-9000 ft., from Garwhal to Hazara.
An erect rigid shrub, 6-8 ft. Leaves 1 1/2-2 1/2 by 1/3-1/2 in., coriaceous, mucronate, very spinulose, bright green above, venation lax. Racemes simple or compound, often corymbose, drooping, longer than the leaves. Berry violet. - Very distinct in its ordinary state, but some forms appear to pass into B. aristata, and others into B. asiatica.
6. B. asiatica, Roxb. in DC. Syst. ii. 13; bark pale, spines 5-fid small, leaves orbicular or broad obovate subentire or coarsely spinous lacunose white beneath, racemes short corymbose, berries with a distinct style, stigma capitate. Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 182; Deless. Ic. Sel. ii. t. 1 ; Wall. Cat. 1477 (excl. syn. tinctoriae). B. hypoleuca, Lindl. Journ. Hort. Soc. ii. 246.
Dry valleys of the Himalaya, alt. 3-7500 ft. ; from Bhotan to Garwhal. Behar, on Parasnath, alt. 3500 ft., Edgeworth. - Distrib. Affghanistan.
An erect stout branched bush, 3-6 ft. Leaves 1-3 in., rarely acute, thickly coriaceous, very strongly reticulate beneath, Racemes peduncled or subsessile ; flowers rather small, 1/14-1/3 in. diam. Berry red or black, glaucous, often large, eatable.
** Peduncles fascicled, 1-flowered.
7. B. Wallichiana, DC. Prodr. i. 107; leaves evergreen lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, flowers many in a fascicle, berry ovoid or oblong. Wall.
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Plant. As. Rar. iii. t. 243; Cat. 1478 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 225. B. asiatica. Griff. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. iv. t. 1648.Temperate Himalaya in forests, alt, 8-10,000 ft., from Nipal, Wallich, to Bhotan, Griffith; Khasia hills, alt. 5-6000 ft.
Var. 1. atroviridis (sp. Wall. mss.); branches angular, leaves 1 1/2-4 in, lanceolate or narrow obovate, berries black-purple shining. B. Wallichiana, DC. l.c. - Nipal to Bhotan.
Var. 2, microcarpa; branches angled or deeply grooved, leaves as in Var. 1, but emaller and sometimes quite entire, berries 1/4 in. elliptic-oblong, style short, stigma small. - Khasia hills.
Var, 3. latifolia; leaves 1-2 in, broadly obovate or elliptic-oblong, flowers as in Var. 1. - Skirts of woods, alt. 8-10,000 ft. in Sikkim.
Var. 4. pallida ; leaves 2-3 in. narrow lanceolate spinulose pale and glaucous beneath, fascicles few-flowered. - Bhotan, Griffith.
8. B. insignis, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 226; erect, spines very few, leaves evergreen large solitary or geminate elliptic or linear-lanceolate shining on both surfaces spinous toothed, pedicels short thick, berries ovoid, stigma sessile.
Humid forests of the Eastern Himalaya, alt. 7-10,000 ft. from E. Nipal, H. f., to Bhotan, Griffith.
A beautiful holly-like bush, 4-6 ft. Leaves 3-7 in,, rather remote petiole short. Flowers 3-20 in a fascicle, golden-yellow; pedicels 1/2-1 in., curved. Petals 2-fid. Berries 1/3 in,, black.
9. B. ulicina, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 227; glaucous, robust densely spiny, leaves fascicled pungent margins thickened, pedicels very short, berries small, stigma sessile.
Western Tibet; stony dry places in Nubra, alt. 14-16,000 ft., T. T.
A small shrub, 1-2 ft. branches short, stout spines stout, rigid, base dilated. Leaves 1/2 in., rigidly coriaceous, crowded, 1-2-toothed on each side. Flowers 1/5 in. diam,, orange-yellow, densely crowded. Petals 2-fid, Ovary obscurely glandular, 4-ovuled. Berry black, glaucous.
*** Peduncles solitary (rarely 2-3), 1-flowered.
10. B. angulosa, Wall. Cat. 1475 in part ; young shoots puberulous, leaves small obovate or obovate-lanceolate puberulous, margins thickened, peduncle exceeding the leaves stout curved, outer sepals equalling the inner, berries broad pendulous.
Temperate Himalaya, Nipal, Wallich; Sikkim, alt, 11-13,000 ft,, H.f.
A shrub, 4 ft. ; branches strict leafy; spines 3-5-fid. Leaves 1-1 1/2 in., fascicled, thin, coriaceous, usually quite entire, opaque above, rather shining beneath ; nerves subparallel. Flowers rather large. Outer sepals broad. Petals entire. Berries 1/3-1/2 in., globose or broad oblong, red, 5-7-seeded, edible ; stigma sessile or style short ; peduncle stout, curved.
11. B. macrosepala, H.f. in Bot. Mag. t. 4744 ; erect or prostrate, glabrous, leaves obovate-oblong coarsely spinulose-toothed, margins thickened, peduncle slender, outer sepals equalling the inner, berries large ovoid. H.f & T. Fl. Ind. 228.
Interior of the Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 12-13,000 ft., H.f.
A small shrub, 2-4 ft. ; branches spreading ; spines slender, equalling the leaves. Leaves fascicled, 1/2-1 in., usually glaucous beneath. Flowers rather large, peduncle curved, glabrous. Berries 1/2-3/4 in., red, 6-10-seeded ; stigma sessile.
12. B. concinna, H.f. in Bot. Mag.t. 4744 ; prostrate, much branched, branches slender red glabrous, leaves small obovate spinous-toothed white
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beneath margin thickened, peduncles slender, outer sepals half as long as the inner, berries large oblong. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 229.Interior valleys of Sikkim ; Himalaya, alt. 12-13,000 ft., H.f.
A small shrub, 1-3 ft., often forming appressed cushions, conspicuous for the deep green upper and white under surface of its small deciduous leaves ; spines equalling the leaves or shorter, 3-fid, slender. Leaves 1/2-3/4 in., tip rounded or truncate. Peduncle exceeding the leaves. Flowers bright-orange. Berries 1/3-3/4 in., pendulous, compressed, many-seeded.
Doubtful species are (1) a shrub like B. concinna and referred to it as var. Beta in Fl. Ind., with angled and lobed spinous toothed leaves, found at 9-10,000 ft. in Kumaon and Garwhal. (2) A Sikkim (alt. 9000 ft.) species allied to the above, in flower and young leaf only, with obovate-lanceolate entire awned leaves, and fascicled or subumbelled flowers on a slender peduncle.
5. EPIMEDIUM, Linn.
Herbs; rootstock creeping. Leaves ternately compound. Flowers white or coloured, racemed or panicled. Sepals 8, petaloid, in 2 opposite series, outer smaller. Petals 4 opposite the sepals, hooded or spurred. Stamens 4, opposite the petals ; anther-cells opening by recurved valves. Ovary 1; style subulate, continuous with the dorsal suture, stigma dilated ; ovules few or many, 2-seriate on the ventral suture. Capsule elongate, unequally 2-valved, smaller valve deciduous, leaving the seeds attached to the persistent larger. Seeds few, aril fleshy. - Distrib. Species about 8 ; temp. Europe and Asia.
E. elatum, Morr. & Dne. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 2, ii 356; leaves 2-3-ternate, leaflets ovate-cordate, sepals ovate-lanceolate acute, filaments equalling the ovary, ovules 2-3. Dne. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 9, t. 8 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 231.
Western Himalaya, Kashmir, Banahal and Kishtwar, alt. 6-8000 ft., Jacquemont, &c.
Stem 2-3 ft., slender, glabrous. Leaves 6-12 in.; leaflets 1-2 1/2 in., lateral oblique, membranous, spinulous-toothed. Panicle glabrous or glandular; bracts minute. Flowers 1/4 in. diam., yellow-white. Anthers linear. Ovary linear ; style slender, persistent. Capsule membranous. Seeds 2-3, reniform black.
6. PODOHPYLLUM, Linn.
Scapigerous herbs ; rootstock creeping, scaly, 2-leaved. Leaves peltate, palmately lobed. Flowers large, white or rose-coloured. Sepals 3-6, petaloid. Petals 6-9 (rarely 4). Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals ; anther-cells opening by slits. Ovary simple ; stigma large, sessile, peltate ; ovules many, on a broad ventral placenta. Fruit berried, many-seeded. Seeds obovoid, imbedded in pulp. - Distrib. A N. American and a Himalayan species.
1. P. emodi, Wall. Cat. 814 ; scape supra-axillary, stamens usually 6. Royle III. 64 and 379 in note ; H.f. & T.Fl. Ind. 232. P. hexandrum, Royle I.c. ; Dne. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. ii. t. 9.
Interior ranges of the Himalaya, alt. 9-14,000 ft., from Sikkim to Hazara, descending to 6000 ft. in Kashmir.
Stem, or scape 6-12 in., erect, stout, herbaceous. Leaves 2, vernal, alternate, long-petioled, plaited and deflexed in venation, 6-10 in. diam., orbicular, 3-5-lobed to the
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middle or base; lobes cuneate, acutely serrate. Peduncle terminal in bud, then apparently supra-axillary or inserted on the petiole of the upper leaf. Flowers 1-1 1/2 in. diam. Sepals very deciduous. Petals 6, sometimes 4 (Royle), obovate- oblong. Berry 1-2 in., ellipsoid, red, edible.Order VII. NYMPHAEACEAE. (By Hooker f. & Thomson.)
Aquatic perennial herbs. Leaves usually floating, often peltate, margins involute in vernation. Scapes 1-flowered, naked. Floral-whorls all free, hypogynous or adnate to a fleshy disk that surrounds or envelops the carpels. Sepals 3-5. Petals 3-5, or many. Stamens many. Carpels 3 or more in one whorl, free or connate or irregularly sunk in pits of the disk ; stigmas as many as carpels, peltate or decurrent ; ovules few, or many and scattered over the walls of the cells, anatropous or orthotropous. Fruit formed of the connate carpels, or of separate and indehiscent carpels, or of the enlarged turbinate flat-topped disk with the nut-like carpels sunk in its crown. Seeds naked or arilled ; albumen floury or ; embryo enclosed in the enlarged amniotic sac. - Distrib. Temperate and tropical ; genera 8, species 30-40.
Suborder I. Cabombeae. Sepals and petals 3 each, free. Carpels free. Ovules few. Seed albuminous.
| 1. Brasenia. |
Suborder II. Nymphaeae. Sepals 4-6. Petals and stamens indefinite. Carpels confluent with one another or with the disk into one ovary. Ovules many. Seeds albuminous.
| Sepals, petals and stamens 1/2-superior, inserted on the disk, which is confluent with the carpels | 2. Nymphaea. |
| Sepals inferior ; petals superior ; carpels sunk in the torus | 3. Barclaya. |
| Sepals, petals and stamens superior. Carpels sunk in the torus | 4. Euryale. |
Suborder III. Nelumbieae. Sepals 4-5. Petals and stamens indefinite. Carpels irregularly scattered, sunk in pits of the turbinate disk. Ovules 1-2. Seed exalbuminous.
| 6. Nelumbium. |
1. BRASENIA, Schreber.
A slender aquatic, with a creeping rootstock. Stem branched. Leaves alternate, peltate, floating ; petioles and peduncles clothed with mucus. Flower red, peduncles axillary. Sepals 3. Petals 3, linear. Stamens 12-18; anthers linear, slits lateral. Disk small. Ovaries 6-18, cylindric ; stigma dilated, villous ; ovules 2-3, pendulous from the walls of the ovary. Carpels coriaceous, indehiscent. Seeds albuminous.
1. B. peltata, Pursh. ; leaves elliptic-oblong, peduncles pubescent. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. i. 246. Hydropeltis purpurea, Richard ; DC. Prodr. 112 ; Griff. Itin. Notes, 160.
BHOTAN near Punaka, alt. 6000 ft., Griffith; Khasia HILLS near Nonkreem, alt. 4600 ft., H.f. & T. - DISTRIB. Eastern N. America; Eastern Australia.
Leaves 2-4 in. Flowers 1 in. diam. Sepals pubescent. Petals rose-red.
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2. NYMPHAEA, L.
Large herbs ; rootstock creeping. Flowers expanded, large, floating on long radical scapes. Sepals 4, adnate to the base of the disk. Petals in many series, inner successively transformed into stamens, all adnate to the disk. Filaments Petaloid; anthers small, linear, slits introrse. Ovaries many, in 1 series, sunk in the fleshy disk and with it forming a many-celled ovary crowned by the connate radiating furrowed stigmas ; ovules many, anatropous. Fruit a spongy berry ripening under water. Seeds minute, buried in pulp, enclosed in a sac-like fleshy aril. - Distrib. Species 20 ; most temperate and tropical regions.
1. N. alba, Linn. ; leaves cordate quite entire, flowers white, anthers without appendages, stigmatic rays about 16 with cylindric appendages. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind.241.
Kashmir lake, alt. 5300 ft. - Distrib. Europe, Siberia.
Leaves 5-10 in. diam., suborbiculate, lobes contiguous. Sepals linear or ovate-oblong, nerves reticulate. Petals about 10, outer linear-oblong, equalling the sepals. Pollen echinulate. Seeds minute, striate and punctate.
Var. Kashmiriana, H.f. & T. I.c. ; ovaries pubescent or villous. N. Cachemeriana, Cambess. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. ii. t. 10 ; N. alba, var. Kosteletzkyi, Planch. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 3, xix. 33. - Kashmir, Jacquemont.
2. N. Lotus, Linn. ; leaves sharply sinuate-toothed, flowers white rose or red, sepals obtuse ribbed, anthers without appendages, stigmatic rays with clubbed appendages. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 241. N. rubra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 576; W. & A. Prodr. 17 ; Wight III. i.t. 10 ; Wall. Cat. 7255. N. Devoniensis, Hook. Bot. Mag. t.4665. N. edulis, DC. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 578 ; Wall. Cat. 7254.
Common throughout the warmer parts of India. - Distrib. Africa, Hungary, Java, Philippine Islands.
Leaves 6-12 in. broad; young sagittate. Flowers 2-10 in. broad, very variable in colour. Sepals oblong, 5-10-ribbed. Petals linear or ovate-oblong. Filaments broadly dilated at the base ; pollen smooth. Seeds broadly ellipsoid, rough.
VAR. pubescens, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 241; leaves puberulous or pubescent beneath, flowers smaller. N. pubescens, Willd.; W. & A. Prodr. 17 and 447 ; Wall. Cat. 7256 ; N. sagittata, Edgw. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 29.
3. N. stellata, Willd. ; leaves quite entire or obtusely sinuate-toothed, flowers variously coloured, petals acute or taper-pointed, anthers with long appendages, stigmatic rays terminating in short horns without appendages. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. i 243.
Common throughout the warmer parts of India. - Distrib. Africa.
Leaves orbicular or elliptic, often blotched with purple beneath, lobes acute or obtuse. Flowers 1-10 in. diam., blue, white, rose, or purple, slightly odorous. Sepals many-veined, not ribbed, often streaked with fine short purple lines. Petals 10-30, linear-oblong or lanceolate. Stamens 10-50; pollen smooth. Stigmatic rays 10-30. Seeds substriate.
Var. 1. cyanea, H.f. & T. I.c.; flowers medium-sized blue scarcely odorous. - N. cyanea, Roxb Fl. Ind. iii. 577 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 17 ; Wall. Cat. 7253, A, D. N. stellata beta, Bot. Mag. t. 2058.
Var. 2. parviflora, H.f. & T. I.c.; flowers usually smaller blue. - N. stellata, Willd; W. & A. Prodr. i. 17 ; Wall. Cat. 7253, C & E.
Var. 3. versicolor, H.f. & T. I.c. ; flowers larger white blue purple or flesh-coloured, stamens very many. - N. versicolor, Roxb Hort. Beng. 41 ; Fl. Ind. ii.577 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1189; Wall. Cat. 7257. N. punctata, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 29. N. Edgeworthii and N. Hookeriana, Lehm. der Gatt. Nymph. 7 and 21.
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4. N. pygmaea, Aiton; very small, leaves oblong-orbicular or quite entire, lobes acute, flowers white, stamens without appendages, stigmatic rays 4-8 broad ovate spoon-shaped. Bot. Mag. t. 1525 , H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 244
Khasia hills, Jenkins, in marshes at Nonkreem, alt. 5600 ft., H. f. & T. - Distrib. Siberia, N. China.
Rootstock woolly with soft black hairs. Leaves 1-2 in. long, lobes diverging. Flowers 1 1/2-2 in. diam. Calyx base square ; sepals 4, obtuse. Petals about 10, obtuse. Stamens 3-4-seriate ; pollen subgranular.
3. BARCLAYA, Wallich.
An aquatic herb ; rootstock short, villous. Leaves linear-oblong, hastate, floating. Peduncles extra-axillary. Flowers red or purplish. Sepals 5, inserted at the base of the ovary. Petals numerous, 3-seriate, united into a tube that is confluent with the carpels. Stamens many-seriate, inserted on a ring within the corolla-tube ; anthers pendulous from recurved filaments, outer imperfect. Ovaries about 10, confluent, top conical; styles conniving into a 10-rayed cone, stigmatiferous within ; ovules many, orthotropous, parietally scattered. Berry globose, pulpy, crowned with the corolla-tube and annular torus. Seeds spheric, echinate, albumen floury ; embryo minute.
1. B. longifolia, Wall. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. 442, t. 18; Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 809, 810; Griff. Notal. 218, t. 57 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 246.
BIRMA and from Pegu to Mergui.
Leaves 6-8 by 1-1 1/2 in., membranous, smooth or pubescent beneath; petiole as long, slender. Flowers 1/2-1 1/2 in. long, dull green outside, red or purple within, inodorous. Fruit as large as a cherry.
4. EURYALE, Salisb.
A densely prickly aquatic ; rootstock thick. Leaves orbicular, corrugate. Flowers violet, partially submerged. Sepals 4, erect, inserted on the edge of the torus above the carpels. Petals numerous, 3-5-seriate, shorter than the petals. Stamens many, many-seriate, fascicled in eights ; filaments linear ; pollen spheric, 3-nucleate. Ovary 8-celled, sunk in the dilated top of the torus; stigma discoid, depressed, concave; ovules few, parietal. Berry spongy, crowned with the persistent sepals. Seeds 8-20, aril pulpy ; testa thick, black, albumen mealy, embryo small.
1. E. ferox, Salisb. ; Roxb. Cor. Plant, iii. t. 244 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1447 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 245. E. indica and E. ferox. Planch. Etudes Nymph. 29. Anneslia spinosa, Roxb Fl. Ind. ii. 573.
OUDE ; Jheels of Eastern Bengal, and Kashmir Lake. - Distrib. China.
Rootstock short. Leaves 1-4 ft. diam., elliptic or orbicular, green above, downy and red or purple beneath, with strong spiny ribs. Flowers 1-2 in. long, bright red inside, green and shining outside. Berry 2-4 in. diam. Seeds from a pea to a cherry in size, much eaten roasted.
5. NELUMBIUM, Juss.
An erect large, water herb with milky juice; rootstock stout, creeping. Leaves raised high above the water, peltate. Flowers rose-red white or yellow. Sepals 4-5, inserted on the top of the scape, caducous. Petals and stamens many, hypogynous, many-seriate, caducous. Anthers with a clubbed
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appendage. Ovaries many, 1-celled, sunk in the flat top of an obconic fleshy torus, attachment lateral ; style very short, exserted, stigma terminal, dilated ; ovules 1-2, pendulous. Carpels ovoid, loose in the cavities of the enlarged spongy torus; pericarp bony, smooth. Seed filling the carpel, testa spongy, albumen ; cotyledons fleshy, thick, enclosing the large folded plumule. - Distrib. Species 2, one Asiatic and Australian ; the other W. Indian.1. N. speciosum, Willd. ; Wight & Arn. Prodr. i. 16 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. 647 ; Wight Ill. i. t. 9 ; H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 247. N. asiaticum, Rich. in Ann. Mas. xvii, 249, t. 9. Nelumbo Indica, Poir. Encycl. iv. 453. Cyamus Nelumbo, Smith Exot. Bot. i. 59, t. 31, 32. C. mysticus, Salisb. Ann. Bot. ii. 75. Nymphaea Nelumbo, Linn.
Throughout India, extending as far to the N.W. as Kashmir. - Distrib. Persia, Malay Islands, China, Japan, Tropical Australia.
Peduncles and petioles 3-66 ft. high, full of spiral vessels, smooth or with small scattered prickles. Leaves 2-3 ft. diam., membranous, glaucous, cupped. Flowers 4-10 in. diam. ,white or rose. Petals elliptic, concave, veined. Fruiting torus 2-4 in. diain. Ripe carpels from the size of a pea to a small cherry.
Order VIII. PAPAVERACEAE. (By Hooker f. & Thomson.) Annual or perennial herbs ; juice usually milky or coloured. Leaves radical or alternate, stipules 0. Flowers often large, nodding in bud, regular, hermaphrodite ; perianth and stamens very caducous. Sepals 2, hypogynous, concave. Petals 4, 2-seriate, large, crumpled. Stamens very many, filaments slender ; anthers erect, slits lateral. Ovary 1-celled, or 2-4-celled by the produced placentas ; style short or 0; stigmas radiating, connate and opposite the placentas, or free and alternating with them ; ovules many-seriate, parietal, anatropous. Carpels dehiscing by pores or valves. Seeds many, small, albumen oily and fleshy ; embryo minute, 2-lobed or 2-fid. - DISTRIB. About 17 genera and 65 species, chiefly natives of the N. Temp. Zone.
The European genera Glaucium and Roemeria, both natives of Affghanistan, have not been found in the British possessions.
* Capsule usually short, opening by short valves or pores.
| Stigmas 4 or more, radiating on a sessile disk | 1 . Papaver. |
| Stigmas 4-6, radiating from the top of a depressed style | 1.*Argemone. |
| Stigmas 4-6, decurrent on the top of the style | 2. Meconopsis. |
** Capsule short or long, dehiscing throughout its length.
| Ovary 1-celled ; stigma sessile, 4-6-lobed | 3. Cathcartia. |
| Ovary 1-celled ; style erect, stigma 2-4-lobed | 4. Stylophorum. |
1. PAPAVER, Linn.
Annual or perennial herbs, juice milky. Leaves lobed or cut. Flowers on long peduncles. Ovary 1-celled ; stigma discoid or pyramidal with radiating lobes opposite the placentas which project into the cell. Capsule short, opening by small valves under the lobes of the persistent stigma. Seeds small, pitted. - Distrib. Species about 12, temp. Europe and Asia, with an Australian and a S. African representative.
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1. P. nudicaule, L. ; perennial, hairy, flowers orange-yellow, capsule obovoid hispid. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 249. Western Tibet, alt. 16-17,000 ft., T. T., &c. - Distrib. Affghanistan, Mts. of Central and Northern Europe, N. Asia, Arctic regions.
Rootstock scaly. Leaves 2-4 in., all radical, obovate or oblong, pinnatifid ; lobes linear-oblong, hairy. Scapes several, 4-12 in. Flowers 2-3 in. diam. Sepals densely hairy.
2. P. hybridum, L. ; leaves 2-3-pinnatifid sparingly hispid, filaments dilated upwards, capsule subglobose hispid, stigma convex rays 4-8.
Punjab near Peshawur, Vicary ; Jelam valley, Jacquemont. - Distrib. Affghanistan, W. Asia, N. Africa, Europe.
Annual, sparingly branched, 10-18 in. Leaves more or less cut into linear awned segments ; radical petioled, cauline sessile. Flower 1-2 in. diam., scarlet, with a black disk. Sepals hairy, obtuse. Capsule 1/2 in. long. Stigmatic rays reaching or exceeding the edge of the disk.
3. P. Rhoeas, L. ; leaves 1-2-pinnatifid, filaments filiform, capsule subglobose glabrous, stigma convex rays 8-12.
Kashmir, Falconer, &c. - Europe, W. Asia, N.Africa.
Annual, branched, hispid, 1-2 ft. Leaf-lobes more or less cut, ascending, awned. Scapes with spreading or appressed hairs. Flowers 3-4 in. diam., scarlet ; pairs of petals unequal. Stigmatic rays overlapping. Capsule stalked.
4. P. dubium, L. ; leaves 1-2-pinnatifid, filaments filiform, capsule obovoid glabrous, stigma 6-12- rayed. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 250. P. glabrum, Royle III. 67.
Western Himalaya from Garwhal to Hazara, in cornfields. - Distrib. Affghanistan, Europe, W. Asia.
Habit of P. Rhoeas, but often glabrous, and leaf segments usually narrower ; hairs of scape appressed. Petals scarlet, in unequal pairs. Capsule sessile.
P. SOMNIFERUM, L. ; leaves oblong amplexicaul lobed toothed and serrate, filaments slightly dilated, capsule globose, glabrous, stigmatic rays 5-12. Roxb. Fl.Ind. ii. 571 ; W. & A. Prodr. 17 ; Wall. Cat. 8118 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 250. P. amaenum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 56.
Cultivated throughout India. - Distrib. Cultivated in temp, and warm regions of Europe, Asia, and N. Africa.
Annual, 2-4 ft., glaucous, simple, rarely branched, usually quite glabrous. Leaves ovate- oblong or linear-oblong. Flower large, white purple or scarlet. Sepals glabrous. Capsule 1 in. diam., stalked. Seeds white or black. - Opium poppy.
P. orientale, L., and P. Argemone, L., are common garden plants in India.
1.* ARGEMONE:, Linn.
An erect prickly annual ; juice yellow. Flowers bright yellow. Sepals 2-3. Petals 4-6. Stamens indefinite. Ovary 1- celled; style very short, stigma 4-7-lobed ; ovules many, on 4 -7 parietal placentas. Capsule short, dehiscing at the top by short valves, that alternate with the stigmas and placentas. Seeds many. - Distrib. A small American genus, of which the following species is naturalized throughout India.
A. MEXICANA, L. ; leaves sessile 1/2-amplexicaul sinuate-pinnatifid variegated green and white. Roxh. Fl. Ind. ii. 571; W. & A.Prodr. i. 18; WigH lll, t. 11 ; Wall. Cat, 8126 ; H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 251.
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By roadsides and in fields throughout India. A robust herb, sometimes half-woody below, 2-4 ft., with spreading branches. Leaves 3-7 in. Flowers 1-3 in. diam. Sepals horned at the top. Capsule 3/4-1 1/2 in. long, terete, usually bristly, elliptic or oblong.
2. MECONOPSIS, Viguier.
Perennial herbs ; juice yellow. Leaves entire or lobed. Flowers solitary or racemed, large, blue yellow or purple. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Ovary 1-celled ; style distinct, stigmatic lobes radiating on its clubbed extremity. Capsule ovoid or elongate, with short valves below the persistent style. Seeds many, small, rugose. - Distrib. Mountains of the N. hemisphere ; species about 10.
* Scapes radical, 1-flowered.
1. M. simplicifolia, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 252 ; softly hairy, leaves lanceolate entire or few-toothed. Hook.f. III. Him. Pl. t. 8. Papaver simplicifolium, Don Prodr. 196 ; Wall. Cat. 8125.
SUBALPiNE Himalaya, Nipal, Wallich ; Sikkim, alt. 12-14,000 ft., H.f.
Root stout, fusiform ; neck villous. Leaves many, 2-3 in., tapering into a petiole. Scapes stout, clothed with deflexed hairs. Flowers 2-3 in. diam., blue-purple. Sepals hispid. Ovary cylindric; style 1/4 in., stigmas 5-8. Capsule 2 in., linear-oblong, covered with deciduous hairs.
2. M. horridula, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 252; prickly, leaves lanceolate subentire.
SIKKIM Himalaya, alt. 14-17,000 ft., H.f.
Stem 0, or short. Leaves 3-5 in., obtuse or acute. Scapes 4-8 in., many, rigid, erect, densely prickly. Flowers 1 1/2 in. diam., blue-purple. Sepals bristly. Capsule 1/2-1 in., prickly, obovate or oblong; style 1/4 in., stigma conical. - Possibly a state of M. aculeata. In abnormal flowers the petals are sometimes many and linear.
** Stems leafy. Flowers racemed or panicled.
3. M. aculeata, Royle III. 67, t. 15; prickly, leaves irregularly pinnatifid, flowers blue-purple, capsules short prickly and bristly. Wall. Cat. 8122; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 253; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5456. M. Gul. Waldemani, Klotzsch. Reis. Pr. Wald. t. 36.
Western Himalaya, from Kashmir to Kumaon; alt. 11-15,000 ft.
Stem 1-2 ft., smooth, except the short scattered prickles. Leaves 4-8 in., oblong or lanceolate, long-petioled ; cauline sessile. Flowers 2-3 in. diam.; pedicels slender, prickly in fruit. Capsule 1/2-2/3 in., densely prickly, obconic-obovate or oblong ; style half as long.
4. M. robusta, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 253; glaucous, sparsely hairy, leaves pinnatifid, capsule linear-oblong 7-8- valved clothed with spreading bristles. Wall. Cat. 8121, 8124.
Temperate Himalaya, alt. 8-10,000 ft. ; from Nipal, Wallich, to Kumaon.
Stem 4-6 ft. Leaves 8-14 in., pinnate, lobes pinnatifid, long-petioled, cauline sessile. Flowers 2-3 in. diam., colour unknown, in subracemose panicles ; pedicels 3-4 in., densely clothed with reflexed bristles under the flower, elongating in fruit. Sepals bristly. Capsule 1 1/2 in., densely bristly, at length glabrous ; style slender.
6. M. nipalensis, DC Prodr. i. 121 ; stellately pubescent and laxly hairy, leaves sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid, flowers golden yellow, sepals
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setose, capsule obovate-oblong 8-10-valved. Wall. Cat. 8123 A ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 253 ; H.f. III. Him. Fl. t. 9. Papaver paniculatum, Don Prodr. 197.Temperate Himalaya, alt. 10-12,000 ft.; Nipal, Wallich, Slkkim, H.f.
Stem 3-5 ft., stout, erect, nearly simple ; young parts clothed with soft golden villous hairs. Leaves 10-16 in., oblong or lanceolate, softly pubescent when young. Flowers 2-3 1/2 in. diam., in elongated nearly simple racemes. Sepals densely tomentose and bristly. Capsule 1 1/2-2 in., clothed with appressed hairs and stellate down ; style 1/2 in.
6. M. Wallichii, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4668 ; slender, stellately pubescent and softly hairy, leaves pinnatifid, flowers much panicled purple, sepals not setose, capsule elliptic-oblong 5-valved. Wall. Cat. 8123 B; H. f & T. Fl. Ind. 254.
Temperate Himalaya, alt, 9-10,000 ft. ; in Nipal, Wallich, and Sikkim, H.f.
Stem 4-6 ft., branched. Leaves 8-12 in., oblong or obovate-lanceolate, glaucous beneath; long-petioled. Flowers 1 1/2-2 in. diam., many; pedicels short. Sepals densely pubescent. Capsule 1 in., elliptic-oblong, 5-valved, densely bristly. - There is much .confusion in the Wallichian Herbarium amongst the specimens of the three last species (which are included in his numbers 8123, 8124 and 8125), and which we suspect may be reduced to two ; and we are further not sure to which Don's Papaver paniculatum belongs.
3. CATHCARTIA, Hook. f.
A perennial softly hairy herb; juice yellow. Leaves long-petioled, cordate, lobed. Flowers racemed, golden-yellow. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Ovary 1-celled ; stigma sessile, 4-6-lobed ; ovules many, on 4-6 parietal placentas. Capsule cylindric, dehiscing throughout its length by valves between the placentas which remain attached to the persistent stigma. Seeds strophiolate.
1. C. villosa, Hook.f. in Bot. Mag. t. 4596; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 254.
Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 10-12,000 ft., H.f.
Stem 10-18 in., sparingly branched. Leaves 1-3 in. diam., long-petioled; 3-5-lobed, lobes variously cut ; cauline shorter petioled and less divided, uppermost sessile. Flowers few, 2-3 in. diam., in few-flowered racemes ; pedicels slender, curved. Capsules 2-3 in., slender, erect, valves membranous.
4. STYLOPHORUM, Nuttal.
Perennial herbs ; juice yellow. Leaves pinnatifid. Flowers yellow or red. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Ovary 1-celled; style erect, stigmas 2-4, ascending, papillose on the inner surface; ovules many, on 2-4 parietal placentas. Capsule ovoid-oblong or linear, dehiscing by 2-4 valves between the placentas which remain attached to the persistent stigmas. - Distrib. Species 4-5, temperate European and Asiatic.
1. S. lactucoides, Benth. & Hook.f. Gen. Pl. 53 ; laxly hairy, leaves runcinate pinnatifid, flowers yellow. Dicranostigma lactucoides, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 255. Inner ranges of the Garwhal Himalaya, alt. 11,000 ft., Strach. & Winterb.
Rootstock stout, woody. Stem 6-10 in. Leaves numerous, 3-5 in., glaucous beneath, segments broad ovate, hairy on both surfaces ; petiole winged ; cauline sessile. Scapes 3-4, slender. Flowers few, 2 in. diam., pedicels slender. Sepals pilose, tips horned.
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Order IX. FUMARIACEAE.
Annual or perennial herbs ; juice watery. Leaves usually divided, segments not jointed. Flowers small, racemed, irregular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 2, small, scale-like, deciduous. Petals 4, in usually very dissimilar pairs ; 2 outer larger, one or both gibbous or spurred ; 2 inner smaller, erect, tips often coherent. Stamens 6, in 2 bundles (4, free in Hypecoum), opposite the outer petals ; anther of central stamen in each bundle 2-celled, of lateral 1-celled. Ovary 1-celled ; style long or short, stigma obtuse or lobed ; ovules 2 or more, amphitropous, parietal. Fruit a 2-valved, many-seeded capsule, or an indehiscent 1- seeded nut. Seed albuminous, raphe sometimes appendaged ; embryo minute. - Distrib. Genera 7; species about 100, natives of the temp, and warm regions of the N. hemisphere.
| Stamens 4, free | 1. Hypecoum. |
| Stamens 6, diadelphous. | |
| Outer petals both spurred ; capsule many-seeded | 2. Dicentra. |
| One outer petal spurred ; capsule many- seeded | 3. Coryidalis. |
| One outer petal spurred; fruit indehiscent, nut 1-seeded | 4. Fumaria. |
1. HYPECOUM, Tournefort.
Low annual glaucous herbs. Leaves pinnatisect. Flowers yellow white or purplish. Sepals 2, small. Petals 4, spreading, 2 outer flat or slightly concave, obovate, obtuse or obtusely 3-toothed ; 2 inner 3-lobed, midlobe concave. Stamens 4, free, opposite the petals, with sometimes a stalked gland at the base of each ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-celled, septate within ; style short, stigmas 2, glandular at the tips ; ovules many, on 2 parietal placentas. Capsule slender, transversely septate within, breaking up into joints or longitudinally 2-valved. Seeds compressed. - Distrib. Species 4-5 ; natives of the Mediterranean region and temperate Asia.
1. H. procumbens, Linn. ; leaves 2-3-pinnatisect, flowers yellow, outer petals 3-lobed, midlobe of inner toothed or fimbriate. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 275.
Drier parts of the Punjaub, Peshawur, Vicary ; Mooltan, Edgeworth; Salt Range, Fleming &c. - Distrib. W. Asia, Mediterranean region.
Stems many, procumbent, 3-12 in., slender. Leaves 2-4 in., segments linear or oblong, cut; upper sessile, whorled. Flowers few, 1/3 in. diam., pedicelled. Inner petals with the lateral segments linear-oblong, obtuse, midlobe entire retuse or 2-fid. Fruit 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., 1/6 in. broad, curved, subcompressed, at length breaking up into 1-seeded joints.
2. H. leptocarpum, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 276 ; leaves 2-pinnatisect, flowers pale purple, outer petals obtuse, midlobe of inner oblong cucullate.
Sandy soil in West Tibet, alt. 9-12,000 ft., T. T.; interior of the Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 12-14,000 ft., H.f.
Stems many, procumbent, 6-12 in., much branched. Leaves many, 2-4 in., pinnae 1/2 in., distant ; pinnules oblong, sharply cut ; uppermost linear, whorled. Flowers 1/3-1/2 in. diam., pedicels slender. Inner petals lobed almost to the middle. Fruit 1/2 in., very slender, breaking up into 1-seeded joints.
2. DICENTRA, Borkhaus.
Glabrous, perennial rooted, climbing, slender herbs. Leaves decompound, petiole ending in a branched tendril. Flowers yellow or purple, in leaf-opposed
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pendulous racemes or corymbs. Sepals 2, small. Petals 4, connivent; 2 outer oblong, concave, base saccate ; 2 inner clawed, tips cohering, keeled. Stamens 6, diadelphous from the base or from above the middle ; mid-anther of each bundle 2-celled, lateral 1 -celled. Ovary 1-celled ; style filiform, stigma 2-lobed ; ovules many, on 2 parietal placentas. Capsule dehiscing by 2 membranous (rarely fleshy) longitudinal valves, which leave the seed-bearing placentas attached to the stigma. Seeds small, beaked, arillate or not. - DISTRIB. Several species, natives of temp. N. Asia and N. America.1. D. torulosa, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 272 ; peduncles 6-8-flowered corymbose or subumbellate, bracts fimbriate, capsule narrow torulose, seeds opaque.
Khasia hills, alt. 4-6000 ft., Griffith, &c.
Stem 8-10 ft. Leaf-segments 1/4-1 in., ovate to linear-lanceolate. Flowers 1/2-2/3 in. long, golden-yellow ; pedicels 1/2 in. ; bracts as long, membranous, linear. Filaments with a short basal spur. Capsule 1 1/2-3 in., linear. Seeds 1-seriate, granulate; aril 2-lobed.
2. D. Roylei, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 273 ; peduncles 2-4-flowered, bracts lanceolate, capsule narrow not torulose, seeds shining.
Temperate Himalaya, alt. 5-6000 ft., from Bhotan Griffith, to Simla, Lady Dalhousie. Khasia hills, Griffith, &c.
Similar to D. torulosa, but more slender, 2-4 ft. Flowers 3/4-1 in. long, yellow, sometimes tinged purple; pedicels 1/2-1 in., longer than the lanceolate membranous bracts. Capsule 1-1 1/2 by 1/5 in. Seeds 2-seriate, black; aril small.
3. D. scandens, Wall. Rep. i. 118 ; peduncles 8-12-flowered, bracts very small, capsule membranous lanceolate, seeds smooth shining. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind, 273. Macrocapnos scandens, Royle. Dielytra scandens, Don Prodr. 198.
Temperate Himalaya ; alt. 5-6000 ft., from Nipal, Wallich, to Garwhal, Edgeworth.
Stem slender, flexuous, angled. Leaves alternate, segments 1/4-1 in., oval oblong or orbicular. Flowers 3/4-1 in. long, yellow or purple ; peduncle 2-3 in., slender, often leafy ; pedicels 1/2-1 in. ; bracts linear. Capsule 1-1 1/4 in., acute at both ends, style 1/4-1/3 in., valves membranous. Seeds finely granulate at the back.
4. D. thalictrifolia, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 273 ; peduncle 8-12-flowered, bracts very small, capsule fleshy ovate-cordate, seeds granulate. Dactylicapnos thalictrifolia, Wall. Tent. 51, t. 89 ; Cat. 1426 ; Sweet Brit. Fl. Gard. Ser. 2, t. 127.
Temperate Himalaya, alt. 4-8000 ft., from Nipal, Wallich, to Bhotan, Griffith; Khasia hills at the Kala Pani Bungalow, alt. 5000 ft., H.f. & T.
Very similar to D. scandens and possibly not distinct specifically, but the capsule is broader, 3/4 in. long, thick, fleshy, very tardily dehiscent, the style is stouter, and the seeds finely granulate near the hilum and coarsely so on the back. - It is common in Sikkim, and the pods are drier and most dehiscent at higher elevations.
3. CORYDALIS, DC.
Erect or prostrate herbs, usully perennial rooted. Leaves lobed or cut, upper sometimes opposite. Flowers racemed, rarely subumbellate, small, white blue yellow or purple. Sepals 2, small. Petals 4, erect, or conniving ; 2 outer dissimilar, anterior flat or concave, posterior gibbous or spurred at the base ; 2 inner clawed, tips free or cohering, keeled. Stamens 6, diadelphous ; posterior bundle with a basal spur enclosed in the petal-spur ; mid-anther of each bundle 2-celled, lateral 1-celled. Ovary 1-celled ; style
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filiform, stigmas 2 minute or dilated ; ovules 2 or more, on 2 parietal placentas. Capsule ovoid oblong elliptic or linear, valves 2 menibranous leaving the seed-bearing placentas attached to the style. Seeds small, beaked, aril fleshy or 0. - Distrib. Species about 70, temp. European and Asiatic, with a few N. American and Cape species.Sect. I. Erect leafy branched fibrous-rooted herbs. Capsule narrow linear. Seeds 1 -seriate.
1. C. ophiocarpa, H.f & T. Fl. Ind. 259 ; leaves 2-pinnatisect, racemes lax many-flowered terminal and leaf-opposed, posticous petal equalling or exceeding the broad obtuse spur tip flat obcordate, anticous linear concave, capsule tortuous.
Moist valleys of the Sikkim-Himalaya, alt. 9000 fl., H.f.
Stem 2-3 ft., slender, branched. Leaves 4-8 in., glaucous beneath, pinnae 1-2 in., pinnules obovate-oblong, segments obtuse, mucronate, glaucous beneath. Flowers yellow; bracts minute, subulate, entire. Sepals orbicular, fimbriate. Posticous petal curved ; lateral united below the tip. Style slender, equalling the many-ovuled ovary. Capsule 1 in. Seeds small, black, shining, punctate ; funicle thickened.
2. C. flaccida, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 260 ; tall, leaves 3-4-pinnatisect, racemes terminal and axillary many-flowered, posticous petal twice as long as the curved conical spur, tip spathulate 2-lobed, pod straight.
Moist valleys of the Sikkim-Himalaya, alt. 11-12,000 ft., H. f.
Stem 2-3 ft., stout, erect, branched. Leaves 6-12 in., membranous ; pinnae 2 in. ; pinnules subsessile, ovate or orbicular, obtuse, not glaucous beneath ; lobes rounded, apiculate. Flowers 1/2-3/4 in. long, brown purple ; racemes 2-6 in.; lower bracts leafy, median cut or lobed, upper narrow. Sepals ovate, acute, toothed. Posticous petal plano-convex, tip rounded winged. Style slender, twice as long as the linear ovary. Capsule 1-1 1/2 in., linear.
3. C. leptocarpa, H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 260 ; diffuse, leaves 2-ternately pinnatisect, racemes long-peduncled 2-7-flowered leaf-opposed, posticous petal concave acuminate much shorter than the slender curved spur, pod erect straight torulose.
Eastern Himalaya, in Bhotan, Griffith; Sikkim, alt. 8000 ft., H.f.
Stem 6-12 in., weak, branched, decumbent. Leaves 3-6 in., long-petioled, membranous, segments broadly obovate, deeply cut, lobes rounded, glaucous or not beneath. Flowers 1-1 1/4 in. long, dull purple; bracts obovate or oblong-cuneate, cut. Sepals minute, oblong, fimbriate. Posticous petal concave, narrow oblong, tip winged; anticous spathulate, acuminate. Style sender, half as long as the linear ovary. Capsule 1-1 1/2 in., narrow linear. Seeds 1-seriate, black, shining, smooth; aril broad, 2-lobed.
Sect. II. Root fibrous. Pod short, elliptic obovate lanceolate or subglobose. Seeds 2-seriate.
* Root bulbous, or rootstock elongate, stem simple. Radical leaves few or 0; cauline opposite alternate or whorled. Racemes undivided.
4. C. rutaefolia, Sibth. Flor. Graec. t. 667 ; leaves opposite or whorled 2-3-ternately cut, raceme erect 6-12-flowered, bracts entire, outer petals not keeled equalling or shorter than the inflated obtuse spur. H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 262. C. diphylla, Wall. Cat. 1430 ; Tent. Fl. Nep. 54. C. pauciflora, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 30. C. longipes, Don Prodr. 198 (not of DC).
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C. Hamiltoniana, Don Syst. Gard. i. 142. C. Griffithii, Boiss. Diagn. Ser. 2, No. 1, p. 15 ; Griffith. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 658, f. 23.Western Himalaya, alt. 6-10,000 ft., from Kumaon to Marri, Fleming. - Distrib. Mts. of the Levant, W. Asia, and Soongaria.
Rootstock slender. Stem 3-8 in., erect, simple. Leaves 2-3, subsessile; segments small rounded in much-divided leaves, more commonly 1/4-1 in., ovate-oblong or linear, entire or lobed, much veined. Flowers 3/4-1 in, long, bright purple, tips dark ; bracts oblong or lanceolate, veined, shorter than the pedicels. Sepals minute. Style shorter than the oblong ovary ; stigma dilated. Capsule 1/3 in., ovate-oblong.
Var. 1 ; posticous petal dilated upwards very obtuse mucronate or emarginate.
Var. 2 ; posticous petal narrow concave acute. - C. verticillaris, DC. Prodr. i. 126.
5. C. cachemiriana, Royle III. 69, t. 16, f. 1 ; radical leaves palmately 3-5-partite, cauline usually alternate 3-6-partite, flowers subumbellate, lower bracts 3-fid, posticous petal about equalling the curved spur. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 263.
Temperate and subalpine Himalaya, alt. 9-12,000 ft., from Sikkim, H. f., to Kashmir, Royle.
Bulb small, scaly. Stem 2-6 in. Radical leaves long-petioled, early withering ; cauline near the top of the stem, subsessile ; lobes 1/2-1 in., linear, entire. Flowers 1/2-1 in. long, bright blue with dark-blue tips ; racemes terminal, 3-8-flowered ; bracts exceeding the pedicels. Sepals minute. Posticous petal concave, acute or acuminate. Capsule linear-oblong, pendulous or deflexed.
6. C. polygalina, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 263 ; simple, leaves cauline alternate, pinnate, racemes axillary and terminal 5-10-flowered, lower bracts 3-fid, posticous petal shorter than the straight obtuse cylindric spur.
SIKKIM-HlMALAYA, alt. 14-16,000 ft., H.f.
Root and radical leaves unknown. Cauline leaves 1-2 in., subsessile, pinnae in 5-6 pairs, lower 3-5-partite ; segments 1 in., narrow-linear, coriaceous, parallel- veined. Flowers 3/4 in., yellow with a dark purple spot ; pedicels very short ; upper bracts lanceolate. Posticous petal vaulted, acute, wing narrow. Capsule 1/3-1/2 in., oblong. - Allied to C. rutafolia, but distinguished by the habit, alternate leaves, axillary racemes, and winged tips of the petals.
7. C. juncea, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nip. 54, t. 42 ; Cat. 1429 ; erect, slender, leaflets or leaves few narrow, racemes terminal many-flowered, bracts linear entire, posticous petals longer than the short obtuse spur. H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 264.
Temperate Himalaya, alt. 12-14,000 ft. ; Nipal, Wallich ; Sikkim, H. f.
Stem 1-1 1/2 ft. Leaves 1/2-1 in., linear-lanceolate, bract like. Flowers 1/3-1/2 in. long, bright yellow with purple tips; racemes 2-3 in. ; pedicels 1/2-2/3 in., slender; bracts half as long. Posticous petal very convex, back broadly winged. Capsules (unripe) 1/4 in., oblong, in much elongate racemes, pedicels deflexed.
** Root fusiform. Stem or scape simple, rarely divided, leafless or with 1-2 leaves. Leaves chiefly radical. Racemes simple. Spur equalling or exceeding the petals.
8. C. crithmifolia, Royle III. 68 ; leaves all radical 2-3-pinnatisect, segments narrow or broad, raceme terminal many-flowered, bracts narrow much exceeding the pedicels. H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 264 ; Walp. Rep. i. 120 (as C. epithymifolia, by error).
Subalpine and Temperate Himalaya, ascending to 14,000 ft., from Garwhal, Munro ; to Kunawur, Jacquemont, &c.
Stem 3-12 in., rather stout, leafless. Leaves 1-4 in. diam., orbicular, pinnae long
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petioled, segments linear and entire, or broad and cut into narrow lobes; petiole equalling the stem. Flowers 1 in. long, pale yellow, tip purple ; raceme 1-3 in. long ; bracts 1-2 in. Posticous petal vaulted, acute, half as long as the slender spur. Capsules small, oblong, pedicel recurved.9. C. Falconeri, H. f. & T. ; erect, radical leaves 2-pinnate cauline 2 opposite, racemes terminal many-flowered lax or dense, bracts linear-lanceolate entire or cut, lowest 3-fid or pinnatifid exceeding the pedicels.
Western Tibet ; at Deotsu, Falconer.
Rootstock woody, base covered with withered leaf-sheaths. Stem 6-15 in., simple. Radical leaves few, long-petioled ; pinnae 1-2 pair, shortly-petioled; pinnules 3-partite ; segments narrow, 3-nerved ; cauline leaves above the middle of the stem, sessile or petioled, 2-pinnate, lanceolate, 3-nerved. Flowers 1/2-3/4 in. long, yellow ?, with purple tips ; racemes 1-2 in. Posticous petal vaulted, acute, back winged, equalling the cylindric slightly hooked spur. Capsule 1/2 in., oblong, much longer than the persistent style ; pedicel deflexed. Seeds black, shiny.
10. C. elegans, Wall. Cat 1435; erect or decumbent, radical leaves pinnate cauline low down on the stem, racemes terminal, 6-14-flowered, bracts large cuneate-oblong acuminate equalling or exceeding the pedicels, flowers very broad. H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 265.
Western Himalaya, alt. 13-14,000 ft.; from Kumaon, Minkworth, to Deotsu, Falconer.
Rootstock stout, woody. Stem 6-12 in., simple, base clothed with withered sheaths. Radical leaves 3-4 in., petiole as long ; pinnae 2-5 pair, 1 in. long, subsessile, orbicular, base cuneate, deeply .5-7-lobed, segments obtuse or mucronate. Flowers 1 in. long (yellow with purple tips ?). Posticous petals very convex, broadly ovate, subacute, back wing very broad, equalling the wide conical very obtuse spur. Capsules small, oblong ; pedicels spreading or deflexed. - A rare and imperfectly known plaint ; its flowers are very broad.
11. C. Govaniana, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nip. 55 ; Cat. 1431 ; stem stout, radical leaves many oblong 2-pinnatisect cauline 1-2 or 0, racemes terminal dense many-flowered, bracts broadly cuneate exceeding the pedicels cut above the middle. Royle III. t. 16, f. 2 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 261.
Western Himalaya, alt. 8-12,000 ft.; from Kumaon, Govan, to Kashmir, T. T.
Rootstock woody, often branched, crowned with withered leaf-sheaths. Stem 1-2 ft., as thick as the thumb, almost naked or with 1-2 leaves near the top. Radical leaves nearly equalling the stem, long-petioled, pinnules cuneate-lanceolate, cut into linear segments, 2 near the base. Flowers 1 in. long, bright yellow ; racemes 2-4 in. Posticous petal very convex, back wing very broad, limb shorter than the curved slender spur. Capsule 1/2-2/3 in. ; style persistent, half its length.
12. C. tibetica, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 265 ; small, decumbent, glabrous or subpilose, glaucous, radical leaves many pinnatisect, cauline 1 or 0, racemes terminal short 4-12-flowered, bracts lanceolate and entire or ovate-oblong and cut.
Western Tibet; alt. 14-17,000 ft., frorn Gugi, Strach. & Wint., to Balti. T. T.
Rootstock prostrate, densely crowned with withered sheaths. Stem 2-6 in., weak, tufted, decumbent, rarely forked with a leaf at the fork. Radical leaves 3-4 in., oblong; pinnae 1/4-3/4 in., orbicular or oval, cut to the base. Flowers 3/4 in., pale yellow, tips brown or green. Posticous petal winged at the back, equalling the straight spur. Capsule 1/3 in., narrow oblong, about equalling the persistent style; pedicel deflexed. Seeds few, smooth. - Perhaps an alpine state of C. Moorcroftiana.
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*** Root fusiform. Stem branched (simple in 13, Moorcroftiana and 14, Gortschakovii). Racemes often divided. Spur equalling or exceeding the petals. (See also 24, crassifolia.)
13. C. Moorcroftiana, Wall. Cat. 1432; stout, erect, glaucous, more or less glandular, leaves 2-3-pinnatisect, racemes many-flowered simple or branched, bracts linear or lanceolate entire or lobed. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 266.
Western Tibet; alt. 10-17,000 ft., from Gugi, Strach. & Wint., to Balti, Moorcroft. - DISTRIB. Affghanistan.
Rootstock stout, woody, densely clothed with withered sheaths. Stem 6-18 in., naked or leafy, simple or divided. Leaves 3-8 in., oblong, pinnae ovate or orbicular, variously cut and lobed. Flowers 3/4 in. long, yellow, tips purple. Posticous petal obtuse, back broadly keeled, equalling the straight obtuse spur. Capsule 1/2 in., narrow elliptic, acute at both ends ; style persistent, half as long. Seeds black, shining.
14. C. Gortschakovii, Schrenk. Enum. Plant. Soongar. 100; stem erect quite glabrous leafy, radical leaves decompound glaucous, pinnules petioled, racemes dense many-flowered terminal and axillary, bracts leafy incised. Ledeb. Fl. Alt. i. 746 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 267.
Tibetan Himalaya, from Gugi, Strach. & Wint., to Kashmir, T. T., and Hasora, Jacquemont, &c. - Distrib. Soongaria.
Rootstock woody. Stem 1-2 ft., simple or branched. Radical leaves 6-12 in., leaves long-petioled, ovate, pinnae and pinnules petioled, segments incised. Flowers 2/3-1 in. long, yellow, tips purple. Posticous petal equalling the straight obtuse spur, dorsal wing broad or narrow. Capsule and seeds of C. Moorcroftiana. - We have fragments of a plant from Tibet, N. of Nipal, apparently intermediate between this and the last species. The Soongarian specimens of this have simple stems and larger flowers than the Himalayan.
15. C. ramosa, Wall. Cat. 1434; stem procumbent weak branched, leaves decompound segments linear, racemes terminal many lax many-flowered, bracts cut into linear lobes. H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 267.
Alpine Himalaya,. alt. 12-15,000 ft., from Sikkim, H.f., to Kashmir, T. T.
Glaucous. Stem 1-2 ft. (dwarf at high elevations), often leafy, flexuous. Radical leaves few or many, long-petioled, 2-3 times divided, ultimate segments small narrow-oblong or linear. Flowers 1/2 in. long, yellow; racemes 1-5 in. Posticous petal dorsally winged, hooded, equalling or shorter than the obtuse spur. Capsules obovate-oblong, obtuse ; style persistent, pedicels deflexed. Seeds shining.
Var. 1. glauca; leaves very glaucous, segments very narrow, wing of posticous petal broad subentire.
Var. 2. vaginans; leaves membranous less glaucous, segments broader, wing of posticous petal lacerate.
Var. 3. nana; dwarf, alpine, leaves subsessile, wing of posticous petal very narrow.
16. C. sibirica, Pers. Synops. ii. 70 ; subglaucous, branched, prostrate, leaves 2-3-pinnate, segments 3-5 broad-ovate deeply cut, racemes lax few-flowered terminating long slender branches, bracts small cut into narrow lobes, spur recurved, seeds shining. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 268. C. Impatiens, Fisch. in DC. Prodr. i. 128. C. longipes, DC; Wall. Cat. 1433; Tent. Fl. Nip. t. 42 (bad, not of Don Prodr.). C filiformis, Royle III. 65.
Himalaya, alt. 7-14,000 ft., from Sikkim to Garwhal; Khasia hills, alt. 6000 ft. - DISTRIB. Eastern Siberia.
Stem 1-2 ft., weak, much branched, leafy. Leaves membranous. Flowers yellow, 1/2 in. long. Posticous petal hooded, acute, equalling or exceeding the very broad conic
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obtuse spur. Capsule 1/4-1/2 in., linear, or linear obovate, style very short. - Very variable, and possibly a form of C. ramosa. Wallich's figure of C longipes is unlike his specimen or those of any other plant, and is probably made up of several allied species.17. C. cornuta, Royle III. 69 ; glaucous, decumbent, branched, leaves 2-3-pinnate, pinnae cuneate-obovate or oblong, racemes terminal many-flowered dense elongate, bracts small entire or cut, spur straight or tip hooked, seeds opaque. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 269. C. debilis, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 30.
Temperate Himalaya, alt. 8-10,000 ft., from Kumaon, Strach. & Wint., to Kashmir, T.T.
Habit of C. ramosa and sibirica. Leaves long-petioled, ultimate segments 3-5-fid, lobes rounded. Flowers 1/2-3/4 in., yellow, tips purple; racemes 1-3 in. Posticous petal convex, acute, dorsally winged, shorter than the cylindric spur. Capsules variable, linear-obovate or obovate-oblong ; style short, persistent ; pedicels short deflexed.
18. C. chaerophylla, DC. Prodr. i. 128; stem erect leafy branched, leaves deltoid decompound, racemes terminal panicled, lower bracts leafy, spur slender. Wall. Cat. 1428; Tent. Fl. Nip. t. 40 (spur too short); Don Prodr. 198 ; H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 269. C. geraniifolia, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 269.
Temperate Himalaya, alt. 6-10,000 ft. ; from Sikkim to Kumaon.
Stem 2-4 ft., branched above. Leaves pale beneath ; lower and radical 6-10 in., long-petioled, upper subsessile, lower pinnae petioled, second and third decurrent, ultimate segments oblong, acute or acuminate. Flowers 3/4 in., golden-yellow, slender; bracts oval or oblong, cut, upper entire. Posticous petal concave, acute, dorsal wing narrow, shorter than the spur. Capsules 1/3 in., broad-linear or linear-obovate, spreading; pedicels short. Seeds few, shining. - C. geraniifolia is a large lax leafy state, with much-cut bracts and more acute segments, found in humid districts of Sikkim.
**** Root fusiform. Stem simple or branched. Spur short saccate (except 24, crassifolia).
t Leaves 2-3-pinnatisect or decompound.
19. C. latiflora, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 370 ; dwarf, glaucous, stem simple, leaves 2-3-pinnate cauline 2 opposite, flowers 3-6 subumbellate, bracts linear.
Alpine Himalaya ; Tunkra pass in Sikkim, alt. 15,000 ft., H.f.
Rootstock slender, 6-12 in., with many membranous oblong mucronate scales 1/2-1 in. long. Stem or scape 2-4 in. Leaves many, 1-2 in., ovate or ovate-deltoid, long-petioled; pinnae petioled, alternate, small, linear-oblong, acute. Flowers 3/4 in. long, very broad, pale blue, tips yellow; bracts 1/2-1 in., equalling the pedicels. Posticous petal broadly winged, much larger than the obtuse spur.
20. C. stricta, Stephan; stout erect, simple or branched, leaves thick, 2-pinnate sheaths rigid, cauline similar, alternate, racemes short simple or branched, bracts small subulate, capsules linear pendulous. Led. Fl. Alt. iii. 244; Ic. Fl. Moss. t. 56. C. astragalina, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 270.
Western Tibet, alt. 14-16,000 ft. in Nari, Jacquemont, and Ladak, T. T. - Distrib. Altai Mts.
Rootstock crowned with rigid shining leaf-bases. Stem 1-2 ft. Leaves many, 3-6 in., petioles long, oval or oblong, glaucous, pinnules cut into linear-oblong lobes. Flowers 2/3-3/4 in., yellow ; pedicels short, slender, pendulous ; bracts white, membranous. Sepals lanceolate from a broad ovate obliquely cordate fimbriate base. Posticous petal nearly flat, abruptly acuminate, margins membranous, tip recurved. Capsules 1-1 1/2 in. ; style short, rigid. Seeds large shining.
21. C. meifolia, Wall. Tent. Flor. Nip. 52, t. 41 ; Cat. 1427 ; stem stout erect leafy, leaves decompound segments linear or capillary, racemes
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many-flowered dense, lower bracts leafy pectinate, capsules oblong. DC. Prodr. i. 128 ; H. f. & T. Fl. Ind. 271. C. Hoffmeisteri, Klotzsch in Pr. Wald. Reise, t. 35.Himalaya, alt. 12-15,000 ft., from Sikkim to Kunawur.
Rootstock stout, branched. Stems 6-18 in., simple or branched. Leaves very many, 4-8 in., oblong, segments crowded acuminate. Flowers 1/2-3/4 in., yellow, tips purple ; racemes 1-2 in. ; lower pedicels often elongate. Posticous petal obtuse, dorsal wing broad, twice as long as the obtuse spur. Capsules 1/2 in., pedicel curved. Seeds 4-6 shining.
tt Leaves simply pinnate or trisect.
22. C. flabellata, Edgew. in Trans. Linn, Soc. xx. 30 ; glaucous, stem erect rigid much-branched, leaves pinnate, pinnae 4-6 pair flabelliform, racemes strict panicled dense-flowered, bracts very small, capsules linear. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 271.
West Tibet and Tibetan Himalaya, alt. 9-12,000 ft., from Kumaon, Edgeworth, to Gilgit, Winterbottom.
Stem 2-3 ft., striate. Leaves 6-8 in.; pinnae distant, 1/2-1 1/2 in. diam., crenate or lobed. Flowers 1/2-3/4 in., yellow, curved, racemes 2-6 in. long; pedicels very short. Posticous petal obtuse, cucullate, twice as long as the decurved inflated spur. Capsule 1/2-1 in., spreading or deflexed ; style slender. Seeds 8-10, dotted, shining.
23. C. adiantifolia, H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 271 ; glaucous, stems many-branched, leaves pinnate, pinnae 2-5 pair orbicular or reniform, racemes terminal dense many-flowered, bracts subulate exceeding the buds, capsules linear.
Western Tibet; Zanskar (not Kishtwar as in Fl. Ind.), alt. 12-14,000 ft., T. T.
Rootstock stout, woody, crowned with withered sheaths. Stems 6-18 in., branched from the base. Leaves 3-6 in., linear-oblong ; pinnae remote, 1/2-3/4 in. diam., entire crenate or 3-5-lobed, base cuneate or cordate. Flowers 3/4-1 in., yellow, tips brown : racemes 1-3 in, ; pedicels very short. Sepals membranous, long-subulate, base lacerate. Posticous petal nearly straight, slender, abruptly acuminate, much longer than the inflated obtuse incurved spur. Capsule 1 in., acuminate at both ends ; style straight. - Very near C. flabellata, but smaller, pinnae often cordate, and bracts setaceous like soft hairs.
24. C. crassifolia, Royle III. 69 ; glaucous, stem simple, leaves thick reniform 3-5-lobed or -partite, racemes terminal dense-flowered simple or branched, bracts leafy obovate-lanceolate or spathulate entire, capsules subglobose inflated. H.f. & T. Fl. Ind. 261. C. crassissima, Cambess. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 12, t. 11 ; Thoms, in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. v. 17, and iv. t. 9. C. physocarpa, Cambess. I.c. t. 12.
West Tibet and Tibetan Himalaya, alt. 14-17,000 ft., from Kunawur to Balti.
Rootstock prostrate, woody. Stem 3-8 in. Radical leaves few, 2-5 in. diam., early withering, almost fleshy, long-petioled ; lobes crenate or again lobed, with petioled lobulate or palmati-partite (rarely pinnate) segments ; cauline 1-3, subsessile. Flowers 3/4-1 1/4 in., white or yellowish, variegated with purple, racemes 1-3 in. long. Posticous petal broad, obtuse, wingless, equalling the cylindric incurved spur. Capsule 1 in. diam. ; style short, persistent.
4. FUMARIA, Linn.
Annual, rarely perennial herbs, usually branched, often scandent. Leaves much divided, segments very narrow. Flowers small, white, rose-coloured or purplish, in terminal or leaf-opposed racemes. Sepals, petals and stamens of Corydalis. Ovary 1-celled ; style filiform, stigma entire or shortly lobed ;
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ovules 2, on 2 placentas. Fruit indehiscent, globose, 1-seeded. - Distrib. Species about 8 ; usually agrarian weeds of the temperate regions of the Old World.1. F. parviflora, Lamk. sub-sp. "Vaillantii, Loisel (sp.) ; diffuse, leaf-segments flat, racemes lax-flowered, sepals lanceolate much smaller than the corolla-tube, pedicels exceeding the bracts, fruit globose rugose when dry rounded at the top with 2 pits.
Indogangetic plain, Lower Himalaya and Nilghiri Mts., a weed of cultivation. - Distrib. : of the genus.
Pale green, much branched. Racemes 1-2 in. Flowers 1/4-1/3 in., whitish or rose-coloured, tips purple.
Order X. CRUCIFERAE. (By Hooker f. & T. Anderson.)
Herbs, rarely undershrubs ; juice watery, often pungent. Leaves cauline and radical, the latter in a rosette, cauline alternate, exstipulate. Flowers racemed, rarely solitary on scapes, or axillary. Sepals 4, free, 2 lateral (opposite the placentas) often large and saccate at the base, imbricate. Petals 4, free, hypogynous, placed crosswise, imbricate. Stamens 6 (rarely 1, 2, or many) ; 2 outer opposite the lateral sepals ; 4 inner longer, in opposite pairs. Disk with usually 4 glands opposite the sepals. Ovary 2-celled by a placental membrane, or 1-celled, or with superimposed cellules ; style short or 0; stigma simple or with 2 lobes opposite the placentas; ovules 1-2 or infinite, 2-seriate on two parietal placentas, rarely solitary and erect. Fruit either a 2-celled 2-valved pod, the valves deciduous and leaving the seeds on the persistent placentas (replum), or indehiscent, or transversely jointed. Seeds small, albumen 0; cotyledons large, plano-convex or longitudinally concave or folded, foliaceous in germination ; radicle turned up on the back of one cotyledon (incumbent), or facing the edges of both (accumbent). - Distrib. Genera 172 ; species about 1200 ; natives chiefly of temperate regions of the Old World.
Series A.
Pods long or short, dehiscing throughout their length, terete, 4-angled or compressed dorsally (parallel to the septum).
Tribe I. Arabideae. Pods narrow, long. Seeds usually 1-seriate. Cotyledons accumbent. (Pods sometimes short in 2, Parrya, 5, Nasturtium and 10, Notoceras; seeds 2-seriate in Arabis glabra, and in some species of 2, Parrya)
* Sepals narrow, erect. Valves without horns or appendages. Stigmas erect, connate or decurrent on the style (2-lobed in some species of 2, Parrya).
| Erect branched hoary herbs | 1. Matthiola. |
| Low alpine tufted scapigerous herbs | 2. Parrya. |
** Sepals broad or narrow. Stigma undivided or shortly 2-lobed. (See also 2, Parrya.)
| Sepals erect, lateral saccate. - Hoary leafy erect herbs | 3. Cheiranthus. |
| Anthers of long stamens 1-celled. - A minute herb | 4. Atelanthera. |
| Sepals spreading, not saccate ; pods tumid, seeds minute 2-seriate. Flowers usually yellow | 5. Nasturtium. |
| Sepals not saccate; pods 4-angled; seeds 1-seriate. Flowers yellow | 6. Barbarea. |
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| Sepals erect, not saccate ; pods flat, strongly nerved ; seeds flattened. - Flowers white or rose | 7. Arabis. |
| Sepals not saccate ; pods of Arabis but hardly nerved, usually acute ; stamens simple. - Flowers white or purple | 8. Cardamine. |
| Sepals spreading, not saccate ; long stamens bent above the middle. - A minute herb ; flowers few, purple | ? 9. Loxostemon. |
*** Valves with horns or appendages.
| Pods short, valves septate within | 10. Notoceras. |
Tribe II. Alyssineae. Pods short, broad. Seeds usually 2-seriate. Cotyledons accumbent. (Pod sometimes long and seeds 1-seriate in 11, Farsetia, and cotyledons rarely incumbent in 13, Draba. See also 2, Parrya.)
* Pods 2-celled, many-seeded; seeds compressed, often winged.
| Pods sessile ; seeds 1-seriate | 11. Farsetia. |
** Pods 1-2-celled, 2-many-seeded; valves often tumid; seeds 2-seriate, rarely winged. (Sepals never saccate ; flowers white or yellow.)
| Stamens often appendaged ; pods usually orbicular and 4-seeded. - Hoary herbs | 12. Alyssum. |
| Stamens not appendaged ; pods longer than broad, many-seeded. Petals entire. - Hoary herbs | 13. Draba. |
| Characters of Draba but petals 2-fid | 14. Erophila. |
| Sepals short, spreading. - Glabrous herbs | 15. Cochlearia. |
Tribe III Sisymbrieae. Pods usually sessile, long, narrow. Seeds usually 1-seriate (2 seriate in 19, Eutrema) ; cotyledons straight, flat, incumbent.
* Stigmatic-lobes erect, free, or connate in a cone.
| Pod rigid, terete. Flowers white or purple | 16. Malcolmia. |
** Stigma capitate emarginate or shortly 2-lobed.
| Stamens with a broad basal scale | 17. Lepidostemon. |
| Sepals erect or spreading ; pod many-seeded, valves 1-3-nerved; seeds usually 1-seriate. - Hairs simple or 0 | 18. Sisymbrium. |
| Sepals short, erect ; pods terete, valves 1-ribbed ; seeds usually 2-seriate. - Glabrous herbs | 19. Eutrema. |
| Sepals long; pods compressed. - Leaves quite entire glabrous glaucous | 20. CONRINGIA. |
| Sepals erect ; valves keeled. - Hairs appressed forked | 21. Erysimum. |
| Sepals suberect ; pods linear-lanceolate, flattened ; seeds few. - A fleshy herb | 22. Christolea. |
Tribe IV. Camelineae. Pods short or long. Seeds usually 2-seriate ; cotyledons flat, incumbent. (See also 13, Draba.)
| Seeds few, large. - Tufted scapigerous herbs | 23. Braya. |
Tribe V. Brassiceae. Pods short or long ; cotyledons .longitudinally folded or deeply grooved.
* Stigma capitate, truncate or 2-lobed.
| Pods long ; seeds 1-seriate | 24. Brassica. |
| Pods long, compressed ; seeds 2-seriate | 25. Diplotaxis. |
| Pods short, turgid, beaked ; seeds 2-seriate | 26. Eruca. |
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** Stigmas connate, forming an erect cone.
| Pods long. - A glaucous large herb or undershrub | 27. Moricandia. |
Series B.
Pods short, dehiscing throughout their length, compressed laterally (at right angles to the septum). (Pod indehiscent in 31, Megacarpaea.)
Tribe VI. Lepidineae. Cotyledons incumbent, straight curved or longitudinally folded.
| Pods many-seeded; valves not winged | 28. Capsella. |
| Pods few-seeded ; valves winged or not | 29. Lepidium. |
| Pods 2-seeded ; valves with 2 dorsal crests | 30. Dilophia. |
Tribe VII Thlaspideae. Cotyledons accumbent, straight.
| Pods indehiscent, 2-seeded. - Tall herbs of umbelliferous habit | 31. Megacarpaea. |
| Pods conipressed notched ; valves winged or keeled | 32. Thlaspi. |
| Pods elliptic or oblong, acute ; valves keeled | 33. Iberidella. |
Series C.
Pods short, indehiscent, not jointed, usually hard, either 1-celled and 1 -seeded, or with 2-4 1-seeded cellules in parallel series.
Tribe VIII. Isatideae. Characters of the series.
| Pods 1-celled, oblong or linear, wing thick. - Glaucous herbs | 34. Isatis. |
| Pods 1-celled, cymbiform, wing incurved. - Glaucous herbs | 35. Tauscheria. |
| Pods 1-celled, small oblong, with a thin wing. - A glandular twiggy undershrub | 36. Dipterygium. |
| Pods 1-celled, wingless, globose with a subulate style. - A hairy herb | 37. Neslia. |
| Pods 2-celled, obliquely beaked | 38. Euclidium. |
Series D.
Pods long or short, transversely jointed ; joints indehiscent, or the lower 2-valved or reduced to a pedicel for the upper.
Tribe IX. Cakilineae. Characters of the series.
Series E. Pods long, not jointed, indehiscent, either 1-celled and many-seeded, or breaking up into many 1-celled 1-seeded indehiscent fragments. Tribe X. Raphaneae. Characters of the series.
1. MATTHIOLA, Br. Annuals, or small undershrubs with hoary and sometimes stellate pubescence. Leaves entire or sinuate. Flowers rather large, purple ; bracts 0. Sepals erect, lateral saccate at the base. Petals spreading, claws long. Pod page 131 long, narrow, cylindric or flattened ; septum thick ; stigma small, erect, lobes parallel, thickened or with short horns at the base. Seeds 1-seriate, flattened, with a narrow membranous wing. - Distrib. About 30 species ; natives of the Mediterranean region, Arabia and Western and Central Asia.M. incana, the common Stock, and M. tristis are cultivated in the gardens of N. India. 1. M. odoratissima, Br. in Hort. Kew. ed. 2, iv. 120 ; leaves petioled lower obovate upper lanceolate sinuate or pinnatisect rarely entire. DC. Prodr. i. 134 ; Bot, Mag. 1711 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 149 ; Griff. It. Notes, 282, n. 767 ; H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 134. West Tibet in dry stony places, ascending to 12,000 ft. - Distrib. Westward to Asia Minor and the Caucasus. A perennial, 1-2 ft. ; hoary with stellate pubescence ; root woody. Racemes long, erect ; flowers few, large, purple, fragrant. Petals 3/4-1 in. ; limb linear-oblong or strap shaped, waved or twisted. Pods 4 in., erect, rigid, flattened. Seeds as broad as the septum. 2. PARRYA, Br. Small tufted herbs; rootstock thick, perennial, many-headed. Leaves linear or spathulate, entire sinuate or pinnatifid. Flowers large, white or purple, racemed or on scapes. Sepals erect lateral sometimes saccate at the base. Pod much flattened, short and broad or elongated and narrow ; valves smooth, with a midrib ; septum entire or divided, membranous or hyaline ; style short ; stigma-lobes erect, decumbent. Seeds 1-2-seriate, much flattened, with a membranous wing or wingless. - Distrib. Species about 10, arctic or high alpine. 1. P. exscapa, Mey. in Led. Fl. Alt. iii. 38 ; leaves spathulate obtuse entire or slightly toothed, scapes 1-flowered, seeds winged. Led. Ic. Fl. Alt. t. 86 ; H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 135. West Tibet, alt. 15-18,000 ft. - Distrib. Altai Mts. Stemless, glabrous or puberulous. Flowers purple, scapes shorter than the leaves. Pods 1/2-3 in. long, narrow, drooping. Stigma sessile. Seeds 1-2-seriate; wing broad, membranous. 2. P. macrocarpa, Br. in Parry's Voy. app. 270 ; leaves entire or sinuate-toothed, flowers corymbose, scapes much exceeding the leaves, pods linear, seeds winged. Led. Fl. Ross. i. 131 ; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. i. t. 15; H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 135. Neurotoma nudicaule and scapigerum, DC. Prodr. i. 156. Alpine regions of West Tibet, alt. 15-18,000 ft. - Distrib. Affghanistan, Altai, arctic Europe, Asia and America. Slightly rough, very rarely glabrous. Leaves tufted, thick, petioled, lanceolate. Flowers large ; scapes 6-12 in., rigid, many-flowered. Pods erect, linear, acute ; valves strongly veined, rough. Seeds 1-seriate, much flattened. 3. P. platycarpa, H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 136; leaves spathulate or obovate quite entire, scapes short few-flowered, pods ovate, seeds not winged. Eastern Himalaya, in the Tibetan region of Sikkim, alt. 16-17,000 ft., H.f. Rootstock covered with spongy old petioles. Leaves leathery, glabrous or with hairy page 132 margins ; petiole long, base sheathing. Scapes pilose, thick, sometimes bearing 1 or 2 small leaves. Pods 3/4-1 1/4 in., tapering into the short thick style ; valves thin, convex, not veined, midrib distinct. Seeds few.4. P. lanuginosa, H.f. & T. Joum. Linn. Soc. v. 136 ; leaves spathulate coarsely toothed, scapes woolly 8-12-flowered, pods ovate-lanceolate, seeds not winged. West Tibet; in Gugi,. alt. 17,500 ft., Strach. & Winterb. Small, densely woolly. Scapes erect, 2 in. ; flowers small, racemose. Sepals spreading, woolly. Petals broadly spathulate, undulate or crisped. Pods acute, about 3/4 in., outline waving ; septum very narrow, sometimes 0. 3. CHEIRANTHUS, Linn. Hoary herbs, or undershrubs, with appressed bipartite hairs. Leaves oblong-linear, entire or toothed. Flowers large, yellow or purple, racemed. Sepals erect, lateral saccate at the base. Petals clawed. Pod 4-angled, compressed ; valves 1-nerved ; septum membranous ; stigmatic-lobes short, spreading. Seeds 1-seriate, flattened, without a border ; cotyledons accumbent, very rarely incumbent. - Distrib. Species about 12, natives of temp. Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia, and arctic America. The Wall-flower, C. Cheiri, is oiltivated in gardens in N. India, but is not indigenous. 1. C. parryoides, Kurz. mss. (name only) ; hoary, leaves linear-oblong entire all radical, flowers purple, style 1/6 in. West Tibet ; in Spiti, Stoliczka. Rootstock covered with withered petioles. Leaves all radical, 2-3 in., rounded at the tip, clothed with fine dense tomentum. Scapes about 9 in., many-flowered, elongating during flowering. Pedicels 3/4-1 in., erect, tomentobe. Sepals 1/6 in., hairy, purple, with a glabrous narrow membranous fringe. Petals 1/3 in., claw and base of the blade dark purple. Pods (immature) curved and undulate, densely tomentose ; style 1/12 in., glabrous. 2. C. himalayensis, Camb, in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 14, t. 13 ; leaves linear-spathulate entire lobed or rarely subpinnatifid, flowers violet or purplish, pods hairy, stigma sessile. C. himalaicus, H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 137. West Tibet ; amongst rocks and loose stones, alt. 15-17,000 ft. Rootstock much divided. Stems 2-6 in., numerous, leafy, tomentose. Leaves somewhat tufted. Flowers numerous, in rather dense terminal racemose heads, fragrant. Sepals short, lanceolate, obtuse, lateral scarcely saccate at the base. Petals twice the length of the sepals, broadly spathulate retuse. Pods 3/4-1 1/2 in., linear, compressed; valves with thickened margins. Seeds numerous, sub-2-seriate. 3. C. Stewartii, T. Anders.; leaves spathulate toothed at the tip, flowers buff then purple, pods glabrous, stigma sessile. West Tibet, near Ladak, at 15-16,500 ft. elevation, Stewart. Like the preceding but diflering in its glabrous pods and less divided leaves. Stems numerous, slender, erect in flower, depressed and spreading in fruit. Lower leaves 1/2-1 in., subcoriaceous, woolly ; upper smaller, linear, entire. Racemes terminal, subcapitate, fruiting 3 in. Sepals oblong, 1/12 in. Petals 1/5 in., broadly spathulate. Pods 1-1 1/2 by 1/6 in., erect, secund, linear, tapering at both ends ; valves flat, herbaceous ; stigma broad ; midrib and reticulated veins distinct. Seeds small, ovate-oblong, sub-2-seriate ; cotyledons accumbent. page 133 4. C. albiflorus, T. Anders. ; leaves subspathulate or linear-lanceolate entire or sublobed, petals white, pods tomentose, style short. Cheiranthi sp., H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 138, in note. Zanskar in West Tibet, alt. 12-16,000 ft., T. T. A small, hoary, minutely tomentose, tufted perennial. Stems slender, covered below by withered petioles. Lower leaves loosely tufted ; upper linear-lanceolate, entire, rarely toothed. Flowers in short, close racemes. Sepals linear, tomentose ; border narrow, glabrous, membranous. Petals spathulate, obtuse or slightly retuse, white. Very young pods linear, densely tomentose, many-seeded ; style short, glabrous. 4. ATELANTHERA, H. f. & T. A minute slender annual, slightly rough with bipartite appressed hairs. Leaves few, linear, entire. Flowers small, subsessile. Sepals erect, equal at the base. Petals narrowly spathulate, emarginate. Anthers of all the stamens with a short claw at the tip, of the long stamens 1-celled. Pod linear, compressed; septum membranous; style short; stigma 2-lobed. Seeds 1-seriate, flattened, without a border. 1. A. perpusilla, H. f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 138 ; pods few erect nearly 1 in. long, valves faintly nerved. Zanskar in West Tibet, T. T. 5. NASTURTIUM, Br. Terrestrial or aquatic, branched, glabrous or hairy herbs. Leaves entire lobed or pinnatifid. Flowers small, yellow, rarely white, sometimes bracteate. Sepals short, spreading, equal at the base. Petals short, narrowed at the base, scarcely clawed, or 0. Stamens 2, 4 or 6. Pod long or short, almost cylindric ; valves faintly 1-nerved; septum thin, transparent ; style variable, short or long and slender, stigma entire or 2-lobed. Seeds small, turgid, 2-seriate or irregularly 1-seriate ; cotyledons accumbent. - Distrib. Species about 20, temp, and tropical. 1. N. officinale, Br. in Hort. Kew. ed. 2, iv. 110 ; aquatic, stem creeping and floating, leaves pinnate, leaflets sinuate-lobed, flowers white. DC. Prodr. i. 137 ; Griff. Itin. Notes, 275, n. 660 ; H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. V. 130. (Watercress.) ROHILCUND, T. T. ; Punjab, Stewart ; also found near all the hill stations, but probably introduced. - Distrib. Affghanistan ; temp, Europe and Asia. Stem much branched. Leaves pinnate, the upper with 3-7 pinnules and a terminal one, the lower cut into 3 repand segments. Flowers small, in short racemes. Petals longer than the sepals. Pods 1/3-1 in., stalked, spreading or bent upwards. Seeds small 2-seriate. 2. N. palustre, DC. Syst. Veg. ii. 191; suberect, radical leaves pinnatifid, flowers ebracteate yellow, pods short thick. N. terrestre, Br. in Hort. Kew. ed. 2, iv. 110 ; H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 158. N. heterophyllum Don Prodr. Fl. Nep. 202. Abundant in the Temperate Himalaya, ascending to 10,000 ft. ; and in N.W. India rare in Assam and Bengal. - Distrib. Many temperate regions. Stems weak, smooth, slightly hairy. Radical leaves numerous, petioled ; lobes broad, often sinuate-toothed, terminal larger, ovate-lanceolate, much toothed ; cauline subsessile; deeply toothed or pinnatifid. Flowers small, in long lax racemes. Petals about equalling the sepals. Pods 1/6-1/4 in., slightly curved when ripe, pedicels either horizontal or deflexed. Seeds crowded, 2-seriate. page 134 3. N. indicum, DC. Syst. Veg, ii. 199 ; erect, radical leaves deeply pinnatifid, flowers bracteate or ebracteate yellow, pods long narrow. H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 138. N. madagascariense, W. & A. Prodr. 19 ; Wight III. t. 13. N. heterophyllum, Blume Bijd. 50. Sinapis divaricata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 123. Common in damp places throughout India from Ceylon to Mishmi and Kashmik. - DISTRIB. Malayan Archipelago ; Philippines, China, Japan. A rough hairy or sometimes glabrous annual. Stem 6-12 in., erect, striated, branching from near the base. Lower leaves petioled, rarely entire, lobes generally toothed ; upper lyrate, frequently with small auricles. Racemes long, many-flowered. Flowers small. Petuls equalling the sepals. Pods cylindric 1/2-3/4 in., spreading or ascending. Seeds very numerous, small, rugose, 2-seriate. - Some of the states of this variable plant closely resemble N. palustre, but have longer and less turgid pods. Var. benghalense ; DC. Syst. ii. 198 (Sp.); flowers bracteate, bracts sessile leaf like shorter than the pedicels linear-lanceolate variously toothed or entire. H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 139. - Eastern Bengal, Sikkim, and the Hooghly ; Assam and Silhet to Chittagong, Tenasserim. - (China.) 4. N. montanum, Wall. Cat. 4778 (partly) - radical leaves sinuate-pinnatifid, flowers bracteate yellow, pods short turgid. H. f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. V. 139. Sinapis pusilla, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 125. Subtropical Himalaya from Sikkim to the Punjab, ascending to 7000 ft. ; the Khasia Hills and Birma. - Distrib. Java, China, Japan. An annual much resembling N. indicum, but less robust, with larger smoother less divided leaves. Pods 1-1 1/2 in., slender, not turgid. 6. BARBAREA, Br. Perennial or biennial branched leafy herbs with angled stems and lyrately pinnatifid leaves. Flowers yellow. Sepals suberect, subequal at the base. Petals with a broad claw. Pod long, linear, compressed, 4-angled, many-seeded ; valves hard, stout; usually strongly keeled. Seeds small, 1-seriate, ovoid, without a margin; cotyledons accumbent. - Distrib. Species about 20, chiefly European. 1. B. vulgaris, Br. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, iv. 109; perennial, usually branched, pods strongly keeled. DC. Prodr. i. 140 ; H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 139. Temperate and subalpine Himalaya and W. Tibet; alt. 6-10,000 ft. - Distrib. Europe, W. Asia, N. and S. Africa, Australia. Stiff, erect, smooth. Stems 9-18 in., furrowed, green, leafy. Lower leaves petioled, lyrate-pinnate, terminal lobe large, subrotund ; upper leaves sessile, obovate, entire sinuate or pinnatifid at the base, lowest lobes auricled stem-clasping. Pods 2/3-1 1/2 in., numerous in a crowded raceme, narrow-linear, rigid ; pedicels erect or spreading ; style about 1/12 in., stout, .straight. Var. 1. taurica, DC. Syst. ii. 207 (Sp.) ; upper leaves ovate entire or toothed, pedicels of the ripe pods almost horizontal, pods erect stout rigid a little curved, style rather long and slender. Griff. Itin. Notes 306 n. 1047-1503. B. Iberica, DC. I.c. 208 ; B. arcuata, Rieichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 48 ; B. praecox. Fries. Nov. 206, in Herb. Kew. (not of others). - Kashmir and W. Tibet, alt. 6-10,000 ft. (Affghanistan, W. Asia, and throughout Europe.) - The fully ripe pods of Affghan specimens vary from 3/4-1 1/2 in. Var. 2. sicula, Presl. delic. Prag. (Sp.) ; less robust, lower leaves lyrate, terminal lobes ovate, lateral often wanting, upper leaves pinnate, segments linear, pedicels less spreading, pods straight narrow compressed subtorulose, style short almost as broad as the pod. - B. intermedia, Boreau Flor. Cent. France, ii. 40. - W. Tibet and Temperate Himalaya, alt. 6-17,000 ft. ; Nilghiri Mts. (Asia Minor, S. Europe.) page 135 2. B. elata, H. f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 140 ; biennial, simple, pods faintly 1-nerved. Inner ranges of Sikkim, alt. 11-13,000 ft., always near villages, H.f. Glabrous or sparsely hairy. Stem 2-3 ft., stout, generally simple, striated. Radical leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, terminal lobe oblong obtuse sinuate ; cauline leaves auricled, obovate, entire sinuate-lobed or coarsely toothed. Racemes very long, few-flowered. Petals bright yellow. Pedicels erect, thick, shorter than the pod. Pods 1/3-2/3 in., thick, turgid ; style short, distinct ; valves convex, midrib indistinct. 7. ARABIS, Linn. Glabrous or pubescent annuals or perennials, sometimes with stellate pubescence. Radical leaves spathulate, often rosulate ; cauline sessile, entire or toothed. Flowers racemed, ebracteate, white rarely purple or rose-coloured. Sepals short, erect, lateral saccate. Petals entire, usually clawed. Pod long, slender, linear, compressed ; valves smooth, flat, keeled or ribbed ; septum linear, membranous ; stigma subsessile. Seeds ovoid or orbicular, compressed, margined or wingless, 1- or sub-2-seriate ; cotyledons accumbent. - Distrib. Species about 130, abundant in N. Asia, Europe, and N. America, rare in the S. hemisphere. * Cauline leaves many, auricle at the base. Flowers racemose. Pods glabrous. Seeds 2-seriate. 1. A. glabra, Crantz. Stirp. Austr. 36; stem 1-3 ft., radical leaves obovate-oblong hispid with stellate hairs, flowers small, pods erect crowded glabrous. H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 140. A. perfoliata, Lam. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 167. Turritis glabra, DC. Prodr. i. 142. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 44, f. 4346. T. rigida, Wall. Cat. 4783. Western Himalaya, from Kumaon to Kashmir, alt. 6-10,000 ft. - Distrib. Temp. Europe, Asia, N. America ; Alps of Australia. A stiff, erect, glaucous annual or biennial. Stem generally simple, striated, glabrous or slightly hairy at the base. Radical leaves spreading, soon withering, entire or sinuate-toothed or pinnately lobed, rough on both surfaces ; cauline oblong-lanceolate, entire, auricled, glabrous. Flowers straw-coloured or white. Fruiting racemes much elongated. Pods 2-3 1/2 in., pedicelled, narrow, linear ; valves flat, 1-nerved ; septum crumpled. Seeds 2-seriate. ** Cauline leaves many, auricled at the base. Flowers racemose. Pods usually hairy. Seeds 1-seriate. 2. A. auriculata, Lam. Dict. i. 219 ; annual, stellately hairy, leaves sinuate-toothed, cauline with obtuse or apiculate basal lobes, flowers small, stigma sessile. Rich. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 39, f. 4334; H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 141. A. Montbretiana and A. Aucheri, Boiss. I.c. 169, 170. In Kashmir, alt. 5-6000 ft., T. T. - Distrib. Affghanistan, W. Asia, Mediterranean. Stem 3-12 in., erect, simple or somewhat branched. Radical leaves spreading, petioled, ovate-oblong, obtuse ; cauline ovate-oblong, obtuse, toothed. Racemes elongate, lax. Flowers white. Pods 1-1 1/2 in., hairy ?, narrow, straight, slender; stigma small ; pedicel 1/4 in., stout, erect or spreading. Seeds 1-seriate, very small. 3. A. alpina, Linn. ; annual, hoary with forked or stellate hairs, leaves coarsely toothed, cauline with obtuse basal lobes, flowers large, pods erect or ascending. DC. Prodr. i. 142 ; H.f.& T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 141. page 136 A. albida, Stev. ; DC I.c. 142. A. pterosperma, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 33.Western Himalaya, from Kumaon to Marri, alt. 5-12,000 ft. - Distrib. Alpine and arctic Europe, Asia, N. America, Abyssinia. Stems simple, or slightly branched. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, seldom entire, radical spreading, petioled ; cauline sessile. Flowers 1/3 in. diam., white. Sepals glabrous. Petals spathulate, with long claws. Pods 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., narrow-linear, erect when young, often spreading when ripe ; pedicels slender, glabrous or hairy. - The Indian specimens differ from the more western in the glabrous sepals. 4. A. amplexicaulis, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 31 ; hispidly pilose, leaves coarsely toothed, cauline with obtuse basal auricles, pods horizontal or drooping, flowers large. H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 142. Western Himalaya, from Kumaon to Kashmir, alt. 4500-9000 ft. A perennial resembling A. alpina, but larger, more robust, leaves broader, and horizontal on almost drooping pods. Stem 6-24 in., suberect, simple or slightly branched, hirsute, especially below. Radical leaves 1 1/2-4 in. long, obovate-oblong ; cauline sessile. Racemes long, lax, many-flowered. Flowers white. Pods linear, acute ; style slender elongated. Seeds larger than those of A. alpina, wingless. *** Cauline leaves many (few in A. taraxicifolia), not auricled at the base. Flowers racemed. Pods glabrous. Seeds 1-seriate. 6. A. tibetica, H.f & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 143 ; perennial, stellately hairy, leaves lobed or toothed, flowers small, pods suberect falcate. A. Thomsoni, H.f. I.c. In Kashmir and Western Tibet, alt. 9-16,000 ft., T. T., &c. Stems 4-8 in., numerous, suberect, branched, leafy. Radical leaves rosulate, petioled, obovate or spathulate, more or less hairy ; upper cauline sessile, lanceolate or narrowly spathulate, coarsely toothed or entire. Flowers numerous, white or pale pink. Sepals acute, sparsely stellately hairy. Petals twice as long as the sepals, spathulate claw short. Pods 1 1/2 in., narrow linear, falcate, glabrous ; valves veined ; midrib distinct. Seeds small, not margined - The fruiting specimens referred in Journ. Linn. Soc. to A. Thomsoni belong probably to a Sisymbrium. 6. A. glandulosa, Kar. & Kir. En. PI. Soong. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Mosc. XV. 147; annual, glandular, leaves pinnatifid, flowers small, pods suberect obtuse. H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 143. Tibetan region of Sikkim, alt. 14-16,000 ft., H. f.; Western Tibet near Ladak, Stewart. - Distrib. Soongaria. Stem short, spreading, prostrate, leafy. Radical leaves 1/2-1 in., petioled ; cauline 1/4-1/2 in., sessile, linear or entire. Petals 1/6 in., spathulate, claw short, pale rose or white. Pods 1 in., linear; style short tapering; pedicel short, thick, erect; valves concave, veined, with a faint midrib. Seeds small, oblong, slightly flattened, not margined. 7. A. taraxacifolia, Anders. ; annual, hairy, stems spreading, radical leaves many petioled lyrate-pinnatifid or lobed, flowers few distant, pedicels slender, pods very narrow, style long acute. Punjab ; in sandy places near Peshawur, Stewart. Stems 6-9 in., numerous, almost leafless, weak, glabrous above, subhispid near the base. Radical leaves rough, hairy ; terminal lobe large, rounded, entire, rarely toothed ; lateral short, narrow, entire obtuse; petiole 2-3 in. ; cauline leaves few, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, entire or sinuate-toothed. Sepals pubescent or glabrous. Petals 1/5 in., narrow-oblong, pale rose or white ; pedicels slender, spreading or suberect, glabrous. Pods 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., suberect horizontal or decurved, linear, flattened, glabrous; pedicel 1/2-1 in. ; valves thin, veinless. - Closely allied to A. arenosa, L., but diflers in the form of the leaves and length of the pod. page 137 **** Flowers in leafless scapes. 8. A. nuda, Belang. Voy. Ic. (withoid number or description) ; leaves all radical obovate-oblong entire or toothed, flowers small, pods erect glabrous. Boiss. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 2, xvii. 54; H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 142. Arabis scapigera, Boiss. Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 2, xvii. 54. Sisymbrium nudum, Boiss. F. Orient, i. 214. Kashmir, alt. 5600-6000 ft., T. T. - Distrib. Affghanistan to Asia Minor, and N. Syria. A small annual, with slightly hairy leaves. Scapes several, 1-5 in., erect, rigid and not spreading, many-flowered, glabrous or slightly hairy at the base. Flowers yellow. Sepals equal, obtuse, green, glabrous. Petals twice as long as the sepals. Pods 1-1 1/2 in. on very short thick pedicels, straight or curved, linear, much flattened, obtuse; valves with a distinct midrib and prominent veins. Seeds not margined; cotyledons accumbent (hence an Arabis, but most closely allied to Sys. thalianum). 8. CARDAMINE, Linn. Annual or perennial, glabrous or slightly pubescent, often flaccid herbs. Leaves entire lobed or pinnate. Flowers white, pale-purple or violet, very rarely yellow. Sepals equal at the base. Petals clawed. Pod narrow-linear, compressed, tapering at both ends ; valves with a distinct midrib, opening elastically; septum membranous ; stigma simple or 2-lobed. Seeds flattened, without a border, 1-seriate; cotyledons accumbent. - Distrib. About 60 species, natives of the N. and S. temperate regions. * Leaves not deeply Iobed or pinnatisect. 1. C. violacea, Wall. Cat. 4782 ; stem stout simple erect, leaves sessile amplexicaul lanceolate toothed, flowers large violet, style long. H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 145. Temperate region, central Nipal, Wallich. Stem 2-5 ft. Leaves 3-5 in., tapering to the tip, auricles sagittate. Flowers racemed, 1/2-3/4 in. broad. Pods 3/4 in., on thickened pedicels, erect, tapering at both ends ; style 1/4 in. 2. C. circaeoides, H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 144; annual, almost glabrous, slender, leaves petioled cordate obtuse, flowers small white, style short. Moist woods in the interior of Sikkim, alt. 5-7000 ft., J. D.H. Stem 6-12 in., simple or slightly branched. Leaves thin, radical on much longer stalks than the cauline, sinuate-toothed, lower lobes rounded. Racemes few-flowered. Pods 1 in., on short pedicels, erect or spreading, narrow-linear ; stigma broad. ** Radical leaves trifoliolate. 3. C. africana, Linn. ; perennial, leaflets petioled crenate-serrate, flowers dull white, funicles not winged. H. f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 144. C borbonica, Pers. ; DC. I.c.; Thwaites Enum. 399; W. & A. Prodr. 20; Wight Ic, t. 941. C. anteniquana, DC. I.c. C. Wightiana, Wall. Cat. 4781. Mountain woods of the Western Peninsula and CEYLON. - Distrib. S. temp, and tropical Africa ; Bourbon. Stem 6-24 in., decumbent or erect, sparsely hispid or glabrous. Leaves long-petioled ; leaflets broadly ovate, acute or obtuse, the lateral oblique at the base. Racemes few-flowered. Flowers small. Pods 1 1/2 in., erect or ascending, tapering at both ends; pedicels 1/4-3/4 in. page 138 4. C. trifoliolata, H. f. & T. Joum. Linn. Soc. v. 145 ; succulent leaflets subsessile 3-lobed, flowers pale lilac, funicles not winged. Griff. It Notes 121, No. 259. Mossy streams in the forests of Bhotan, alt. 5500 ft., Griffith. A small fleshy annual; rootstock short, creeping; stems 4-5 in., simple erect. Radical leaves on long very slender petioles, leaflets small, rounded, sparsely hairy above, glabrous beneath, lobes obtusely pointed ; cauline few, shortly petioled, sometimes simple. Racemes subcorymbose, few-flowered. Sepals small, obovate, glabrous, margin membranous. Petals 1/4 in. long, obovate, scarcely clawed. *** Radical leaves (or all) pinnatisect. 5. C. subumbellata, Hook. mss. ; perennial, young parts with spreading hairs, leaflets petioled irregularly lobed and crenate, flowers small, yellowish-white, pods irregularly corymbose narrow lanceolate acute few-seeded. C. hirsuta var. subumbellata, Dalzell in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. 1852, 294. C. nilagirica, Schlecht. in Herb. Hohenack. No. 1493. Shaded woods in the Concan, Malabar, and Ceylon. Slender, diffuse, very like C. hirsuta, var. sylvatica, but young parts laxly strigose with spreading hairs, inflorescence corymbose, flowers more yellow, and pods broader. Stem 3-10 in., branching from the roots. Leaflets 3-6 by 1/4-1 1/2 in. Pods 3/4-1 in., sometimes solitary and axillary, 6-10-seeded. Seeds broad-oblong, remote ; funicle dilated. 6. C. hirsuta, Linn., var. sylvatica, Link. (sp.) ; annual, glabrous, leaflets petioled, petioles not auricled, flowers small white, stamens 6, pods racemed erect acute or obtuse. C. hirsuta, H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 146 ; Wall. Cat. 4780. C. debilis, Don Prodr. 201. All temperate regions of India ; and a weed of the cold season in Bengal. - Distrib. General. Stem suberect or decumbent, 3-12 in. Leaflets orbicular-ovate, toothed, and angled ; of the upper leaves narrow. Petals narrow, erect, twice as long as the very small sepals. Pods 1/2-1 in. ; style very short, except in var. oxycarpa. VAR. oxycarpa (not C. oxycarpa, Boiss.) ; diffusely branched, pods acuminate, style slender. - Hilly districts, common. 7. C. impatiens, Linn.; annual, erect, glabrous, leaflets shortly petioled, petioles auricled, flowers small white, stamens 6, pods erect. H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 146 ; Griff. It. Notes 218, n. ,99. C. pectinata, DC. Syst. Veg. ii. 264. Temperate Himalaya from Sikkim to Kashmir, alt. 5-12,000 ft. - Distrib. Affghanistan, temp. Europe and Asia. Stems stiff, 6-12 in. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets small, ovate-oblong or lanceolate, obtusely 3-5-lobed ; auricles of the stem leaves sagittate. Petals linear, erect, very minute, white, often 0. Pods 1 in., erect, very slender, linear, acute ; style subulate ; valves smooth. 8. C. pratensis, Linn. ; perennial, glabrous, leaflets in equidistant pairs angled shortly petioled, flowers large white or lilac, pods linear erect. H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 145. Hassora in Western Tibet, Winterbottom. - Distrib. N. and W. Asia, Europe, Abyssinia, N. America. Stem 1 ft. ; rootstock sometimes bearing small fleshy tubers. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets of the radical leaves orbicular or ovate, terminal larger ; those of the cauline leaves linear-oblong, entire. Flowers corymbose when young. Petals spreading, three times as long as the sepals. Pods 1 in. ; style short. page 139 9. C. Griffithii, H. f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 146 ; perennial, erect, leaflets sessile entire or sinuate, lowest pair at the base of the petiole, flowers large deep lilac. Grif. Itin. Notes, 188. n. 996. Wet places near Lamu in Bhotan, Griffith. Rootstock creeping; stem 1 ft., angled and grooved. Leaflets in 3-6 pairs, ovate oblong or rounded. - The specimens have no flowers, but Griffith has recorded their size and colour. 10. C. elegantula, H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 146; very small, annual, branched, leaflets linear-oblong in 5-7 remote pairs, flowers white or rose, pods filiform. Hutchinsia sp., Griff. It. Notes, 195, n. 1079. Wet rocks Chuka in Bhotan, alt. 6500 ft., Griffith. Pale green, tender. Stem 2-3 in., slender. Leaves glabrous, pinnate ; leaflets petiolulate, small, fleshy, linear-oblong, sublobed angled or quite entire. Racemes lengthened, 2-9-flowered. Petals white or rose, broadly clawed, thrice as long as the small glabrous sepals. Pods 3/4 in., narrow-linear, on very slender, filiform, spreading or drooping pedicels ; style short, a little narrower than the pods. 11. C. macrophylla, Willd. Sp. PI. iii. 484 ; stout, erect, perennial, leaflets ovate or lanceolate crenate-lobed or pinnatifid, flowers large white or deep violet, pods with very thick margins. DC. Prodr i. 152 ; H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 145. C. polyphylla, Don Prodr. Fl. Nep. 201. Dentaria dasyloba, Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Mosc. xxx. n. 103. Temperate Himalaya, alt. 7-12,000 ft., from Sikkim to Kashmir. - Distrib. N.Asia, Japan. Leafy, glabrous or slightly pubescent ; rootstock creeping ; stem simple, herbaceous, 1-2 1/2 ft., smooth, striated. Leaves all pinnate ; leaflets 1/2-3 in., 3-5 pairs, acuminate or obtuse. Racemes erect, many-flowered. Pods 1/2-1 1/2 in., erect, tapering at both ends; valves smooth, flat ; style 1/6 in., rigid. Var. 1. dentarioefolia ; lateral leaflets lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate crenate or serrate obtuse, flowers large white or violet, pods 1/2-1 1/4 in. - C. macrophylla, Led. Fl. Ross. i. 128,. - From Kumaon to Kashmir. Var. 2. foliosa ; lateral leaflets narrow-lanceolate acuminate subpinnatifid, flowers white, pods 1-1 1/2 in. pale coloured. - C. foliosa. Wall. Cat. 4779. - Kumaon and Kashmir. The smallest state of the species. Var. 3. lobata; leaflets ovate-lanceolate irregularly and coarsely lobed or cut, lobes obtuse, flowers and pods as in var. foliosa, but the plant larger. - Kashmir, 6000 ft.; Western Tibet, 13,000 ft. Var. 4. sikkimensis ; tall and coarse, leaflets ovate-lanceolate obtusely serrate, flower large deep violet, pods large and broad 1 3/4 in. long pale brown. - Inner ranges of Sikkim, 7000-13,000 ft. (The Lepchas use the leaves and young stems of this variety as a pot-herb.) ? 9. LOXOSTEMON, H. f. & T. A diminutive tender annual, with a few petiolate, usually 3-foliolate, leaves. Flowers small, corymbose, lilac. Sepals spreading, equal at the base. Petals broadly spathulate, clawed. Filaments of the long stamens thickened at the tip and recurved. Pod linear ; stigma sessile, 2-lobed. Closely allied to Cardamine, but in the absence of ripe fruit place cannot be determined with certainty. 1. L. pulchellus, H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 14# SIKKIM, in moist grassy places, alt. 10-13,000 ft., H.f. Stem slender, filiform, flexuous, glabrous, springing from a mass of toothed root-bulbils. Leaves generally 3-foliolate, rarely in 2 pairs ; leaflets subsessile, linear, entire, apiculate. Corymb 3-6-flowered. page 140 10. NOTOCERAS, Br. A small, stiff, depressed, branched, hoary herb, with bipartite adpressed pubescence. Flowers white, in leaf-opposed racemes. Sepals equal at the base. Petals small, linear-oblong. Pods rigid, almost indehiscent, linear-oblong, terete ; valves with a prominent keel prolonged at the tip into a horn ; internally pitted opposite the seeds; style short; stigma capitate. Seeds 1-seriate, small, compressed, wingless ; cotyledons accumbent. 1. N. Canariense, Br. in Hort. Kew. ed. 2, iv. 117 ; Griff. Itin. Not. 230, n. 225 ; H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 147. N. hispanicum, DC. ; Deless. Ic. Sel. ii. t. 17. Fields and sandy places in the Punjab, Vicary, &c. - Distrib. Westward to the Canary Islands. Stems 6-8 in., spreading and branching from the base. Leaves linear-oblong, entire. Racemes short, many-flowered. Sepals covered with adpressed hairs. Pods 1/4 in., subsessile, erect, hoary. Seeds 4-8. 11. FARSETIA, Desv. Hoary or tomentose much branched twiggy undershrubs or herbs. Leaves small, linear-oblong, entire. Flowers white pink or yellow, spiked or racemed. Sepals erect, connivent, lateral saccate at the base. Petals with long claws. Pods sessile, linear or elliptic, much flattened ; valves convex, plane or with a midrib; septum membranous. Seeds 1-2-seriate, suborbicular, broadly winged ; cotyledons accumbent. - Distrib. About 20 species, natives of S. Europe, W. Asia, and N. Africa. 1. F. Jacquemontii, H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 148; flowers large, buds elliptic, sepals acute, pods narrow linear. Griff. Itin. Notes, 218, n. 105. Sandy places in the Punjab and Sindh. - Distrib. Affghanistan and Beluchistan. An erect, rather rigid, hoary perennial, covered with closely adpressed hairs attached at their middle. Stems 12-18 in., branches virgate. Leaves 1/4-1 in., linear oblong or linear. Sepals strigose. Petals half as long again as the sepals. Pods 1 1/2-2 by 1/8-1/6 in., compressed; valves flat, nerveless or faintly 1-nerved ; stigma short, suberect. Seeds 2-seriate. - It is impossible to determine from Burman's figure whether this is the Arabis heleophila, DC. 2. F. Hamiltonii, Royle III. 71 ; flowers small, buds small subglobose, sepals obtuse. H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 148. F. linearis, Decaisne in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 2, xvii. 150 ; Hook. Ic. PI. t. 808. Cheiranthus Farsetia, Wall. Cat. 4081. Arabis incanescens, Munro, Plants of Agra, 6. Upper Gangetic plain and the Punjab, from Agra Westwards. - Distrib, Affghanistan, Arabia, Algeria. More rigid and woody than F. Jacquemontii, covered with denser and finer closely adpressed pubescence ; branches long, erect, virgate. Leaves linear, very narrow. Flowers in long spicate racemes. Sepals strigose, margins scarious. Petals obovate, a little longer than the sepals, pink. Pod 1/2-1 in. by 1/20 in., linear ; valves almost nerveless; septum transparent; style slender. Seeds 1-seriate. - Closely allied to F. longisiliqua, Dcne., of Egypt and Arabia, but has smaller flowers and shorter pods. F. linearis, Dcne., is certainly identical with the Indian plant although the Algerian specimens have a slightly longer style, and a more 2-lobed stigma. 3. F. aegyptiaca, Turr. diss. Fars. i. t. 1, ex DC. Syst. ii. 287 ; flowers large, buds cylindric, sepals obtuse, pod elliptic-oblong. H.f. & T. Journ. page 141 Linn. Soc. v. 147 ; Griff. Itin. Notes, 366, n. 11. F. ovalis, Boiss. Diag. viii. 32. F. Edgeworthii, H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 147.Punjab, in the Salt range, Edgeworth, &c. - Distrib. Affghanistan, Arabia, N. Africa. A rigid, hoary undershrub, with forked virgate branches. Leaves linear. Flowers spicate, distant. Calyx cylindrical. Sepals 1/4-1/3 in., hoary. Petals linear, obtuse, twice as long as the sepals. Pods 1/2-3/4 by 1/5-1/4 in., erect, broad, elliptic-oblong; valves flat, midrib indistinct or sometimes prominent ; style very short. Seeds usually 2-seriate. 12. ALYSSUM, Linn. Small branching herbs or undershrubs, often rigid, pubescent, hoary, stellate or scaly. Leaves linear, entire. Flowers small, yellow or white, in ebracteate racemes. Sepals short, erect or spreading, equal at the base. Petals with short claws, entire or 2-fid. Filaments often winged or with tooth-like appendages. Pods short, flattened parallel to the septum or turgid, orbicular elliptic ovate obovate or oblong ; valves flat or concave or convex in the centre and flat at the margin ; septum membranous, entire or perforated ; style varying in length. Seeds 2-10, flattened ; cotyledons accumbent. - Distrib. Species about 90, natives of S. Europe, Central Asia, and Southern Siberia. Alyssum (Koeniga) maritimum is cultivated in gardens in N.-W. India. 1. A. minimum, Willd. Sp. Pl. iii. 464; leaves linear-oblong or obovate, filaments winged, valve of pod tumid in the centre. Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 281 ; H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 148. Kashmir, alt. 4-6000 ft., T. T. - Distrib. Affghanistan, W. Asia, S. Europe. A hoary herb, with numerous stiff stems or branches, 6-8 in. long, spreading from the base, ascending, everywhere except the petals and pods covered with stellate hairs or scales. Racemes many-flowered, lengthening during flowering. Petals minute, linear, white or faintly yellow. Filaments with entire or toothed wings. Pods as long as their pedicels, orbicular, slightly notched, glabrous ; style very short, acute. 2. A. canescens, DC. Prodr. i. 164; leaves narrow-linear, filaments not winged, valve of pod flat. H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. 149. A. tenuifolium, DC. Syst. ii. 322. Pilotrichum canescens and elongatum, C. A. Mey. in Led. Fl. Alt iii. 66; Ic. Pl. Ross. t. 273. Western Himalaya in Kumaon, and Western Tibet, alt. 14-17,000 ft.; T. T., &c. - Distrib. S. Siberia. A small, very hoary ,tomentose plant; woody stems short tufted. Leaves 1 in., densely tufted, obtuse, erect. Racemes corymbose, elongating in the fruit. Petals orbicular-obovate, twice as long as the sepals, white. Pods 1/6 in., erect, on short filiform pedicels, ovate, tomentose ; style slender, half the length of the pod ; stigma capitate. Seeds 2, not margined. 13. DRABA, Linn. Small tufted herbs with stellate pubescence. Leaves entire, radical rosulate. Flowers white or yellow, rarely purple, in short ebracteate racemes, or corymbs. Sepals short, equal at the base. Petals entire or emarginate, claws short. Filaments simple. Pods compressed or turgid, elliptic oblong or ovoid, rarely linear ; valves flat, rarely convex ; septum membranous ; style short or long. Seeds 2-seriate, ovoid, compressed, not margined ; cotyledons accumbent, rarely incumbent. - Distrib. Species about 80, natives of N. temp., arctic, and alpine regions, and of the Andes of S. America. page 142 Sect. I. Aizopsis. Rootstock stout, with many crowded tufts of rosulate leaves, which are rigid, ciliate, with a stout midrib beneath. 1. D. glacialis, Adams in Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc. v. 106 ; leaves linear, scapes naked, flowers yellow, pods twisted, style distinct. DC. Prodr. i. 167 ; H. f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 160. D. setosa, Royle III. 71. D. elegans, Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 300. Western Tibet and Kunawur, alt. 10-15,000 ft. - Distrib. Arctic Asia and America, Soongaria, Rocky Mts. Root slender, woody; branches many, prostrate, tufted, covered below with withered leaves. Leaves densely tulted, rather rigid, entire, rough and ciliated. Scapes 1-5 in., numerous, erect, stiff. Flowers crowded near the summit of the scape. Pedicels and calyx glabrous. Pods 1/6-1/3 in., erect, ovate-lanceolate, acute, glabrous. - Scarcely distinct from D, alpina, L. Sect. II. Chrysodraba. Root or rootstock stout, with many crowded tufts of leaves. Leaves not rigid, without a strong midrib beneath, setose or tomentose. Flowers yellow. 2. D. alpina, Linn.; perennial, leaves densely rosulate oblong spathulate or lanceolate, scape leafless or 1-leaved, pods elliptic glabrous straight. H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 150. D. radicans, Royle III. 71. D. alpicola, Klotzsch in Reise Pr. Waldem. 128, t. 36, f. 1 (bad). (D. algida, Adams; Adamsii, Led. ; ochroleuca, Bunge ; polytricha, Led.) Alpine Himalaya, from Sikkim to Kashmir and in Western Tibet, alt. 12-17,000 ft. - Distrib. Alps of W. Asia, N. Europe, the Rocky Mts. and Arctic regions. Stems densely tufted, short or 6-10 in. Leaves 1/4-1 in., covered with mixed simple and branched hairs, or glabrous with ciliate margins. Scapes 1/6-6 in., 1-10-flowered. Flowers rather large, subcapitate. Sepals usually glabrous. Pods 1/6-1/4 in., shortly racemose, 4-10-seeded ; pedicels suberect, hairy or glabrous, long ; style very short. 3. D. elata, H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 150 ; annual, leaves loosely rosulate spathulate obtuse, scapes with distant leaves, pods ovate- or oblong-lanceolate acute twisted. Subalpine inner ranges of Sikkim, alt. 11-13,000 ft., H.f. Erect, 9-15 in., sparingly covered with simple and stellate hairs. Radical leaves petioled, entire or rarely toothed. Flowers numerous, subcapitate. Sepals 3/4 in., hairy, margin scarious. Petals twice as long, ovate-oblong, clawed. Pods in long lax racemes, once or twice twisted, glabrous when ripe ; pedicels 4 in., spreading or suberect, pilose, lower often bracteate. 4. D. incompta, Steven in Bull. Soc. Nat. Hist. Mosc. iii. 268 ; perennial, leaves rosulate oblong, scapes naked, pod elliptic-oblong slightly curved not twisted. DC. Prodr. i 168 ; Deless. Ic. ii. 44. D. tibetica, var. gamma Winterbottomi, H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 152. Western Tibet, alt. 11-13,000 ft., Falconer, Winterbottom. - Distrib. Persia, Caucasus. A small very tomentose, hoary plant, with short naked branches from the crown of the root, ending in tufts of leaves. Leaves 1/4-1/2 in., all tufted, oblong. Scapes 1/4-1/2 in., pubescent, scarcely lengthening in fruit. Pods glabrous ; style short, bent or straight. - The fruit of this plant was unknown when it was referred as a variety to D. tibetica ; those of Falconer's specimens recently added to the Kew Herbarium have ripe pods, which are similar to those of the Persian and Caucasian plant. Sect. III. Leucodraba. Rootstock biennial or perennial, with many tufts of radical leaves. Leaves soft, flat. Flowers white. page 143 6. D. incana, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. i. 170 ; stem leafy, rarely branched, leaves usually toothed, pods elliptic-lenceolate acute hoary longer than their pedicel. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 14 ; H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 151. D. himalayensis, Klotzsch in Bot. Reis. Pr. Wald. 127, t. 34 B (bad). (D. confusa, Ehr. ; gracilis, Led.) Alpine Himalaya, from Sikkim to WESTERN Tibet, alt. 10-17,000 ft. - Distrib, Alpine and arctic N. Europe, Asia and America, Fuegia. Hoary. Stems 1-10 in., erect. Radical leaves 1/4-1/2 in., loosely tufted or spreading, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate or narrow-spathulate ; cauline distant, sessile, ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, toothed or rarely entire. Flowers small, white. Petals twice the length of the sepals, obovate, notched. Pods racemed, compressed, sometimes twisted, tomentose ; pedicels 1/6-1/4 in., erect, pubescent ; stigma subsessile. The Tibetan and Himalayan specimens possess the characters of D. confusa, Ehr., usually having toothed cauline leaves, and stellately pubescent pods. 6. D. lasiophylla, Royle Ill. p. 71 ; stem sparsely leafy, radical leaves crowded soft white, pods elliptic-lanceolate much twisted shorter and broader than in D. incana. Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 301 : H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 151. D. glomerata, Royle III. 71. Alpine Himalaya and Western Tibet, from Sikkim to Kunawur and Ladak, alt. 12-18,000 ft. - Distrib. Turkistan. Very like the preceding, but more hairy, and with shorter less leafy stems, and leaves in closer tufts. Radical leaves 1/6-1/2 in., oval-oblong or oblong-lanceolate. Stems simple, erect, with 1-3 sessile lanceolate leaves. Flowers small, white, subcapitate. Fruiting racemes elongate or subcapitate ; pedicels very short. Pods once to three times twisted. - Very closely allied to D. stellata, Jacq., of the European Alps (D. siliquosa, M. A. B., is probably identical), scarcely differing except in the twisted pod. 7. D. fladnitzensis, Wulf. in Jacq. Misc. i. 147 and 17, f. 1 ; small glabrous or pilose, leaves densely rosulate lanceolate, scape slender leafless or 1-leaved, pods elliptic-oblong or lanceolate straight glabrous. DC. Prodr. i. 169 ; Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. xiii. f. 4237. D. Wahlenbergii, Hartm. Scand. ed. i. 249 ; H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 151 (D. helvetica, Schleich; lapponica, Wahl. ; androsacea, Willd.). Western Himalaya in Kumaon and Kunawur, and in Western Tibet, alt. 13-18,000 ft. - Distrib. Alpine and arctic Europe, Asia and America. Leaves 1/6-1/2 in., margins ciliate. Scapes 1-4 in., erect. Flowers few, capitate. Petals short, scarcely clawed, white. Pods scarcely racemed ; style very short. -"We have adopted the first name given to this species, which is that of the Carpathian plant, with which the Indian quite agrees," T. Anderson. Var. 1. homotricha; leaves stiffly ciliate glabrous or with simple hairs. D. Wahlenbergii, var. homotricha, Led. Fl. Ross, i, 150; H.f. & T. I.c. 151 (D. lactea, Kar. & Kir.; D. altaica, Bunge). - S. Piti and Nubra. Var. 2. heterotricha ; leaves with mixed simple and stellate hairs. D. Wahlenbergii, var. heterotricha, Led. Fl. Ross. i. 150. D. pygmea, Turc. 8. D. tibetica, H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 152; loosely tufted, woolly or hoary, leaves spathulate-lanceolate entire, scapes slender usually leafless, pods hoary shorter than their slender pedicels. Inner ranges of the Sikkim Himalaya, and Western Tibet; alt. 13-15,000 ft. Leaves 1/4-1 in., nearly all radical, entire. Scapes 3-8 in., numerous, erect, flexuous, rarely with 1 or 2 sessile lanceolate leaves. Flowers subcapitate, rather large, white ; pedicels 1/2-1 in., slender, erect. Pods 1/6-1/31/3 in. long, racemed, elliptic or linear-lanceolate, flat or twisted; style very variable in length. - Both the following varieties (especially the first) are too closely allied to D. lasiophylla and D. incana. page 144 Var. 1. Thomsonii, H.f. & T. I.c.; leaves laxly or scarcely tufted hoary and tomentose, pods linear-lanceolate not twisted, style short and stout. - Zanskar, Thomson. Var. 2. sikkimemis, H. f. & T. I.c.; leaves closely tufted except in very luxuriant young shoots very woolly, pods long linear-lanceolate or short aud elliptic twisted, style long slender. - Sikkim at 16,000 ft., H.f. Sect. IV. Drabella. Annual. Scapes or stems leafy. Flowers white or yellow. 9. D. muralis, Linn. ; stellately hispid, stems filiform flexuous, cauline leaves broad elliiptic-ovate coarsely toothed, petals white minute, fruiting racemes very long, pods horizontal oblong or elliptic on long capillary spreading pedicels. Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 302. Kashmir, alt. 5600 ft. - Distrib. Asia Minor, N. Africa, Europe. An erect, simple or branched very slender annual ; rather rough with short simple or forked hairs. Radical leaves 1/4-1/2 in., few, rosulate, obovate, entire or toothed ; cauline few sessile, auricled or not. Flowers in a short raceme. Petals small, narrow, entire, white. Pods racemed, 1/3-1/2 in., quite flat, glabrous or scaberulous, stigma subsessile. Seeds about 12. 10. D. ellipsoidea, H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc v. 153 ; stems flexuous prostrate short interlaced, leaves toothed, flowers minute white, fruiting racemes very short, flowers minute white, pods elliptic-oblong very flat obtuse, stigma sessile. SIKKIM-HIMALAYA, a weed in radish fields, alt. 15-16,000 ft., H.f. Much depressed, hairy, leafy. Leaves 1/4-1 in., linear- oblong. Pods racemed, 1/6-1/3 in. equalling or shorter than their curved pedicels, flat, stellately pubescent; style 0. - Differs remarkably from D. muralis in its habit, flexuous branches, and short fruiting racemes. 11. D. linearis, Boiss. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 2, xvii. 167; Fl. Orient. i. 203 ; stem simple erect, leaves entire or nearly so, flowers rather large white, fruiting racemes long, pods erect linear. D. stenocarpa, H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 153. Das Kirim in temperate Western Tibet, Winterbottom. - Distrib. Mountains of Persia. Stem 6-12 in., scaberulous. Radical leaves rosulate, linear-oblong or obovate, thickly clothed with forked hairs; cauline 2-5. Petals narrow-cuneate, entire. Pods 1/3-2/3 in., in long racemes, on slender smooth ascending pedicels, tapering at both ends, straight ; stigma sessile. Seeds many. - Near D. muralis but stiffer, with much longer and racemed pods. 12. D. gracillima, H.f & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 153; hoary, scapes or stems many weak ascending, leaves subentire, flowers small yellow, racemes long, pods linear erect. Temperate Sikkim-Himalaya, alt. 10-13,000 ft., H.f. Stems 4-12 in. Radical leaves spreading, spathulate ; cauline few, near the base, sessile, ovate. Scapes numerous, filiform, flexuous. Pods 4 in., erect, tapering at both ends, compressed, straight or curved, glabrous ; racemes occupying almost the whole length of the stem; pedicels 1/2 in., filiform, spreading or deflexed, the lowest often twice the length of the uppermost. Seeds numerous. 14. EROPHILA, DC. Small, delicate annuals, with entire spreading root-leaves. Flowers usually small, white, on slender scapes. Sepals erect, equal at the base. Petals page 145 obovate, 2-fid. Filaments free, without appendages. Pod oblong, elliptic or linear, compressed ; valves membranous, flat or convex ; septum membranous ; style very short. Seeds numerous, small, 2-seriate ; funicles filiform. - Distrib. Species 5, European and W. Asiatic.1. E. vulgaris, DC. Draba verna, Linn. ; H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 149; Griff. Itin. Notes 239, No. 312; 243, No. 364; 366, No. 7 ; Ic. iv. t. 611. Kashmir ; alt. 5-6000 ft. - Distrib. Affghanistan, W. Asia, Europe. Leaves all radical, spreading on the ground, ovate or oblong, entire or toothed, slightly hairy. Scapes 2-8 in., erect, glabrous. Pods 1/3 in., elliptic-oblong, at least twice as long as broad ; pedicels long, slender. 15. COCHLEARIA, Linn. Glabrous, often fleshy annual or perennial herbs. Leaves entire or pinnatipartite. Flowers white, rarely yellow or violet, corymbose or in short racemes, rarely solitary on scapes. Sepals spreading, equal at the base. Petals entire, shortly clawed. Filaments without appendages or teeth. Pods globose ovoid or oblong; valves convex, turgid. Seeds 2-seriate, rarely 1-seriate, compressed, without wings ; cotyledons accumbent. - Distrib. Species about 25, natives of N. temp, and Asiatic regions. 1. C. flava, Ham. Hort. Bengh. 48 ; annual, diffusely branched, leaves pinnatifid, pods globose. Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 805; H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 154. C. alyssoides, DC. Prodr. i. 172. Camelina Caisir, Wall. Cat. 4802. Alyssum cochlearioides. Roth. Upper and lower Gangetic valleys, from the Soane westwards to Kurnaul. Erect, rarely depressed, glabrous, 1 ft. high. Root long, fusiform. Leaves 4-5 in., lanceolate, lobes sinuate-toothed, lower petioled, upper smaller shorter petioled, auricled. Racemes numerous, long. Flowers small, yelIow ; pedicels 1/10 in. Pods smooth, about 1/8 in. diam; ; valves membranous, hemispheric, nerveless ; style short, thick. Seeds small, numerous, rugose, funicles filiform. 2. C. himalaica, H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 154 ; small, prostrate, leaves long-petioled oblong-ovate, flowers racemed, pod elliptic. Inner ranges of the Sikkim-Himalaya, alt. 14-16,000 ft., H.f. A dwarf, prostrate, smooth, leafy, fleshy annual ?, with long fusiform slender root. Leaves coarsely toothed. Flowers small, in short bracteate racemes. Sepals persistent, slightly hairy. Pods slightly compressed, bent, pubescent, 3-5-seeded ; valves thin, membranous; septum disappearing in the ripe fruit. - Cochlearia altaica (Taphrospermum altaicum, C. A. M.) very closely resembles this, but differs in the shape of the leaves, pods and seeds. 3. C. scapiflora, H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 154 ; stemless, rootstock very stout, leaves linear-lanceolate or spathulate, scapes 1-flowered, pods obliquely elliptic-oblong. By melting snow rills in the SIKKIM-HIMALAYA, H.f., and in Western Tibet, alt. 15-18,000 ft., Strach. & Winterb. Small, stemless, fleshy, glabrous. Leaves tapering at the base into a long flat petiole, entire or with a few broad sharp teeth. Scapes 1 1/2 in., flaccid. Flowers large, pale lilac. Sepals glabrous, persistent. Pods 1/6-1/4 in. long ; septum evanescent. page 146 16. MALCOLMIA, Br. Branching herbs, pubescence simple or stellate. Leaves entire or pinnatifid. Flowers in lax racemes, white or purple. Sepals erect, equal at the base. Petals linear, claws long. Filaments free, the longer ones sometimes united in pairs. Pods elongate, cylindric, hard and dehiscing late ; peduncle usually thickened ; valves 3-nerved ; septum membranous ; stigma erect, lobes often united into an acute cone or decurrent along the short style. Seeds 2-seriate towards the base of the pod, oblong, not margined; cotyledons incumbent. - Distrib. About 20 species, natives of W. Asia and the Mediterranean region. * Pods linear, elongate. 1. M. africana, Br. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, iv. 121 ; leaves oblong or lanceolate toothed, flowers many small, pods straight hispid. DC. Prodr. i. 187 ; Griffith liin. Notes 260, No. 513 ; H.f & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 155. Fields and waste places in the Punjab, Kashmir, and Western Tibet, ascending to 13,000 ft. - Distrib. W. Asia, Mediterranean region. Stout, leafy annual, 14 ft., rough with stiff forked and simple hairs; branches many, long, somewhat spreading. Leaves 1-6 in., petioled. Flowers near the ends of the branches. Petals obovate-oblong, twice as long as the persistent sepals, purple or white. Fruiting racemes 6-12 in. long; pedicels 1/12 in., erect, as thick as the pods. Pods 2-3 in. long, narrow, linear, very rough with short forked hairs ; valves prolonged into a short blunt horn ; stigma short, conical, tapering to an acute point. - Varies greatly in pubescence, size of the leaves, and length and thickness of the pedicels and pods. - A very rough variety with small flowers has been distinguished as beta stenopetala (M. Stenopetala, Led.). 2. M. torulosa, Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 226 ; leaves narrow toothed or pinnatifid, flowers small, pods torulose usually contorted or recurved. Sisymbrium torulosura, Desf. Fl. Atlant. ii. 84, t. 159 ; DC. Prodr. i. 195; H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 163. S. contortuplicatum, DC. Prodr. I.c. Punjab at Peshawur, Stewart. - Distrib. Westwards to Syria and N. Africa. A depressed annual or biennial, with numerous spreading and ascending stiff, stout branches, 6 or 8 in. long, hispid with still spreading simple or forked hairs, rarely glabrous. Radical leaves 1-3 in., numerous, oblong lanceolate, acute ; cauline shorter and less divided. Flowers small, subsessile, white. Pods 3/4-1 in., on very short thick pedicels, slender straight recurved or contorted, hispid. Seeds small, oblong, 1-seriate. ** Pods long or short, subulate. 3. M. strigosa, Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 224; glabrous or hispid below only, leaves oblong-lanceolate repand or toothed, pods 1-1 1/2 in. long. - H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 155. In the Salt range, Punjab, Fleming, Stewart. - Distrib. Affghanistan, Beluchistan, Persia. A stout, depressed or suberect, rough, hairy annual, soon dividing into a few rather rigid short branches 6-18 in. long, Radical leaves long petioled, spreading on the ground, 2 or 3 in. long ; cauline shorter and more entire. Flowers numerous, sessile, in racemes 2-12 in. Petals about 4 in., sometimes twisted, linear, dark purple, rarely white, limb broader than the claw. Pads terete, stout, thickened at the base, tapering to an obtuse point, spreading horizontally or decurved ; base with short branching and long spreading forked hairs, less hispid above. Seeds sub-2-seriate at the base of the pod, 1-seriate above. page 147 17. LEPIDOSTEMON, H. f. & T. A dwarf annual with a short leafy unbranched stem. Leaves narrow, toothed. Flowers yellow, on long subcorymbose pedicels. Sepals short, equal at the base. Stamens free ; all the filaments with a broad appendage. Pods linear, elongate ; valves smooth ; septum entire, hyaline, nerveless ; style very short ; stigma 2-lobed. Seeds 1-seriate, oblong, flattened, with long slender free cords. 1. L. pedunculosus, H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 156. Interior valleys of Sikkim-Himalaya ; rocky hills at Tungu, alt. 14-15,000 ft., H.f. A dwarf alpine of peculiar habit, 1 in. high, covered with soft forked hairs. Stem erect, simple. Leaves numerous, 1/4-1 1/2 in., oblong or narrowly spathulate, deeply sharply toothed. Flowers numerous, rather large, subcorymbose ; pedicels 3/4 in., erect, downy. Sepals erect, pilose, persistent. Petals short, obovate, emarginate. Pods 1/2 in. (immature), erect, downy. Seeds unknown ; affinity hence doubtful. 18. SISYMBRIUM, Linn. Glabrous hairy or tomentose or hoary annual or biennial herbs. Leaves entire lobed pinnatifid or pinnatisect. Flowers yellow, white or rose-coloured, in lax often bracteate racemes. Sepals short or elongate, equal at the base or the lateral saccate. Petals with long claws. Stamens free ; filaments all simple. Pods elongate, cylindric or compressed, rarely tetragonal ; valves convex, usually 3-nerved ; septum membranous ; style short, stigma 2-lobed. Seeds generally numerous, 1-seriate, not margined, with filiform cords ; cotyledons incumbent. - Distrib. Species about 80, chiefly European and Oriental, with a few representatives in most temperate regions. Sect. I. Arabidopsis. Flowers white purple or rose-coloured. Valves of the terete or compressed pod 1-nerved or nerveless. - (Distinguishable from Arabis by the cotyledons only.) * Cauline leaves sagittate. 1. S. mollissimum, C. A. Mey. in Led. Fl. Alt. iii. 140; glabrous or hairy, leaves entire or toothed, flowers capitate ebracteate, pods slender erect glabrous, pedicels slender. Led. Ic. Fl. Ross. t. 262 ; H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 160. Temperate Himalaya, from Sikkim to Kashmir, alt. 8-10,000 ft. (to 16,000 in Sikkim) ; Western Tibet, alt. 12-14,000 ft. - Distrib. Altai. An erect rigid biennial or perennial. Stem solitary or 2 or 3 from the same root, 9-18 in. high, simple or with a few stiff erect branches. Leaves 1-2 in., shortly petioled, obovate-lanceolate ; cauline oblong, sagittate and stem-clasping, gradually smaller upwards. Flowers purple or white, racemes elongate and lax in the fruit ; pedicels slender, erect, 1/4-1/2 in. Pods 1-1 1/2 in., straight; valves convex; veins indistinct; style short, slender. Var. glaherrima ; all parts glabrous or only the lower part of the stem puberulous. - Western Himalaya, Thomson ; Western Tibet, Falconer. 2. S. himalaicum, H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 160 ; hispidly tomentose, leaves sinuate-toothed, flowers racemed bracteate, pods erect or spreading glabrous or pubescent. Temperate Himalaya, from Sikkim to Kashmir, alt, 10-12,000 ft. Like the preceding, but smaller and more branched, hirsute, with mixed simple and page 148 stellate hairs. Stem erect,with numerous spreading or ascending stiff branches. Leaves radical petioled ; upper clasping the stem by sagittate auricles. Pods 1-1 1/2 in. long, terete, straight ; pedicels short, stout, spreading, each with a leaf like bract at the base ; valves striate.3. S. foliosum, H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 160; sparsely hairy, leaves broad toothed, flowers racemed glabrous, pods slender curved glabrous much compressed. Kashmir, alt. 5-7000 ft., Thomson. A suberect or decumbent herbaceous much branched annual, with scattered stellate hairs, 6-12 in. high. Radical leaves soon withering, spathulate, shortly petioled; cauline larger, 1-2 1/2 in. long, oblong or obovate, sessile, auricles long sagittate stem-clasping, coarsely toothed. Flowers small, white, ebracteate ; pedicels 1/4 in., slender, usually spreading, sometimes ascending or deflexed. Pods 1 1/4 in., in long racemes, spreading, ascending or the lower sometimes deflexed, straight or curved, with a few stellate hairs; valves thin, flattened, striate. ** Leaves not pinnatifid ; cauline not sagittate or auricled. 4. S. Thalianum, Gay & Monn. in Gaud. Fl. Helv. iv. 348 ; annual, radical leaves petioled obovate, flowers small white, pedicels very slender, pods very slender suberect curved glabrous compressed, seeds flattened. Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 214; H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 163. Arabis Thaliana, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. i. 144. Conringia Thaliana, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 60, f . 4380. Temperate Himalaya, from Bhotan to Kashmir, and in Western Tibet; alt. 5-10,000 ft. ; Punjab, Stewart. - Distrib. Temp. Europe, Asia, Abyssinia. An erect, slender, branching annual, 4-12 in. high, slightly hispid with scattered spreading simple and forked hairs or glabrous. Leaves 1-3 in., toothed or entire; cauline few, remote, sessile, generally entire. Racemes slender, elongate ; pedicels 1/4-1/2 in., spreading or ascending. Pods 1/3-1 in., narrow linear ; valves convex, 1-nerved; style short. Seeds very small ; cotyledons obliquely incumbent. 5. S. lasiocarpum, H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 163 ; annual, slender, erect, hispidly pubescent, leaves small radical obovate-spathulate, flowers lilac, pedicels short, pods short straight terete densely pubescent. Griffith Itin. Notes 188, No. 901. Lammoo and Panya in Bhotan, Griffith. Simple, rigid, 9-18 in., hoary and pubescent with mixed simple and stellate hairs. Radical leaves 1/4-1 in. long, few, shortly petioled, sinuate-toothed ; cauline small, sessile, obovate. Flowers small. Sepals pubescent. Pods 3/4 in., erect; valves convex ; nerveless ; style very short. 6. S. rupestre, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 33 ; annual, erect, branched, hoary, radical leaves linear-oblong sinuate-toothed, cauline sometimes cordate at the base, flowers shortly pedicelled, pods subterete glabrous or puberulous, slender. H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 162. In the dry region of the Western Himalaya, from Kumaon to Kashmir, alt. 8-14,000 ft. ; Piti in Western Tibet, Thomson. Stem 6-18 in., stiff, branching ; hairs forked, with a few scattered stellate ones. Radical leaves shortly petioled, 1/2-1 in. ; cauline sessile, entire or toothed. Racemes few-flowered, bracteate throughout or towards the base ; fruiting elongate, lax. Flowers purple or white. Sepals pubescent; pedicels 1/12-1/6 in., puberulous. Pods 1 1/2-1 2/3 in., erect or spreading, compressed ; valves with an indistinct central vein. 7. S. humile, C. A. Mey. in Led. Fl. Alt. ill. 137; perennial, dwarf, hoary, diffuse, radical leaves oblong, cauline petioled, flowers shortly page 149 pedicelled, pods straight terete torulose. Led. Ic. Fl. Ross. t. 147 ; H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 163.Western Tibet, alt. 12-15,000 ft., Winterbottom, &c. - Distrib. Siberia, Arctic America. Subhispid, hoary, rarely green and glabrous ; rootstock woody. Stem 1-8 in., decumbent or ascending, simple or branched. Radical leaves 1/4-1 in., many, crowded, sinuate-toothed or entire, cauliue small. Flowers rather large, white or lilac. Sepals erect, pubescent or glabrous. Pods 1/2-1 in., pedicels short erect, cylindric, subhispid or glabrous, veins obscure. 8. S. strictum, H. f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 161 ; annual, erect, hoary, leaves linear-oblong sinuate-toothed, cauline sessile, pedicels slender, pods erect curved terete slender glabrous, valves costate. Malcolmia stricta, Camb. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. i. 16, t. 16. Western Himalaya, from Kumaon to Kashmir, alt. 5-10,000 ft. ; Western Tibet, Winterbottom, Falconer. Stem 9-24 in., simple, rigid, scabrous. Leaves 1-1 1/2 in. long, lower narrowed into a short petiole ; upper gradually diminishing along the stem, lanceolate, subentire. Racemes at first dense, elongate and lax in fruit. Flowers small, pale rose coloured. Pods 1-2 in., narrow, on spreading or ascending pubescent pedicels 1/2 in. long ; valves convex, with a prominent midrib ; style short, tapering. 9. S. axillare, H. f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 162 ; small, annual, depressed, leafy, radical leaves spathulate lobed or toothed, cauline sessile, flowers white bracteate, pedicels slender, pods very slender, valves nerveless. Griff. Itin. Notes 195, No. 1074. Bhotan, on dry rocks and walls near Chupcha, alt. 8000 ft., Griffith; inner ranges of Sikkim, alt. 8-10,000 ft., H.f. Diffuse, slender, subhispid or tomentose, branches prostrate leafy 3-6 in. long. Radical leaves shortly petioled, 1 in, long; cauline 1/4-3/4 in., ovate or oblong, rounded at the tip. Flowers rather large, solitary in the axils of the upper leaves ; fruiting raceme elongate, lax, leafy; pedicels long, spreading or ascending. Pods 1/4 in., terete, straight or slightly curved; subtorulose. - The Bhotan and Sikkim specimens agree in all essential characters, but the Bhotan ones from growing in a dry situation are smaller and much more hoary than those from Sikkim, where they were found in shady forests. *** Leaves pinnatifid. 10. S. Wallichii, H. f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 158; perennial, hispidly hairy, radical leaves small runcinately lyrate, flowers small white or rose, pedicels filiform, pods long very slender. Arabis? leptocarpa, Wall. Cat. 4784. Dry parts of the Western Himalaya, from Kumaon to Kashmir, alt. 5-7000 ft. Salt Range, Stewart. - Distrib. Affghanistan. Stem 6-18 in., rough and hairy, especially near the base, with simple forked and stellate hairs, slender, erect. Radical leaves 1-3 in,, crowded, spreading; terminal lobe large; cauline few, short, 1/2-1 1/2 in., linear-lanceolate, pinnatifid or almost entire. Flowers white, changing to pale pink. Fruiting racemes long, lax, terminal; pedicels 1/4-1 in., spreading. Pods 2-3 1/2 in., spreading, curved, glabrous ; valves slightly convex, midrib distinct; style short, tapering. 11. S. minutiflorum, H. f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 158; annual, puberulous, very slender, much branched, leaves pinnately cut into few linear segments, flowers minute white, pods small narrow, stigma sessile. Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 215 ; Griff. Itin. Notes 314, No. 1166. Zanskar in Western Tibet, Thomson. - Distrib. Affghanistan. Stem 2-9 in., stellately hairy, tortuous. Leaves small, thick. Flowers in numerous page 150 terminal racemes. Fruiting racemes elongate ; pedicels 1/8-1/6 in., spreading, as thick as the rachis. Pods 1/2 in., straight or slightly curved ; septum flat. Seeds very minute, oblong. - Boissier remarks that the seeds are unknown. There are numerous ripe pods in Griffith's specimens in the Kew Herbarium. The cotyledons are incumbent.Sect. II. Sophia. Flowers yellow, pedicelled, ebracteate. Pod cylindric or flat, valves 1-nerved. 12. S. Sophia, Linn. ; annual, erect, glabrous or pubescent, leaves 2-3--pinnatisect, flowers small, pedicels slender. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 74, f. 4405; H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 158. Punjab, in the Salt Range and near Peshawur; Temperate Himalaya from Kumaon to Kashmir, alt. 6-7000 ft. ; Western Tibet, alt. 9-14,000 ft. - Dlstrib. Westward, throughout Europe, N. Africa, and in N. and S. America. Stem 1-2 ft., finely tomentose and somewhat hoary, or quite glabrous; branches ascending. Leaves numerous ; segments short, linear. Flowers small, pale yellow. Fruiting racemes elongate, lax, terminal. Pods 1 in., spreading. or erect, on long pedicels, cylindric, subcompressed, curved, subtorulose ; midrib prominent ; stigma subsessile. Sect. III. Irio. Flowers yellow, pedicelled, ebracteate. Pods terete, valves 3-nerved. * Fruiting pedicels as broad as the pod. 13. S. Columnae, Jacq. Pl. Austr. t. 323 ; annual, tall, glabrous or hairy below, leaves runcinate, sepals erect, valves of pod not ribbed. Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 216 ; HH.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 157. Western Himalaya, from Kumaon to Kashmir, ascending to 10,000 ft. ; Western Tibet, alt. 9-14,000 ft. - Distrib. Westward to Central Europe. Stem 3 ft., stout, erect, slightly branching, subhispid with spreading or reflexed hairs, or all glabrous and glaucous. Leaves sometimes almost entire ; segments toothed, from ovate-oblong to lanceolate ; terminal lobe angled ; of the upper leaves hastate. Flowers large, pale yellow. Sepals glabrous. Pods 3-4 in., spreading, very slender, curved, glabrous or slightly hairy ; pedicel very stout ; valves striated, indistinctly costate ; style thickened, 1/12 in. 14. S. pannonicum, Jacq. Coll. i. 70; Ic. Pl. Rar. t. 123; annual, hispid or glabrate, leaves runcinate-pinnatisect, sepals spreading, valves of pod 3-nerved. Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 217; H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 257. S. septulatum, DC. Syst. ii. 471. Hassora in Western Tibet, alt. 8000 ft., Winterbottom. Stem rather tall, stiff, often simple below, and divaricately branched above. Leaf-segments nearly all similar, toothed or entire, of the lower leaves broad, of the upper, narrow-linear. Flowers large, pale yellow. Sepals glabrous, caducous. Pods 3-4 in., on short very thick pedicels, spreading or ascending, straight, obtuse, glabrous; septum membranous, projecting transversely between the seeds ; style subelongate, thick ; Stigma large, 2-lobed. ** Fruiting pedicels slender. 15. S. Irio, Linn. ; annual or biennial, tall, glabrous, leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, segments not auricled, flowers minute, pedicels slender, young pods overtopping: the raceme, old 3-nerved, stigma sessile. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 75. f. 4408; H.f. & T. Journ. Linn, Soc. v. 157. S. irioides, Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 218 ; H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 157. In Northern India, from Rajpootana to the Punjab. - Distrib. Affghanistan and westwards to the Canary Islands. page 151 Stem 1-3 ft,, tall, quite glabrous, or slightly pubescent near the base. Leaves petioled, pinnatifid or pinnatipartite ; segments remote, spreading, toothed ; terminal large, sometimes hastate. Flowers yellow. Pods 1 1/2-2 in., slender, erect, glabrous, subtorulose; valves 3-nerved ; pedicels 1/4-1/2 in., ascending, curved. - S. irioides is said to be distinguished by a character that seems to be of no value. All the large flowered specimens resembling and previously referred to S. Irio are referable to S. Loeselii. Boissier's authentic specimen of S. irioides is unique ; its flowers are described as double the size of those of S. Irio and the style as elongated. 16. S. Loeselii, Linn. ; annual, tall, erect, reversedly hairy or glabrate, leaves sublyrately runcinate not auricled, flowers large, pedicels slender, pods slender terete not overtopping the raceme, style slender. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 76, f. 4409; H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 156; Leptocarpaea Loeselii, DC. - Griffith Itin. Notes 314, No. 1155. Kashmir ; alt. 5-7000 ft., Thomson. - Distrib. Westward to Central Europe. Stem branched and lower leaves hispid with simple recurved hairs or subglabrous. Leaves petioled ; segments toothed ; terminal lobe very large, hastate. Flowers numerous, pale yellow, not surmounted by the young pods. Pods 1-1 1/2 in., slightly curved, glabrous ; pedicels ascending, slender, 1/3 the length of the pod; style short, with a distinct 2-lobed stigma. Sect. IV. Alliaria. Flowers white. Pods terete, valves 1-3-nerved. Seeds smooth or striate. 17. S. Alliaria, Scop. Carn. ed. 2, n. 825 ; annual or biennial, tall, erect, leaves long-petioled, lower reniform, upper cordate toothed, pods long, pedicel stout, valves 3-nerved. H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 163. Alliaria officinalis, Andrzj. ; Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 60, f. 379. Erysimum Alliaria, Linn. Western Himalaya, from Kumaon to Kashmir, alt. 6-10,000 ft. - Distrib. Westward to W. Europe Stem 1-3 ft., subsimple, glabrous or sparsely hairy below. Radical leaves 2-3 in. diam., coarsely repand-crenate or toothed, upper ovate-cordate or deltoid, crenate. Flowers small, in lax racemes. Pods 1 1/2-2 in. ; pedicels stout, 1/4 in., spreading, subcylindric, straight, glabrous; valves 3-nerved, midrib stout. Seeds oblong, striate and dotted. 18. S. deltoideum, H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 163; tall, erect, glabrous, leaves all petioled deltoid-ovate toothed, pods short, pedicels long, valves 1-nerved. Eastern Himalaya; Sikkim, in the inner ranges, alt. 11-13,000 ft., H.f. Stem 2-4 ft., stout. Leaves thin, 1 1/2-3 in. diam., scarcely longer than broad. Flowers large, white. Pods 1/2-3/4 in., pedicels as long, not thickened, spreading, stout, suberect, straight or curved, taper pointed ; valves convex strongly keeled ; septum flat. Seeds large, linear-oblong, smooth. - Perhaps an Eutrema. 19. EUTREMA, Br. Glabrous leafy biennial or perennial herbs. Leaves entire or serrate, radical on long petioles, upper shortly petioled or sessile. Flowers white, corymbose. Sepals short, erect, equal at the base. Filaments entire. Pods linear or linear-oblong, terete ; valves convex ; style short. Seeds few, wingless, irregularly 1-2-seriate. - Distrib. Species 5, arctic Siberian and Himalayan. - Nearly allied to the section Alliaria of Sisymbrium. page 152 1. E. himalaicum, H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 164 ; stout, erect, leafy, cauline leaves sessile amplexicaul, flowers subcapitate in branched racemes. Temperate Sikkim-Himalaya, alt. 10-13,000 ft., H.f. A stout erect simple herb 18 in. high, glabrous or with a few hairs along the margins of the leaves and petioles. Leaves all entire, obtuse, radical long-petioled, oblong or ovate-cordate ; cauline ovate or ovate-lanceolate, auricled at the base. Flowers rather large, white, in numerous terminal heads. Pods racemed, suberect ; pedicels long, spreading. The ripe fruit is unknown. - Differs from the Soongarian Smelowskia (Eutrema) integrifolia only by its auricled cauline leaves. 2. E. primulaefolium, H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 164 ; stemless, glabrous, radical leaves tufted, scapes leafy bracteate. Sisymbrium primulaefolium, Thoms. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. iv. t. 10, and v. p. 18. Wet rocks in the Western Himalaya, from Kumaon to Kashmir, alt. 6-11,000 ft., Thomson, &c. Root thick, fusiform, perennial. Leaves 3-6 in., all radical, petioled, broadly spathulate, toothed above the middle. Scapes numerous, usually shorter than the leaves, with a few leaf-like obovate bracts 1/4-1 in. long. Flowers small, white. Sepals oblong, persistent. Pods 1/2-1 in., cylindric, curved, smooth; valves membranous, finely reticulate. 20. CONRINGIA, Reichb. Glabrous, glaucous annuals. Lowers entire, oblong, auricled. Flowers racemose, ebracteate, yellow. Sepals elongate, equal at the base or the lateral saccate. Petals elongate, clawed. Pods elongated, linear, compressed or acutely tetragonal ; valves 1-3-nerved, smooth or torulose ; stigma simple or 2-lobed. Seeds 1-seriate, oblong, not margined ; cotyledons incumbent. - DISTRIB. Species 6, natives of W. Asia and S. Europe. Closely allied to Sisymbrium, but with the habit of Brassica. 1. C. planisiliqua, Fisch. & Mey. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 32 ; radical leaves petioled linear-oblong, cauline sessile. Erysimum planisiliquum, Ledeb. Sisymbrium planisiliquum, H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 159. Western Tibet, alt. 10-14,000 ft., Thomson. - Distrib. Westwards to Persia, Soongaria and Armenia. Stem erect, 1-2 ft. Radical leaves few, 2-3 in., obtuse, cauline with cordate amplexicaul bases. Flowers small ; pedicels 1/2 in., slender. Pods 3-4 in., racemed, erect, narrow linear ; valves slightly convex over the seeds. 21. ERYSIMUM, Linn. Herbs, often hoary with appressed forked hairs. Leaves linear or oblong, entire or sinuate-toothed, base never auricled. Flowers yellow, rarely purple, ebracteate. Sepals erect, equal or the lateral gibbous at the base. Petals clawed. Filaments simple. Pods elongate, narrow, compressed tetragonal or terete ; valves linear, 1-nerved, frequently keeled ; septum membranous or corky ; style short or long ; stigma 2-lobed, capitate. Seeds numerous, 1-seriate, oblong, not margined ; cotyledons incumbent. - Distrib. Species about 80, chiefly European and Oriental. A genus in many respects intermediate between Cheiranthus and Sisymbrium. The Indian species are very difficult of discrimination, and little confidence can be placed in their diagnoses. They stand here as described 12 years ago in the Linnean Journal, since which time no materials of importance for their elucidation have been received. page 153 * Diffusely branched ; ripe pods horizontal, subsessile ; pedicel short, stout. 1. E. repandum, Linn. ; annual, hoary with close appressed hairs, leaves lanceolate repand-toothed or entire, flowers 1/4-1/3 in. diam., pods rigid or flexuous obtusely 4-angled glabrous narrowed up to the truncate stigma, pedicel 1/12 in. as thick as the pod. H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn, Soc. v. 164 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 189. Kashmir, alt. 5-7000 ft., Winterbottom. - Distrib. Persia, and westward to E. Europe and N. Africa, Very variable in stature and robustness ; hairs 2-partite with a few trifid ones intermixed. Boissier separates from it the Affghan plant (E. Griffithii, Boiss.) which was united with it in the Linnean Journal, on account of its entire leaves subcompressed pod and bracteate flowers. ** Dwarf species ; rootstock much divided giving off short crowded branches. Pods 1-2 in. long. 2. E. deflexum, H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 165; hoary, hairs all appressed, leaves linear-spathulate slightly toothed, flowering branches short, fruiting deflexed with ascending tips, pedicels equalling the sepals, pods very narrow linear erect tetragonal acute, style distinct. Alpine Sikkim-Himalaya, at Kongra Lama, alt. 13-15,000 ft., H.f. Easily distinguished by its small size and curious ramification, the stems that spring from the many-crowned rootstock are 3-5 in. long, and bent down to the earth when fruiting, their pod-bearing tips alone ascending. Leaves 1/2-3/4 in. Flowers 1/3 in. diam., ochreous-yellow. Pods 1 1/2-2 by 1/14-1/12 in. broad, narrowed into a style 1/10 in. long; replum with slender flat sides, septum rather spongy. Seeds with very short funicles. 3. E. funiculosum, H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 165 ; hairs appressed, leaves linear-lanceolate, fruiting branches erect, pods fascicled erect linear-lanceolate compressed, valves obscurely keeled, style short conic, funicle very slender. Alpine Sikkim Himalaya; at Kongra Lama, alt. 14-16,000 ft., H.f. Root stout; stock dividing into a tuft of short branches and very short flowering shoots. Hairs chiefly fixed by the middle, a few are 3-furcate. Flowers as in E. deflexum. Pods 3/4 in. long, broader and flatter and less keeled than in any other Indian species, sparsely appressed hairy. Seeds with capillary strict funicles as long as themselves ; valves membranous, acute above, narrowed to a tapering base. *** Stem stout, erect, leafy ; pods 1/2-3 in. long. 4. E. hieraciifolium, Linn. ; stout or slender, green, hairs chiefly 2-forked appressed, leaves oblong sinuate-toothed upper ssesile, flowers 1/4-1/3 in. diam., pedicels equalling the sepals, pods strict erect narrow tetragonal scaberulous, pedicel stout upcurved, midrib strong, style short stout or slender. E. strictum, Goertn. ; H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 166. E. robustum, Don Prodr. 292 ; Wall. Cat. 4789. E. patens and E. gracile, Gay Monog. Erys. 9. Central and Western Himalaya, from Niipal, Wallich, to Marri, Fleming, alt. 6-13,000 ft. - Distrib. Siberia, Caucasus, N. Europe. Very variable, easily recognised amongst its Indian congeners by slender strict quite erect narrow linear pods, with upcurved stout pedicels, and distinct rather slender style. 5. E. pachycarpum, H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 167; stem very robust tall angled branched, hairs scattered chiefly appressed 3-forked, leaves petioled lanceolate sinuate-toothed, pedicels much shorter than the sepals, flowers 1/3 in. diam., pods spreading very stout 4-angled on very thick page 154 pedicels 1/4 in. long minutely hairy, .style thick 1/12 in., valves obtuse at both ends.Temperate Sikkim-Himalaya, in Lacken valley and Tungu, alt. 10 - 13,000 ft., H.f. A remarkably stout, tall, erect plant, 1 1/2-2 ft. high. Stem many-angled ; branches long. Flowers bright orange yellow. Petals obovate-spathulate. Pods 2-2 1/2 by 1/8 in. ; valves obtusely keeled, obtuse at both ends ; stigma large, capitate. Seeds small. 6. E. odoratum, Ehr. ? ; H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 166 : erect, robust, stem angular above, leaves oblong or lanceolate sinuate-toothed or entire scaberulous, flowers 1/2-3/4 in. diam , pedicels half as long as the sepals. Kashmir, alt. 5-7000 ft., and Western Tibet, alt. 9000 ft. Hairs on the upper leaf-surface appressed, fixed by the middle, with a few 3-furcate ones, on the lower both are mixed. 7. E. altaicum, C. A. Meyer? ; H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 167 ; hoary with appressed hairs, stem short erect rather slender angled, leaves petioled linear-lanceolate entire or sinuate-toothed, radical sometimes runcinate, flowers large 1/3-1/2 in. diam., pedicels shorter than the sepals. Western Himalaya and Western Tibet, alt. 7-10,000 ft., Jacquemont, &c. - DISTRIB. Caucasus ; Altai Mts. **** Stem sub-simple, stout, erect, leafy ; pods 3-6 in. long. 8. E. Thomsoni, H.f. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 165; tall, hoary with 3-furcate hairs, leaves small linear-lanceolate obscurely toothed, pods 3-4 in. long very narrow 1/10 in. broad, pedicel stout 1/3-1/2 in., valves acute hoary acutely keeled, style 1/12 in. Western Himalaya; Kunawur, alt. 8-12,000 ft., Thomson. Best distinguished by its hoary branched habit, small narrow acute leaves, very long pods with acutely keeled valves and rather long style. - There is a smaller plant collected by Winterbottom in Kashmir on the Baramula pass, but it is not in fruit. 9. E. longisiliquum, H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 166 ; annual?, tall, erect, robust, glabrous, stem acutely angled, leaves lanceolate obscurely toothed, pedicels shorter than the sepals, pods spreading very slender linear, valves with a prominent keel, style 1/10-1/8 in. stout, pedicels 1/2 in. Temperate Sikkim-Himalaya ; at Tungu, alt. 10-13,000 ft., H.f. The tall robust habit, acutely angled stem, size of flower, and very long spreading pods (4-5 by 1/10 in.) best distinguish this. 22. CHRISTOLEA, Camb. A glabrous or pubescent perennial. Leaves fleshy, entire or coarsely toothed. Flowers in a loose ebracteate raceme. Sepals short, suberect, lateral slightly saccate at the base. Pods linear-lanceolate, flattened ; valves smooth 1-nerved ; stigma minute, conical subentire. Seeds few, sub-2seriate, flattened, not margined ; cotyledons linear, incumbent. 1. C. crassifolia, Cambess. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 17, t. 17; leaves cuneate-obovate acute or obtuse, deeply toothed towards the tip. H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 167. Western Tibet; alt. 12-15,000 ft., abundant. A much branched, fragile herb; hairs simple; branches decumbent, stout. Flowers 1/2 in. diam. ; pedicels 1/2 in., hairy, erect. Petals 1/4 in., yellow with a purple base. Pods subsecund, 1-1 1/2 in., erect, flat, acute at both ends, nearly glabrous. page 155 23. BRAYA, Sternb. & Hoppe. Small tufted glabrous or hoary pubescent alpine perennials, with a branching rootstock. Leaves mostly radical, spathulate or linear, entire or toothed. Flowers purple, rose-coloured or white, solitary or racemed. Sepals short, equal at the base. Pods ovate-oblong or linear, subcylindric or slightly compressed ; valves convex, 1-nerved ; style short or long; stigma capitate. Seeds usually 2-seriate, few or many ovoid, wingless. - Distrib. Species 12, alpine and arctic regions, the Andes. 1. B. uniflora, H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 168 ; glabrous, leaves linear-spathuiate quite entire, scapes short 1-flowered. Western Tibet; in Nubra, alt. 15-17,000 ft., Thomson. Rootstock stout, fleshy, covered with bleached petioles, branched at the crown. Leaves fleshy, 1 in., petioled. Scapes many, about equalling the leaves. Pods linear, 1/3-1/2 in. ; septum 2-nerved ; style short. Seeds sub-2-seriate, many. 2. B. alpina, Sternb. & Hoppe; glabrous, leaves linear-spathulate, flowers capitate. Deless. Ic. Select. ii. t. 22. B. Thomsoni, H.f. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 168. B.? oxycarpa, H.f. & T. I.c. 169. Western Tibet; Piti, alt. 12-13,000 ft., Thomson, Stewart. - DISTRIB. European high Alps, arctic regions. Root stout, fleshy, long. Leaves tufted, 1/2 in. Scapes 1-4 in., leafless, or with few linear leaves. Flowers white or purple; pedicels 3/4 in. Pods erect, linear- or elliptic-lanceolate, straight or curved, acute, glabrous ; style usually long and slender. Seeds 1-2-seriate. - Very variable ; the arctic American B. glabella is hardly distinct from it. 3. B. rosea, Bunge ; Led. Fl. Ross. i. 194 ; glabrous or puberulous, leaves narrowly linear-oblong, flowers crowded corymbose, pods very short elliptic. H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 169. Alpine Himalaya, from Sikkim to Kunawur, alt. 15-17,000 ft. ; Western Tibet, alt. 14-18,000 ft. - Distrib. Altai Mts. and arctic Siberia. Very similar to B. alpina, differing chiefly in the shorter pods (1/7-1/5 in.), and leafless scapes. Seeds 8-12 in each capsule ; style variable in length. 4. B. tibetica, H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 168 ; hoary or pubescent, leaves narrow-linear, scapes naked, flowers subcapitate, petals minute, pods short ovate. Western Tibet; alt. 13-18,000 ft., Thomson. Rather rigid, purplish ; rootstock much divided, clothed with withered petioles. Leaves erect, rarely spathulate, with 2-3 spreading teeth about the midrib ; margins ciliate, rarely glabrous. Scapes many, 2-2 1/2 in., rarely 1 -leafed. Sepals hairy, edges membranous, white or red. Petals hardly exceeding the sepals. Pods 1/6 in. long, rarely glabrous ; style long. 24. BRASSICA, Linn. Glabrous or hispid herbs ; rootstock often woody. Leaves large, pinnatifid or lyrate, rarely entire. Flowers yellow, in long racemes. Sepals erect or spreading, lateral usually saccate at the base. Pods elongate, terete or angular, often with an indehiscent 1-seeded beak; valves convex, 1-3-nerved, lateral nerves flexuose ; style beaked or ensiform ; stigma truncate or 2-lobed. Seeds 1-seriate, globose or subcompressed ; cotyledons incumbent, concave or conduplicate, the radicle within the longitudinal fold. - DISTRIB. Species about 80 ; temperate regions of the Old World. Sect. I. Melanosinapis. Sepals spreading. Pods terete or sub-tetragonal ; valves 1-nerved ; beak slender, seedless. 1. B. nigra, Koch.; leaves all petioled, lower lyrate, upper entire, racemes naked, pods slender appressed to the stem. H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 170. Sinapis nigra, Linn.; Wall. Cat. 4790. S. erysimoides, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 123. Cultivated in various parts of India and Tibet. Annual, 2-3 ft. high, rigid, branched, more or less hispid. Leaves 4-8 in. Flowers 1/3-1/2 in. diam., bright yellow. Pod 1/4-1/2 in., subulate; valves keeled, torulose; cells 3-5-seeded. Seeds oblong. Sect. II. Eubrassica. Sepals erect. Pod sessile, cylindric, beak or conical, seedless ; valves 1-nerved. (The Cabbage, B. oleracea, with its cultivated forms, the Kale, Sprouts, Cole-rabi, Cauliflower and Broccoli, belong to this section.) 2. B. campestris, Linn. ; erect, lower leaves lyrate, upper auricled, flowers corymbose, beak of pod flat seedless. H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 169. Sinapis brassicata, Linn. S. dichotoma and S. glauca, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii 117, 118. Cultivated throughout India. An erect, stout, simple or branched, glabrous or slightly hispid annual, 1-3 ft. high. Leaves large, petioled, more or less pinnatifid, upper oblong or lanceolate. Flowers large, blight yellow; pedicels 3/4 in. ascending or spreading. Pods 1 1/2-3 in., glabrous, suberect ; valves with midrib and flexuous veins. Seeds small, smooth, pale or dark. SUBSP. 1. CAMPESTRIS proper; root tuberous, leaves glaucous, radical hispid, upper glabrous, petals persistent till the corymb lengthens. - (Swedish Turnip.) SUBSP. 2. Napus, Linn, (sp.); root fusiform, leaves all glabrous and glaucous, petals deciduous before the corymb lengthens. - (Rape, Cole seed; yields Colza and Carcel oils. ) SUBSP. 3. Rapa, Linn. (sp.) ; root tuberous, lower leaves hispid not glaucous, upper glaucous and glabrous, petals deciduous. - Common Turnip. 3. B. trilocularis, H.f & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 170 ; lower leaves lyrate, cauline amplexicaul auricled, pods pendulous long-beaked 3-4-valved. Sinapis trilocularis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 121. Subtropical Central and Eastern Himalaya, Nipal, Sikkim, and Assam, in fields. Habit of subspecies Napus, but easily distinguished by the remarkable pendulous 3-4-celled and valved pods, which are 2 1/2-3 in. long; beak 1 1/4 in., terete, tapering; valves with midrib and flexuous lateral nerves. Seeds large, globose, smooth, pale or dark. 4. B. quadrivalvis, H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 169; habit and foliage of B. trilocularis, but pods smaller, on erect short pedicels, 4-celled and valved, beak flattened. Cultivated fields of B. campestris in the Upper Gangetic valley ; banks of the Soane, H. f. Sect. III. Brassicoides. Sepals erect. Pods sessile, beak seed-bearing ; valves 1-ribbed. 5. B. Tournefortii, Gouan ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 393 ; radical leaves hispid runcinate-lyrate, cauline linear-lanceolate, flowers small pale yellow, pods short compressed. B. Stocksii, H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 171. Upper Gangetic valley ; between Ajmir and Delhi, Jacquemont; Western Tibet (cultivated), Edgeworth. - Distrib. Westward to Spain and Italy. page 157 An erect, branchings hispid or glabrate annual, 1 ft. high. Radical leaves petioled, crowded, spreading on the ground, hispid with white hairs, lobes toothed ; cauline entire or pinnatifid. Pods 2 1/4 in , erect, glabrous, linear, compressed, torulose, beak 3/4 in., linear, slightly tapering, obtuse usually 1-seeded; valves with a central and many distant lateral nerves. Seeds compressed. Sect. IV. Ceratosinapls. Sepals spreading. Pods slightly compressed, beak subulate usually seedless ; valves 3-ribbed. Seeds globose. 6. B. juncea, H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 170; erect, glabrous, lower leaves oblong-lanceolate toothed, upper narrow, pods suberect torulose, beak long seedless, lateral nerves flexuous. B. Willdenovii, Boiss. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 1842, p. 88. Sinapis juncea, Linn. S. integrifolia, Willd. S. ramosa, rugosa and cuneifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 119-124. Cultivated in India abundantly. - Distrib. Cult. westward to Egypt, and eastward to China. A tall erect branching annual, rarely glaucous, or hispid (at the base only). Lower leaves petioled, sometimes pinnatifid ; upper lanceolate, toothed, subsessile. Flowers bright yellow. Pods 1/2 in., linear-lanceolate ; beak straight, flattened, 1/2 in. ; valves with a prominent midrib. Seeds small, dark, rugose. 7. B. alba, H.f. & T. ; stem hispid, leaves pubescent pinnatisect, upper segments confluent, pods spreading cylindric torulose usually hirsute, beak very long, decurrent along the pod, 1-seeded. B. foliosa, Willd. Enum. 688. Sinapis alba, Linn. Cultivated fields at Ferozepore in the Punjab, Thomson. - Distrib. From Syria eastward throughout S. Europe. An erect annual, 2 it. high, with a hispid or rarely glabrous stem. Leaves all petioled, usually hispid : segments ovate, toothed or lobulate. Pods about 1 in., stalked, spreading, cylindric, beak half as long, flattened, sometimes 2-seeded, valves and base of the beak white with hispid hairs. Sinapis patens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 124, is a Nasturtium. 25. DIPLOTAXIS, DC. Annual or biennial branching herbs. Leaves pinnatifid. Flowers yellow pink or purple. Sepals spreading, equal at the base. Pods elongate, linear, compressed, sometimes with a short 1-seeded beak ; valves 1-nerved ; style generally slender, stigma simple or 2-lobed. Seeds numerous, 2-seriate, oblong, compressed or subglobose ; cotyledons incumbent, conduplicate. - Distrib. Species about 20 ; Mediterranean region, Western and Central Asia. A genus closely allied to Brassica but differing in the flat pods, biseriate seeds, often pilose sepals, and pink or purple flowers. 1. D. Griffithii, H.f. & T. ; hispid, lower leaves oblong entire or cut, flowers large, pedicels slender, style very stout. Brassica Griffithi, H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 171 ; Boiss. Flor. Orient, i. 389. Kalebag in the Salt Range of the Punjab, Fleming. - Distrib. Affghanistan and Beluchistan. A robust, erect, branched annual, 1-3 ft. high, hispid especially below with spreading or reflexed hairs. Lower leaves shortly petioled, oblong or oblong-lanceolaie, entire toothed lobed or pinnatifid ; upper lanceolate, less divided Flowers purplish or white. Pods 1 1/2-2 1/4 in., erect, linear. - Dr. Anderson was disposed to unite with this D. acris, Boiss, (Hesperis, Forsk) a native of Arabia and N. Africa. page 158 26. ERUCA, Tourn. Erect branching herbs. Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid. Flowers lilac or yellow, veined with violet. Sepals erect, lateral saccate at the base. Petals veined. Pods closely adpressed to the axis, ovoid-oblong, turgid, terete, with a large ensiform seedless beak : valves concave, 3-nerved ; stigma simple. Seeds numerous, 2-seriate, globose ; cotyledons conduplicate. - Distrib. Three species, inhabiting the Mediterranean region and W. Asia. 1. E. sativa, Lamk. ; Brassica Eruca, Linn. ; H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 171. B. erucoides, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 117. Cultivated places in Northern and Central India, the Western Himalaya, ascending to 10,000 ft., and Upper Gangetic valley. - Distrib. Westward to the Canaries. Glaucous, glabrous, or subhispid. Stem 6-18 in. Leaves variously toothed, rarely obovate and subentire. Flowers large, pale yellow or white and veined. Sepals often tipped with hairs. Pods 1 in., erect and appressed to the stem ; pedicels shorter than the calyx ; valves twice as long as the broad flattened peak. 27. MORICANDIA, DC. Smooth glaucous branched herbs, often woody at the base. Leaves entire, amplexicaul or pinnatisect. Flowers rather large, violet, purple or rose coloured. Sepals erect, lateral saccate at the base. Petals clawed, pods linear, elongate, subtetragonal, with or without a flattened 1-seeded beak ; valves flat or bluntly keeled, 1- rarely many-nerved ; stigmatic lobes united into a short cone. Seeds numerous, 1-2-seriate, compressed, sometimes winged ; cotyledons incumbent, conduplicate. - Distrib. Species about 6, natives of the Mediterranean region, Arabia, and W. Asia. 1. M. arvensis, DC. Syst. Veg. ii 626 ; glaucous, glabrous, leaves obovate obtuse, cauline amplexicaul, pods tetragonal compressed, beak broad, seeds small sub- 2-seriate. H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 172. Brassica arvensis, Linn. Stewart. - Distrib. Westward to Persia, Arabia, and the Mediterranean region. Biennial, or a perennial of short duration. Leaves 2-4 in., shortly petioled ; cauline ovate or oblong with large clasping auricles. Flowerx few, large, shortly pedicelled, in a loose long raceme. Petals rose-coloured, much larger than the sepals. Pods 2-3 in., very narrow, erect ; valves nerved ; style usually broad, thickened, acute, sometimes long and slender. 2. M. tortuosa, H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 172 ; leaves elliptic-oblong, cauline-sessile, pods long subcylindric, beak cylindric acute, seeds 1-seriate. Douepia tortuosa, Cambess. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 18, t. 18. Salt plains of the Punjab, West of the Indus, Jacquemont; Salt Range, Fleming. An erect, glaucous, glabious, branched perennial, 1-2 ft. high. Stem below thick, woody, sometimes tortuose. Leaves thick, mucronate, entire or crenate-sinuate ; lower 3-5 in., narrowed into a broad petiole. Flowers few, large, erect, scattered along a lengthened raceme. Petals pale rose coloured, nearly twice the length of the sepals. Pods erect, or ascending, linear ; beak 1/8 in. ; style short, conical, pointed ; valves convex, striated, margins prominent. Seeds subglobose. page 159 28. CAPSELLA, Moench. Small branched annuals or perennials. Radical leaves entire or pinnatifid. Flowers small, white, racemed. Sepals spreading, equal at the base. Petals short. Pods obcordate cuneate ovate or oblong, laterally compressed ; valves convex or boat-shaped ; septum very narrow ; style short. Seeds numerous, 2 -seriate, narrowly margined: cotyledons incumbent. - Distrib. Species 6, natives of N. and S. temperate regions. 1. C. Bursa-pastoris, Moench. ; leaves rosulate pinnatifid, pod triangular or obcordate. H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 172. Cultivated places throughout temperate India. - Distrib. A weed of cultivation. Glabrous or hairy; hairs branched ; root long, tapering. Stems 6-16 in., branched. Leaves pinnatifid, rarely entire, upper lobe triangular, cauline auricled. Flowers 1/10 in. diam. Pods 1/4-1/3 in.; pedicels slender; style short; valves smooth. Seeds many, oblong, punctate. 2. C. elliptica, C. A. M. ; Led. Fl. Ross. i. 199 ; annual, glabrous, stems slender decumbent and ascending, leaves entire or pinnatifid, pods ovate-oblong truncate. H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 172. C. procumbens, Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 340. Hutchinsia procumbens, Desv. Western Tibet, alt. 14,000 ft., Thomson. - Distrib. Westward to S. Europe and N. Africa (Australia, Chili, perhaps introduced). Stems 2-10 in., numerous from the root, filiform, flexuous. Leaves 1/6-1/2 in., radical petioled, oblong or spathulate; upper more sessile, linear, entire. Flowers minute, white, in elongating racemes with a capillary rachis. Pods distant, 1/6-1/5 in., on long capillary horizontal pedicels ; valves boat-shaped. Seeds many, minute. 3. C. Thomsoni, H. f. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 173 ; perennial, hoary-tomentose, branches spreading from the root, leaves pinnatisect, racemes leafy, pod broadly oblong truncate at both ends. Hutchinsia tibetica, Thomson in Hook. Ic. PI. t. 900. Western Tibet, alt. 16-18,000 ft., Nubra, Strachey ; Ladak, Thomson. Root long, fusiform, almost woody, crowned by a short stock that emits many prostrate leafy branches, 2-6 in. Iong, with ascending tips. Leaves sessile, 1/4-1 in., linear-oblong, segments lanceolate. Flowers crowded, white, in the axils of leafy bracts, very shortly pedicelled. Pods 1/4 in. ; valves much compressed, obscurely keeled veined ; stigma sessile, minute. Seeds numerous, very small, funicles slender. - A very curious plant, quite unlike its congeners, with the habit of the Siberian Hutchinsia calycina, Desv. (Smelowskia, C. A. M.) 29. LEPIDIUM, Linn. Diffuse or erect herbs, undershrubs or shrubs, with entire or divided leaves. Flowers small, white, ebracteate. Sepals short, equal at the base. Petals sometimes 2-4 or 0. Stamens 6, 4, or 0. Pods ovate or oblong, rarely globose, usually orbicular, laterally much compressed, tip notched or entire; valves boat-shaped, keeled or winged ; septum narrow, membranous. Seeds solitary in each cell ; cotyledons incumbent (in the Indian species). - Distrib. Species about 80, chiefly European and Asiatic. Sect. I. Cardamum. Pods ovate or oblong, notched at the tip ; valves winged. Cotyledons divided. 1. L. sativum, Linn.; erect, radical leaves 2-pinnatisect, pods orbicular-ovate, wings narrow. H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 174 (Cress.). page 160 Cultivated throughout India and Western Tibet. A glabrous erect annual, 6-18 in. Radical leaves long petioled; cauline sessile and usually entire. Flowers small, in long racemes, white. Pods deeply notched ; pedicels appressed. - Not known in an indigenous state. Sect. II. Cardaria. Pod transversely oblong, tip entire ; valves turgid, wingless. 2. L. Draba, Linn. ; pubescent, perennial, leaves oblong repand-toothed, upper with sagittate auricles. H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 173. L. chalepense, Schrenk., and L. repens, Boiss. Fl, Orient, i. 366. A weed of cultivation in the Punjab. - Distrib. Westwards to Europe. Stem 1-3 ft., simple or branched, flexuous. Leaves 1-3 in., lower petioled, upper with converging auricles. Flowers 1/4 in. diam., white, in branched panicles. Pod 1/6 in., deltoid with rounded angles, constricted between the papillose valves, of which one is often imperfect ; pedicels spreading. Sect. III. Lepidiastrum. Pod elliptic or ovoid, tip entire ; valves wingless. 3. L. latifolium, Linn. ; perennial, erect, glaucous, radical leaves oblong serrate, pod ovoid. H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 173. Western Tibet, abundant. - Distrib. Europe, N. and W. Asia, N. Africa. An erect, branched, glabrous or pubescent leafy almost shrubby herb, 2-4 ft. high. Radical leaves petioled, often 1 ft. long, upper cauline sessile. Flowers minute, in short densely panicled bracteate corymbs. Pods 1/12 in. long ; pedicels short, spreading. Var. platycarpa, Trdutv. ; leaves rather fleshy entire indistinctly 3-nerved, flowers capitate, pods orbicular slightly pilose and reticulate. - Western Tibet, Thomson, Stewart. Sect. IV. Dileptium. Pod elliptic or oblong, tip retuse or notched ; valves keeled, wingless or winged at the tip only. 4. L. ruderale, Linn. ; annual, lower leaves 2-pinnatififl, flowers apetalous diandrous, pod orbicular-oblong flat, valves winged at the tip. H. f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 175. Temperate Western Tibet, alt. 7-13,000 ft., Thomson. - Distrib. Westward throughout Europe. Erect or diffuse, glabrous or pubescent. Radical leaves much divided, segments narrow ; upper cauline linear, entire. Flowers minute in terminal and lateral corymbs. Pod 1/14-1/12 in. ; pedicels slender, diverging. Seeds compressed. 5. L. capitatum, H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 175 ; prostrate, leafy, leaves sessile upper cuneate-oblong toothed beyond the middle, flowers tetrandrous in dense lateral capitate racemes, pods of L. ruderale. L. incisum, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 33 (not of Ledebour). Temperate and subalpine Himalaya, from Sikkim to Kumaon, alt. 10-14,000 ft. Glabrous or glandular-puliescent; branches 6-8 in., stout. Radical leaves shortly petioled, pinnatisect, lobes oblong. Petals scarcely exceeding the sepals. Pods 1/12 in., ovate, scarcely notched; valves keeled, wingless, sessile. Seeds mucilaginous when moistened. 30. DILOPHIA, Thoms. A dwarf glabrous fleshy herb, with a long tapering perennial root, and tufted spathulate or linear, entire or toothed leaves. Flowers numerous, small, page 161 white, in densely contracted sessile subumbellate racemes. Sepals spreading, equal at the base. Petals spathulate, retuse or toothed. Pods very short compressed on the 4 sides, obcordate ; valves gibbous at the back, with a double crest ; septum broad, perforated, ultimately disappearing. Seeds 2-4 in each cell, oblong, wingless, on short thickened cords ; cotyledons incumbent.1. D. salsa, Thoms, in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. v. 20, and iv. t. 12. In salt marshes in Western Tibet, alt. 12-17,000 ft. - Distrib. Tian Schan Mts. Root simple, giving off many stout spreading stems at the crown. Sepals and petals persisting round the opening pods. - Specimens collected by Baron Von Oesten Sacken in the Tian Schan Mts., and which Ruprecht described in his Sertum Tianshanicum, differ but slightly from the Tibetan ones. 31. Megacarrpaea, DC. Large coarse perennial herbs, with a thick fleshy root and stem, and large 2-pinnate radical leaves. Flowers racemed or subcorymbose, white or violet coloured. Sepals equal at the base. Petals oblong, entire. Stamens 6 or numerous, filaments not toothed. Pods large, in dehiscent, didymous, much flattened at the sides ; valves orbicular, broadly winged ; stigma sessile. Seeds large, solitary in each cell, much flattened, not winged ; cotyledons accumbent. - Distrib. Species 3, 2 Tibetan the 3rd Caspian. 1. M. polyandra, Benth. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. 1855, vii. 356, t. 7 ; leaf-segments incised and toothed, stamens 10-16, pods notched at the base and tip, lobes orbicular. H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 176. Western Tibet; Balti, alt. 10,500 ft., Winterbottom ; Western Himalaya, Kumaon, alt. 12,000 ft., Strachey & Winterbottom. Root as thick as the wrist, annulate. Stem 1-2 ft., as thick as the thumb below, branched above. Leaves 1-2 ft., a span broad ; segments very irregular, sharply toothed. Inflorescence much branched, puberulous ; flowers cup-shaped, 1/3 in. diam., shorter than their pedicels, white. Filaments stout, fleshy, subulate. Ovary broadly obovate, base dilated into the fleshy lobed disk ; stigma, entire, discoid. Pod 2 in. diam., wings nearly as broad as the cell, veined. Seed reniform. 2. M. bifida, Benth. I.c. 357 ; leaf-segments lanceolate quite entire, stamens 7-11, pods deeply 2-lobed, lobes obovate at length conniving. H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 176. Western Tibet, in the Kishengunga valley, alt. 7400 ft., Winterbottom ; Deotsu, Falconer. Stem 12-18 in., stout, stiff, erect. Leaves with decurrent quite entire lobes 2-3 in. long, acute or acuminate. Pods 2-3 in. diam., lobes broadly obliquely obovate, sinus acute, wings equalling 3/4 of the cell. - Specimens very imperfect, Winterbottom has only a fragment of a leaf well preserved, with quite entire lobes. Falconer's specimens are so shrivelled as to be hardly recognizable, and the accompanying leaves, which are toothed, probably belong to M. polyandra. 32. THLASPI, Linn. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves entire or toothed, the upper often clasping the stem. Flowers racemose, small, white or rarely pale rose. Sepals small, erect, equal at the base. Petals equal or nearly so. Pod orbicular obovate or obcordate, laterally compressed, emarginate, rarely acute ; valves boat-shaped, keeled or broadly winged ; septum narrow, membranous, page 162 style short or long. Seeds 2 or more in each cell, not winged ; radicle accumbent. - DISTRIB. Species about 30 ; natives of temperate Europe, Asia, and N. America.1. T. arvense, Linn. ; glabrous, annual, erect, leaves obovate oblong toothed, cauline amplexicaul, seeds concentrically grooved. H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 176. A weed of cultivation throughout the temperate and subalpine Himalaya, ascending to 14,000 ft. - DISTRIB. Europe, Asia, always in cultivated places. Stem 6-18 in., simple or corymbosely branched above. Radical leaves petioled, soon withering ; cauline 4 in., oblong-lanceolate, usually acute, toothed ; auricles sagittate. Fruiting racemes elongate ; pedicels spreading, a little longer than the pods, Pods 1/3-3/4 in. diam., much flattened, obovate-orbicular, wing very broad, notch deep, sometimes closed by the overlapping of the sides. Seeds 5-6 in each cell. 2. T. cardiocarpum, H.f. & T. in Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. 176 ; annual, erect, leaves broadly oblong obscurely toothed, cauline amplexicaul, seeds smooth. Kashmir, alt. 5-9000 ft. - Distrib. Affghanistan. Slightly glaucous, less robust than the preceding. Stem 6-12 in. ; branches basal, few, tall, erect. Radical leaves shortly petioled ; cauline ovate or oblong, obtuse, erect ; auricles broadly sagittate, Racemes elongate in fruit, pedicels 1/4 in. Pods broadly notched at the tip ; valves with a membranous reticulated wing, broad and rounded above. Seeds 4-5 in each cell. - Closely allied to and perhaps identical with T. Kotschyanum, Boiss., of which we have not seen ripe fruit. 3. T. alpestre, Linn. ; perennial, tufted, radical leaves oblong or ovate, cauline cordate amplexicaul, pods triangular-obcordate, seeds smooth. H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 177. T. cochleariforme, DC. T. Griffithianum, Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 329. Temperate and subalpine Himalaya and Western Tibet from Sikkim to Kashmir, alt. 7-12,000 ft. ; in Sikkim only on the dry inner ranges. - Distrib. Alps of Europe, Asia, America ; Andes. Stem 4-12 in., stiff, glabrous, somewhat glaucous, erect, simple or branched. Rootstock often branching and shortly creeping near the surface. Radical leaves sometimes almost orbicular, cauline oblong or obovate-cordate ; auricles small obtuse. Flowers rather large, white ; racemes much elongated in fruit; pedicels horizontal, as long as the pods. Pods 1/4 in., narrowed at the base, broadly not deeply notched; valves compressed, wing very narrow below, broader above ; angles rounded, outer often sharp ; style equalling the notch or projecting beyond it. Seeds 4-8 in each cell. 4. T. cochlearioides, H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 177: small, decumbent, glabrous, perennial, radical leaves very long-petioled orbicular-ovate, scape flexuous decumbent few-fiowered, pods oblong curved and twisted. Interior of the Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 14-16,000 ft., H.f. Somewhat fleshy. Rootstock slender, branching above and sparingly covered with the fibrous bases of the old petioles. Stems few, 1-2 in., weak, decumbent or suberect, with 2 or 3 small sessile ovate leaves. Radical leaves loosely tufted, petioles slender, slightly toothed, under side pitted. Flowers small, white, in a short corymb. Pods 1/5 in., racemose, emarginate ; valves compressed, narrowly bordered ; style short, slender. 33. IBERIDELLA, Boiss. Glabrous herbs or small undershrubs, branching from the base. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, upper generally amplexicaul with sagittate auricles. page 163 Flowers white or rose-coloured, racemose. Sepals erect, lateral saccate at the base. Petals equal. Pod compressed, oblong-lanceolate, acute; valves keeled, without wings ; septum narrow, membranous ; style elongate. Seeds 2 to 6 in each cell, not margined ; cotyledons obliquely accumbent. - DISTRIB. Species 6, W. Asiatic.1. I. Andersoni, H.f. & T. in Journ, Linn. Soc. v. 177 ; radical leaves short petioled tufted ovate-oblong, cauline oblong obtuse. Western Himalaya in Kumaon, Strachey and Winterhottom ; and Garwhal, T. Anderson; alt. 12-16,000 ft., in wet grassy places. Root slender, branching above. Stems erect, 2-4 in. high, simple or branched from the base ; flowerless shoots weak, decumbent. Radical leaves indistinctly toothed; cauline with small cordate auricles ; leaves of the barren shoots broadly ovate or almost orbicular, shortly petioled. Flowers numerous, racemed, rather large, white or pale rose. Pods (immature) 1/3 in., much flattened, narrow, lanceolate, curved, acute ; valves wingless ; style very short, acute, tapering from the base. 34. ISATIS, Linn. Erect, tall, branching annuals or biennials, with petioled radical leaves ; cauline sessile sagittate. Flowers small, yellow, in loose terminal racemes. Sepals equal at the base, spreading. Petals equal, entire. Pod flat, oblong, obovate or cuneate-oblong rarely suborbicular, 1-celled, indehiscent ; centre hard, often depressed ; margin membranous foliaceous or thickened ; stigma sessile. Seed solitary, pendulous, oblong; cotyledons incumbent., rarely accumbent. - Distrib. Species about 30, natives of the Mediterranean region, and Central and W. Asia. 1. I. tinctoria, Linn.; biennial, radical leaves entire or coarsely toothed, cauline glabrous, pods cuneate-oblong 1-ribbed, pedicel not thickened at the tip. H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 178. Cultivated places ; Western Tibet, Falconer. - Distrib. Westward to Europe and the Canary Islands. Erect, somewhat glaucous and glabrous with a few hairs near the base. Stem 1 1/2-3 ft., stout, thick, much branched above. Radical leaves 2-5 in., petioled, from obovate to oblong-lanceolate, cauline narrow, 1-2 in. long, entire, auricles acute, sagittate. Flowers small, yellow, racemed in a many-branched panicle ; pedicels glabrous, very slander, recurved after flowering. Pods 1/2-3/4 in., glabrous, rounded at the tip, tapering to the base ; midrib thickened at the centre of the pod. 2. I. costata, C. A. Mey. in Led. Fl. Alt. iii. 204; annual, glaucous, radical leaves obovate or oblong entire, cauline ciliate, pods elliptic-oblong 3-ribbed, pedicel thickened at the tip. H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 170. Western Tibet; valley of the Kishengunga in Balti, alt. 4-7000 ft., Winterbottom; Gores, Falconer. - Distrib. Altai mountains, Soongaria, Caspian region to the Volga. Stem 3 ft., thick, erect, branched above. Radical leaves 3-5 in., tip rounded, base tapering into a short petiole ; cauline linear-oblong, 2-4 in., uppermost linear, 1/2 in., margins and midrib beneath ciliate. Racemes loosely panicled; pedicels glabrous, spreading or recurved, subsecund. Pods 1/2 in., rounded at the tip, glabrous. 35. TAUSCHERIA, Fisch. An erect, glabrous, branching annual. Leaves entire, stem-clasping. Flowers small, yellow, in corymbose panicles. Sepals erect, equal at the page 164 base. Pods short, boat-shaped, concave above, convex below, centre crustaceous, indehiscent, 1-celled with a broad wing folded inwards at the edges and prolonged into a short triangular style. Seed solitary, pendulous from the top of the cell, cotyledons incumbent.1. T. lasiocarpa, DC. Prodr. i. 210. T. desertorum, Led. Ic. Pl. Fl. Ross. t. 139 ; Royle III. 72, t. 17 ; H.f.& T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 178. KUNAWUR in the Western Himalaya and Western Tibet, alt. 10-13,000 ft. - DISTRIB. Soongaria and the Caspian region. Stem 1 ft., seldom branching from below. Leaves ovate-oblong, radical subpetioled, cauline with cordate auricles. Flowers in a loose corymbose panicle ; pedicels recurved in fruit. Pods 1/5 in., thickly glandular-hairy. - All the Tibetan and Himalayan specimens have pubescent pods and hence belong to var. lasiocarpa; plants with glabrous pods occur in Soongaria and the Caspian region, apparently associated with var. lasiocarpa. 36. DIPTERYGIUM, Dcne. A virgate rigid much branched shrub with the habit of a Cleoma, the branches ending in few-flowered racemes. Leaves small, ovate oblong, entire. Flowers small, few, in bracteate racemes. Sepals short, equal at the base. Stamens free ; filaments entire, 1-celIed, ellipsoid, compressed laterally, indehiscent, coriaceous, surrounded by a membranous wing. Seed solitary, erect, winged ; cotyledons concave, incumbent. 1. D. glaucum, Decaisne in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 2, iv. 67 ; H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 179 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 417. Isatis spartioides, Edgew. mss. In the PUNJAB, near Mooltan, Edgeworth. - Distrib. Arabia, N.E. Africa. A shrub, 6-12 in., with many divaricate branches, glabrous, or the leaves and stem slightly rough with viscid glands. Leaves few, 1/6-1/2 in. long, shortly petioled. Flowers subsessile ; bracts scaly, 1/10 in. Pods 1/6 in., transversely wrinkled, drooping. 37. NESLIA, Desv. An annual herb, with branched pubescence. Leaves entire or sinuate-toothed, cauline sagittate. Flowers small, yellow, in ebracteate panicled racemes. Sepals spreading, equal at the biise. Petals entire. Pods shortly stalked, subglobose, slightly flattened, coriaceous, indehiscent. Seed solitary ; cotyledons incumbent. 1. N. paniculata, Desv. Journ. iii. 162; H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 179 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 371. In the Punjab-Himalaya, from Hazara to the Beas, Stewart ; Kashmir, alt. 5-6000 ft. - Distrib. In fields ; Persia, Western Asia, temperate Europe. Stem 1-1 1/2 ft., erect, rather slender, simple below. Radical leaves 1-2 in., oblong lanceolate, cauline shorter, auricles sagittate. Flowers numerous, on long slender spreading glabrous pedicels. Pods a little broader than long, reticulated, glabrous ; style slender, sharp. 38. EUCLIDIUM, Br. Branching, leafy, rigid annuals, with forked or branched pubescence. Leaves entire coarsely toothed or pinnatifid. Flowers small, white, in terminal or lateral, ebracteate racemes. Sepals spreading, equal at the base. Pods small, erect, subsessile, subglobose, crowned by an oblique subulate beak, page 165 hard and crustaceous, indehiscent, rarely dehiscent, 2-celled ; septum thick. Seeds 2, oblong, pendulous ; cotyledons accumbent or obliquely incumbent. - DISTRIB. Species 2, central and western Asia.1. E. syriacum, R. Br. in Hort. Kew. ed. 2, iv. 74 ; H.f. & T. in Joum. Linn. Soc. v. 179 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 386 ; Griff. Itin. Notes 272, No. 631. Kashmir, alt. 5-6000 ft., Winterbottom; Punjab, at Peshawur, Stewart. - Distrib. Westwards to central Europe. Diffuse, much branched, 4-12 in. high, with 2-3-furcate hairs or glabrous; branches stout, rigid when old. Leaves 1-4 in., petioled, oblong-ianceolate. Flowers distantly subspicate ; pedicels very short, much thickened in fruit. Pods 1/5 in, long, pitted, hairy ; beak (style) stout, obliquely reflexed, mucronate. 39. CRAMBE, Tourn. Stout herbs or undershrubs, glabrous or pilose. Leaves pinnate lyrate or toothed, Racemes elongate, ebracteate, usually panicled. Flowers conspicuous, white. Sepals spreading, equal at the base ; filaments of the longer stamens frequently toothed at the top. Pods indehiscent, articulate, the upper joint globose, 1-celled, 1-seeded ; lower seedless forming a pedicel to the upper joint. Seed globose, pendulous from the incurved tip of the funicle, which rises from the base of the cell ; cotyledons conduplicate. - DISTRIB. Species about 20, European and temp. Asiatic. 1. C. cordifolia, Stev. in Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosq. iii. 267 ; H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 180 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 405. C. Kotschyana, Boiss. Orient, i. 406. KUNAWUR in the Western Himalaya, and in Western Tibet, alt. 10-14,000 ft. - Distrib. Westward to Persia and the Caucasus. A tall stout bristly hairy perennial. Stem striated. Rootstock thick. Radical leaves on stout petioles, 1-2 in., petiole striated and dilated at the base, rounded and cordate, laciniate and variously toothed ; cauline on shorter petioles, ovate elliptic or rhomboid, toothed or lobed. Racemes loosely panicled. Pods globose, upper part pisiform, crustaceous. - Some Tibetan specimens have broader petals and shorter stamens (with the filaments of the long stamens almost simple) than are found in the Affghan and Caucasian ; but these plants agree in all other respects. Stocks says the root is eaten in Beluchistan. 40. PHYSORHYNCUS, Hook. A glabrous, glaucous, leafy undershrub. Leaves fleshy, lower petioled, upper auricled. Flowers large, white, in elongated distantly flowered ebracteate racemes. Sepals erect, equal at the base. Pods indehiscent 2-jointed, the lower joint longitudinally 2-celled, seedless, with small spurious valves ; upper joint large, ovoid, with a long conical beak (style) 2-celled, with thick lacunose walls ; cells 2-4-seeded ; septum thin ; stigma subcapitate. Seeds flattened, pendulous from the side of the cells ; cotyledons conduplicate. 1. P. brahvicus, Hook Ic. PI. t. 821 and 822, Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 403 (with syn.). P. chamaerapistrum, Boiss. lc. Punjab, in the Salt Range, Vicary. -- Distrib, Westwards to Southern Persia. An erect perennial, about 2 ft. high. Leaves 1-4 in., ovate-oblong, entire- or repand-toothed, tip rounded or acute, lower petioled ; cauline narrowed at the base, slightly decurrent and auricled, uppermost linear-lanceolate. Pedicels erect, 1/4 in., a little thickened at the top. Pods 1/2-3/4 in. page 166 41. RAPHANUS, Linn. Coarse, rough or glabrous annuals or biennials. Leaves lyrate-pinnate or pinnatifid. Flowers large, yellow, white or pale lilac, veined with purple, in long ebracteate racemes. Sepals erect, lateral ones saccate at the base. Pods indehiscent, elongate, terete, thick, continuous or constricted, with a long tapering pointed beak, continuous within or filled with pith separating the seeds. Seeds pendulous, globose; cotyledons conduplicate. - Distrib. Species about 6, European and Asiatic. 1. R. sativus, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 228 ; lower leaves lyrate. (Radish.) Cultivated throughout India, and up to 16,000 ft. in the Himalaya. - Distrib. With cultivation throughout the temperate and warm zones. Root fleshy, variable in size and form. Leaves roughly pilose. Flowers variable, usually white or lilac with purple veins. Pods terete, continuous, 1 in. to 2 ft. (R. caudatus, L.). - The variety (R. caudatus), with whip-like pods as long as the entire plant, is commonly cultivated in Western India and the Punjab. The younger Linnaeus (Pl. Rar. Hort. Upsal, Dec. i. t. 10, an excellent figure) gives Java as the country from whence the seeds of caudatus were received, under the name "Mougri." R. Raphanistrum, Linn., can scarcely be distinguished from R. sativus, and is probably only the wild state of it. 42. GOLDBACHIA, DC. A glabrous, glaucous, branched annual. Lower leaves petioled, upper auricled. Flowers small, pale rose, in elongate, ebracteate racemes. Sepals erect, equal at the base. Pods coriaceous, indehiscent, tetragonal, slightly constricted between the seeds, but scarcely jointed, curved, tapering above into a broad flattened beak ; cells 2 or 3, superimposed in one row, each 1-seeded. Seeds oblong, pendulous ; cotyledons incumbent. 1. G. laevigata, DC. Syst. ii. 577 ; radical leaves many ovate-oblong sinuate-toothed. H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 180; Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 243. G. torulosa, DC. lc. Kashmir, alt. 5000 ft., Jacquemont ; common in the Punjab. - Distrib. Westward to S. Russia. Stem 9-15 in. high. Radical leaves 4-5 in.; cauline lanceolate, usually slightly toothed, shortly auricled. Pods pendulous, 1/3 in. long, reticulately veined, costate at the angles; pedicels rather slender, reflexed, shorter than the pods. - Boissier describes a variety, B. ascendens, having erect pods, with reflexed pedicels. The numerous Indian specimens examined have all drooping pods, with the exception of one from Aftghanistan, in which the lower pods are ascending. 43. CHORISPORA, DC. A small, branching or tufted, glandular or hairy herb. Leaves entire or pinnatisect. Flowers yellow or purple, in few-flowered ebracteate racemes; pedicels lengthened, usually thickening after flowering. Sepals erect, lateral saccate at the base. Pod elongate, cylindric, torulose, indehiscent, with a lengthened beak ; cells numerous, 2-seriate, 1-seeded ; lobes of the stigma erect ; cotyledons accumbent. - Distrib. About 7 species, natives of Western Asia. 1. C. tenella, DC. Syst. Veg. ii. 435 ; annual, leaves oblong-lanceolate or spathulate, flowers purplish, pedicels very short, pods obscurely torulose, page 167 style rigid subulate. H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 181 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient. ii. 143.Western Himalaya and the Punjab; Kashmir, alt, 5-7000 ft., T. T.; Salt Range, Fleming. - Distrib. Central Asia and westward to Asia-Minor. Pilose or rough glandular, rarely glabrous. Stem 6-9 in., much branched from the base. Leaves shortly petioled ; lower sometimes pinnatifid ; upper entire or toothed. Flowers small, remote, purple (like those of Malcolmia africana). Racemes much elongate in fruit. Pods 1 1/2 in., ascending, slender, curved, transverse-jointed, not constricted between the seeds, beak long subulate ; pedicels 1/6-1/4 in., spreading, ultimately as thick as the pods. 2. C. sibirica, DC. Syst. ii. 437; annual, glandular-hairy, leaves interruptedly pinnatifid, pedicels slender, pods slender curved torulose moniliform, beak slender subulate. H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 181. Hasora in Western Tibet, Winterbottom. - Distrib. Western and Altaian Siberia. A straight spreading herb, 6-8 in., with numerous branches from the base. Leaves narrow; lobes equal, entire or lobulated, acute ; terminal long, lanceolate. Flowers rather large, yellow, few, very remote in lengthened racemes. Pods 1 in,, usually curved ; cells 2-seriate, opposite, or one row a little higher than the other, but never alternate, pedicels more slender than the pods, ascending or sometimes arched. 3. C. sabulosa, Camb. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 15, t. 15 ; perennial, glandular-hairy, leaves entire toothed or pinnatifid, flowers yellow or purplish, pedicels very slender, pods irregularly deeply torulose, joints gibbous, beak short slender. H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 181 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient. 1. 144; Grif. Itin. Notes 306, n. 1054. C. elegans, Camb. I.c. 15, t. 14. Western Himalaya, from Kunawur to Kashmir ; and Western Tibet, alt. 10-17,000 ft. - Distrib. Affghanistan. Root thick, fleshy, fusiform, branching at the crown. Leaves all radical, tufted, petioled, oblong-lanceolate, lobes obtuse. Racemes springing from among the leaves, dense at first, soon elongating to 6-9 in. Flowers large. Pods 1/2-3/4 in. long, straight, curved or twisted; cells opposite or almost alternate, tuberculated ; pedicels erect, slender, thickened at the top, as long as the pod. Order XI. CAPPARIDEAE. (By Hooker f. & Thomson.) Herbs shrubs or trees, erect or climbing. Leaves simple or palmately 3-9-foliolate ; stipules 2 or 0, sometimes spinescent. Inflorescence indefinite ; flowers solitary racemed corymbose or umbelled, regular or irregular, usually 2-sexual. Sepals 4, free or connate, valvate or imbricate, rarely open in bud. Petals 4 (rarely 2 or 0), hypogynous or seated on the disk, imbricate or open in bud. Stamens 4 or more, hypogynous or perigynous, or at the base of or on a long or short gynophore. Disk 0, or tumid, or lining the calyx-tube. Ovary sessile or stalked, 1-celled ; style short or 0, stigma depressed or capitate ; ovules indefinite, on 2-4 parietal placentas amphi- or campy-lotropous. Fruit capsular or berried. Seeds angled or reniform, exalbuminous ; embryo incurved. - Distrib. Genera 23, species 300, chiefly tropical. An order with various abnormal genera. - Crataeva has petals inserted on a large disk ; Maerua and Niebuhria (which want petals) are calycifloral ; Cadaba has a unilateral disk (bundle of filaments ?) . Roydsia, with 6 sepals, a 3-locular ovary, 3 subulate styles, axile placentation and a straight embryo, though included here, might well. form the type of a distinct Order. page 168 Tribe I. Cleomeae. Herbs. Fruit capsular.
Tribe II. Cappareae. Shrubs or trees. Fruit berried or capsular.
1. CLEOME, Linn. Herbs. Leaves simple or digitately 3-9-foliolate. Flowers racemed, yellow rose or purple. Sepals 4, spreading. Petals 4, regular or ascending. Stamens 4-8, sessile on the disk. Ovary sessile or with a short gynophore ; style short or 0; ovules many, on 2 parietal placentas. Capsule oblong or linear, valves 2 separating from the seed-bearing placentas. Seeds reniform. - DISTRIB. Species about. 80, chiefly tropical. C. heptaphylla, L., a W. Indian species, is cultivated in India ; it is a tall hairy viscid annual, with prickly stems, 7 leaflets, large purple flowers, aud a long gynophore. * Leaves simple. 1. C. monophylla, Linn. ; DC Prodr. i. 239; leaves oblong-lanceolate puberulous penninerved, bracts petiolate, stamens 6. Wall. Cat. 6965 ; W. & A. Prodr. 21 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 129 ; Thwaites Enum. 14 ; Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afric. i. 76. C. cordata, DC l.c. - Burm. Zeyl. t 100, f. 3. Western Peninsula from Behar and the Concan to Ceylon, in fields and waste places. - DISTRiB. Tropical Africa. Stem 1-2 ft., erect, branched. Leaves 1-2 in., base rounded or cordate. Fbwers 1/2-1 in. long, dull purple; racemes elongating in fruit. Petals long-clawed, ascending. Capsules 2-4 in., striate, subsessile or shortly stalked. Seeds rugose. 2. C. papillosa, Steud. Nomencl. ed. 2, i. 382 ; hairy, often glandular, leaves ovate-cordate obtuse strigose papillose penninerved, bracts small sessile, stamens 6. Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afric. i. 76; Edgew. I.c. vi. 184. C. gracilis, Edgew. in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xvi. 1212. Arid districts of Sindh and Western Punjab. - Distrib. Abyssinia, Kordofan, Arabia. Stem 6-12 in., erect, branched, strong scented. Leaves 1/2-1 1/2 in., lower long-petioled, upper subsessile. Flowers very small, pinkish at length dirty yellow ; racemes elongate in fruit ; bracts oblong, upper pedicels ebracteate. Capsules 1-1 1/2 in., subsessile, very slender, finely striate. Seeds glabrous, granulate. 3. C. quinquenervia, DC. Prodr. i. 239 ; viscid, leaves suborbicular palmately 5-nerved softly pubescent, bracts leafy, stamens 4 or 6. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl.3; Griff. Itin. Not. 323, n. 1261. C.Noreana, Boiss. Fl. Orient. Arid districts of Sindh and Western Punjab, Griffith, &c. - Distrib. Affghanistan, Persia, Arabia. Stem 6-12 in., erect; branches spreading from the base, rigid woody, strongly page 169 aromatic. Leaves 1 in. diam., obtuse or acute, base cordate or rounded, margins and long petioles glandular. Flowers small ; racemes elongate in fruit ; bracts usually subsessile, rarely narrow, upper sometimes 0. Capsules 1-1 1/2 by 1/6 in., sessile, narrow-oblong, acute at both ends ; hairs short rigid with tubercled bases, mixed with soft black glandular hairs. Seeds minute, smooth. - Anderson describes 6 stamens, we find only 4.4. C. Stocksiana, Boississ. Fl. Orient, i. 414; glandular above, leaves ovate or obovate tubercled palmately 3-nerved, bracts small or leafy, stamens 6, filaments clavate. Griff. ltin. Notes 225, n. 183. Rocky hills in Sindh, Stocks. - Distrib. Beluchistan. Perennial ; branches spreading from the base, erect or ascending, white, glabrous, rough below, densely glandular and tubercled above. Leaves 1 in., fleshy, acute or obtuse ; petiole 1-1 1/4 in. Flowers small, pale purple, at length yellow ; racemes short or long, densely glandular. Petals obovate-spathulate, clawed. Capsules 1 1/2 by 1/6 in., broad-linear, subsessile, pendulous, striate. Seeds large, brown hairy. 5. C. simplicifolia, H.f. & T. ; prostrate, strigose, leaves obovate-oblong or lanceolate, bracts leafy, stamens 10-12, filaments filiform. Polanisia simplicifolia, Camb. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 20, t. 20 ; Dalzell & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 8. P. burtporensis, Munro in Wight Ic. t. 1072. C. monophylla, Law in Graham Cat. Bomb. Fl. 7. Northern India, near Burtpore, Munro ; drier parts of the Dekkan and Concan. Annual, 6-18 in., much branched from the base. Leaves 1-2 in., obtuse or acute, all scaberulous, hairs with scale like bases. Flowers 1/4 in., violet, in elongating leafy racemes. Filaments filiform. Capsule 3/4-1 1/4 in., subsessile, torulose; beak 1/6 in. Seeds large, brown, smooth. ** Leaves compound. Stamens 6. 6. C. tenella, Linn.f.; DC. Prodr. i. 240 ; glabrous, leaves 3-foliolate, leaflets linear, capsule subsessile glabrous. W. & A. Prodr. 21 ; Wall. Cat. 6966 ; Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afric. i. 78. C. angustifolia, A. Rich. Fl. Seneg. 20. Driest parts of the Carnatic, Heyne, &c. - Distrib. Trop. Africa. Annual, 3-12 in. ; branches many, slender, spreading. Leaflets equalling or exceeding the petiole. Flowers minute, purplish, in few-flowered racemes ; bracts simple or 3-foliolate. Capsules 1-1 1/4 in., linear. Seeds minute, smooth. - Indian specimens are rather smaller than African. 7. C. brachycarpa, Vahl ex DC. Prodr. i. 240 ; musky, glandular and rough, leaves 3-5-foliolate upper simple, leaflets obovate or oblong, capsule scaberulous. T. Anders. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl. 4 ; Edgew. I.c. vi. 184 ; Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afric. i. 77. C. Ruta, Camb. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 19, t. 19. C. Vahliana, Fresen. ; and diversifolia, Hochst. N.W. India, from Agra, Jamieson, westward to Peshawur, Stewart; Sindh, Stocks. - DISTRIB. Arabia, Abyssinia. Perennial, 6-12 in., branched from the base. Leaflets 1/4-1/2 in., lower petioled, floral subsessile. Flowers 1/4-1/2 in. long, yellow, long-peduncled, in leafy racemes. Capsules 1/3 in,, oblong. Seeds minute, smooth. 8. C. aspera, Koenig ex DC. Prodr. i.241 ; branches glabrous prickly, leaves 3-foliolate, leaflets equalling or exceeding the petioles, flowers axillary, capsule sessile slender torulose. W. & A. Prodr. 22 ; Wall. Cat 6967 ; Wight Ic. t. 287. C. diffusa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 129. Western Peninsula and Ceylon ; common in sandy soil. Annual, 6-18 in. ; branches many from the root, prickles minute. Leaflets 1/4-1/2 in. page 170 Flowers 1/4 in. long, dull yellow, solitary, long-pedicelled. Capsules 1-1 1/2 in., sessile, slender, beaked. Seeds large, glabrous, transversely rugose.9. C. Burmanni, W. & A. Prodr. 22; branches glabrous prickly, leaves 3-foliolate, leaflets shorter than the petiole obovate or oblong-lanceolate, flowers axillary, capsule stalked terete. Polanisia dodecandra, DC. I.c. 242. - Burm. Thes. Zeyl t. 100, f. 1 (not good). Fields of the Carnatic, and in Ceylon, Koenig, &c. Annual, 6-18 in. ; branches many from the root. Leaflets 1 in., acute or obtuse. Flowers 1/4 in., solitary, purple. Capsules 2 in., terete, glabrous, striate, tapering at both ends ; stalk 1/12-1/6 in., slender. Seeds glabrous, transversely rugose. - C. ciliata, Sch. & Th., of tropical Africa approaches this very closely. *** Leaves compound. Stamens 10-infinity. 10. C. felina, Linn. f. Suppl. 300; rough with rigid scale-like hairs, leaves 3-foliolate, leaflets obovate, flowers axillary long-pedicelled, stamens 28-32, capsule glabrous. Polanisia felina, DC. Prodr. i 242 ; Wall. Cat. 6971 ; W. & A. Prodr. 22 (excl. syn. Hort. Malab.). Southern provinces of the Carnatic, Koenig, &c. Annual, erect, 1-2 ft., much branched. Leaflets 1/2-1 in., obtuse, equalling or shorter than the petiole. Flowers 1/2-3/4 in. long, solitary, purple. Calyx and corolla bristly outside. Filaments filiform. Capsule 1-1 1/2 by 1/6 in., compressed, linear-oblong, acute at both ends, striate. Seeds large, glabrous, tubercled. 11. C. viscosa, Linn.; softly pubescent, leaves 3-5-foliolate, leaflets ovale or obovate, flowers racemed long-pedicelled, stamens 12-20, capsule glandular-pubescent. Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 128. C. icosandra, Linn, Polanisia viscosa, DC. Prodr. i. 242 ; Wall. Cat. 6968. Polanisia icosandra, W. & A. Prodr. 22 ; Wight Ic. t. 2. - Rheede Hort. Mal. ix. t. 33. Abundant throughout tropical and warm India, and the rest of the world. Annual, erect, 1-3 ft., hairs simple and glandular mixed. Leaflets equalling or shorter than the petiole, upper usually subsessile. Flowers 1/2 in. long, yellow. Petals reflexed. Capsule 2-3 1/2 in., striate, narrowed to the tip. Seeds small, granular. 12. C. Chelidonii, Linn.f. Suppl. 300; glabrous or sparsely scabrid, leaves 5-9-foliolate, leaflets obovate or oblong, flowers racemose then corymbose long-pedicelled, stamens very many, capsule glabrous. Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 127. Polanisia Chelidonii, DC. Prodr. i. 242; W. & A. Prodr. 22 ; Wight Ic. t. 319 ; Wall. Cat. 6969 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 8. P. heterophylla. Wall. Cat. 6970. P. Schraderi and Leschenaultii, DC. Corynandra pulchella, Schrad. Moist places from the N. Circars, Roxburgh, and Poonah, Jacquem., southwards. - DISTRIB. Java. Annual, erect, 1-3 ft., much branched, glabrous or with few bristles. Leaves long-petioled, pubescence appressed, scabrid; leaflets 1-1 1/2 in., obtuse or acute. Flowers 3/4 in. diam., regular, rosy; bracts small, simple or 3-foliolate. Petals sessile, ovate. Filaments clavate above. Capsule 2-4 in., slender, tapering at both ends, striate. Seed rather large, pale brown, muricate. 2. GYNANDROPSIS, DC. An annual glandular-pubescent or glabrate herb. Leaves 5-foliolate, long-petioled. Flowers racemed. Sepals 4, spreading. Petals 4, spreading, long-clawed, open in bud. Stamens 6, filaments adnate below to the slender gynophore, spreading above. Ovary stalked, ovules many. Capsule elongate, page 171 stalked ; valves 2, separating from the seed-bearing placentas. Seeds reniform, black, scabrous.1. G. pentaphylla, DC. Prodr. i. 238 ; leaflets broad-obovate acute or obtuse entire or serrulate. W. & A. Prodr. 21 ; Wall. Cat. 6964. Cleome pentaphylla, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 126. - Rheede Hort. Mal. ix. t. 34. Abundant throughout the warm parts of India and all tropical countries. Erect, branched, 1-3 ft. Leaflets 1-2 in. Flowers 1/3-2/3 in. diam., white or purplish, in glutinous racemes ; bracts 3-folioIate. Capsules 2-4 in., nearly glabrous, striated. 3. NIEBUHRIA, DC. Trees or shrubs, unarmed. Leaves 1-5-foliolate ; stipules setaceous. Flowers solitary or corymbose. Calyx-tube ovoid; limb 4-cleft, valvate. Petals 0. Stamens indefinite, united on the gynophore at about the level of the top of calyx-tube ; filaments filiform, exserted. Ovary stipitate, 1-celled ; ovules many on 2 parietal placentas ; stigma subsessile. Berry ovoid, 1-seeded. Seed large ; cotyledons fleshy involute. - Distrib. Species about 8, tropical African and Asiatic. 1. N. linearis, DC. Prodr. i. 244 ; glabrous, leaves 3-5-foliolate, leaflets ovate oblong linear or lanceolate, flowers racemed. Wall. Cat. 6975; W. & A. Prodr. 23 ; Wight Ic. t. 176 ; Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 124. Capparis apetala, Roth. Nov. Sp. 238. C. linifolia, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 41. Crataeva apetala, Spreng. Syst. ii. 448. Hilly parts of the Carnatic, Roth, Wight, &c. A small tree, bark pale grey. Leaflets 1-2 by 1/2-1 in., equalling the petiole of the leaf, minutely wrinkled, shortly petiolulate ; 5 and linear in young plants. Racemes 1-2 in., terminal, few-flowered. Calyx 4 in., persistent. Berry 1/2-2/3 in., ovoid or subglobose, 1-3-seeded; stalk 1-1 1/2 in. 4. MAERUA, Forskahl. Climbing shrubs. Leaves simple. Flowers corymbose. Calyx-tube lined by a disk ; lobes 4, valvate. Petals 4 (in the Indian species), smaller than the calyx-lobes, ovate, inserted on the edge of the disk. Stamens many, inserted high up on the gynophore, filaments exserted. Ovary long stalked, 1-celled, or 2-celled by the cohesion of the placentas ; ovules many, on 2-4 parietal placentas. Berry fleshy, elongate, moniliform, 1- or more-seeded. Cotyledons fleshy, involute. - DISTRIB. Species about 20, tropical Asiatic and African. 1. M. arenaria, H. f. & T. ; glabrous or pubescent, leaves broad-ovate acute or oblong and obtuse or retuse, corymbs terminal or on lateral shoots, petals lanceolate acute. Western Himalaya, and Central India, abundant : var. 2. Gangetic plain, about Delhi and Agra. A large woody climber. Leaves 1/2-3 in. Flowers 2/3-1 in. long, white. Calyx-tube dilated upwards, about 1/2 as long as the limb. Berry 2-5 in., deeply constricted between the seeds - M. oblongifolia of Arabia and Africa differs only in the cylindric calyx-tube equalling its limb. Var. 1. glabra; glabrous and glaucous except the margins of the calyx-lobes. Niebuhria arenaria and oblongifolia, DC. Prodr. i. 244; Wall. Cat. 6976; W. & A. Prodr. 24 in part; Hook. Ic. PI. t. 127. Capparis heteroclyta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 570. Var. 2. scabra; young shoots and upper leaves scabrous, calyx softly pubescent. M. scabra and ovalifolia, Camb. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 22, t. 23, 24. Niebuhria oblongifolia, Royle Ill. 73. page 172 5. CRATAEVA, Linn. Trees. Leaves 3-foliolate. Flowers large, yellow or purplish, polygamous. Sepals 4, cohering below with the convex lobed disk. Petals 4, long-clawed, open in bud. Stamens indefinite, adnate to the base of the gynophore. Ovary on a slender stalk, 1-celled; stigma sessile, depressed ; ovules many, on 2 parietal placentas. Berry fleshy. Seeds imbedded in pulp. - Distrib. Species about 6, tropical and cosmopolitan. 1. C. religiosa, Forst. ; DC. Prodr. i. 243; leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate appearing with the large greenish yellow at length purplish flowers. Capparis 3-foliata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 571. Near streams in Malabar and Canara ; cultivated elsewhere in India. - Distrib. Trop. Africa. A spreading, unarmed, deciduous tree. Leaves long-petioled ; leaflets 3-6 by 1 1/4-2 1/2 in., abruptly or gradually acuminate, pale beneath. Flowers 2-3 in. diam., in terminal corymbs. Petals ovate or oblong, obtuse or acute ; claw 1/4 as long as the limb. Berry 1-2 in. diam., many-seeded. - Very variable. Intermediates may be found between the following varieties. The form of the ovary and fruit does not always correspond with that of the leaflets. Imperfect specimens of a Mergui species of Griffith, with large broad obtuse thick coriaceous leaves, may be different. Var. 1, Nurvala; leaflets ovate-lanceolate taper-pointed, berry ovoid. C. Nurvala, Ham., in Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. 122 ; Wall. Cat. 6973; W. & A. Prodr, 23. - Rheede Hort. Malab. iii. t. 42. Var. 2. Roxburghii ; leaves small ovate-lanceolate abruptly acuminate, berry globose. C. Roxburghii, Br. in Denh. & Clapp. Travels, App. 224 ; W. & A. Prodr. 23; Hook. Ic. PI. t. 178. C. odora, religiosa and unilocularis, Ham. I.c.; Wall. Cat. 6972. 6. CADABA, Forskahl. Unarmed shrubs. Leaves simple or 3-foliolate. Flowers solitary corymbose or racemed. Sepals 4, unequal, 2-seriate, 2 outer valvate. Petals 4, or 2, rarely 0, clawed, hypogynous. Disk equalling the petal-claw, trumpet-shaped or spathulate, with a tubular claw. Stamens 4-6, unilateral on the slender gynophore ; filaments filiform, exserted, spreading. Ovary long-stalked, 1-celled ; stigma sessile - ovules many on 2-4 parietal placentas. Fruit fleshy, slender, cylindric, berried or dehiscing tardily upwards by 2 valves, which leave the pulpy placentas. Seeds subglobose, testa cartilaginous ; cotyledons convolute. - Distrib. Species about 12, tropical and subtropical African and Asiatic. 1. C. trifoliata, W. & A. Prodr. 24; leaves palmately 3-foliolate, leaflets oblong or lanceolate, petals 2, stamens 6, fruit tardily dehiscent. C. triphylla, Wight in Hook. Bot. Misc. 296, Suppl. t. 37. Stroemeria trifoliata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 79. Desmocarpus missionis. Wall. Cat. 6798. Southern parts of the Carnatic, Berry, &c. Drier parts of Ceylon. A rigid branched shrub, bark brown, shoots rather hairy. Leaflets 2 in. ; petioles 1/3-1/2 in. Flowers 2-3 in. diam., in few-flowered, axillary and terminal corymbs. Sepals pale green, membranous, oblong, outer 1 1/4 in. Petals 2 in., yellowish-white, limb suborbicular. Disk-limb bright yellow, recurved. Capsule 2-4 in., valves brittle. 2. C. indica, Lamk.; DC: Prodr. i. 244 ; leaves simple ovate or oblong acute obtuse or mucronate, petals 4 limb oblong, stamens 4, fruit dehiscent. Wall Cat. 6977; W. & A. Prodr. 24; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 9. Stroemeria tetrandra, Vahl ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 78. Cleome fruticosa, Linn. page 173 Western Peninsula, from Guzerat and the Concan southwards, on old walls and in waste dry places. A straggling much branched shrub, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves 1-1 1/2 in. Flowers 1 in. diam., greenish white, in few-flowered terminal corymbs ; bracts small, subulate. Sepals ovate. Claw of petals narrow. Dish broad, funnel-shaped, smooth, fimbriate. Fruit 1-1 1/2 in., cylindric; pulp orange. 3. C. farinosa, Forsk. ; DC.Prodr. i. 244 ; hoary, leaves ovate or oblong obtuse, petals 4 limb narrow spathulate, stamens 5, fruit indehiscent ? Deless. Ic. Sel. iii. t. 8 ; Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afric. i. 89. C. Dubia, DC. I.c. Dry places in the Punjab at Multan, Edgeworth ; and Sindh, Stocks. - Distrib. Arabia, trop. Africa. A straggling, much branched, wiry shrub. Leaves 1/4-1/2 in. rarely 1 in. Flowers as in C. indica but petals very narrow. Fruit 1/2-1 1/2 in., cylindric - Delessert's Icones represents 6 stamens, we find 5 only. 4. C. heterotricha, Stocks in Hook. Ic. PI. t. 839 ; glaucous and pulverulent, leaves broad obovate or orbicular, petals 4 limb suborbicular, stamens 5. Sindh ; on rocks near Cape Monze, Stocks. A small rigid branched tree, 10-20 ft., young parts often glandular. Leaves 1 in. Flowers 1/2 in. diam., in terminal dense corymbs. Sepals ovate, acute. Limb of petals equalling the claw. Claw of disk slender, tubular, limb small, oblong, crenate. Fruit unknown. 7. CAPPARIS, Linn. Trees or shrubs, erect decumbent or climbing, unarmed or with stipulary thorns. Leaves simple, rarely 0. Flowers white or coloured, often showy. Sepals 4, free, imbricate in 2 series, or 2 outer subvalvate. Petals 4, sessile, imbricate. Stamens indefinite, inserted on the torus at the base of the long gynophore. Ovary stalked, 1-4-celled ; stigma sessile ; ovules many, on 2-6-parietal placentas. Fruit fleshy, rarely bursting by valves. Seeds many, imbedded in pulp, testa crustaceous or coriaceous ; cotyledons convolute. - DISTRIB. Species 120, natives of all warm climates, except N. America. Sect. I. Flowers solitary, axillary. (Flowers sometimes fascicled in 3, zeylanica, and 4, Heyneana.) 1. C. spinosa, Linn. ; leaves orbicular, pale green not shining acute, obtuse or retuse, thorns straight hooked or 0, flowers large, fruit ribbed often dehiscing. Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afric. i. 95. (Caper plant.) Hot Western Himalayan valleys Eastward to Nipal ; West. Tibet, ascending to 13,000ft.; Sindh; Punjab; and Western Peninsula in the Mahableshwar hills. - Distrib. Affghanistan, West Asia, Europe, N. Africa, Australia, Sandwich Islands. A branched shrub, glabrous or hoary, branches prostrate or trailing. Leaves 1-2 in., orbicular or broad ovate. Flowers white, with purple filaments ; pedicels equalling or exceeding the leaves; fruit 1 1/2-2 in., ovoid or oblong. Var. 1. galeata ; armed, glabrous, often glaucous, leaves fleshy, anticous sepal very saccate. C. galeata, Fres. - Maritime, from Sindh to Arabia, and E. Africa. Var. 2. rupestris; unarmed, leaves suborbicular fleshy. C. rupestris, Sibth. Flor. Graec. t. 487 ; Wall. Cat. 7001 (no locality and perhaps not Indian). Var. 3. vulgaris ; armed, young parts downy. C. obovata, Royle III. 73 ; Cambess. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 21. C. Murrayana, Graham Cat. Bombay Pl. 9 ; Wight III. t. 379 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 9 (C. AEgyptiaca, Linn. C. herbacea, Willd.). - The common Indian and Oriental form. Var. 4. leucophylla, DC. Prodr. i. 246 (sp.) ; floccose all over with white pubescence, Deless. Ic. Sel. iii. t. 10. C. nepalensis, Wall. Cat. 6979. - Confined in India to the lower Himalayan valleys, also Persian. page 174 2. C. grandiflora, Wall. Cat. 6984 ; branches tomentose, leaves ovate acute mucronate shining above pubescent beneath, flowers large, pedicels short, ovary glabrous. C. pyrifolia, W. & A. Prodr. 25 (not of Lamk. & DC.); Wight Ic. t. 1047. Eastern slopes of the Nilghiri Mts., Wight. A dense branched spreading shrub, 2-3 ft. ; thorns recurved. Leaves 1 in., short-petioled, pubescence brown. Flowers 3 in. diam. ; pedicels 1/4-1/2 in. Petals broadly obovate-cuneate, almost truncate. Ovary narrow-oblong, furrowed. Fruit 2 in., glabrous, oblong, beaked. 3. C. zeylanica, Linn, (not DC. nor W. & A.); glabrous, armed, leaves broad ovate to lanceolate usually acute and mucronate reticulate beneath, flowers large, pedicels slender, ovary pubescent. Willd Sp. PI. ii 1132; Wall. Cat. 6789. C. acuminata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 566 (not Willd.), C. brevispina, DC. ; W. & A. Prodr. 24 ; Thwaites Enum. 15 ; Hook. Ic. PI. 1. 126 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bombay Fl. 9. C. Wallichiana, W. & A. Prodr. 25 ; Wall. Cat. 6987. (C. Rheedii and rotundifolia, Rottb.) Common in the Carnatic and Malabar ; occasional in the Western Dekkan ; dry parts of Ceylon. A rigid, wiry, much branched shrub ; shoots sometimes puberulons. Leaves 1 1/2-3 by 1/2-1 1/2 in., coriaceous, shining above, sometimes pubescent beneath. Flowers 2 in. diam., white, solitary or 2-3 on a short shoot; 2 lower petals yellowish, changing to red brown ; pedicels 1-2 in. Ovary oblong. Fruit 2 in., ovoid, smooth. - C. zeylanlca, DC, is probably C. tenera or acuminata. 4. C. Heyneana, Wall. Cat. 6986 ; unarmed or thorns minute, leaves ovate or lanceolate acute or acuminate reticulate beneath, flowers solitary or fascicled, pedicels slender 1-bracteate, ovary tomentose. W. & A. Prodr. 25, C. formosa. Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. ii. 40 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 9. - Rheede Hort. Mal. vi. t. 57. From S. Concan and Canara, to Travancor; Ceylon, Thwaites (2509 in part). An erect shrub ; young parts floccose. Leaves 3-6 by 1/2-3 in., base acute, coriaceous, old shining above. Flowers 4-5 in. diam., white pale blue or liIac, solitary or 2-3 ; pedicels 1-2 in., terminal ; bracts linear. Sepals obtuse, tomentose inside. Petals obovate, 2 lower close together with a yellow basal spot. Fruit (immature) 1 1/2 in., ovoid, beaked. 5. C. divaricata, Lamk. ; DC. Prodr. i. 252 ; glabrous, thoms straight, leaves linear-oblong or ovate obtuse mucronate 6-7-nerved at the base, flowers solitary, pedicels slender, ovary glabrous ribbed. Wall. Cat. 6988 B ((not A); W. & A. Prodr. 27; Wight Ic. t. 889. C. stylosa, DC.; Wall. Cat. 6980 ; W. & A. Prodr. 25 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 10. The Dekkan, and Carnatic at Tanjore and Coimbatore. A shrub or small tree, branches spreading, glabrous or shoots hoary. Leaves 1 1/2-3 by 1/4-1 in., thick, coriaceous; petiole short. Flowers 2 1/2 in. diam. ; buds beaked; pedicels 1/2-1 in. Sepals very concave, ovate. Petals narrowly obovate-spathulate. Fruit 2-3 in. diam., subglobose, 5-6-ribbed, tubercled, obtusely beaked. - Originally described from young plants with slender branches and narrow leaves. Graham describes the flower as red. Sect. II. Flowers umbelled, racemed, corymbose or panicled. * Flowers in simple corymbs (sornetimes compound in 9, versicolor, or racemose in 13, grandis). 6. C. aphylla, Roth; DC. Prodr. i. 246; glabrous, thorns in pairs page 175 straight, leaves (only on young shoots) glabrous linear pungent, buds pubescent, stamens 18-20. Wall. Cat. 6983 ; W.& A. Prodr, 27 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 9 ; Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afric. i 95. (C. Sodada, Br. Sodada decidua, Forsk.)Driest places in the Punjab, Guzerat, Rajputana, the Dekkan and S. Carnatic. - DISTRIB. Arabia, Egypt, N. trop. Africa. A dense much branched shrub ; branches slender, glabrous. Flowers 1 in. diam,, red-brown, in many-flowered corymbs on short lateral shoots. Outer sepals subvalvate, ciliate ; inner very saccate. Fruit 1/2-2/3 in., glabrous, long-beaked. 7. C. diversifolia, W. & A. Prodr. 27 ; glabrous, thorns recurved base broad, leaves glabrous linear or oblong- lanceolate, flowers 1 1/2 in. purple, ovary glabrous. Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 181. C. reticulata, Klein. ex Wall. Cat. 6986. C. divaricata, Wall. Cat. 6988, A (not B). C. caerulea, Heyne ex Wall. Cat. l.c. Western Peninsula, in Travancore. A shrub, branches zigzag, young puberulous. Leaves 1 1/2-2 by 1/4-3/4 in,, uppermost usually (rarely all) twice as long and ovate-lanceolate, coriaceous, shining above ; petiole 1/6 in. Flowers 1 1/2 in., in few-flowered terminal subsessile corymbs; pedicels subclavate, puberulous. Sepals ovate, acute. Petals broad-obovate. Ovary narrow-oblong. Fruit 1 1/2 in., ovoid, smooth, many-seeded. 8. C. trinervia, H.f. & T. ; branches brown-tomentose, thorns recurved, leaves glabrous broad-lanceolate 3-plinerved, sepals orbicular tomentose, ovary glabrous. Tenasserim, Heifer; Tavoy, Parish. Climbing ?, branches long. Leaves 2-3 by 2/3-1 in. ; nervules transverse, few ; petiole and midrib brown tomentose. Flowers 1 1/2-2 in. diam., in terminal many-flowered corymbs ; pedicels 1-1 1/2 in., lower with foliaceous bracts, upper with minute ones. Ovary ovoid, acute ; gynophore 1 1/2 in. Fruit unknown. 9. C. versicolor, Griffith Notul. iv. 577 ; branches glabrous, thorns short recurved, leaves glabrous lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate obtusely acuminate obscurely penninerved, sepals ovate glabrous, ovary glabrous. Tenasserim, Griffith. - Distrib. Java. Climbing; branches flagelliform. Leaves 2-3 by 3/4-1 in., tip retuse, glabrous and shining above, pale beneath; petiole 1/4 in., puberulous. Flowers 2 in, diam., white then rose ; buds globose, glabrous ; corymbs simple, terminal, with the lower flowers axillary, or few-flowered and disposed in lateral racemes 1-1 1/2 in. long; pedicel 1 in. Outer sepals very convex, inner petioled. Ovary ovoid, gynophore 1 1/2 in. - Perhaps C. salaccensis, Blume, of which we have seen no authentic specimen. 10. C. Moonii, Wight III. 35 ; branches glabrous, thorns recurved, leaves oblong obtuse or subacute with a callous tip glabrous, flowers 4-5 in. diam., sepals orbicular, ovary glabrous. Thwaites Enum. 16. CONCAN, Stocks, &c. ; Ceylon, ascending to 3000 ft. A large woody climber, branches flagellate. Leaves 3-6 by 1 1/2-2 1/4 in., coriaceous, shining above, pale beneath. Flowers white, in 6-12-flowered almost leafless terminal corymbs, with sometimes a solitary axillary flower; pedicels 1-2 in,, stout. Outer sepals orbicular, convex, much imbricated. Petals subpilose. Gynophore 3-4 in. Fruit 2-4 in. diam., obovoid or subglobose. Seeds many, size of a large bean. - Probably a large flowered state of C. Roxburghii. Thwaites' character of the long funicle is altogether inconstant. 11. C. Roxburghii, DC. Prodr. i. 247 ; young branches hoary-pubescent, thorns recurved, leaves glabrous obovate-oblong obtuse acute or acuminate, flowers 2 in. diam., sepals orbicular, ovary glabrous. W. & A. page 176 Prodr. 26 ; Wight Ic. t. 1048 ; Thwaites Enum. 15. C. corymbosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 569. C. bisperma, Wight Cat. 104 (not Roxb.)Forests of the Western Ghauts and Carnatic. A large woody climber ; pubescence ashy or yellow, minute, deciduous. Leaves 1 1/2-2 1/2 by 1-1 1/2 in., base acute, shining and glabrous above, pale beneath. Flowers white, arranged as in C. Moonii; buds usually tomentose. Petals broadly obovate-cuneate. Gynophore 1 1/2-2 in. Fruit 1-2 in. diam., globose. 12. C. grandis, Linn.f. ; DC. Prodr. i. 248 ; branches pubescent, thorns or recurved, leaves broad-ovate or obovate acute obtuse or retuse silky beneath, buds pubescent, ovary glabrous. Wall. Cat. 6996 ; W. & A. Prodr. 27 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 10. C. maximus, Roth ; Wall. Cat. 6995. C. bisperma, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 668 ; W. & A. Prodr. 26 (excl. syn. Wight Cat., & Kleen.). C. obovata, Ham. and racemifera, DC. I.c. 248. Hill forests of the Carnatic, Dekkan, and Ceylon. A tree. Leaves 2-3 by 1 1/2-2 in., base acute, glabrous above and the old on both surfaces ; petiole 1/2-2/3 in. Flowers 3/4-1 in. diam., white, in terminal corymbs or racemes, lower with leafy upper with deciduous bracts ; pedicels 1 in. Petals narrow-obovate obliquely ascending. Gynophore 1 in. sometimes only 1/6 or 1/12 in. Fruit size of a nutmeg, subglobose, purple, smooth, 2-6-seeded. ** Flowers in simple umbels. 13. C. orbiculata, Wall. mss. in Herb. Linn. Soc. ; branches pilose, thorns recurved from a broad downy base, leaves suborbicular truncate retuse or mucronate papillose and hairy above tomentose beneath, flowers small, ovary glabrous. Segain hills, Birma, Wallich, Griffith. A much branched rigid spreading shrub. Leaves 2/3-1 in. broad, obscurely trapezoid, base cordate ; hairs above papillose ; petiole very short. Flowers umbelled, peduncle 1-2 in., 1-leaved at the tip ; pedicels 1/2-3/4 in., slender, spreading. Perianth absent. Ovary oblong, acute ; gynophore less than 4 in. 14. C. pedunculosa, Wall. Cat. 6993 ; branches pubescent, thorns recurved, leaves glabrous suborbicular obtuse or retuse penninerved, sepals equalling the oblong petals, ovary glabrous. Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 128; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 9. C. sepiaria. Wall. Cat. 6993, G. Western Peninsula, Russell; near Tanjore, in the Carnatic, Wight; Concan, Stocks, &c. A spreading branched shrub; branches wiry, at length glabrous. Leaves 3/4-1 1/4 by 1/2-1 in., base cordate, shining above; petiole very short. Flowers 1/2-2/3 in. diam., in 2-6-flowered terminal or axillary and shortly (1/6-1/3 in.) peduncled umbels ; pedicels 1-1 1/2 in., slender. Sepals reflexed in flower. Ovary oblong; gynophore 1 in. Fruit size of a cherry, globose, several-seeded. 15. C. longispina, H.f. & T. ; branches pubescent, thorns long acicular, leaves ovate-cordate acute rarely obtuse pubescent beneath, sepals equalling the oblong petals. A spreading much-branched shrub ; branches slender, wiry, softly pubescent. Leaves 2/3-1 1/3 by 1/2-3/4 in., glabrous above ; petiole very short. Flowers exactly as of C. pedunculosa, in sessile terminal umbels. Fruit (mature ?) size of a pea. - Possibly a state of C. pedunculosa, though differing much in thorns pubescence and leaf-form. 16. C. parviflora, H. f. & T. ; branches unarmed, thorns 0, leaves glabrous lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate acute or acuminate, flowers small, buds glabrous, sepals and petals oblong, ovary glabrous. page 177 Shewageri hills in the Carnatic, Wight. A spreading wiry much branched shrub (or tree?). Leaves 1 1/2-3 by 1/2-1/4 in., base narrow but cordate ; petiole short, broad. Flowers not 1/2 in. diam., in axillary or subterminal 3-6-flowered subsessile or shortly peduncled umbels ; pedicels 1/4-1/2 in., slender. Petals oblong. Ovary oblong, gynophore 1/2 in. Fruit pisiform. 17. C. sepiaria, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. i. 247; branches hoary or tomentose, thorns recurved, leaves ovate oblong obovate or oblong-lanceolate subacute or retuse penninerved downy (rarely glabrous) beneath, sepals oblong, petals narrow, ovary glabrous. Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 568 ; Wall. Cat. 6993; W. & A. Prodr. 26; Camb. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 22; Dalz. & Gibs. Bombay Fl. 10. Dry places throughout India, from the Punjab and Sindh to Birma, Pegu, the Carnatic, and Ceylon (at Jaffna, Gardner). - Distrib. Philippines. A spreading wiry branched shrub. Leaves 3/4-1 1/4 by 1/2-3/4 in. ; petiole 1/12 in. Flowers 1/3-1/2 in. diam., white, in many-flowered sessile or shortly peduncled umbels ; pedicels slender, 1/2-3/4 in. Ovary ovoid, pointed; gynophore 1/4-1/2 in. Fruit pisiform, black. Var. 1. vulgaris ; branches softly tomentose, leaves broad. Var. 2. incanescens ; DC. Prodr. i. 247 (sp.), branches rigid wiry, hoary, white, leaves oblong. Wall. Cat. 6994 ; W. & A. Prodr. 26 ; Hook. Ic. PI. t. 123. C. stylosa beta, DC. I.c. Var. 3. retusella; Thwaites Enum. 16, 400 (sp.) ; branches brown-tomentose, leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, glabrous beneath, tip tapering retuse, umbels few-flowered, gynophore longer. - Ceylon, near Kandy, Thwaites. *** Flowers in racemose or panicled rarely solitary umbels or corymbs. 18. C. pumila, Champion in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 260; young branches puberulous, thorns recurved, leaves glabrous oblong-lanceolate acuminate, stamens about 20, buds globose glabrous. Benth. Fl. Hong-Kong, 18. C. punctata, Wall. Cat. 7002. Khasia hills, alt. 2-3000 ft. - Distrib. E. China. A shrub, twigs sarmentose or climbing. Leaves 2-3 1/2 by 3/4-1 1/4 in., base acute, obscurely penninerved ; petiole 1/4 in., pubescent. Flowers 1/2 in. diam. ; white, in few-flowered corymbs or umbels arranged in large terminal panicles ; pedicel 1/6-1/4 in. Petals oblong. Ovary ovoid-oblong, glabrous ; gynophore 1/4 in. Fruit 1/2-2/3 in. diam., globose, glabrous. 19. C. floribunda, Wight Ill. i. 33, t. 14 ; branches glabrous, thorns or recurved, leaves glabrous oblong rounded at both ends retuse apiculate, stamens about 8, buds globose glabrous. C. malabarica, Wall. Cat. 7000. C. oligandra, Griffith Notul. iv. 577. Malabar, Heyne; Orissa, Cleghorn ; Tenasserim, Griffith, &c. Ceylon in the Doombesa district, Thwaites. - Distrib. Philippines. A large woody climber; branches slender. Leaves 3-5 by 3/4-1 3/4 in., coriaceous, shining above, obscurely penninerved below. Flowers 1/2 in. diam., white ; umbels many flowered, in large terminal panicles; pedicels 1/4-1 in. Sepals reflexed in flower. Petals oblong. Ovary ovoid, acute ; gynophore 1/2 in. Fruit 1 in. diam., globose, smooth, several-seeded. 20. C. assamica, H.f. & T. ; branches glabrous, thorns minute straight or slightly curved, leaves glabrous lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate acuminate reticulate beneath, flowers racemed, buds very small globose. Assam, Griffith. Erect?; branches slender. Leaves 4-6 by 1 1/2-2 in., base acute, pale below. Flowers in terminal many-flowered racemes, 3-4 in. long, which bear many subulate empty page 178 bracts at the base, and at the top a tuft of the same probably enclosing a leaf-bud ; buds immature, each in the axil of a subulate bract ; pedicel 1/4 in. Sepals 4, imbricate in pairs.Sect. III. Flowers seriate in vertical lines on the branches. 21. C. multiflora, H.f. & T. ; branches glabrate, thorns 0, leaves large glabrous broad-lanceolate or oblong taper-pointed, flowers small, sepals glabrous. Tropical valleys in E. Nipal, and Sikkim ; Bhotan, Griffith; Hookhoom valley in BIRMA, Griffith. A large woody climber; branches long, slender. Leaves 6-12 by 2-5 in., thin, base acute, pale beneath ; upper 2-4 in., often bractlike and very deciduous ; petiole 1/2-2/3 in. Flowers 1/2-2/3 in. diam., supra-axillary to the leaf or bracts, forming a leafy or naked 4-or more-flowered raceme ; pedicels 1/4-1/2 in. Petals obovate-oblong. Ovary glabrous. Fruit pisiform or larger, 1-3-seeded. 22. C. horrida, Linn. f. ; DC. Prodr. i. 246 ; young leaves buds and shoots brown-tomentose, thorns stout broad-based recurved, leaves ovate obovate or oblong acute obtuse or mucronate at length shining above, petals oblong ciliate, ovary glabrous acute. Wall. Cat. 6981 ; W. & A Prodr. 26; Wight Ic. t. 173; Dalz. & Gibs. Bombay Fl. 10. C. zeylanica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 667 (not of Linn.). C. formosa. Wall. Cat. 6982 A. C. acuminata, Willd.; Wall. Cat. 6990 C (not A or B). C. tenuiflora and quadriflora, DC. I.c. 247. C. erythrodasys, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 99. Capparis sp. Grif. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. iv. t. 698. Gangetic valley, &c., as far N. as Saharunpore ; Western Peninsula, Chittagong to Pegu; Ceylon. - Distrib. Java, Philippines. Shrubby, climbing. Leaves 1 1/2-4 by 3/4-2 in., tip pungent, at length shining above and usually much reticulate. Flowers 1 1/2-2 in., white or purplish; buds globose; pedicels supra-axillary, 1/2-1 in., upper longer. Fruit 1-1 1/2 in. diam., obovoid or subglobose, smooth, obtusely 4 angled, red-brown, many-seeded. 23. C. acuminata, Willd. ; DC. Prodr. i. 247 ; young shoots and leaves beneath brown-tomentose, thorns straight or curved, leaves at length glabrous broad-ovate obtusely acuminate, buds globose downy, flowers small. C. zeylanica, W. & A. Prodr. 25 (not of Linn., but perhaps of DC. Prodr.). Western Peninsula, Carnatic? Klein in Herb. Wight. Erect?; branches slender. Leaves 1 1/2-2 by 1-1 1/4 in., obtusely acuminate, membranous ; petiole 1/6-1/4 in. Flowers 2-4 in a series, white, axillary ; pedicels 1/2-1 in. downy. - The specimen in Herb. Wight, is the only one known. It differs from C. horrida in the thorns and small white flowers. The original ticket bears the manuscript name ferruginea of Klein, corrected by himself to acuminata, Willd., no doubt from corresponding specimens sent to Europe ; the locality is unknown. 24. C. olacifolia, H.f. & T. ; young branches brown-pubescent, thorns straight or slightly curved, leaves glabrous ovate-lanceolate taper-pointed, tip acute obtuse or mucronate, flowers large, buds ovoid glabrous, sepals oblong ciliate, ovary pubescent. C. acuminata. Wall. Cat. 6990 A, B (not C, nor of Willd.). Capparis, 1149, Griff. Itin. Notes, 199. Tropical Himalayan valleys, from Nipal, Wallich, to Assam, Griffith, &c. An erect shrub, 6-8 ft. ; branches long, leafy, old glabrous. Leaves 3-6 by 1-2 1/2 in., base rounded or subacute, shining above, midrib of young puberulous. Flowers 1 1/2 in. diam., (white, anthers blue) 2-3 in a series, axillary ; buds acute, glabrous or puberulous. Sepals margined. Petals narrowly obovate-oblong, pubescent. Fruit 3/4 in. diam., globose, sharply beaked, black, smooth, shining. page 179 25. C. sabiaefolia, H.f. & T. ; branches glabrous, thorns 0, leaves glabrous oblong-lanceolate taper-pointed, pedicels 1-2 supra-axillary. Khasia hills, alt. 4-6000 ft., H.f. & T. A shrub; branches slender. Leaves 3-4 by 1-1 1/2 in., base acute. Pedicels about 1/2 in., slender, flowers unknown. Fruit pisiform, 1-2-seeded. 26. C. viminea, H.f. & T. ; branches glabrous, thorns or small conical curved, leaves glabrous abruptly taper-pointed acute or obtuse, sepals ovate margins tomentose, petals oblong tomentose outside. Tropical valleys of Sikkim, Bhotan, Assam, and Tenasserim. An erect shrub ; branches long, slender. Leaves 2 1/2-4 1/2 by 1-2 in., thin ; petiole 1/3 in. Flowers 1 in. diam. ; white, 2-5 in a series, axillary, pedicels 1/2-1 in. Fruit 1/2 in. diam., globose, purple, glabrous, several-seeded. 27. C. tenera, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. ii. 14 ; branches glabrous, thorns hooked, leaves glabrous ovate obovate or oblong acute or abruptly acuminate, flowers small, sepals ovate, margins tomentose, petals tomentose outside. From Assam to Birma and Tenasserim; Canara, Concan and Ceylon (Kandy, Thwaites). A woody climber, branches slender. Leaves 1 1/2-3 by 3/4-1 1/2 in., young very thin. Flowers 1/3-1/2 in. diam., 1-3 in a series, axillary ; pedicels 2/3-1 1/2 in., slender, glabrous. Fruit pisiform, few-seeded. The following vars. all pass one into another. Var. 1. Dalzellii; leaves ovate-lanceolate very membranous, flowers often solitary. -- C. tenera, Dalz. I.c. Var. 2. zeylanica ; leaves ovate, old firm and coriaceous, flowers 2-3 in a series. - C. uncinata, Wall. Cat. 6998. C. tetrasperma, Thwaites Enum. 15. Var. 3. latifolia; leaves obovate-oblong abruptly acuminate, old coriaceous, flowers 4-6 in a series. - C. oxyphylla. Wall. Cat. 6997 (not of Miguel). 28. C. Finlaysoniana, Wall. Cat. 6992 B (not A) ; branches glabrous, thorns very small nearly straight, leaves glabrous broad lanceolate obscurely reticulate above, sepals lanceolate acute glabrous. SINGAPORE, Wallich, &c. - DISTRIB. Sumatra, Borneo. An erect? glabrous shrub. Leaves 6-8 by 1 1/2-3 in. ; coriaceous, smooth, shining, pale and yellow when dry below. Flowers (buds only) on the young branches supra-axillary, solitary or 2 in a series, appearing racemed when the leaves fall away ; pedicels 1/2-2/3 in. slender. Fruit (immature) ovoid-oblong, glabrous, ribbed, long-pedicelled. - Flowers of Bornean specimens rose-coloured. Buds and flowers larger than in C. micracantha and leaves not evidently cordate at base. 29. C. micracantha, DC Prodr. i. 247 ; branches glabrous, thorns very small conic straight, leaves oblong or broad-lanceolate shining and very reticulate above, sepals oblong acute ciliate. Blume Bijd. 52 ; Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. i. pt. 2, 99. C. callosa, Blume I.c. 53. C. conspicua and C. Finlaysoniana. Wall. Cat. 6991 and 6992 A (not B). Pegu, Tenasserim, Wallich, &c. - Distrib. Siam., Java, Timor, Philippines. A large shrub or small tree; bark smooth. Leaves 4-8 by 2-3 1/2 in.; coriaceous, lower obtuse at both ends, upper narrowed towards the rounded or subcordate base, tip acute callous, pale beneath ; petiole 1/3-1/2 in. Flowers 1 1/2 in. diam., 2-4 in a series, supra-axillary ; pedicels 1/2 in. or less. Petals 1 in., oblong. Ovary glabrous. Fruit 2-3 in., ovoid or subglobose, smooth. Inflorescence unknown. 30. C. flavicans, Wall. Cat. 7003 ; branches tomentose, thorns 0, leaves glabrous oblong or obovate-oblong obtuse or retuse and mucronate 3-5 plinerved, fruit solitary. page 180 BIRMA, at Genanghuen and Selainmew, Wallich. Shrubby, branches spreading, tomentum appressed. Leaves 1 1/4-1 1/2 by 3/4-1 in., base rounded or subcordate ; midrib with 2 oblique veins from about the middle ; petiole 1/6 in., pubescent. Fruit 1 in., subglobose, tomentose, many-seeded ; stalk as long. 31. C. glauca, Wall. Cat. 7005 ; branches hoary-pubescent, thorns recurved, leaves glabrous narrow obovate-oblong obtuse or retuse penninerved. BIRMA, common near Pagodas at Pegamew, Wallich. A shrub; branches rigid, spreading. Leaves 1 1/4-1 3/4 by 1/3-2/3 in., coriaceous, tapering to the acute base, pale and glaucous beneath ; petiole 1/8 in., pubescent. Flowers probably umbelled, on stout axillary peduncles about 4 in. long. Fruit pisiform, glabrous, 1-2-seeded ; stalk 1/2 in. ; gynophore very short. C. VARIABILIS, Wall. Cat. 7004, without flower or fruit, is indeterminable and not a Capparis. C. MOLLIUSCULA, Wall. Cat. 7006, is a Cansjera. An undescribed Sikkim species allied to C. floribunda, is figured amongst the Cathcart drawings (in Kew Library), with flowers 1 1/2 in. diam., many stamens, and a longer gynophore. 8. ROYDSIA, Roxb. Large unarmed woody climbers, branches spotted white. Leaves simple. Flowers yellow, racemed or panicled. Calyx 6-partite, segments 2-seriate, tips a little imbricate. Petals 0. Stamens indefinite, inserted above the base of the short cylindric gynophore. Ovary ovoid, 3-celled from the prolongation of the placentas; style 3, subulate, stigmas small terminal; ovules many, 2-seriate in the angles of the cells. Fruit fleshy, with a woody 3-valved 1-celled endocarp, 1-seeded. Seed erect, cotyledons fleshy, unequal, longitudinally folded, the larger embracing the smaller. - Distrib. Species 3, tropical Asiatic. 1. R. suaveolens, Roxb. Cor. PI. iii. t. 289 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 643 ; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate acute or abruptly acuminate, endocarp of fruit smooth. Wall. Cat. 4200 ; Griff. Notul. iv. 678. Tropical forests of Sikkim, H.f., and Bhotan, Griffith; Khasia hills, Roxburgh, &c. Branches glabrous or slightly pubescent. Leaves 6-12 by 2-5 in., glabrous, coriaceous, bright green above, pale below ; petiole 2/3-1 in. Flowers 2/3 in. diam., pale yellow, sweet-scented, in long simple axillary or panicled terminal racemes ; buds tomentose ; bracts small, subulate, equalling the short pedicels. Drupe 1 1/2 in., ovoid, scurfy, orange-coloured ; pulp yellow ; stalk short stout. 2. R. obtusifolia, H.f. & T. ; leaves oblong obtuse at both ends, endocarp of fruit triquetrous muricate with long soft prickles. Rangoon, M' Clelland. Branches glabrous. Leaves 3-5 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., thickly coriaceous ; petiole 2/3 in. Racemes in terminal panicles ; flowers unknown. Drupe 2 in., oblong, scurfy ; stalk short, stout. R. PARVIFLORA, Griff. Notul. iv. 578 ; Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 606, f. 6, belongs to Tiliaceae. Order XII. RESEDACEAE. (By Hooker f. & Thomson.) Herbs rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire or pinnatisect ; stipules 0, or minute and glandular. Flowers small, spiked or racemed, bracteate. page 181 Calyx persistent, 4-7-partite, often irregular ; sepals imbricate in bud. Petals 2-7, hypogynous, entire or lobed, equal or the posticous larger, open in bud. Disk conspicuous, hypogynous (0 in Oligomeris). Stamens usually many, seated on the disk, free or connate, equal or unequal. Ovary 1-celled, of 2-6 connate carpels, often lobed at the top and open between the lobes which bear the sessile stigmas ; ovules on 2-6 parietal placentas, amphitropous or campylotropous. Fruit capsular (a berry in Ochradenus), open at the top. Seeds many, reniform, albumen ; embryo curved or folded, cotyledons incumbent. - Distrib. Europe, N. Asia, N. and S. Africa ; genera 6 ; species 20.
1. RESEDA, Linn. Herbs. Leaves entire, lobed, or pinnatifid ; stipules glandular. Calyx 4-7-partite. Petals 4-7, clawed, unequal, multifid, posticous one with a membrane above the claw. Disk broad, dilated posticously. Stamens 10-40. Ovary sessile or stalked ; placentas 3. Capsule many-sided, open at the top. - DISTRIB. Species 26, N. Africa, W. Asia. The European R. luteola is found in Affghanistan, and E. odorata (mignonette), (R. nilgherrensis, J. Mull. Monog. Resed. 131), is commonly cultivated. 1. R. pruinosa, Delile Fl. AEgypt. 152 ; papillose, lower leaves lanceolate, upper 3-5-partite, flowers very small subsessile, bracts minute. R. bracteata, Boiss. Fl. Orient. 433 ; J. Mull. Monog. 154. Hills in the Western Punjab, Vicary, &c. - Distrib. Eastward to Egypt. An erect perennial, 1-1 1/2 ft. Leaves 1-2 in., upper with linear segments. Racemes terminal, 6-9 in., dense ; bracts subulate, deciduous. Capsules oblong or ovoid, short, widely gaping. 2. R. Aucheri, Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 434 ; glabrous or slightly papillose, leaves obovate-spathulate acute or obtuse, flowers small, bracts linear-lanceolate. J. Mull. Monog. 146. SINDH, Stocks. - Distrib. Eastwards to Persia. A branched perennial, 1-2 ft. Leaves 1-2 in., tapering into a long petiole. Racemes terminal, dense ; flowers yellowish. Capsules as in R. pruinosa. 2. OLIGOMERIS, Cambess. Herbs. Leaves linear, fascicled. Flowers small, spiked. Calyx 4-partite. Petals 2, free or connate. Disk 0. Stamens 3-8, free or monadelphous. Ovary 4-lobed, top open, placentas 4 ; ovules many, Capsule subglobose, angled, 4-pointed. - Distrib. Species 4 ; 3 S. African, and the following. 1. O. glaucescens, Cambess. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 23, t. 25; leaves narrow-linear, stipules minute subulate, spike dense-flowered, flowers minute, capsule deeply 4-lobed. O. dispersa beta, J. Mull. Monog. 215. Reseda oligandra, Edgew. in Journ. As. Soc. Calc. vii. 764, and Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. ii. 203. SINDH, and Punjab, from the Jumna eastward, common ; rare in the Concan hills. - Distrib. Westward to Spain and the Canaries. An annual, erect, glaucous, much branched herb, 6-12 in. ; branches erect. Leaves 1-2 in. Spikes terminal, flowers greenish-white. Capsule very small, membranous. Seeds minute, shining. page 182 3. OCHRADENUS, Delile. Much branched shrubs ; branches slender. , Leaves small, linear. Flowers spiked or racemed, often polygamous. Calyx 5-partite. Petals 0. Disk unilateral. Stamens 10-20, inserted within the disk. Ovary ovoid, closed at the top, 3-beaked ; ovules many, on 3 placentas. Berry many-seeded. - DISTRIB. Species 2, a Spanish and the following. 1. O. baccatus, Delile Fl. AEg. 16, t. 31, f. 1 ; leaves fleshy scattered linear-spathulate, racemes terminal, flowers minute. J. Mull. Monog. 94 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 422 ; Griff. It. Notes, 228, No. 208. SINDH, Vicary, &c. - Distrib. Westwards to Syria and Egypt. Shrubby, 6-12 ft.; branches glabrous, leafless when old. Leaves 1/2-1 1/2 in.; stipules minute or 0. Racemes rigid ; flowers yellowish, 1-2-sexual. Stamens 10-12. Berry small, white. Seeds few, large. Order XIII. VIOLACEAE. (By Hooker f. & Thomson.) Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire or pinnatisect, stipulate. Flowers regular or irregular, 2-bracteolate. Sepals 5, persistent, equal or unequal, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, hypogynous, equal or unequal, imbricate or contorted in bud. Stamens 5, filaments short, broad ; anthers free or connate, connective broad, produced beyond the cells. Ovary sessile, 1-celled ; style simple, stigma capitate truncate or cupular entire or lobed ; ovules many, on 3 parietal placentas, anatropous. Fruit a 3-valved capsule, rarely a berry. Seeds small, albumen fleshy ; embryo straight, cotyledons flat. - Distrib. Genera 21, species 240; natives of temp, and trop. regions. Tribe I. Violeae. Corolla irregular ; lower petal dissimilar. Staminodes 0. Capsule loculicidal.
Tribe II. Alsodeieae. Corolla regular. Staminodes 0. Fruit a berry or loculicidal capsule.
1. VIOLA, Linn. Herbs, rarely shrubby below. Flowers, on 1-, rarely 2-flowered peduncles, often dimorphic, some large petalled which ripen few seeds, others small petalled or apetalous and very prolific. Sepals produced at the base. Petals erect or spreading, lower largest, spurred or saccate at the base. Anthers connate, connectives of two lower often spurred at the base. Style clavate or truncate, tip straight or oblique, stigma obtuse lobed or cupular. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds ovoid or globose. - Distrib. Species about 100, all temp, regions. The Pansy or Heartsease (Viola tricolor) occurs occasionally in India, as an escape from cultivation. * Stigma obliquely 2-lobed, not beaked ; lobes short, spreading. 1. V. biflora, L. ; glabrous or pubescent, leaves reniform, stipules ovate or oblong, flowers yellow, sepals linear-obtuse, spur very short. page 183 V. Wallichiana, Ging. in DC. Prodr. i. 300. V. reniformis, Wall. Cat. 1443 ; Royle III. 74, t. 18, f. 2 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. Ed. Wall. ii. 457.Temperate Himalaya from Kashmir to Sikkim, alt. 6-11,000 ft. - Distrib. N. Asia, Caucasus, Europe. Rootstock slender. Stem 3-12 in., erect or decumbent. Leaves 1-2 in. diam., crenate, cauline 2-3. ** Stigma terminal, truncate, dilated depressed orbicular or lobed. 2. V. Patrinii, DC. Prodr. i. 293 ; glabrous or pubescent, stemless, without stolons, leaves triangular ovate oblong or linear-crenate or serrate, base hastate cordate or cuneate, stipules linear adnate, flowers lilac, sepals lanceolate, spur saccate. Wall. Cat. 1445. Y. primulifolia, Linn. in part ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 650. V. grandifolia and V. mysorensis, Wall. Cat. 1446, 1447. V. chinensis and V. caespitosa, Don Prodr. 205. V. nilagirica, Turc, in Bull. Mosc. xxxvi. 536. V. Walkerii, Wt. Ill i. 42, t. 18. V. Patrinii var. nepaulensis, DC. I.c. Temperate Himalaya, alt. 4-8000 ft. from Kashmir to Bhotan ; Western Tibet ; Khasia hills ; hills of the Western Peninsula, and Ceylon. - Distrib. Affghanistan, N. Asia, Japan, Mid. Russia. Very variable. Rootstock woody. Leaves very variable, largest 3-4 by 1-2 in., narrowest 3-4 by 1/2-1 in. ; petiole 2-4 in., often winged. Stipules entire. Flowers 1/3-1/2 in. diam. Style nearly straight, slender ; stigma 3-lobed, margined. Capsule straight, 1/4-1/2 in. ; valves narrow, acute. 3. V. diffusa, Ging. in DC. Prodr. i. 298 ; softly hairy, stemless, stoloniferous, leaves elliptic-ovate obtuse crenate base cuneate rarely cordate, stipules free narrow toothed, sepals subacute, spur globose. Wall. Cat. 1444. V. tenuis, Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. i. 482. Subtropical Himalaya from Nipal to Mishmi, in fields, alt. 3-5000 ft. ; Khasia Mts. - Distrib. China. Perennial. Leaves tufted, 1-1/2 in., pale green ; petiole broadly winged, rarely equalling the blade. Stolons short, sometimes floriferous. Flowers pale-purple. Style slender, narrowed-downwards from the 2-lobed margined obscurely- beaked stigma. 4. V. Hookeri, T. Thoms. ; glabrous or young parts pilose, stem and stolons short, leaves orbicular-reniform broadly crenate, petiole not winged, stipules narrow free toothed or lacerate, sepals obtuse or acute, spur saccate. Eastern Himalaya; Bhotan, alt. 6-7000 ft., Griffith; Sikkim, alt. 8-11,000 ft, H.f. Rootstock slender. Leaves 1/2-1 1/2 in., rather fleshy, crenatures very broad and shallow; petiole 1-3 in., slender. Flowers white or very pale blue, small. Style slender, narrowed downwards from the 3-lobed obscurely beaked stigma. Capsules small. - Perhaps two species are mixed here, and if so they occur in both the Sikkim and Bhotan collections ; one is small, very hairy when young, with more reniform leaves and shorter obtuse sepals ; the other is larger, almost wholly glabrous, with more ovate minutely gland-dotted leaves having rounded sometimes overlapping basal auricles, and acute sepals ; of this latter some of Griffith's specimens are marked as from East Bengal (Khasia hills), but through an obvious transposition of tickets. 5. V. distans, Wall. Cat. 4022, and in Trans. Med. Phys. Soc. Calc. vii. 227 ; glabrous or nearly so, stolons or stems usually long leafy and flowering, leaves ovate- or deltoid-cordate usually acute crenate-serrate, stipules entire or fimbriate, sepals acute, spur saccate, capsule linear- oblong page 184 many-seeded. V. Wightiana var. glabra, Thwaites Enum. 20. V. Notoniana, Wall. Cat. 1449. V. Metziana, Hohen. Pl. Exsicc. No. 1501.Temperate Himalaya, from Nipal to Bhotan, alt. 5-10,000 ft. ; Khasia hills, alt. 4-6000 ft. PULNEY and Nilghiri Mts. ; Ceylon, alt. 6-7000 ft. - Distrib. Java ? Rootstock slender or stout. Stems 1-14 in., usually long and trailing. Leaves 3/4-1 1/2 in., very variable, sinus broad or narrow, shallow or deep ; petals not winged. Flowers 1/3-1/2 in, diam , pale lilac or blue. Style slender, narrowed downwards from the obscurely .3-lobed stigma. Capsule 1/3-1/2 in., valves acute. - It is very difficult to distinguish this from V, serpens, by leaf or flower, and the characters of the stigma and fruit are probably sexual ; some of the synonyms quoted under each may apply to the other. Var. 1. distans proper ; stipules nearly entire. V. serpens, Wall. Cat. 1441 (not of Fl. Ind.). ?V. palmaris, Buch in DC. Prodr. i. 298, Don Prodr. 205. - Nipal, Khasia hills. Var. 2. fimbriata; stipules lacerate or fimbriate. - Sikkim. Var. 3. acaulis; stemless, stipules fimbriate. - Sikkim, alt. 7-9000 ft. *** Stigma very oblique or quite lateral, often minute and perforated. 6. V. serpens, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. Ed. Wall ii. 449 (not of Cat.),and in DC. Prodr. i. 296 ; hirsute or glabrous, stolons or stems usually long leafy and flowering, leaves ovate-cordate obtuse or acute crenate-serrate, stipules toothed or fimbriate, spur saccate, sepals acute, capsules globose few-seeded. Royle III. 74, t. 18, f. 1 ; W. & A. Prodr. 32. V. Wightiana var. pubescens, Thwaites Enum. 20. V. pilosii, Blume Bijd. 57. Moist woods, &c., throughout the Temperate Himalaya, Khasia hills, Pulney and Nilghiri Mts., and Ceylon, alt.. 5-7000 ft. ?Moulmein, Parish. - Distrib. Java, China. Leaves 1-2 in., sinus open or closed, shallow or deep. Flowers from the main stem 1/4-1/2 in. diam. ; those from the axils of the cauline leaves small or minute. Capsules often pubescent. - As variable in habit and foliage as V. distans, from which the stigma alone distinguishes the glabrous forms when these are not in fruit, and we suspect that these differences are sexual, the stigmas of the smaller fertile flowers appearing to be more truncate than those of the large flowers. The N.W. India specimens are shorter-stemmed than those from moister districts. V. Griffithiana, Boiss., of Affghanistan, differs in the more cylindric spur and swollen style above with rounded top, and in the more evident beak. V. hirta, L., diflers chiefly in the latter character and obtuse sepals. Var. 1, glabra; glabrous and very stoloniferous. ? V. Hamiltoniana, Don Prodr. 206. Var. 2. caneseens, Wall. Cat. 1442 (sp.), and in Roxb. Fl. Ind. Ed. Wall. ii. 450; often stemless, hoary or pubescent. V. Wightiana, Wall. Cat. 4021. V. Royleana, Wall. Cat. 1448. V. Griffithiana, Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 456. Var. 3. confusa, Benth. Fl. Hongk. 20 (sp.) ; stemless or nearly so, stolons 0. V. Wightiima, Wt. Ic. t. 943. V. aspera, Ging. in DC. Prodr. i. 295. 7. V. odorata, L. ; glabrate or pubescent, stem 0, stolons slender, leaves tufted broadly ovate cordate obtuse crenate, stipules entire or toothed, sepals very obtuse, spur nearly straight short subcylindric, style inflated above, stigma decurved. Boiss. Fl. Orient i. 458. (Sweet Violet.) Kashmir, alt. 5-6000 ft., Falconer, T. T.. - Distrib. Europe, N. Africa, N. and W. Asia. Rootstock stout. Stems very short or 0. Leaves (in the Kashmir plant) 1/2-1 in. diam., tip rounded, nearly glabrous ; stipules subulate-lanceolate. Sepals rounded at the tip. page 185 8. V. canina, var. sylvatica, Fries, (sp.) ; rootstock short or 0, flowering stems from a short central axis, leaves ovate-cordate obtuse crenate-serrate, stipules leafy fimbriate, sepals acute or acuminate, spur straight or hooked, style of V. odorata. Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 459. Kashmir and Kishtwar, alt. 4-8000 ft., Jacquemont, &c. - Distrib. N. Asia, and westward to the Atlantic. Best distinguished from V. odorata by the acute or acuminate sepals. 9. V. Falconeri, H.f. & T. ; stem or very short, stolons or branches stout erect 6-10 in., leaves large ovate-cordate very broadly crenate and very large foliaceous toothed stipules densely covered with black glands, flowers 3/4 in. diam., sepals subulate-lanceolate, spur saccate, anther-spurs exceeding the cells. Kashmir, Falconer. A very remarkable species, resembling V. acuminata, Led. (a form of canina), of Siberia and Manchuria, but with much larger flowers and gland-dotted leaves. 10. V. kunawarensis, Royle III. 75, t. 18, f. 3 ; small, glabrous, stemless, stolons 0, leaves tufted oblong obtuse subentire base cuneate, sepals short tips rounded, spur short obtuse, style clavate, stigma subhorizontal hardly beaked. Western Tibet and Tibetan Himalaya, from Kumaon to Balti, alt. 11-15,500 ft. - Distrib. Affghanistan. Rootstalk slender, woody, much branched. Leaves tufted, 1/3-3/4 in., tapering into the slender petiole, pale green. Flowers 1/4-1/3 in. diam., purple. Capsules elliptic, acute. 11. V. cinerea, Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 454; small, glabrous, stems short diffuse branched, leaves elliptic-ovate or -lanceolate acute obscurely crenate, base acute, stipules leafy fimbriate, flowers small axillary, sepals lanceolate aristate, spur very short, style clavate compressed, stigma lateral of 2 oblong parallel disks. Dry hilly region of the Punjab and Sindh, common. - Distrib. Affghanistan, Persia, Arabia. Slightly powdery. Stems 1-6 in. Leaves 1/4-1/2 in., apiculate, petioles as long. Peduncles slender, bracts subulate. Flowers 1/4 in. diam. Capsules 1/5-1/4 in., elliptic, acute. V. apetala, Roxb. ? Wall. Cat. 1440, resembles an apetalous form of V. Patrinii. V. dubia, Wall. Cat. 1450, is probably a form of V. seerpens. 2. IONIDIUM, Ventenat. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite. Flowers axillary, orange or purple. Sepals 5, subequal, not produced at the base. Petals 5, lower larger, clawed, saccate or spurred at the base. Anthers connate or free, 2 or 4 of them gibbous or spurred at the back. Ovary ovoid ; style clavate, incurved, stigma oblique. Capsule 3-valved, subglobose, few-seeded. Seeds globose, testa crustaceous. - Distrib. Species about 40, chiefly tropical American. 1. I. suffruticosum, Ging. in DC. Prodr. i. 311 ; glabrous or pubescent, leaves linear or lanceolate serrate-toothed, flowers solitary. Wall. Cat. 1439 , W. & A. Prodr. 32 ; Wight III. t. 19 ; Ic. t. 308. I. enneaspermum, DC.; Wall. Cat. 1438; W. & A. Prodr. 33. I. Wightianum, Wall. Cat. 4020. I. leptorhizum, DC; W. & A. I.c. I. heterophyllum and erectum, DC. I.c. 308, 311. I. hexaspermum, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. iv. 342 ; Bomb. Fl. 12. Viola suffruticosa and enneasperma, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 649 ; Ed. Wall. ii. 417. V. frutescens and erecta, Roth. Nov. Sp. 168. page 186 Abundant from Bundelkund and Agra, to Bengal and Ceylon. - Distrib, Tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia. Very variable, 6-12 in., perennial ; branches diffuse, woody. Leaves 1 1/2-2 by 1/12-1/3 in., subsessile ; stipules subulate, gland-tipped. Flowers red ; pedicels shorter than the leaves. Petals variable, 4 oblong acute or mucronate, the 5th with a long claw, and large oval or orbicular limb. Seeds striate. 2. I. ramosissimum, Thwaites Enum. 21 ; leaves closely imbricate narrow-linear quite entire glaucous, flowers solitary. Ceylon, banks of the Mahawelliganga at Havagam, Thwaites. Shrubby, suberect, 6-8 in., branches siiberect. Leaves 1-1 1/2 in., mucronate, veinless, margins recurved. Flowers as in I. suffruticosum. 3. ALSODEIA, Thouars. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate (rarely opposite), distichous ; secondary nerves often numerous and parallel. Stipules rigid. Flowers small, axillary or terminal, solitary fascicled cymose or racemose, regular ; peduncles with many bracts. Sepals 5, subequal, rigid. Petals 5, subequal, sessile. Stamens 5, inserted inside or on an annular disk ; connective produced into a long or short often broad membranous appendage. Ovary ovoid ; style straight, stigma terminal ; ovules few or many. Capsule 3-valved, few-seeded. Seeds glabrous in the E. lnd. species. - Distrib. Species about 40, chiefly tropical American. Sect. I. Doryctandra, Hassk. (Gen.). Stamens exserted, filaments slender ; anthers cohering in a cone. 1. A. Roxburghii, Wall. Cat. 7189 (Pentaloba?) ; branchlets pubescent on one side, leaves glabrous small elliptic or cuneate lanceolate obtuse subcrenate perforate at the nerve axils beneath, flowers fascicled glabrous. Arn. in Mag. Zool. and Bot. ii. 343. Vareca heteroclita, Roxb. Fl. Ind, i. 648. Doryctandra Roxburghii, Hassk. in Retzia. i. 126. Oude, Genl. Martin; Silhet, Wallich; Andamans, Kurz. A small shrub ; branchlets compressed. Leaves 1-1 1/2 by 1/2-3/4 in., sessile, pale beneath, nerves few, venules obsolete. Stipules 1/8 in., subulate from a broad base. Flowers subsessile, 1/10 in. diam., white. Sepals unequal, obtuse. Petals linear, tips revolute. Disk 10-toothed. Filaments glabrous; anthers white, narrow-linear, almost as long as the filaments, base of cells tomentose ; appendage oblong, obtuse. Ovary glabrous ; style filiform, pubescent. Capsule 1, few-seeded. Sect. II. Stamens included ; anthers free. Disk cupular. * Ovary and style glabrous. 2. A. bengalensis, Wall, in Trans. Med. and Phys. Soc. Calc. vii. 224 ; glabrous, leaves elliptic-lanceolate serrulate, nerve-axils beneath bearded, stipules slender, flowers fascicled, filaments very short, tip of connective short broad. Pentaloba? bengalensis, Wall. Cat. 4896; Arn. in Mag. Zool. and Bot. ii. 542. Silhet, Wallich, Griffith ; Andamans, Kurz. A shrub or small tree ? Leaves 3-5 by 1 1/4-2 1/2 in., shining, tip obtuse ; petiole 1/6 in. Stipules 1/2 in., narrow lanceolate. Peduncles 1/4-1/2 in., 1-flowered, glabrous or puberulous ; bracts minute, basal, ovate, subacute. Flowers 1/6 in. diam., glabrous. Sepals broad, ovate, 1/3 the length of the oblong-ovate petals. Disk thick, 5-lobed. Anthers glabrous, oblong. Capsule 1/3 in., quite glabrous, 3-4-seeded. page 187 3. A. zeylanica, Thwaites Enum, 21; branchlets puberulous, leaves elliptic-lanceolate obscurely serrulate, nerve-axils beneath bearded, stipules broad-subulate, flowers fascicled, filaments very short, tip of connective short broad. Pentaloba zeylanica, Arn. in Mag. Zool. and Bot. ii. 543. Malabar, Herb. Wight. ; Cochin, Johnstone ; Ceylon, in the Katnapoora district, Gardner, &c. Very closely allied to A. bengalensis and perhaps a variety of it, but the branchlets are puberulous, the stipules broader, the leaves more obscurely serrulate, the flowers on shorter pedicels, that are crowded on stout peduncles, and the petals are more linear. - A. obtusa, Korth., and A. Brownii, Korth., come very near to this and A. bengalensis. 4. A. Wallichiana, H.f. & T. ; quite glabrous, leaves petioled large linear- or oblong-lanceolate acuminate obscurely serrulate, nerve-axils beneath not bearded, flowers 2-3 together axillary peduncled quite glabrous. Pentaloba macrophylla. Wall. Cat. 4024. Penang, Porter. Branches stout. Leaves 7-12 by 3-4 in., coriaceous, shining, yellow when dry ; nerves strong, many, arching ; petiole stout, 1/2-3/4 in. Stipules 1/2-2/3 in., linear-lanceolate, glabrous. Peduncles 1/3-2 1/3 in., usually 2 together, glabrous, with many small ovate-subulate basal bracts and bracteoles. Flowers 1/3 in. diam , erect. Sepals ovate, acute, very rigid, glabrous. Petals ovate-oblong, rigid, twice as long as the sepals. Disk cupular, membranous, entire or obscurely 5-lobed. Filaments subulate, flattened, dilated below, adnate to the disk; anthers oblong, cells gibbous at the outer base, tip of connective suborbicular broader than the cells. Ovary globose ; style glabrous, short, stigma truncate 3-lobed ; ovules 6. Capsule 1/2 in. , glabrous. 5. A. racemosa, H.f. & T. ; glabrous, leaves elliptic or elliptic-obovate acuminate serrulate, nerve-axils beneath not bearded, petiole puberulous, flowers in erect axillary racemes, filaments subulate. Assam, Herb. Griffith. Branches strict, glabrous. Leaves 3-4 by 1 1/4-1 3/4 in., rather oblique, membranous, base subacute; nerves slender, arching; petiole 1/4 in., slender. Stipules 1/10 in., ovate, acuminate. Racemes 2-3 in., simple, erect, strict, stout, flowering throughout their length; bracteate and 2 bracteolate at the base of each short pedicel; bracts like the stipules, persistent, bracteoles minute. Flowers horizontal, 1/8 in. diam. Sepals ovate, subciliate. Petals twice as long, oblong, obtuse. Filaments subulate, connate at the base with the disk into a cup, glabrous ; anthers ovate, tip of connective broad, subacute, cells hairy at the base. Ovary 6-ovuled. ** Ovary and style pubescent or tomentose. t Leaves glabrous or nearly so. 6 A. Griffithii, H.f. & T. ; branchlets and petioles puberulous, leaves elliptic-oblong acuminate serrulate glabrous, nerve-axils beneath bearded, flowers fascicled on short branched peduncles, filaments very short, tip of connective broad orbicular. BIRMA, near the Serpentine mines in the Hookoom valley, Griffith. Branches stout. Leaves 8-10 by 3-4 in., shining above, midrib beneath with a few short hairs or glabrous; petiole 1/2 in., stout. Stipules 1/2 in., oblong-lanceolate, hard, pubescent. Peduncles clustered, very stout. Flowers crowded, 1/5 in. diam., pubescent. Sepals broadly ovate, half as long as the petals. Disk fleshy, 5-lobed. Flaments very short ; anthers with a short spur at the outer base of each cell, and a very large orbicular membranous ciliolate tip to the connective, which is broader than the anther. Ovary and style hairy. - This resembles a Philippine Island species (Cuming, n. 1074) which has glabrous flowers, also the A. macrophylla, Don (of Timor) which has an acuminate tip to the connective. page 188 7. A. lanceolata, Wall. Cat. 4023 (Pentaloba) ; glabrous, leaves narrow-lanceolate acuminate obscurely serrulate, nerve-axils beneath unbearded, flowers in short cymes pubescent, filaments longer than the anthers, tip of connective subulate. Vareca lanceolata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 648. Penang, Jack., Porter, &c. An erect shrub. Leaves 5-7 by 1-2 in., smooth and shining on both surfaces, subsessile, base narrowed. Stipules 1/4 in., subulate from a broad base, or lanceolate, glabrous. Flowers pale yellow, shortly pedicelled. Sepals ovate, obtuse. Petals twice as long, linear-lanceolate, subacute. Filaments glabrous, adnate to the 5-lobed disk; anthers ovate, contracted into the acuminate tip of the connective. Ovary and style densely villous. Capsule 4 in., pubescent or glabrate, several-seeded. 8. A. Maingayi, H. f. & T. ; glabrous, leaves subsessile elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate or obovate-oblong shortly acuminate serrulate, nerves strong, axils beneath not bearded, flowers in peduncled axillary cymes crowded pubescent, sepals oblong, stamens tomentose. Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. A tree? Leaves very variable in size and shape, the longest narrow-lanceolate, 10 by 2 in. ; the broadest 5 by 3 in., shortly oblong tending to become obovate, often somewhat oblique, base rounded or acuminate, young pilose ; nerves many, strong, arching and inosculating within the margin. Stipules 1/2 in., subulate-lanceolate. Cymes with stout glabrous peduncles 4-1 in- long, dichotomously branched. Flowers 1/3 in. diam., sessile or pedicelled. Sepals broadly oblong, ciliolate. Petals rather longer, obtuse, bearded down the centre on both surfaces. Filaments adnate to the cup-shaped 10-lobed disk, broad, stout, tomentose within ; anthers small, ovoid, connective pubescent, with a glabrous short obtuse membranous tip. tt Branchlets and leaves tomentose. 9. A. mollis, H.f. & T. ; softly tomentose, leaves obovate- or oblong-lanceolate acuminate obscurely toothed, flowers in dense axillary tomentose cymes, outer sepals large orbicular, filaments pubescent above. Tenasserim, Griffith, Heifer. A shrub, branches and leaves thickly tomentose beneath with short spreading hairs. Leaves 6-10 by 2-2 1/2 in., acute or acuminate, often oblique, membranous, pubescent above with a tomentose midrib ; petiole 1/3 in. Stipules 1/4-1/3 in., subulate-Ianceolate, pilose. Cymes peduncled or subsessile. Flowers 1/3 in. diam., subsessile, crowded, ochreous. Sepals very unequal, inner oblong. Petals narrow, erect, rigid, with revolute tips, hairy upwards. Filaments inserted on the cupular 10-15-lobed disk; anthers shorter, ovate, narrowed into the short acute tip of the connective. Ovary 6-ovuled. Capsule 4 in., densely pubescent. - Very near A. dasycaula, Miquel, of Sumatra, but much more densely tomentose. 10. A. echinocarpa, Korthals. in Ned. Kruidk. Arch. i. 359 ; densely tomentose, leaves obovate or oblong-lanceolate long acuminate usually coarsely toothed, flowers in densely tomentose axillary cymes, outer sepals oblong, capsules thickly clothed with felted brown-tomentose branched fibres. Miquel Fl. Ned. Ind. i. pt. 2, 116. Medusa auguifera, Lour. Fl. Coch. 406. Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. - Distrib. Sumatra, Cochin-China. Very similar to A. mollis in foliage, stipules, and structure of the flowers, disk, stamens and ovary, but the leaves are shorter-petioled and usually more deeply toothed, the cymes shorter, the sepals all oblong, filaments glabrous, and the fruits form spherical balls 1 -2 in. diam. of matted branched filaments which arise from the capsule, whose valves are 2/3 in. long, Seeds few, large. page 189 Sect. III. Scyphellandra, Thwaites (Gen.). Stamens included; anthers free. Disk reduced to 5 scales, one at the back of each anther. 11. A. virgata, Thwaites (Scyphellandra) ; twigs pubescent with curled hairs, leaves small petioled ovate or oblong toothed glabrous obtuse at both ends. Hot dry parts of Ceylon, Thwaites. A small shrub. Leaves very variable, 1/8-1 1/2 in. ; petiole pubescent. Stipules minute, lanceolate. Flowers subsolitary, axillary, peduncled or subsessile, 1/8 in, diam., whitish. Petals sessile, linear-oblong, twice as long as the broadly ovate obtuse ciliolate sepals. Anthers subsessile, tip of the connective petaloid, much exceeding the cells, ovate, subacute. Ovary small glabrous ; style slender, stigma minutely 3-lobed ; ovules one on each placenta. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds subglobose. Order XIV. BIXINEAE. (By Hooker f. & Thomson.) Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate ; stipules minute or 0. Inflorescence various. Flowers regular, 1-2-sexual. Sepals 4-5, rarely 2-6, imbricate, free or connate and bursting irregularly, usually deciduous. Petals 4-5 or 0, imbricate or contorted in bud, deciduous. Stamens usually hypogynous ; anthers 2-celled, bursting by slits or pores. Disk thickened, often glandular. Ovary 1-, rarely several-celled ; style and stigiuas free or united ; ovules parietal, amphitropous or anatropous. Fruit dry or fleshy, indehiscent or valvular, valves bearing the seeds in the middle. Seeds arillate or testa pulpy, albumen fleshy ; embryo axile, cotyledons foliaceous often cordate. - DISTRIB. Chiefly tropical ; genera 30 ; species 160. Tribe I. Bixeae. Petals broad, contorted, without a scale or basal appendage. Anthers bursting by pores or short slits.
Tribe II. Flacourtieae. Petals small, imbricate or 0. Anthers short, bursting by slits.
Tribe III. Pangieae. Flowers dioecious. Petals with an adnate scale or basal appendage.
1. COCHLOSPERMUM, Kunth. Trees or shrubs, juice yellow or red. Leaves digitately lobed or divided. Flowers large, yellow, 2-sexual. Sepals 5, deciduous. Petals 5, large, contorted in bud. Stamens many, on an eglandular disk ; anther-cells with pores or short slits. Ovary globose, almost 3-5-celled ; style simple, stigma toothed ; ovules very many, on 3-5 parietal placentas. Capsule 3-5-valved, endocarp membranous. Seeds cochleate; testa hard, woolly; embryo curved. - Distrib. About 11 species, all tropical. page 190 1. C. Gossypium, DC. Prodr. i. 527 ; leaves palmately 3-5-lobed tomentose beneath, lobes acute entire. Wall. Cat. 1843 ; Wight in. Hook. Bot. Misc. ii 357, Suppl. t. 18 ; W. & A. Prodr. 87 ; Planch. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 306. Bombax gossypium, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 169. Dry hills Garwhal, Bundelkund, Behae, Orissa and the Dekkan; also commouly planted near temples. A small naked tree ; branchlets tomentose. Leaves 3-8 in. diam., old glabrous ; petiole slender. Flowers 4-5 in. diam., in few-flowered terminal panicles, golden yellow. Sepals silky. Petals obovate, notched. Capsule 2-3 in., 5-lobed. 1* BIXA, Linn. A tree. Leaves simple ; stipules minute. Flowers in terminal panicles, 2-sexual. Sepals 5, imbricate, deciduous. Petals 5, contorted in bud. Anthers opening by 2 terminal pores. Ovary 1-celled ; style slender, curved, stigma notched ; ovules many, on 2 parietal placentas. Capsule loculicidally 2-valved, placentas on the valves. Seeds many, funicle thick, testa pulpy ; albumen fleshy ; embryo large, cotyledons flat. B. Orellana, L.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 31 ; W. & A. Prodr. 31. (Anatto.) Cultivated throughout India, and the tropics generally, for the red dye afforded by the testa. - Native of America. A small evergreen tree. Leaves 4-8 by 2 1/2-5 in., cordate, acuminate, glabrous; petiole slender, 2-3 in. Flowers 2 in. diam., purple or white. Capsule 1 1/2 in., ovoid or subglobose, base intruded, softly prickly. 2. SCOLOPIA, Schreber. Trees, spinous in India, spines often compound. Leaves alternate, entire ; stipules minute or 0. Flowers small, racemed, axillary, 2-sexual. Sepals 4-6, slightly imbricate in bud. Petals 4-6, subsimilar, imbricate in bud. Stamens many; anthers ovoid, opening by slits, connective produced. Ovary 1-celled ; style erect, stigma entire or lobed ; ovules few, on 3-4 parietal placentas. Berry 2-4-seeded. Seeds with. long funicles, testa hard; cotyledons foliaceous. - Distrib. Species about 16 ; Australian, Asiatic, and African. 1. S. rhinanthera, Clos. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 4, viii 252; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate crenulate 6-plinerved, petiole 2-glandular at the top, racemes pubescent, sepals and petals 4 each, fruit pisiform 2-6-seeded. Miquel Fl. Ned. Ind. i. pt. 2, 107. Phoberos rhinanthera, Benn. Pl. Jav. Rar. 187, t. 39. P. macrophylla, W. & A. Prodr, 30. Flacourtia inermis. Wall. Cat. 6673 G, H, only. Malacca, Griffith. - Distrib. Java, Borneo. A tree. Leaves 3-6 by 1 1/4-2 1/2 in., coriaceous, shining, base rounded or acute, teeth glandular; petiole 4 in. Racemes 3-4 in. ; flowers 1- or more-bracteate. Sepals downy. Petals twice as long, glabrous, ciliate. Connective of authers glabrous. Ovary globose. 2. S. Roxburghii, Clos. I.c. 250 ; leaves oblong-lanceolate acuminate subcrenate glabrous 3-5-plinerved at the base, petiole 2-glandular at the top or not, racemes softly pubescent, sepals and petals 6 each, fruit olive-formed. Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. i. pt. 2, 107. Phoberos Roxburghii, Benn. Pl. Jav. Rar. 192. Ludia spinosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 507. Flacourtia stigmarota, Wall. Cat, 6678, in part. page 191 Mergui, Griffith. - Distrib. Sumatra. Spines on trunk compound. Leaves 4-5 by 1 1/2-2 1/4 in., coriaceous, shining above; petiole 1/3-1/2 in. Racemes axillary, 1 in. ; flowers yellow, solitary, bracts deciduous. Dish pubescent. Connective ciliate. 3. S. crenata, Clos. I.c. 250 ; leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate obtusely or acutely acuminate subcrenate glabrous obscurely 3-5-plinerved, petiole 1/4-1/2 in., racemes axillary glabrous or puberulous, sepals and petals 5-6 each, fruit globose green (dry size of a cherry). S. pseudo-crenata, acuminata, chinensis, lanceolata, and crassipes, Clos. I.c. S. saeva, Hance in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 4, xviii. 182. Phoberos crenatus, W. & A. Prodr. 29; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 11. P. lanceolatus and P. Wightianus, W. & A. Prodr. 30. P. acuminatus, Hookerianus, and Arnottianus, Thwaites Enum. 17 and 400. Flacourtia sapida and crenata, Wall. Cat. 6675 H, 6679. Malabar, Canara, Maisor, and Ceylon, in hilly districts. - Distrib. China and Philippines. Branches of young trees armed, of old unarmed. Leaves 2-6 by 1-2 in., base acute, teeth glandular, shining above, pale and reticulate beneath ; petiole 1/4-1/2 in. Racemes 1-3 in., terminal flowers at times corymbose; bracts deciduous; pedicels 1-3-flowered. Connective of anthers glabrous. - Excessively variable. S. dasyanthera, Bennett, united with this by Clos, is a different species. 4. S. Gaertneri, Thwaites Enum, 400; leaves oblong to orbicular obtuse or acute glabrous, petiole very short, racemes simple, sepals and petals 5 each, fruit pisiform red fleshy. S. pusilla, Moon. Cat; Clos. I.c. 251. Limonia pusilla, Gaertn. Fruct. i. 279, t. 58, f. 4. Ceylon, from the sea coast to 1500 ft. A tree, spines compound on the trunk, simple or on the branches. Leaves 1-3 by 1/2-2 in., coriaceous, base rounded cordate or subacute, thin, reticulate on both surfaces; petiole 1/12-1/6 in. 3. ERYTHROSPERMUM, Lamarck. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, quite entire. Flowers racemed fascicled or panicled, 2-sexual. Sepals 4-6, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-6, usually small. Stamens 4-6 ; anthers lanceolate-sagittate, connective dilated. Ovary 1-celled ; style short, stigma entire or 3-4-fid ; ovules many, on 3-4 parietal placentas. Capsule coriaceous, 3-4-valved ; valves bearing the seeds on the middle. Seeds few, testa coriaceous or fleshy ; embryo incurved. - Distrib. Species 6, all Mascarene but the following. 1. E. phytolaccoides, Gard. in Cole. Journ. Nat. Hist. vii. 9; glabrous, leaves elliptic-lanceolate acuminate entire or subserrate, flowers 5-merous. Thwaites Enum. 18. Ceylon, in the Ambamagowa and Ratnapoora districts. A tree, 30-40 ft. Leaves 3 1/2-8 by 1 1/2-3 in., shining above, base acute ; petiole 1/4-2/3 in. Racemes axillary and terminal, simple or panicled, many-flowered. Flowers 1/2 in. diam., white. Sepals ovate, obtuse, equalling the ovate-oblong ciliate petals. Anthers large, on very short filaments. Capsule globose, 3-4-valved, 4 in. diam., 1-2-seeded. Seeds globose ; testa red. 4. FLACOURTIA, Commers. Trees or shrubs, often spinous. Leaves toothed or crenate. Flowers small, dioecious, rarely 2-sexual. Sepals 4-5, small, imbricate. Petals 0. Stamens many; anthers versatile. Ovary on a glandular disk; styles 2 or page 192 more, stigmas notched or 2-lobed ; ovules usually in pairs on each placenta. Fruit indehiscent, endocarp hard, with as many cells as seeds. Seeds obovoid, testa coriaceous; cotyledons orbicular. - Distrib. About 12 species, natives of the Old World, some are cultivated in various tropical countries. After a long study of extensive suites of specimens, we find ourselves quite unable to distinguish the forms of several species of this genus, and especially of 5, 6, 7, and 8, which are all excessively variable.* Leaves usually more or less lanceolate and acuminate. 1. F. sumatrana, Planch, mss. in Herb. Hook.; unarmed, leaves oblong acuminate base cordate glabrous obtusely gland-serrate, nerves beneath pubescent, lowest close-set, flowers racemed dioecious, stigmas 2-lobed. Wall. Cat. 6678 A, in part. ? Ludia foetida, Roxb. Tenasserim, Helfer. - Distrib. Sumatra. Young branches only puberulous. Leaves 5-10 by 2 1/2-4 1/2 in., thin, coriaceous, shining above ; petiole 1/4-1/2 in., and midrib below pubescent. Racemes axillary, fascicled, short. Disk cupular. Ovary 4-7-celled ; styles 4-7. Fruit small, oblong. 2. F. inermis, Roxb. Cor. PI. iii 16, t. 222 ; Fl. Ind. iii 833 ; unarmed, leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate acute or acuminate obtusely serrate glabrous, flowers 2-sexual in fascicled pubescent racemes, stigmas 2-lobed. Jack. Mal. Misc., and in Hook. Bot. Misc. i. 289 ; Wall. Cat. 6(573, excl. G, H, I ; W. & A. Prodr. 29. ? F. quintuplinervis, Turcz. in Bull. Mosc. xxxvi. 353. SILHET, Singapore, Penang, Jack, &c., cultivated in India. - Distrib. Sumatra. Young branches puberulous. Leaves 4-8 by 2-3 1/2 in., base acute or rounded shining, thin, coriaceous, midrib below pubescent; petiole 1/3-1/2 in. Disk covered with fleshy orange glands. Ovary 5-celled, cells 2-ovuled; stigmas 4-8, 2-lobed. Fruit size of a cherry, red, acid, pyrenes 8-10. 3. F. montana, Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 10 ; branches spinous, flowering unarmed, softly pubescent, leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate obtusely acuminate crenate glabrous above hairy beneath, base 3-5-plinerved, flowers dioecious in fascicled densely pubescent racemes. Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 10. F. inermis, Miq. PI. Hohen. not Roxburgh. Canara and Concan, Dalzell, &c. A very thorny tree. Leaves 5-7 by 2-3 1/2 in., coriaceous, base rounded or acute, shining above, glabrate beneath when old; petiole 1/3 in., and costa beneath tomentose, Disk of male glandular. Fruit slightly acid, size of a cherry. - There is another F. montana, of Zippel (Linnaea xv. 176) from Timor. 4. F. mollis, H.f. & T. ; flowering branches softly pubescent, leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate acute or acuminate crenate-tootlied glabrous except the midrib above downy beneath, flowers dioecious males in racemes almost umbellate. Tenasserim, Griffith, Helfer. A tree ; bark smooth, grey. Leaves 4-6 by 1 1/2-2 in., base rounded or acute, penninerved ; petiole 1/4 in, Fl. female and fruit unknown. 5. F. Rukam, Zoll. & Moritz. Verz. 33; unarmed, young branches pubescent, leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, quite glabrous acute or acuminate coarsely glandular-crenate, flowers dioecious umbelled, stigmas 6-8 capitate emarginate. Clos in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 4, viii 216; Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. i. pt. 2, 104. F. cataphracta, Blume Bijd. 55 (not of Roxb). Malacca or Mergui, Griffith. - DISTRIB. Philippine Islands. Much culiivated for its fruit. page 193 A tree. Leaves 3-5 by 1 1/4-2 in., firm, coriaceous, base acute or rounded, penninerved ; petiole 1/4 in. Umbels fascicled, 4-flowered, subsessile, pubescent. Styles erect, remote. Fruit size of a large cherry. 6. F. Cataphracta, Roxb. in Willd. Sp. PI. iv. 830 ; Cor. PI iii. t. 222 ; Fl. Ind. iii. 834 ; branches white-dotted glabrous young armed, leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate long acuminate quite glabrous crenate-serrate, flowers dioecious in irregular glabrous racemes, stigmas 4-6 capitate. Wall. Cat. 6674 (excl. C) ; Clos I.c. (not of Roth., Blume or Dalzell ?). F. Jangomas, Miq. Stigmarosa Jangomas, Lour. Roumea Jangomas, Spreng. Spina spinarum, Rumph. Amb. Cap. 43, p. 38, xix. t. 1, 2. From Lower Bengal and Assam to CHITTAGONG, Malacca, and Singapore. - DISTRIB. Malay Islands, China. - Commonly cultivated. A small tree ; spines compound. Leaves 2-4 by 1-1 3/4 in., membranous, lower on the branches often obtuse ; petiole 1/4-1/2 in. Ovary flask-shaped, neck contracted. Flowers very small, 1/10-1/8 in. diam. Fruit the size of a small plum, purple, very acid. - Clos errs in considering this a native of Africa ; Bojer (Hort. Maur.) attributes it to India, and Roxburgh gives it a well-known Bengali name (Paniala). The description in the Bombay Flora is too brief for identification. ** Leaves usually oblong chovate or orbicular, obtuse or obtusely pointed, rarely elliptic-lanceolate. 7. F. Ramontchi, L'Herit. Stirp. 59, t. 30, 31 ; armed, branchlets glabrous or pubescent, leaves very variable elliptic-oblong obovate or suborbicular, obtusely serrate or crenate, flowers dioecious in short branched glabrous racemes, stigmas 5-11 free or connate. W. & A. Prodr. 29 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 10. Common throughout India, wild or cultivated. - Distrib. Madagascar, the Eastern Archipelago. We are quite unable to define the various forms brought together under the names of F. Ramontchi and sapida, and which include either several species, or one that spreads all over India, and varies much, presenting however the following principal varieties or species. Var. 1. Ramontchi proper; leaves glabrous 2-3 in. membranous elliptic ovate or oblong coarsely crenate, racemes very slender glabrous or nearly so. F. Ramontchi, Wall. Cat. 6677 ; Wight Cat. 108 ; Ic. t. 85; Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 120. - Common in the Peninsula. Var. 2. sapida; leaves 1-2 in. membranous or coriaceous glabrous or pubescent on the costa beneath and petiole elliptic broadly oblong cuneate-obovate or suborbicular, peduncles stouter pubescent. - F. sapida, Roxb. Cor. Fl. i. t. 69 ; Fl. Ind. iii. 835 ; W. & A. Prodr. 29 ; Wall. Cat. 6675 C - Common in the Western Ghauts and elsewhere in the Peninsula. Var. 3. latifolia; branches robust glabrous, leaves large 3-5 in. glabrous, coriaceous broadly elliptic-oblong or orbicular, costa below and petiole puberulous, nerves strong very oblique, racemes very short pubescent, stigma sessile. - Carnatic, Nilgherries. Var. 4. occidentalis ; branchlets petioles leaves often beneath and sometimes above and racemes tomentose or velvety, leaves 1-2 in. broadly oblong orbicular or obovate rarely elliptic or ovate, base rounded cuneate or cordate. - Probably a distinct species. Wall. Cat. 6675, excl. B, C, H, & K. ?F. Perottetiana, Clos in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 4, viii. 218. - From Behar and the Dekkan, northward and westward to Oude, Rohilkund, and the Punjab ; abundant - (Beluchistan). Var. 5. racemulifera ; leaves small 1 1/4-1 1/2 in. membranous glabrous elliptic-oblong crenulate-serrate puberulous, petiole short, flowers very small dioecious in short glabrous erect strict many-flowered racemes 1/2-1 in. long very shortly pedicelled, bracteoles broad. - Herb. Madras, Wall. Cat. 6675 K, male flower only; Wight Cat. 107. ?F. sepiaria beta frondosa, Clos in Ann. Sc. Nat. tier. 4, viii. 217. - A very curious form, or probably page 194 different species. Wallich's specimens and four in Wight's Herb, are all we have seen, and these are male.8. F. sepiaria, Roxb. Cor. Pl. i. 48, t. 68 ; Fl. Ind. iii. 835 ; shrubby, very thorny, thorns usually bearing flowers and fruit, leaves small obcordate obovate or oblong or cuneate-obovate or orbicular crenate-serrate, when old rigid coriaceous and shining, flowers dioecious solitary or few in nearly glabrous racemes, stigmas 3-4. W. & A. Prodr. 29 ; Wall. Cat. 6676 ; Dalz. && Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 11. F. obcordata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 835. H. cordifolia and rotundifolia, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 73. Sideroxylon spinosum, Willd. Sp. Pl. i. 1091 ; Rheede Hort. Mal, v. t. 39. Dry jungles throughout Bengal, the Western Peninsula, and Ceylon. - Distrib. Java. A very rigid thorny bush. Leaves 1/2-3 in., usually more or less cuneate at the base ; when larger and more membranous or more elliptic it is difficult to distinguish this from F. Ramontchi vars. 1 and 2. Flower generally solitary or twin in a very imperfect raceme, very small. Male sepals ovate, obtuse ; female orbicular. Stigmas usually separate, on very short styles. Drupe size of a large pea. Flacourtia Wightiana, Wall. Cat. 6672 is a Scepa. F. nivea, Moon. Cat. 70 is Flueggea leucopyrus, Wt. 5. XYLOSMA, Forster. Characters of Flacourtia, but ovary with 2, rarely 3-6 few-ovuled parietal placentas, a usually entire very short style, capitate stigma (in the Indian species) and globose 2-8-seeded berry. - Distrib. Species about 25, natives of all tropical regions. 1. X. longifolium, Clos in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 4, viii. 231 ; leaves linear- or elliptic- or oblong-lanceolate acuminate obtusely serrate, nerves spreading, male flowers in short racemes, rarely in long panicles, bracts ovate acuminate. Flacourtia ferox, Wall. mss. in Voigt. Hort. Suburb. Calc. 84. Western Himalaya on the outer ranges, ascending to 5000 ft., from Kumaon, Struck, and Wint., to Marri, Stewart. Assam, at Nowgong and Gowahatty, Jenkins, &c. A glabrous bush ; branches rather long, slender. Leaves 4-9 by 1 1/2-2 1/4 in , coriaceous, shining above, base acute, rarely obtuse ; nerves 8-12 on each side the midrib ; petiole 1/4-1/3 in. Racemes usually very short, 1/3 in., and crowded in the leaf axils, sessile, many-flowered, glabrous or puberulous, rarely elongate and branched. Flowers solitary or fascicled, 1/8 in. diam. Berry glabrous, 1/6 in. diam. - The specimens with panicled inflorescence occur amongst those from Assam. 2. X. controversum, Clos I.c.; leaves elliptic or elliptic-oblong (rarely lanceolate) acuminate obtusely serrate, nerves very oblique, flowers panicled puberulous, bracts linear-oblong. Flacourtia Cataphracta, Wall. Cat. 6674 C. NIPAL, Wallich. Khasia hills, Griffith; Churra, alt. 3-4000 ft., H.f. & T. Very near X. longifolium, especially the form of that species with panicled male flowers ; best distinguished by the usually shorter (3-6 in.) leaves, often more membranous, with invariably very oblique nerves and fewer of them on each side (6-8). The sepals are equal or unequal, and the character of the bracts is perhaps not a very good one. The fruit is alike in both. 3. X. latifolium, H. f. & T. ; leaves broadly elliptic-oblong obtuse or acute obtusely serrate or subentire, nerves few very oblique, petiole page 195 pubescent, male flowers in small branched slender pubescent few-flowered panicles, sepals minute orbicular ciliate.Bababooden hills in Maisor, Law, Stocks. A large thorny tree, twigs petioles and inflorescence finely downy. Leaves 2 - 5 by 1-2 1/2 in., hardly coriaceous, base acute, nerves 4 or 5 on each side, the 2 lower running nearly throughout the blade ; petiole 1/3-1/2 in. Male Panicles 1/2 -1 in , very slender, sparingly branched ; bracts linear-oblong. Fruit very small, about 1/6 in. diam. with 4 placentas ; style very distinct, stigma capitate 4-lobed. 6. ABERIA, Hochst. Trees or shrubs, often spinous. Leaves entire or toothed, exstipulate. Flowers axillary, dioecious ; male subracemose, fascicled, or umbellate, female solitary or fascicled. Sepals 5-8, tomentose, subvalvate. Petals 0. Disk of female glandular. Stamens numerous; anthers short. Ovary 1-celled ; styles 2-5, short, spreading, stigma notched or truncate ; ovules 2-6 on each of 2-7 parietal placentas. Berry globose, tomentose. Seeds pubescent or tomentose, compressed, imbedded in pulp ; cotyledons flat, broad. - Species 5, all but the following African. 1. A. Gardneri, Clos in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 4, viii. 236 ; leaves ovate elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate acuminate entire or toothed pubescent above tomentose beneath. Roumea hebecarpa, Gard. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vii. 9 ; Thwaites Enum. 18. Ceylon, at Condasalle, Maturatte, &c., Gardner, &c. A tree, 16-20 ft. ; branches pale, twigs reddish, tomentose. Leaves 2-5 by 1/2-2 in.; midrib and very oblique veins red, base acute or rounded; petiole 1/4-1/3 in. Flowers 1/3 in. diam. ; male umbelled on very short peduncles; female solitary or few together. Filaments equalling the lanceolate, acute sepals. Styles hairy ; stigmas fimbriate. Fruit 1 in. diam. - The name of hebecarpa was not adopted by Clos,. because all the species of Aberia have pubescent fruit. 7. GYNOCARDIA, R. Br. A perfectly glabrous tree. Leaves quite entire, Flowers axillary or truncal, fascicled, dioecious. Calyx cup-shaped, 5-toothed or bursting irregularly. Petals 5, with a ciliate scale opposite each. FL. male : Stamens many ; anthers basifixed, linear. Ovary 0. Fl. female : Staminodes 10-15, villous. Ovary globose, 1-celled ; styles 5, stigmas large cordate ; ovules many, on 5 parietal placentas. Berry subglobose, rind thick, hard, rough. Seeds obovoid, immersed in pulp, testa thick ; albumen oily ; cotyledons flat, subreniform, radicle ovoid. 1. G. odorata, R. Br. in Roxb. Cor. PI. 95, t. 299; quite glabrous, leaves oblong or linear oblong abruptly acuminate shining above. Bennett Pl. Jav. Rar. 207. Chaulmoogra odorata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 835. Chilmoria dodecandra, Hamilt. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. 500. From SIKKIM and the Khasia hills eastwards to Chittagong, Rangoon, and Tenasserim. Branches slender, flexuous. Leaves bifarious, largest 6-10 by 3-4 in., smallest 4-6 by 1 1/4-2 in., coriaceous, strongly reticulate beneath ; petiole 1/4-1 in. Flowers sweet scented, yellowish in very large fascicles on the trunk, solitary or few together in the leaf axils, very variable in size, 1/3-2 in. diam., the females largest ; peduncles 1-3 in. bracts basal, minute. Calyx coriaceous. Filaments woolly. Fruit 3-5 in. diam. Seeds 1 in. long. page 196 8. TRICHADENIA, Thwaites. A tall tree. Leaves long-petioled, alternate, coriaceous. Stipules foliaceous, deciduous. Flowers in short axillary racemes or panicles. Calyx very coriaceous. Petals 5, imbricate, with an adnate scale on each. Fl. male : stamens 5 ; anthers linear. Fl. female : Staminodes 0. Ovary 1-celled ; styles 3, very short, stigmas subcapitate ; ovules solitary on 3 parietal placentas. Berry spherical, 1-3-seeded, Seeds large, testa bony, albumen oily ; cotyledons foliaceous, rugose. 1. T. zeylanica, Thwaites in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot.vii. 196, t. 7; Enum. 19 ; leaves oblong acuminate sinuate-toothed finely pubescent on the nerves beneath, racemes tomentose. Ceylon ; central province, alt. 3000 ft. Thwaites. A very large tree ; branchlets very stout, inflorescence and petioles tomentose. Leaves 5-12 by 2-4 in., base rounded; petiole 2-3 in.; nerves beneath very strong. Racemes 3-5 in. Flowers 1/2 in. diam., pale green. Fruit 1 1/2-3 in.diam. Seed 1/2-3/4 in. diam. 9. HYDNOCARPUS, Gaertner. Trees. Leaves alternate, serrate or entire, transverse venules numerous ; stipules deciduous. Flowers solitary or in irregular axillary few-flowered racemes or fascicles, dioecious. Sepals 5, equal or uuequal, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, with a scale opposite each. Fl. male : Stamens 5-8 ; anthers reniform, connective broad. Ovary 0 or rudimentary. Fl. female : Stamens as in the male but without pollen, or reduced to staminodes. Ovary 1-celled ; stigmas 3-6, sessile or subsessile, spreading, dilated, lobed ; ovules many, on 3-6 parietal placentas. Berry globose, rind hard, many-seeded. Seeds many, imbedded in pulp, testa crustaceous, striate, albumen oily ; cotyledons very broad, flat. - Distrib. Species about 6, tropical Asiatic. 1. H. venenata, Gaertn. Fruct, i. 288, t. 60, f. 3 ; leaves lanceolate or oblong- or elliptic-lanceolate, flowers 1/2 in. diam. racemed pentandrous, sepals subequal orbicular, scales villous much smaller than the orbicular petals, fruit the size of a walnut. Blume Mus. Bot. i. 15. H. inebrians, Vald Symb. iii. 100 ; DC. Prodr. i. 257 ; Thwaites Enum. 18. Ceylon, by banks of rivers, ascending to 2000 ft. A large tree ; branchlets puberulous or silky. Leaves 5-7 by 1-2 1/2 in., obscurely serrate, coriaceous; nerves very oblique; petiole 1/2 in., stout, Racemes 1 in. or less, densely tomentose ; buds 1/6 in. diam. Sepals rather shorter than the petals, ciliate, tomentose on the back. Stamens equalling the glabrous petals. Fruit densely tomentose. Seeds grooved, ridges rough. 2. H. Wightiana, Blume Rumph. iv. 22 ; leaves elliptic- or oblong-lanceolate long acuminate entire or serrate, flowers 1 in. diam, racemed pentandrous, 3 inner sepals larger, petals ciliate twice as long as the ovate fimbriate scales, female flowers with imperfect stamens, fruit the size of a small apple. Blume Mus. Bot. i. 15; Dalz. & Gibs. Fl. Bomb. 11. H. inebrians, Wall. Cat. 6670; Wight III. i. t. 16; Bennett PI. Jav. Rar. 207. Munnicksia, Dennstd. Clav. Hort. Mal. - ? Rheede Hort. Malab. i. 65, t. 36 (fruit represented as rough with large tubercles). Western Peninsula, from the S. Concan along the coast ranges. A tall tree; twigs usually brown pubescent (rarely glabrate) as are the racemes. Leaves 4-9 by 1 1/2-4 in., coriaceous or membranous, sometimes deeply obtusely serrate page 197 or toothed, base round acute or subcordate ; petiole 1/4-1/2 in. Flowers solitary or racemed, white. Sepals green, pubescent. Stamens villous at the base, equalling the petals. Ovary densely pubescent. Fruit 2-4 in. diam., tomentose. Seeds obtusely angular.3. H. alpina, Wight Ic, t. 942 ; leaves elliptic oblong or more or less lanceolate obtusely acuminate or subacute quite entire, flowers 1 in. diam. racemed pentandrous, sepals equal, petals oblong-lanceolate glabrous equalling the linear scales, female flowers with linear oblong obtuse staminodes. Moist valleys of the Nilghiri Mts., Wight; Ceylon, Thwaites. A tree 70-100 ft. ; twigs glabrous or nearly so. Leaves very variable, young red, old deep green, 4-7 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., glabrous; petiole 1/3 in. Flowers racemed on very thick branched jointed peduncles and long pedicelled (in the Ceylon specimens), pedicels 1-1 1/2 in. Stamens shorter than the petals. Stigma 5-lobed. Fruit globose, size of an apple, brown tomentose. Seeds imbedded in white pulp, testa hard. - Description chiefly from Wight. 4. H. octandra, Thwaites in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot, vii. 197; Enum. 19 ; leaves elliptic or elliptic- or ovate- or oblong-lanceolate obtusely acuminate quite entire, flowers 1/2 in. diam. fascicled octandrous, sepals unequal, petals twice as long as the rounded silky scales, female fl. with imperfect stamens, fruit 2-3 in. diam. Ambamagawa district, Ceylon, alt. 2500 ft., Thwaites. A tree 40-50 ft. ; branchlets tomentose. Leaves 3-4 1/2 by 1 1/4-1 3/4 in., glabrous above, puberulous beneath with stellate hairs and glandular dots ; petiole 1/4-3/4 in. Flowers 2-8 in a fascicle ; pedicels 1/4-1/2 in. Sepals oblong, obtuse. Petals orbicular, concave, ciliate. Stamens exceeding the petals. Ovary oblong ; placentas 4, each 6-ovuled ; stigmas 4. Berry woody, subtomentose, few or many-seeded. 5. H. castanea, H. f. & T. ; perfectly glabrous, leaves linear-oblong acuminate red-brown when dry quite entire much reticulated, petiole 3/4-1 in., female flowers 3/4 in. diam., sepals equal, scales lingulate silky equalling the linear-oblong petals, ovary ovoid beaked, fruit as large as an orange. King's Island, Andamans, by the sides of torrents, Helfer; Malacca, Griffith. A middle-sized tree. Branches stout,, angular, smooth, black when dry. Leaves 8-14 by 2-3 1/2 in., sides at base very unequal, one acute, the other rounded, thickly coriaceous, shining, strongly veined on both surfaces, nerves 6-10 on each side ; petiole 3/4-1 in., much thickened at the top, quite glabrous. Flowers female (only seen) apparently solitary, axillary, sweet-scented ; peduncles 3/4 in., and orbicular concave sepals densely rusty-pubescent. Petals longer than the sepals, concave, obtuse quite glabrous ; scales subacute, rigid, narrower than the petals. Staminodes 5, erect, glabrous, oblong, lanceolate, obtuse, much shorter than the scales. Ovary villous, contracted into a conical beak ; stigma sessile. "Fruit size of an orange, globose, rugose, brown, angled at the top, flesh granular hard, placentas several. Seeds large angular, testa double, outer subcoriaceous cellular, inner as- thick." Griff, mss. There is a Burmese species apparently of this genus collected by Griffith, but in too immature a state for description. Order XV. PITTOSPOREAE. (By Hook. f. & Thoms.) Erect or climbing trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate or subverticillate quite entire (very rarely toothed) ; exstipulate. Flowers usually hermaphrodite terminal or axillary. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, hypogynous, imbricate. Torus small. Stamens 5, opposite the sepals ; anthers versatile, page 198 Ovary 1-celled, with 2-5 parietal placentas, or 2-5-celled by the projection of the placentas; style simple, stigma terminal 2-5-lobed; ovules many, parietal or axile, anatropous. Fruit capsular or indehiscent. Seeds usually many, albumen copious ; embryo small, radicle next the hilum. - Distrib. Genera 9 ; species about 90, chiefly Australian.1. PITTOSPORUM, Banks. Erect trees or shrubs. Sepals free or connate below. Petals erect, claws connivent or connate. Stamens 5, erect ; anthers 2-celled, introrse, bursting by slits. Ovary sessile or shortly stalked, incompletely 2-3-celled ; ovules 2 or more on each placenta. Capsule 1-celled, woody, 2- rarely 3-valved ; valves placentiferous in the middle. Sepals smooth, imbedded in pulp. - DISTRIB. Species about 50, subtropical Asiatic, Australian, and Oceanic. * Capsule 3-valved, twice as long as broad. 1. P. glabratum, Lindl. in Journ. Hort. Soc. i. 230 ; leaves obovate oblong or lanceolate, flowers in lax terminal corymbs, peduncles glandular-pubescent. - Benth. Fl. Hongkong, 19. Khasia HILLS, in thickets above 4000 ft , Griffith, &c. - Distrib. Amoy and Hongkong. A straggling shrub, branches whorled. Leaves 2-4 by 2/3-1 1/4 in., glabrous, usually acuminate, base acute, white beneath. Flowers 2/3 in., pale yellow. Sepals sometimes connate below, ovate, pubescent. Ovary linear-oblong, pubescent, style as long. Capsule 1 in. or more, obovoid-oblong, many-seeded. - In Griffith's Herb, there are specimens marked as from Sikkim, but probably through misplacement of tickets. Chinese specimens are usually quite glabrous, but the peduncles are now and then downy. ** Capsule 2-valved, when ripe broader than long. t Leaves and branches glabrous (except 3, tetraspermum). 2. P. humile, H.f. & T. ; dwarf, leaves lanceolate, racemes subumbellate few-flowered much shorter than the leaves, sepals obtuse, ovary glabrous. Khasia hills, banks of the Borpani river, alt. 5000 ft., H.f. & T. A small, much branched shrub, 1-2 ft., glabrous. Leaves 1 1/2-2 1/2 by 1/3-3/5 in., short-petioled, obtuse or subacute, margins recurved, Racemes 1/2-1 in., slightly pubescent ; pedicels 1/6-1/4 in., pubescent; bracts as long, linear. Flowers 1/6 in., yellow-green. Sepals 1/12 in., ovate, obtuse. Petals oblong. Capsule subglobose, scarcely compressed, 2-valved. 3. P. tetraspermum, W. & A. Prodr. 154 ; leaves broad-ovate to lanceolate acute, flowers in terminal many-flowered umbels, rays short simple or 2-fid, sepals ovate acute ciliate, ovary tomentose. Wight Ic. t. 971 (stigma bad). NILGHIRI Mts. ; and Ceylon, central province, alt. 5-7000 fl. A large shrub or tree; branches often umbelled, young puberulous. Leaves 1 1/2-4 by 2/3-2 in., glabrous, shining above, pale below, coriaceous, acute at both ends. Umbels sessile or shortly peduncled, rays many, 1/2 in., short, bracteolate, glabrous or pubescent. Flowers 1/2 in. long, yellow-green. Style glabrous, 2-lobed. Capsule globose, glabrous, 2-valved, 4-seeded. - Very closely allied to P. nilghirense. 4. P. nilghirense, W. & A. Prodr. 154 ; leaves broad-ovate oblong or lanceolate, flowers in slender glabrous terminal 3-8-flowered corymbs, sepals ovate acute subciliate, ovary tomentose. Wight III. i, t. 70. page 199 NILGHIRI Mts.,- above 5000 ft. A small tree. Leaves 1-4 by 1/3-2 in., acute or obtuse, shining above, thinly coriaceous, base tapering. Corymbs several together; pedicels 1/4-1/2 in., spreading; bracteoles minute, subulate. Style glabrous. Capsule subglobose, subcompressed, 2-valved, 6-seeded. - Very closely allied to states of the African P. Senacia, Putt. 5. P. Ceylanicum, Wight III. 173; leaves narrow-obovate, flowers in terminal peduncled or compound corymbs, sepals ovate acute subciliate, ovary pubescent. Thwaites Enum. 68 (exd. most syn.). Ceylon ; in the Oova district, alt. 3-5000 ft. A small tree ; branches leafy, glabrous. Leaves 3-4 by 3/4-1 1/4 in., obtuse or subacute, base tapering; petiole 1/4-1/2 in. Peduncles several, 2-3 in., glabrous; bracteoles small, ovate, at the base of the pedicels. Flowers 1/3 in., greenish-white. Style glabrous. Capsule subglobose, compressed, 2-valved. - An imperfectly known species which turns black in drying. 6. P. floribundum, W. & A. Prodr. 154 ; leaves lanceolate or oblonglanceolate acute or acuminate, margins waved, flowers small pubescent in much-branched terminal compound corymbs, sepals ovate, ovary pubescent. Royle III. 77 ; Wall. Cat. 8127 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb.. Fl. 44. ? P. densiflorum, Putterl. Monog. 9.. Senacia nepalensis, DC. Prodr. i. 347. Celastrus verticillata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. 624, Ed. Wall. ii. 391. Subtropical Himalaya, from Sikkim to Garwhal, ascending to 5000 ft. Khasia HILLS and MISHMI ; Western Peninsula, Concan to the Nilghiri Mts. A small tree ; branches often umbelied. Leaves 2-8 by 1-3 in., glabrous shining, pale below, coriaceous. Corymbs sometimes leafy below ; branches 1-3 in., spreading, glabrous or pubescent. Corymbs numerous, yellow. Sepals obtuse or acute, subciliate. Style glabrous. Capsules pisiform, glabrous, about 6-seeded. - Nilghiri specimens are usually broader and shorter leaved than Himalayan. The African P. Mannii, H. f., is nearly allied, But has a glabrous ovary. tt Young branches pubescent or tomentose. Ovary tomentose in all. 7. P. dasycaulon, Miguel in Herb. Hohenack. 775 ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate glabrous or midrib beneath downy, flowers in dense much-branched terminal compound tomentose corymbs, sepals ovate acute. Western Peninsula; hills of Canara (pl. Hohenack.) ; Belgaum, Ritchie; Concan, Gibson. A shrub or small tree; branchlets densely tomentose. Leaves 2 1/2-4 by 1-1 1/2 in., pale green when dry, thin, coriaceous, margin subundulate ; young petioles tomentose. Flowers white. Sepals ciliate. Anthers bright yellow. Capsule large, compressed, densely tomentose before dehiscence, about 6-seeded. - Flowers much larger than in P. floribundam ; closely allied to P. abyssinicum, Hochst. 8. P. eriocarpum, Royle Ill. 77 ; leaves ovate obovate or broad lanceolate obtuse or acute, young floccose on both surfaces, flowers in many compound many-flowered often umbellate corymbs, sepals lanceolate densely tomentose. Wall. Cat. 8129, 8131, 9074. Western Himalaya ; in Garwhal and Kumaon, alt. 3-7000 ft. A small tree; branches subverticillate, spreading; young tomentose. Leaves very variable, 3-8 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., adult pubescent beneath. Peduncles 1-2 in., bracteoles subulate. Flowers 1/3 in. long, pale yellow. Ovary tomentose ; style short, glabrous.Capsules rather large, tomentose, many-seeded, valves woody. 9. P. ferrugineum, Ait. ; DC. Prodr. i. 346 ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate acute or acuminate, young rusty pubescent, flowers very small in many terminal subsimple corymbose racemes, sepals narrow very page 200 acuminate. Wall, Cat. 8128 ; Benth. Fl. Austral, i. 112. P: ferrugineum and Rumphii, Putterl. Monog. 7, 8.Eastehn Peninsula, from Moulmein to Sincapore, Wallich, &c. - Distrib. Eastern Archipelago, Australia. A spreading much branched tree ; young branches rusty pubescent. Leaves 2 1/2-4 by 1-2 in., thin, coriaceous, adult glabrous and shining above, glabrous or pubescent beneath. Peduncles 1 in., rusty-pubescent. Flowers 1/4 in. long. greenish-white. Ovary rusty-tomentose ; style very short, glabrous. Capsule slightly compressed, rough, about 4-seeded. - Aiton's locality (Guinea) is no doubt an error. Order XVI. POLYGALEAE. (By Alfred W. Bennett, F.L.S.) Annual or perennial herbs, erect or scandent shrubs, or timber trees. Leaves alternate (rarely whorled) or occasionally reduced to scales or 0, simple, quite entire. Stipules 0. Flowers irregular, 2-sexual, 3-bracteate. Sepals 6, unequal, 2 inner often petaloid (wing sepals), deciduous or persistent, imbricate in bud. Petals 5 or 3, distinct, unequal, the inferior usually keel-shaped. Stamens 8 (in Salomonia 4-5, in Trigoniastrum 5) hypogynons, filaments united into a sheath, more rarely distinct ; anthers opening by terminal pores, rarely by slits. Ovary free, 1-3-celled ; style generally curved, stigma capitate ; ovules 1 or more in each cell, anatropous. Fruit generally a 2-celled, 2-seeded, loculicidal capsule;or indehiscent and 1-seeded, or (in Trigoniastrum) of 3 indehiscent carpels. Seed usually strophiolate, albuminous, rarely exalbuminous. - Distrib. The whole world except New Zealand, chiefly in warm regions; genera 16 ; species 450-500. Herbs or (more rarely) erect shrubs. Capsule loculicidal, 2-celled.
Climbing shrubs.
Trees or erect shrubs.
1. POLYGALA, Linn. Herbs or more rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate. Sepals usually persistent; 2 inner larger, usually petaloid. Petals 3, united at the base with the staminal sheath, the inferior keel-shaped and generally crested. Stamens 8, filaments united for their lower half into a split sheath ; anthers opening by pores. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous. Capsule 2celled, loculicidal, 2-seeded. Seeds almost always strophiolate and albuminous. - Distrib. Conterminous with the order, except Tasmania, About 250 species. Sect. I. Chamaebuxus, Tourn. (genus). Shrubs with large handsome flowers. Calyx deciduous. Keel crested. Seeds with a large strophiole, exalbuminous. 1. P. arillata, Hamilt. in Don Prodr. 199; shrubby, leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, flowers yellow in drooping racemes or panicles. Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 100 ; Cat. 4191 ; Griff. Notul. iv. 535, t. 507 ; Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 597. Chamaebuxus arillata and paniculata, Hassk. in Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. i. 153, 154. page 201 SUBTROP. and Temp. Himalaya, from Nipal eastward, alt. 2-6000 ft. Khasia Mts., alt. 4-5000 ft. Western Peninsula, Ava, Ceylon. - Distrib. Malayan Archipelago, S. China. An erect pubescent or nearly glabrous shrub, 4-8 ft. Leaves 4-6 by 3/4-2 1/2 in., lanceolate obovate-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, acuminate ; petiole 1/3-1/2 in. Flowers 1/2 in. long, in usually panicled racemes ; bracts linear, deciduous. Sepals very unequal, caducous, upper very concave, 2 lower small, ovate; wings very large, ovate, red-purple. Corolla yellow ; keel amply crested, united to the lateral petals for half their length. Capsule 1/2-3/4 in., broad-reniform, rather fleshy, rugose when dry. Seeds large, globose ; cotyledons fleshy. Sect. II. Herbs. Flowers small. Calyx deciduous after flowering. Keel not crested. Seeds albuminous. 2. P. triphylla, Ham. in Don Prodr. 200 ; annual, glabrous, leaves spathulate or elliptic long-petioled, racemes terminal many-flowered leafless. Temp. Himalaya, alt. 4-8000 ft. ; from Sirmore to Sikkim. Khasia Mts., Griffith; Central India, Vicary ; Ava and Birma, Wallich. Stem slender, 2-10 in., erect or ascending, weak. Leaves 1/2-2 1/2 in., membranous, glabrous, obtuse or subacute, contracted into the petiole. Racemes 1 1/2-2 in., slender. Flowers 1/12 in.,secund; bracts deciduous. Outer sepals small, ovate, acute; upper larger ; wings petaloid, elliptic, equalling the corolla. Keel hooded, with 2 inflated terminal lobes; lateral petals narrow. Capsule 1/10-1/8 in., orbicular, entire, narrowly winged. Seeds black, slightly hairy ; strophiole galeate, with 2 minute appendages. - Capsules in some (diseased?) Moulmein specimens, with unequal lobes, and irregular much-veined wings. Var. 1. triphylla proper ; leaves small orbicular or spathulate, flowers pink. Royle lll. t. 19 D. P. hyalina, Wall. Cat. 4181. Semeiocardium Hamiltonii, Hassk. in Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. i. 151. Var. 2. glaucescens, Wall. Cat. 4182 (Sp.) ; leaves much larger 1-2 in. elliptic, flowers yellow. P. furcata, Royle Ill. t. 19, B. Semeiocardium hyalinum and glaucescens, Hassk. I.c. Sect. III. Herbs, sometimes woody at the base. Calyx persistent. Keel crested. Seeds albuminous. * Bracts persistent, at least till the flower expands. t Undershrubs. Racemes axillary. Wings petaloid, membranous. Strophiole 2-appendiculate. 3. P. javana, DC. Prodr. i. 327 ; stems closely pubescent, leaves obovate or obovate-lanceolate mucronate, racemes many-flowered, bracts triangular-ovate, wings triangular. W. & A. Prodr. i. 38 ; Thwaites Enum. 22 ; Hassk. in Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. i. 180. P. ceylanica, Heyne in Wall. Cat. 4183. ?P. tinctoria Vahl ; Hassk. I.c. 181. Western Peninsula and Ceylon. - Distrib. Java. A much branched undershrub ; branches stout, strict, erect or spreading, leafy. Leaves 3/4-1 1/2 in., usually obovate and apiculate, finely pubescent on both surfaces; petiole very short. Racemes 1/2-3-4 in., sessile, stiff, few- or many-flowered, densely pubescent. Flowers 1/3-1/2 in. long ; pedicels pubescent ; bracts small, ovate. Outer sepals subequal ; wings broadly triangular-ovate, angles rounded, exceeding the orbicular notched pubescent shortly stipitate capsule. Seeds very hairy ; strophiole galeate, appendages ovate, equalling the seed. 4. P. crotalarioides, Ham. in Don Prodr. 199 ; stems villous with spreading hairs, leaves elliptic or oblong-obovate apiculate hairy ciliate, page 202 racemes very short, bracts subulate, wings obovate. DC. Prodr. i. 327 ; Wall. PI. As. Rar. ii. 185 ; Cat. 4176 ; and beta pygmaia, Cat. 4176 D (a dwarf form). Royle III. t. 19 C ; Hassk. in Miq. Mus. Bot. i. 164.Temp. Himalaya, alt. 4-7000 ft., from Chamba to Sikkim ; Khasia Mts. Stems 4-8 in., erect or ascending, leafy. Leaves 1-2 in., tip rounded, mucronate or not; petiole very short. Racemes very short, dense-flowered, rarely terminal. Flowers 1/4-1/3 in. long, very, shortly pedicelled; bracts minute. Wings with rounded tips, twice as long as the capsule. Capsule broader than long, notched, strongly ciiiate. Seeds hairy ; strophiole with 2 small ovate appendages. tt Herbs. Wings petaloid, membranous. Strophiole without appendages. 5. P. abyssinica, Fresen. in Mus. Senk. ii. 273 ; perennial, stems erect, glabrous, leaves narrow-linear, racemes terminal long lax-flowered, bracts ovate, seeds covered with long hairs. Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afric. i. 130. P. Gerardiana. Wall. Cat. 4187 ; Hassk. in Miq. Ann. Mus. i. 173. P. scabra, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 33. SUBTROP. and Temp. Himalaya, alt. 3-8000 ft., from Marri to Kumaon, Jacquemont, &c. ; Punjab at Moultan, Edgeworth. - Distrib. Affghanistan ; Abyssinia to Natal. Branches 8-18 in., very numerous, slender, ascending from a woody stock, twiggy. Leaves 1/2-3/4 in., very narrow, acuminate, scarcely petioled. Raceme 2-6 in., very slender, naked. Flowers 1/4 in. long, secund or subsecund ; bracts caducous, narrow-ovate, margins membranous as are the outer sepals. Wings obovate. obtuse, nerved. Capsule obovate, emarginate, narrowly winged. Seeds densely hairy, hairs longer than the seed ; strophiole galeate. 6. P. leptalea, DC. Prodr. i. 325 ; perennial, stems erect glabrous, habit of P. abyssinica, but racemes dense-flowered, flowers smaller, seeds silky. Wall. Cat. 4189; Benth. Fl. Austral. i. 139 ; Hassk. in Miq. Ann. Mas. i. 173. P. oligophylla DC. I.c. 325; Wall. Cat. 4188. P. discolor, Ham. in Don Prodr. 199. SUBTROP. Himalaya, from Kashmir to Nipal; Behar ; Khasia Mts., ascending to 4000ft; NILGHIRI Mts.; Rangoon, Ava, Ceylon. - Distrib. Australia. Very similar to P. abynsinica. Stems deeply furrowed. Lower leaves often oblong-lanceolate. Racemes 1-2 in., naked. Flower 1/6-1/4 in., subsecund ; bracts twice as long as the buds, deciduous immediately after the flower expands. Wings much narrowed below. Strophiole small galeate. 7. P. Hohenackeriana, Fisch. & Mey. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. iv. 42 ; hoary, stems many short from a perennial stock, leaves oblong lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate obtuse or subacute, racemes short terminal many-flowered, upper outer sepal much the largest obtuse, wings broad elliptic obtuse very membranous, cai)sule very broadly winged. P. Hohenackeriana var. Stocksiana, Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 472. P. supina var. Hohenackeriana, Regel PI. Raddi, t. 7, 6, 12. Western Punjab, Attock, Vicary; Waziristan, ascending to 3500 ft, Stewart. - DISTRIB. Affghanistan and Beluchistan, Persia, Caucasus. Stems 2-3 in., much branched from the base, suberect, hoary or pubescent. Leaves 1/3-2/3 in., pale, hoary, at length glabrous, nerveless. Racemes 1/4-1/3 in., subsessile, dense-flowered. Flowers drooping, nearly 1/4 in. long ; pedicels short, bracts small. Sepals with broad scarious margins, upper linear-obovate, 2 lateral very small oblong obtuse; wings white, veins very delicate not anastomosing. Capsule 1/6 in. ; glabrous, orbicular, with a broad membranous wing. Seeds densely silky ; strophiole with 2 appendages. 8. P. persicariaefolia, DC. Prodr. i. 326 ; annual, erect, leaves linear or elliptic-lanceolate, racemes terminal and extra-axillary, pedicels slender. page 203 bracts subulate, wings broad-obovate. Wall. Pl. As. Rar. ii. t. 184 ; Cat. 4185; Hassk. in Miq. Ann. Mus. i. 176; Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afric. i. 129. P. Wallichiana, Wight III. i. t. 22 A. P. granulata, Hassk. I.c. 179. P. Buchanani, Ham. in Don Prodr. 199.Temp, and Subtrop. Himalaya, alt. 5-9000 ft. ; from Simla to E. Nipal. Khasia Mts., alt. 2-4000 ft. ; Western Peninsula, from the Dekkan to Travancor. - Distrib. Trop. Africa and Australia. An erect or ascending slightly pubescent very much branched slender herb, 6-16 in. Leaves 1-2 in., flaccid, hardly petioled. Racemes 1-2 in., slender, lax-flowered. Flowers 1/4 in, long ; bracts small, subulate, pedicels curved. Wings orbicular-obovate or elliptic, obtuse, rather longer than the elliptic notched ciliate capsule. Seeds villous; strophiole small, galeate. 9. P. erioptera, DC. Prodr. i. 326 ; annual, erect or decumbent, leaves linear linear-oblong or obovate, racemes axillary or extra-axillary few-flowered, wings obliquely oblong, with a strong green midrib. Wall. Cat. 4173 A ; Deless. Ic. Sel. iii. 1. 15. P. Vahliana, DC. I.c. 326 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 366. P. obtusata, DC. I.c. P. tomentosa, Vahl ex Heyne mss. P. triflora, Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afric. i 128 (not of Linn.). The Punjab; Scinde; Behar; the Western Peninsula ; Ava ; Birma. - Distrib. Arabia, trop. Asia and Africa (St. Vincent, introduced?). Very variable in habit ; .branches numerous, erect or spreading from the base, stout or slender, 4-10 in. high. Leaves 1/3-1 in. long, from obovate or almost obcordate to very narrow-linear. Racemes very short, 1/4-1/2 in., few-flowered. Flowers 1/6-1/4 in. ; pedicels slender; bracts minute. Wings always membranous in fruit, glabrous or pubescent, longer than the ovate notched pubescent capsule. Seeds densely hairy ; strophiole galeate and inappendiculate. - Aden specimens have the root so woody as to appear perennial. ttt Herbs. Wings herbaceous. Strophiole in- or 3-appendiculate. 10. P. glaucoides, Linn. (not of Wight) ; stems wiry pubescent excessively numerous from a perennial stock, leaves elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, racemes extra-axillary with slender peduncles 2-3-flowered equalling the leaves or shorter, outer sepals acuminate, wings oblong acute. DC. Prodr. i. 326; Wall. Cat. 4171. ? P. confusa, Hassk. I.c. 165. Ceylon ; on banks at Newera Ellia. Stems 4-8 in., pubescent or pilose. Leaves 1/3-2/3 in., glabrous or pilose, usually mucronate. Racemes about equalling the leaves. Flowers 1/6-1/5 in. long ; pedicels slender, sometimes longer; bracts subulate. Outer sepals subequal ciliate; wings green, oblique. Capsule broadly obcordate or didymous. Seeds somewhat curved, slightly hairy ; strophiole half the length of the seed, 3-appendiculate. - The two following forms of this plant are probably distinct species. Var. 1. hirsutula, Arn. Pugill. 4 (sp.) ; leaves broadly elliptic-ovate acute flat opaque. P. elongata beta hirsutula, Thwaites Enum. 22. P. hypoglauca, Hassk. in Miq. Ann. Mus. i. 169. Var. 2 ; leaves linear-oblong acute shining nerved. P. rosmarinifolia and mucronata, Thwaites Enum. 22. P. arvensis beta, Thwaites I.c. 400. 11. P. elongata, Klein in Willd. Sp. PI. iii. 879 ; annual, erect or ascending, slender, leaves linear or linear-oblong obtuse acute or mucronate, racemes extra-axillary many- flowered longer than the leaves, outer sepals lanceolate acuminate, wings very oblique. Wall. Cat. 4168 ; DC. Prodr: i. 322; W. & A. Prodr. 38; Thwaites Enum. 22; Hassk. in Miq. Ann. Mus. i. 172. P. Wightiana, Wall. Cat. 4190; W. & A. Prodr. 38; Hassk. l.c. P. campestris, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. ii. 40 ; Dalz. & page 204 Gibs. Fl. Bomb: 13 (not of Benth.). P. macrostachya and eumekes, Hassk. I.c. 171, 172.Western Peninsula, from the Concan southward. Ceylon, Walker. Stems 6-10 in., branching from the base, glabrous pilose or pubescent. Leaves 1/3-2 1/2 by 1/10-1/4 in., acuminate, margins thickened, costa prominent beneath, upper surface often shining. Racemes 3-5 in., laxly many-flowered. Flower 1/6 in, yellow ; pedicels slender; bracts minute. Outer sepals subequal ; wings equalling the corolla, falcate, obovate or hatchet-shaped, acute obtuse or acuminate. Capaule didymous, narrower upwards, narrowly winged, notched, glabrous. Seeds villous ; strophiole galeate, appendages 3, very small. - P. Wightiana is the narrower leaved form. 12. P. chinensis, Linn.; annual, erect or diffuse, leaves from orbicular-oblong or obcordate to narrow linear, racemes short axillary and extra-axillary dense-flowered, flowers horizontal or pendulous, outer sepals small ovate, wings very oblique acute. P. arvensis, Wllld. Sp. PI. iii. 876 ; DC. Prodr. i. 326 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 218 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 36 ; Thwaites Enum. 400. ? P. prostata, Willd. I.c. 896 ; DC. I.c. 333. P. Rothiana, W. & A. Prodr. i. 37 ; Hassk. in Miq. Ann. Mus. i. 162. P. Tranquebarica, Mart. ex Hb. Wight. 135 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 37. P. glaucoides, Wight in Wall. Cat. 4171 (not of Linn.). P. grandiflora, Hb. Wight. ; Wall. Cat. 4175. P. brachystachya, DC. I.c. 326 (not of Blume). P. procumbens, Roth. Nov. Sp. 329 ; DC. I.c. 326. P. exigua, Hassk. l.c. 173. Throughout India, from the Punjab to Pegu, and in the Western Peninsula, and Ceylon. - Distrib. Trop. Asia and Australia. A most variable, usually procumbent, leafy, rather stout herb ; 3-10 in. high, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves excessively variable, 1/3-2 in. long, sometimes quite obcordate, at others almost orbicular, rather thick and coriaceous, glabrous, ciliate, hoary, or pubescent, margins usually flat, opaque. Racemes much shorter than the leaves, truncate, almost capitate. Flowers 1/5-1/4 in. long. Wings longer than the suborbicular notched ciliate narrowly winged capsule, green, falcate, obovate, acute, margins membranous. Crest of corolla often small. Seeds silky ; strophiole with 3 very short appendages. - Linnaeus having described the crest as unbearded, this was not identified by De Candolle with Willdenow's arvensis, but was placed in another section of the genus. The specimens in the Linn. Herb. are however decisive. It is linked by either intermediate or mimicking forms with various other species. Var. triflora, Linn. (Sp.), racemes elongate, sometimes twice as long as the leaves, lax-flowered. P. multibracteata. Wall. Cat. 4174. P. ramosa. Hb. Wight ; Wall. Cat. 4177. P. ciliata, Hb. Wight. P. Kleinii,Hassk. in Miq. Ann. Mus. i. 158. - Chiefly in the Western Peninsula. Var. brachystachya, Blume Bijd. 59 ( Sp., not of DC.) ; stems very slender prostrate, leaves very narrow glabrous, racemes very slender few-flowered, flowers minute, 1/10 in. long. Hassk. in Miq. Ann. Mus. i. 157. Malacca, Griffiith. Western Peninsula ?(P. glabra, Henne in Herb. Wight.) (Java). - Perhaps a distinct species, the flowers are remarkably small and the habit is peculiar. 13. P. rosmarinifolia, W. & A. Prodr. i. 37 ; annual, stems many slender erect or decumbent, leaves narrow linear, racemes axillary and extra-axillary short erect few-flowered, flowers shortly pedicelled erect, outer sepals acute, wings obliquely obovate acuminate, capsules ciliate. Thwaites Enum. 22, 400. P. Tranquebarica, Wight in Wall. Cat. 4169. ¿P. Arnottiana, Steud. Nomencl. 370; Hassk. in Miq. Ann. Mus. i. 159. P. triflora, Hassk. I.c. 175 (not Linn.). P. linarifolia, Heyne according to Hassk. I.c. Southern parts of the Western Peninsula and Ceylon. Stems many from the root, 4-18 in., twiggy, pubescent. Leaves 1/2-2 in., glabrous or page 205 pubescent, narrow-linear very rarely oblong or narrowed to the base, erect, or suberect, margin often thickened or recurved, midrib strong. Flowers 1/8 in. long, few, green, erect, which gives a remarkable habit to the plant. Capsule as in P. chinensis but usually hairy on the surfaces as well as on the margins. - The erect leaves and flowers seem to afford a good character for this.** Bracts caducous (before flowering). Strophiole 3-appendiculate. 14. P. sibirica, L. ; stems many slender ascending from a perennial stock, leaves from orbicular to elliptic-lanceolate and linear shining margins often recurved, racemes axillary and extra-axillary sub-erect laxly few- or many-flowered, outer sepals subequal oblong ovate or lanceolate, crest usually large, wings obliquely oblong or obovate obtuse or acute, capsule rather broadly winged glabrous not ciliate. DC. Prodr. i. 324 ; Ledeb. Ic. t. 448. P. japonica, Houtt. Syst. 8, t 62, f. 1 ; DC I.c. ; Hassk, in Miq. Ann. Mus. i. 181. P. vulgaris, Thunb. Fl. Jap.277 (not of Linn.). P. elegaus. Wall. Cat. 4186 ; Hassk I.c. 176. P. myrsinites, Royle III. t. 19 A. P. Khasiana, Hassk. I.c. 176. P. monopetala, Camb. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 27 ; Polyg. sp. 3, Griff. ; Notul. iv. 337 ; Ic. Pl. t. 597. Temp, and Subtrop. Himalaya, alt. 1-6000 ft. (8000 in Sikkim), from the Punjab and N. W. frontier to Bhotan ; Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft. ; Nilghiri Mts. (var. 1) ; Ceylon (var. 2). - Distrib. China, Japan, Siberia. Very variable, but quite distinct from any other Indian species, usually best recognised by the shining reticulate upper surfaces of the elliptic-lanceolate leaves, and slender extra-axillary racemes, rather large (1/4-1/3 in.) and conspicuous erect flowers; but all these characters are excessively variable. Stems 3-18 in., pubescent. Leaves 1/2-2 in. Racemes 1-3 in. ; bracts deciduous or persistent. Outer sepals short or long, obtuse acute or acuminate. Wings straight or oblique, membranous or subherbaceous, obtuse or acute, rarely acuminate. Capsules always glabrous, with a broader wing than in P. chinensis. Seeds pilose; strophiole with usually 3 short appendages. Var. 1. Heyneana, Wall. Cat. 4184 (Sp.) ; stouter, leaves linear oblong coriaceous, midrib stout, margins usually strongly recurved, wings herbaceous acuminate, appendages of the strophiole larger. - W. & A. Prodr. i. 38. Hassk. in Miq. Ann. Mus. i. 160. - Pulney and Nilghiri Mts. Obviously a form of P. japonica, from which some specimens are hardly distinguishable. Var. 2. macrolophos, Hassk. in Miq. Ann. Mus. i. 167 (Sp.); stems 1-2 ft. very slender, leaves 1-1 1/2 in. broadly elliptic or lanceolate subacute flat, nerves obscure, outer sepals acuminate, wings herbaceous. P. glomerata and pedunculosa, Thwaites Enum. 400 (not of Lour.). Ceylon, Adam's Peak, &c., alt. 4-7000 ft. - A very large form, quite unlike the usual states. 15. P. telephioides, Willd. Sp. PI. iii. 876; annual, stems prostrate sbort leafy, leaves small glabrous often imbricate very thick obovate or oblong obtuse or acute, flowers very small fascicled on very short extraaxillary peduncles, outer sepals acute, wings herbaceous oblique acuminate, capsule glabrous margined not ciliate. DC Prodr. i. 332 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 361 P. serpyllifolia, Poir. Dict. v. 499 ; DC I.c. 326. P. buxiformis, Hassk in Miq. Mus. Bot. i. 161. Western Peninsula, Carnatic, and Travancor ; Ceylon. - Distrib. Indian Archipelago, China, Philippines. Stems very many from an annual woody root, not exceeding 2-4 in. high in our numerous specimens from various collectors ; pubescent. Leaves sessile, 1/2-3/4 in., margins usually recurved. Flowers 1/10 in. long. Capsule 1/12 in. long and broad, deeply notched, valves margined. Seeds minute, .silky ; strophiole minutely appendagcd. - A very distinct species, easily recognised by its dwarf stature, the thick short leaves, small flowers and fruit, and glabrous small capsule that is not winged. page 206 16. P. glomerata, Lour. Fl. Coch. 426 ; stems tall erect, or ascending, leaves large from broad-ovate and oblong to elliptic lanceolate and linear, racemes extra-axillary very short, 2-3-flowered, flowers drooping, outer sepals acuminate, wings herbaceous hatchet-shaped acuminate and awned, capsule narrowly winged strongly ciliate. DC. Prodr. i. 326, P. densiflora, Blume Bijd. 59 ; Hassk. in Miq. Mus. Bot. i. 166. P. depauperata, Wall. Cat. 4180. Eastern Himalaya, hot valleys of Sikkim, alt. 1-6000 ft. ; Oude ; Assam ; Khasia Mts., alt. 0-5000 ft. ; Tenasserim. - Distrib. Eastern Archipelago. China. Stems many from a woody stock, 1-2 ft. high, densely pubescent, curved. Leaves very variable, 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., flat, glabrous or hairy, not veined, sessile or shortly petioled, sometimes cordate. Racemes scattered, small ; peduncles shorter than the flowers, which are 1/4-1/3 in. long, green. Outer sepals subequal, acute, ciliate. Crest very small. Capsule 1/5 in. broad and long, 2-lobed. Seeds large, silky, obovoid ; strophiole with 3 short appendages. - Thwaites' specimen named glomerata resembles it in habit, but differs totally in the capsule and seed; they no doubt belong to a large state of F.japonica (see var. elata). DOUBTFUL SPECIES. P. linarifolia, Willd. Sp. PI. iii. 877 (linearifolia, DC. Prodr. i 326). P. procumbens, Roth. Nov. Sp. 329; DC. Prodr. i. 326. - Ind. Or. P. varians, Mart. DC. I.c. 332. - Bengal. P. umbrosa, Mart. DC. I.c. - Bengal. P. macropetala, Hassk. I.c., perhaps P. japonica, var. 2. 2. SALOMONIA, Lour. Leafy diffuse annuals, or (Sect. Epirhizanthes) parasites, with leaves reduced to scales. Flowers minute, in dense terminal spikes. Sepals nearly equal, 2 interior somewhat larger. Petals 3, united at the base with the staminal tube, the inferior keel-shaped, galeate, not crested. Stamens 4-5, filaments united for their lower half into a sheath ; anthers opening by pores. Ovary 2-celled, each cell with one pendulous ovule. Capsule much compressed laterally, 2-celled, loculicidal, margins toothed. Seeds albuminous, not or scarcely strophiolate - Distrib. species about 8, natives of Eastern tropical Asia and tropical Australia. Sect. I Salomonla, DC. Stems leafy. 1. S. cantoniensis, Lour. Fl. Coch. 14 ; stem winged, leaves cordate-ovate shortly petioled, spikes rather lax, capsule with triangular teeth. Wall. Cat. 4192 ; DC Prodr. i. 334 ; Benth. Fl.Hongk. 44; Miq. Flor. Ned. Lad. i. pt. 2, 127 ; Hassk. in Miq. Ann. Mus. i. 144. S. subrotunda, Hassk. l.c. - Salomonia, sp. 3 in Griff. Notul. iv. 639. Eastern Bengal; Assam; Khasia Mts., alt. 0-4000 ft.; Eastern Peninsula. - DISTRIB. Malayan Archipelago. A weedy erect much-branched diffuse annual, 3-6 in. Leaves large, paler beneath. Spikes numerous, terminal, lax below, denser above. Bracts minute, early deciduous. Flowers minute, quite sessile. Sepals linear subulate. Petals united below, the two lateral shorter than the keel, Capsule very small, broader than long, armed with a row of recurved triangular teeth. Seeds black, shining, not strophiolate. 2. S. ciliata, DC. Prodr. i. 334; stem furrowed, leaves sessile cordate-amplexicaul ciliate, spike very dense, capsule with filiform teeth. page 207 S. cordata, Arn. Pug. Ind. 4; Wight III. i. t. 22 C; Thwaites Enum. 22 (excl. synom.) ; Hassk. in Miq, Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. i. 145. ? S. angulata, Griff. Notul. iv. 539. Polygala ciliata, Linn.Ceylon, in swampy ground. Stouter than S. cantoniensis . Stem erect, glabrous, furrowed, scarcely winged. Leaves small, strongly ciliate. Flowers crowded, small, pink, sessile. Sepals lanceolate, ciliate. Capsule small, broader than long, with a row of red filiform teeth. Seeds black, shining, with a small membranous strophiole. - Wight and Arnott are in error in taking Linnaeus's Polygala ciliata for a true Polygala. The specimen in Herb. Burman. in the British Museum, clearly shows it to be a Salomonia, and identical with Arnott' s S. cordata. 3. S. oblongifolia, DC. Prodr. i. 354; leaves elliptic or ovate-lanceolate not ciliate, teeth of capsule filiform. Hassk. in Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd.Bat. i. 147 ; Arn. Pug. Ind. 4 ; Deless Ic. Sel. iii. t. 19. S. sessiliflora, Ham. in Don Prodr. 201. S. obovata, Wight III. i. t. 22 B. S. canarana, rigida, ? Horneri, ? uncinata and ? setosa-ciliata, Hassk. I.c. 147, 148, 149. ¿ S. stricta, Sieb, et Zucc. Abh. d. k. baier. Akad. d. Wiss. iv. 2, 152. S. leptostachya, Wall. Cat. 4193. Polygala canarana and Arnottiana, Hassk. I.c. SUBTROP. Himalaya, from Nipal to Sikkim ; Khasia Mts. ; Eastern and Western Peninsulas ; Ceylon. - Distrib. Malayan Archipelago, Australia. A simple or branched annual. Leaves larger than in S. ciliata, sessile, not cordate, margins with a few long distant hairs. Bracts linear, often persistent at time of flowering. Flowers crowded, small, pink. Sepals nearly equal, lanceolate, slightly ciliate. Lateral petals much shorter than keel. Capsule small, with a row of red teeth. Seeds black, shining, not strophiolate. -Very near the last, but probably distinct. 4. S. edentula, DC. Prodr. i. 334 ; stem much-branched winged, leaves cordate-triangular very shortly petioled, capsule scarcely toothed. Hassk. in Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. i. 146; Wall. Cat. 4194. S. petiolata, Ham. in Don Prodr. 200. Nipal, Wallich. A low, glabrous annual. Spikes lax below, denser above. Flowers minute. Bracts minute, deciduous. Sepals very small, ovate. Lateral petals broad and nearly as long as the galeate keel. Capsule very small, membranous, not ciliate, minutely toothed. Seeds black, shining, not strophiolate. Sect. II. Epirhizanthes, Blume (gen.). Parasitic ; leaves 0 or reduced to scales. 5. S. aphylla, Griff, in Trans. Linn. Soc. xix. 342. S. parasitica, Griff. Notul. iv. 538. S. tenella, Hook.f. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 158. Malacca and Tenasserim, Griffith. - Distrib. Borneo. A brown parasite, associated with Thismia Brunoniana and a Burmannia (Griff.), Stem 3-6 in., ascending, sparingly divided. Leaves reduced to a few distant brown scales. Spikes numerous, elongated, very-dense. Bracts minute, persistent after flowering. Flowers minute, brown. Sepals distinct, broadly ovate. Capsule membranous, broader than long, not ciliate. Seeds minute, black, with a small appendiculate strophiole. 3. SECURIDACA, Linn. Shrubs, almost always scandent. Flowers in terminal or axillary usually compound racemes. Sepals deciduous, 2 inner (wings) larger and petaloid. Lateral petals nearly or quite distinct from the galeate crested keel, superior petals 0. Stamens 8, filaments united ; anthers 2-celled, dehiscing by page 208 oblique pores. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Fruit a 1-celled samara, 1-seeded, wing broad coriaceous. Seeds exalbuminous, estrophiolate. - Distrib. Species about 25 ; most numerous in tropical America, rarer in tropical Africa and Asia.1. S. Tavoyana, Wall. Cat. 4196; leaves elliptic or obovate-oblong minutely pubescent beneath, flowers in loose subcorymbose panicles, wings elliptic. S. scaudens, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 4195 (not of Jacq.) ; Hassk. in Miq. Ann. Mus. i. 190. S. paniculata, Wall, (not of Lamk.). S. inappendiculata, Hassk. Pl. Jav. Rar. 295. Lophostylis javanica, Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. i. pt. 2, 128. Eastern Bengal, from Silhet and Chittagong to Rangoon. - Distrib. Java, China. A large woody scandent shrub; branches striate, branchlets puberulous. Leaves 3-5 by 1 1/2-2 in., generally acuminate. Glabrous, paler beneath. Flowers 1/4 in., the lower with considerably longer (1/2 in.) pedicels than the upper. Outer sepals nearly equal, ovate, shortly ciliate ; wings elliptic, obtuse. Lateral petals, adnate at the base to the keel, truncate ; keel with a conspicuous but scarcely fimbriate crest. Ovary orbicular; style unilateral, curved at right angles near the tip. Samara 2 1/2-3 1/4 in.; nucleus very rugose ; wing very large and strongly veined, oblique, tip rounded, margin entire, veins arched. 2. S. bracteata, A. W. Benn. ; leaves elliptic puberulous beneath, flowers in panicled racemes, wings orbicular, wing of fruit strongly veined. Malacca, Maingay. A large scandent shrub; branches terete, hoary-pubescent. Leaves elliptic, acuminate, margins revolute when dry, beneath finely pubescent glaucous. Flowers 1/2 in., pedicels 1/3 in. Bracts ovate, acuminate, pubescent, persistent after flowering. Outer sepals nearly equal, large ovate, very hairy, ciliate ; wings scarcely twice as long, pubescent externally. Lateral petals truncate; keel with a recurved, plaited crest. Ovary orbicular; style curved. Fruit unknown. Samara 3-3 1/2 in., similar to that of S. Tavoyana, but contracted for a longer space above the nucleus. 4. TRIGONIASTRUM, Miquel. A shrub or small tree. Leaves hoary beneath. Flowers in slender terminal panicles. Petals 5, unequal, the inferior keel-shaped. Stamens 5, filaments united into a sheath. Ovary densely hairy, 3-locular ; ovules pendulous, solitary in each cell. Fruit of 3 samaroid ultimately almost distinct carpels. Seeds 1 in each carpel, not strophiolate. 1. T. hypoleucum, Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. Suppl. i. 395. Isopteris penangiana. Wall. Cat. 7261. Penang, Porter; Malacca, Maingay. Branches slender, terete ; branchlets hoary. Leaves 4-7 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., elliptic-lanceolate, obtusely acuminate, pale beneath and with very fine adpressed pubescence ; petiole 1/10-1/8 in. Panicles much branched, lax, slender. Flowers 1/4 in. diam., shortly pedicelled, tomentose. Sepals 5, 2 exterior rather larger. Ovary densely hairy. Samara 2 in. long, membranous, dimidiate-obovate, strongly reticulate, shining; nucleus small. 5. XANTHOPHYLLUM, Roxburgh. Timber-trees. Leaves large, coriaceous, generally yellow-green. Sepals 5, nearly equal. Petals 5 or 4, nearly equal, the inferior keel-shaped, not crested. Stamens 8, distinct, 2 hypogynous, 6 attached to the base of the petals. Ovary stipitate, 1-celled ; style curved ; ovules various in number page 209 and insertion. Fruit 1-celled, indehiscent, 1-seeded. Seeds exalbuminous, estrophiolate. - Distrib. Species about 15. Most abundant in the Archipelago and Malacca; a few species are Continental Indian, and one is N. Australian.*Ovules 4-8, rarely more (8-14 in X. affine). 1. X. flavescens, Roxb. Cor. Pl. iii t. 248 ; leaves coriaceous elliptic-lanceolate not glaucous beneath yellow-green when dry, .panicle diffuse closely pubescent, sepals unequal, ovary and style strigose, fruit glabrous. W. & A. Prodr. 39. X. paniculatum, Miquel Fl. Ned. Ind. Sappl. i 393, X. Arnottianum, undulatum, and Roxburghianiim, Wight III. i. 50; Beddome Flor. Sylvat. (Anal.) t. 3. - Rheede Hort. Malab. iv. t. 23. East Bengal ; Silhet, and Chittagong. Western Peninsula. Ceylon. - Distrib. Sumatra, Java. A timber tree. Leaves 4-7 by 1 1/2-3 in., shining above, less so and veins much reticulated beneath, with 5-7 principal nerves on each side, and more or less scattered perforated glands (which are sometimes absent) at the axils of the nerves or elsewhere. Flowers 1/3-1/2 in. long, yellow ; pedicels very vanable, 1/6-2/3 in. Sepals unequal, suborbicular, finely tomentose. Ovary globose, densely stigose ; ovules 4, 2 erect and 2 pendulous, or more numerous and subhorizontal. Fruit globose, 2/3 in. diam., and upwards, walls very thick, green. - Very variable. I am unable to distinguish between Roxburgh's flavescens and virens, both usually having pitted glands on the leaf beneath, except by the long pedicels of the latter, the Ceylon specimens of which have 4 ovules, and the Silhet ones usually the same, whilst the Peninsula ones vary 4-9, and Sumatran specimens are 4-ovuled. Var. 1. flavescens proper ; leaves broad, panicle close axillary or terminal, pedicels short, ovules 4-12. Chittagong and Western Peninsula (Sumatra, Java). Var. 2. angustifolium, Wight Ill. 50, t. 23 (sp.); leaves narrower, ovules usually 4. Beddome Fl. Sylvat. Anal Gen. t. 3. Var. 3. virens, Roxb. Cor. PI. t. 248 (sp.); panicles short supra-axillary, pedicels very slender, ovules 4. X. flavescens, Roxb. ? ; Wight I.c. ; Beddome Fl. Sylvat. Anal. Gen. t. 3. Ceylon, Silhet; Paupanassum hills (Travancor ?), alt. 2-3000 ft., Beddome. 2. X. affine, Korth.in Miq. Ann. Mus. i. 271; leaves coriaceous oblong or elliptic-lanceolate not glaucous beneath yellow-green when dry, panicles axillary and terminal diffuse tomentose, sepals unequal, ovary glabrous, style strigose. X. flavescens, Wall. Cat. 4198, not of Roxb. Eastern Peninsula ; Tenasserim to Malacca and Penang, Wallich, &c. - Distrib. Sumatra, Java, Borneo. So like the X. flanescens, that the larger leavres, rather larger flowers, more tomentose calyx, and glabrous larger ovary, alone distinguish it in the dried state. The ovules vary from 8-14, and the fruit is quite glabrous, green, globose and thick-walled. 3. X. glaucum, Wall. Cat. 4199 ; branches very slender, leaves usually membranous elliptic or lanceolate acuminate glaucous beneath, nerves very numerous 8-10 on each side, panicle large open lax, branches long tomentose, calyx pubescent or tomentose, ovary and style strigose, fruit glabrous. Hassk. in Miq. Ann. Mus. i. 193. Eastern Peninsula ; Rangoon and Tenasserim in moist places. A small tree; branches terete, very slender, dark red-brown, glabrous. Leaves 3-4 by 1-1 1/2 in., rather abruptly acuminate, quite glabrous, finely reticulate ; petiole slender, 1/3 in. Panicle 1 ft., with long spreading very slender tomentose simple branches. Flowers 1/4-1/3 in. diam., and slender pedicels pubescent, pale when dry. Ovary sessile, covered with dense strigose hairs, ovules 4. Fruit much smaller than in X.flavescens, 1/8-1/2 in. diam., quite smooth and glabrous. - Easily distmguished by its page 210 slender habit, and glaucous membranous leaves, which are very pale beneath, with numerous slender much reticulated veins.4. X. Griffithii, Hook.f. ; branches usually robust, leaves very coriaceous elliptic or elliptic lanceolate acute or acuminate with few (5-6) principal nerves on each side glaucous beneath, panicle spreading tomentose, calyx pubescent, ovary and style strigose. Mergui, Griffith, Helfer; Malacca, Maingay. Very much more robust than X. glaucum, with very coriaceous leaves, 3-6 in. long; branches very dark brown, smooth, terete ; branchlets often extra-axillary with two opposite lateral coriaceous oblong scales at the base (persistent first leaves of the bud). Flowers nearly 1/3 in. long, on short stout pedicels, smaller in the Mergui specimens, and darker when dry. Sepals orbicular ovate, -subequal. Petals linear-spathulate, glabrous, except the pubescent keel. Ovary sessile and style strigose, ovules 4. Fruit in a Mergui species the size of a pea, slightly pubescent, shining (perhaps immature). Large leaved specimens of this or a closely allied species, gathered in the Andamans by Helfer, but without flowers, resemble the leaves of X acuminatissimum, Miquel. 5. X. Maingayi, Hook. f. ; branches very slender, leaves membranous elliptic-lanceolate obtusely caudate-acuminate not glaucous beneath, principal nerves 5-6 on each side, racemes slender simple and panicled, calyx pubescent, ovary and style strigose, fruit densely pubescent. MALACCA, Griffith, Maingay. Branches glabrous, pale yellow-brown, branchlets tomentose. Leaves 2-3 by 1 1/4-1 1/2 in., pale green when dry, sometimes almost white beneath, but scarcely glaucous ; petiole very slender, 1/10-1/8 in. Racemes 1-2 in., axillary and terminal, the latter often panicled, branches very slender finely pubescent with pale buff down. Flowers lax, 1/4 in. long; pedicels short, slender. Sepals unequal, orbicular-ovate, -obtuse, buff-pubescent. Petals glabrous, except the keel. Ovary and style strigose, ovules 4. Fruit 2/3 in. diam., globose ; walls thick, rugose when dry. ** Ovules numerous. (See also 2. X. affine.) t Flowers panicled. 6. X. stipitatum, A. W. Benn. ; branches very slender, leaves membranous elliptic obtusely caudate-acuminate glaucous beneath, nerves indistinct, racemes sparingly branched pubescent, calyx puberulous ciliate, ovary cottony stipitate. Malacca, Maingay. Branchlets glabrous, dull brown. Leaves 2 by 3/4 in., dull pale leaden-brown when dry, rather coriaceous, shining above, opaque beneath, with very obscure nerves; petiole 1/10 in. Panicle sparingly branched ; branches long, slender. Flowers 1/3 in. long, dull red, shorter than the slender pedicels. Sepals subequal, broadly oblong, obscurely puberulous. Petals about twice as long, ciliate when young. Filaments vilIous belolow the middle. Ovary narrowed into a glabrous stipes, and base of style loosely clothed with white cottony hairs; ovules 10-12. 7. X. rufum, A. W. Benn.; branchlets stout and leaves beneath rusty or rufous pubescent, leaves very coriaceous elliptic-ovate or oblong acuminate, nerves beneath few very stout, panicle large and calyces red- tomentose, ovary and style densely villous, fruit pubescent. Malacca, Maingay. A large timber tree; branchlets very stout, densely tomentose. Leaves 6-7 by 1 1/2-3 in., clothed beneath with soft spreading pubescence, especially on the costa and nerves (6 on each side), -pale yellow when dry, upper surface opaque, under paler; page 211 petiole 1/4-1/2 in. Panicle 6-10 in., branches stout, densely clothed with yellow-brown tomentum; branchlets and calyces ruddy; brown. Flowers 3/4 in. long; pedicels shorter than the sepals, bracts large, oblong. Sepals subequal, coriaceous, orbicular, deciduous, densely tomentose within and without. Petals three times as long, narrowly falcate-lanceolate, glabrous, except the broad tomentose keel. Filaments pilose at the base. Ovary sessile, rigid (when dry) and style densely pubescent to the top ; ovules 14-16. Fruit dry (immature obscurely angled).tt Flowers racemose, racemes rarely panicled. 8. X. obscurum, A. W. Benn. ; branchlets stout, leaves very thickly coriaceous stout-petioled oblong obtuse glabrous dark brown when dry, racemes very short stout axillary few-flowered, calyx glabrous ciliate, ovary and style glabrous. SINCAPORE, Maingay. A large timber tree ; branchlets woody, glabrous Leaves 5-7 by 2-4 in., exceedingly thick, shining above, nerves 8-10 on each side reticulate, dark brown when dry ; petiole 1/4 in., very stout. Racemes 1-1 1/2 in., stout, suberect, dark, few-flowered. Flowers 1/4-1/3 in. long. Sepals unequal, orbicular, tips minutely ciliate. Petals all spathulate, subequal, glabrous, except on the claw and pubescent keel. Ovary ovoid and style quite glabrous ; ovules 15-16 (Maingay). 9. X. insigne. A. W. Benn. ; branchlets stout glabrous, leaves long-petioled very coriaceous ovate or elliptic-oblong obtuse glabrous, racemes simple short stout axillary and terminal, pedicels curved, sepals ciliate, ovary sessile and style glabrous. Malacca, Maingay. A tree, not lofty : trunk thick ; branchlets quite glabrous. Leaves 5-6 by 1 3/4 -2 1/2 in., base acute, dark brown when dry, shining above, nerves 6-8 on each side, loosely reticulate ; petiole 3/4-1 in., very thick. Racemes 3-4 in., sometimes panicled at the ends of the branches. Flowers 1/2-2/3 in. long, handsome, almost black when dry. Sepals unequal, suborbicular, puberulous. Petals spathulate, subequal, except the keel which is larger and silky near the tip ; claw pubescent. Ovary ovoid ; style slightly curved ; ovules 12-14. 10. X. ellipticum, Korth. in Miq. Ann. Mus. i. 276; wholly glabrous, leaves rather coriaceous elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate obtusely caudate-acuminate not glaucous beneath .strongly reticulate, racemes simple stout suberect, calyx ovary style and thin- walled fruit perfectly glabrous. Malacca, Griffith. - DISTRIB. Borneo. Branchlets slender or stout. Leaves 3-4 by 1-1 1/2 in., glossy above, very strongly reticulated on both surfaces, principal nerves about 6 on each side, pale brown when dry ; petiole 1/4 in. Racemes 1-3 in., rachis rather stout, angled. Flowers 1/4 in. long, almost black when dry; pedicels equalling the calyx. Sepals orbicular, subequal, very coriaceous. Petals twice as long, very narrow, all quite glabrous. Filaments glabrous. Ovary and slender style perfectly glabrous; ovules 12-14. Fruit 3/4 in. diam., sessile, chestnut-brown when dry with thin crustaceous walls. - There is a very faint pubescence on the buds and pedicels of the Bornean specimens. Order XVII. FRANKENIACEAE. (By M. P. Edgeworth, F.L.S.) Annual or perennial herbs or undershrubs, with articulale branches. Leaves opposite, small, exstipulate. Flowers small, solitary in tlie forks of the branches, regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx gamosepalous, persistent with 4-6 divisions, induplicate valvate in bud. Petals equalling the .sepals in number, hypogynous, free ; claw with an adherent scale, imbricated in bud. page 212 Stamens 4 or more, free, or connate at the base ; anthers versatile, 2-celled. Ovary free, sessile, 1 -celled ; style slender, stigma 2-5-lobed ; ovules many in two rows, amphitropous with the micropyle below ; funicles slender. Capsule enclosed in the persistent calyx, opening by as many valves as there are placentas. Seeds oblong or ovoid, hilum sub-terminal, raphe linear, testa crustaceous ; embryo straight, in the centre of mealy albumen. - A single genus, with about 12 species, natives of dry sandy and especially saline tracts.1. FRANKENIA, Linn. 1. F. pulverulenta, Linn. ; annual, prostrate, leaves obovate retuse or hoary beneath, calyx glabrous. - Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 779. Plains of the Punjab and Sindh, on Sola land. - Distrib. Eastward to S. Europe, Senegal, and S. Africa. A slender, exceedingly branched, diffuse herb ; branches wiry, leafy, 6-18 in. long. Leaves 1/6-1/4 in., very shortly petioled. Flowers pink, shorter than the leaves. Calyx cylindric, strongly ribbed. Petals small. Order XVIII. CARYOPHYLLEAE. (By M. P. Edgoworth,F.L.S., & J. D. Hooker.) Herbs, rarely undershrubs ; branches opposite, usually jointed and thickened at the joints. Leaves opposite, quite entire or serrulate, often connate ; stipules scarious or 0. Flowers rarely 1-sexual. Sepals 4-5, free or connate, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-5, rarely 0, inserted on a hypogynous ring, rarely perigynous. Stamens 8 or 10, rarely fewer, inserted with the petals ; anthers 2-celled, cells parallel opening lengthwise. Disk small and annular, or elongated into a gynophore, or broken up into glands. Ovary free, 1-celled, or imperfectly 3-6-celled ; styles 2-5, free, or connate into a single style, stigmatose on the inner side ; ovules 2 or many, on slender basal funicles, or with the funicles united into a column, amphitropous. Capsule membranous or crustaceous, rarely fleshy, opening by valves equal in number or double that of the styles, rarely indehiscent or bursting irregularly. Seeds few or many, rarely solitary, reniform globose obovoid or flattened on one side ; hilum marginal or central, albumen mealy, rarely fleshy ; embryo usually more or less curved and surrounding the albumen, nearly straight in the discoid seeds, cotyledons narrow incumbent, rarely accumbent.- Distrib. Cosmopolitan, but chiefly Arctic, Alpine, European and W. Asiatic ; Genera 35, species about 800. Tribe I. Sileneae. Calyx gamosepalous, 4-5-lobed. Petals clawed and stamens inserted on an elongate gynophore (rarely sessile). Styles free. - Stipules 0. Subtribe 1. DIANTHEAE. Capsule dehiscent ; styles 2. Seeds peltate, hilum facial ; embryo straight.
Subtribe 2. Drypideae. Capsule indehiscent. Hilum lateral ; embryo curved.
page 213 Subtribe 3. Lychnideae. Capsule bursting by short or long valves. Hilum lateral ; embryo annular.
Tribe II. Alsineae. Sepals free, or connate at the base only. Petals subsessile and stamens inserted on an annular disk, rarely perigynous. Styles free. * Stipules 0. Sepals free. Stamens hypogynous.
** Stipules 0. Sepals connate below into an obconic tube, bearing the stamens.
*** Stipules scarious. Sepals free.
Tribe III. Polycarpeae. Sepals free. Petals subsessile and stamens inserted on an annular disk. Styles 3-2, combined. Stipules scarious, rarely obsolete.
1. DIANTHUS, Linn. Herbs, usually perennial. Leaves linear. Flowers terminal, solitary or in panicled cymes. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, nely striated (with 7-9 or 11 nerves to each tooth) ; base embraced by 2 or more imbricating bracts. Petals with a long claw; blade entire or toothed or fimbriate, claw without a scale. Stamens 10. Disk a long-stalked gynophore. Ovary 1-celled ; styles 2. Capsule cylindric oblong or ovoid, 4-toothed or valved. Seeds orbicular or discoid, plane or concave, imbricated on the columnar placenta ; embryo straight, excentric. - Distrib. Species about 70, natives of the N. temp, zone exclusive of Western N. America. D. chinensis L. (D. glaucus, Hb. Ham. in Wall. Cat. 656) is commonly cultivated in India. page 214 * Petals entire crenate or toothed, not fimbriate. t Petals smooth, surface not bearded. 1. D. Caryophyllus, Linn. ; leaves channelled, margin quite even, cymes loosely. panicled, bracts 4 broadly obovate mucronate 3-4 times shorter than the calyx, petals toothed and crenate. (Carnation or Clove Pink.) Punjab at Attok, Falconer; ? Balti, aIt 7-8000 ft., Thornton. - Distrib. Westward to mid-Europe. Perennial, glabrous, glaucous ; stems 18-24 in., branched and leafy below. Leaves 4- 6 by 1/8 in. Flowers 1-1 1/2 in. diam., fragrant. Calyx 1-1 1/4 in., teeth acute. Petals obovate, rosy, teeth 1/6-1/4 the length of the blade. Capsule ovoid. - Thomson's Balti specimens are very old, and if properly referred here, belong to a form with more numerous bracts. 2. D. Falconeri, Edgew. ; leaves channelled serrulate, flowers subsolitary, bracts 4 rarely 6 broad-ovate long-cuspidate 3-4 times shorter than the calyx, petals finely toothed. Western TIBET ; Astor and Deotsu, Falconer, &c. Shrubby below ; stems 1-2 ft., stout, rigid, dichotomously branched. Leaves 3-6 by 1/8 in., 1-3-nerved. Flowers smaller than in D. Caryophyllus. Calyx 2 in., strongly striate ; bracts suddenly contracted into the long cusp. 3. D. Cachemiricus, Edgew. ; leaves channelled, margin thickened serrulate, flowers solitary or few, bracts 4 lanceolate with a long ensiform often foliaceous point sometimes equalling the calyx. Kashmir, Falconer. Stems much branched from the base, more slender than D. Falconeri, erect. Leaves 1-1 1/2 in., very narrow, midrib beneath stout. Bracts with either very slender points or long leafy ones. Calyx 1 in , teeth ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, margins scarious. Petals large, obovate ; blade 1/2-2/3 by 1 in., margin toothed or almost entire. 4. D. anatolicus, Boiss. Fl. Orient, i 489 ; small, slender, leaves very narrow margin much thickened serrulate, bracts 6 (4-8) very broad cuspidate 1/2-1/3 shorter than the calyx. Western Tibet, Falconer ; Dras, 8-10,000 ft., Thomson. - Distrib. Armenia. Densely tufted ; stock woody, short, much branched; stems 6-10 in., very slender, strict, 1- or more-flowered. Leaves 1/2-3/4 in., rigid, slender, with a very thick midrib and margin. Bracts with sometimes foliaceous points. Calyx 1/3 in., teeth subacute. Petals rosy, blade small, broad, crenate-toothed. 5. D. Jacquemontii, Edgew. ; leaves narrow, radical serrulate, cauline with thickened obscurely serrulate margins, bracts 4 very broad obtuse acute or cuspidate 1/4 the length of the calyx, calyx-teeth pungent. Western Himalaya, Kashmir, alt. 5-6000 ft., Jacquemont &c. Stems 4-10 in., many from a tufted woody stock, rather slender. Leaves 1-1 1/2 in., coriaceous, green when dry, flat above, acute. Flowers usually solitary. Bracts suddenly contracted into a point which is sometimes thickened and quite obtuse. Calyx 3/4-1 in., teeth long, with rigid tips. Petals broad, rather deeply toothed. Near D. Liboschitzianus, Seringe, of the Caucasus, but differs in the toothed petals. 6? D. deltoides, L. ; glabrous, leaves linear acute obscurely serrulate, bracts 2, calyx 1/3 in., petals toothed. Western Tibet; Lance. - Distrib. (of D. deltoides, Western Europe). Specimens very imperfect, but apparently identical with the European plant, which varies from glabrous to pubescent, and very much in the length of the bracts, which in Lance's specimen are 1/2-2/3 the length of the calyx, and coloured. page 215 tt Surface of petals bearded or pubescent. 7. D. Seguieri, Vill. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 504 ; leaves broad, flowers usually fascicled, bracts 4-6 1/2-2/3 the length of the calyx, with leafy points. Western Tibet, Ladak, Stewart. -- Distrib. Siberia, Caucasus, Greece Stem 6-10 in., leafy, erect, simple or paniculately branched. Leaves strict, linear, obscurely 5-nerved. Flowers usually surrounded with leafy bracts below the 4-6 ovate abruptly cuspidate ones, which are themselves often tipped with an herbaceous point. Calyx teeth mucronate. Petals rosy, blade obovate acutely toothed. ** Petals fimbriate. 8. D. fimbriatus, Bieberst. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient. i 495 ; rigid, leaves rather broad subacute obscurely serrulate, bracts 6-8 short broad-ovate acute, calyx 3/4-1 in., petals fimbriate for 1/3 the length of the blade. WESTERN Tibet; Falconer. Distrib. N. Persia, Caucasus. Stock stout, woody, often elongate, much branched and suffruticose ; stems many, strict, erect, 6-10 in., 1-flowered. Leaves 3/4-1 1/2 in., rigid, erect,. Bracts 1/4 the length of the calyx, sometimes cuspidate. Calyx-teeth long, lanceolate, pungent. Petals white, fading into lilac or pink. 9. D. angulatus, Royle III. 79 ; rigid, leaves linear acute serrulate, bracts 4-6 ovate acuminate or the lower cuspidate, calyx 1/2-3/4 in., petals fimbriate for 1/2 the length of the blade. Western Himalaya, from Kunawar to Kishtwar, and in Piti and Zanskar, alt. 7-13,000 ft. Quite similar to D. fimbriatus, and probably a variety of that plant, with the bracts often coloured and varying exceedingly in length, from 1/4-1/2 the length of the calyx, which rarely exceeds 1/2, and never 2/3 of an inch. Var. 1. bracts rather lax ovate suddenly cuspidate. Var. 2. bracts with a foliaceous point 1/2-2/3 the length of the calyx, leaves dark green, cauline 3 in., petals less deeply cut. Habit of D. deltoides. - Kishtwar. Var. 3. incertus, Jacquem. Herb. (sp.);. bracts 4 rarely 6 lax ovate acuminate 1/3-1/2 the length of the calyx, petals not so deeply cut. - Kunawar. 10. D. crinitus, Smith; Boiss.Fl. Orient, i. 496 ; bracts 4-8 lanceolate long-acuminate, calyx 1-1 1/4 in., teeth long lanceolate, petals fimbriate nearly to the base of the blade. Western Punjab ; Salt Range, Fleming, &c. ; Peshawur, Vicary, &c. Western TIBET, Falconer. - Distrib. Beluchistan, Turkestan, and westward to the Levant. Suffruticose below; branches rigid, 8-18 in., few flowered. Leaves rigid, acute, cauline usually shorter than the joints. Bracts 1/3-1/2 the length of the calyx, acute or cuspidate. Petals white, sweet-scented, segments capillary. D. barbatus, Linn., is enumerated by Royle, together with D. caucasicus, Sims, but both are unknown to us as Indian plants. 2. TUNICA, Scopoli Annual or perennial slender herbs. Calyx tubular, 5- (15-) toothed, with or without imbricate bracts. Petals 5, clawed, gradually widening into the entire or emarginate limb. Stamens 10. Torus small. Ovary 1 -celled; styles 2 ; ovules numerous. Capsule oblong, dehiscing by 4 teeth, many-seeded. Seeds discoid or orbicular, peltate ; embryo straight. - Distrib About 10 species, chiefly South European and West Asiatic. page 216 1. T. stricta, Bunge ; Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 521 ; annual, erect, leaves linear-spathulate, margins scabrous, cauline linear, flowers subsolitary ebracteate, calyx 5-ribbed. Ledeb. Ic. Fl. Ross. t. 5. Kashmir, Falconer, &c. - Distrib. Soongaria, Altai, Persia, Asia Minor. Glabrous, 12-18 in., branched from the base. Radical leaves 1/4-1/2 in., many, short. Cymes strict, and their branches slender quite erect. Flowers 1/6 in. long; pedicels often exceeding the glabrous turbinate calyx. Petals white, linear-oblong, entire. Seeds boat-shaped, wrinkled on the edges and keel. 3. ACANTHOPHYLLUM, C. A. Meyer. Perennial, densely tufted acerose or spiny-leaved herbs or shrubs. Flowers solitary or in panicled or fascicled cymes, the lateral or all with 2-6 bracts. Calyx tubular or turbinate, 5-toothed or lobed, 5-15-nerved. Petals 5, exserted, narrow, spathulate ; claw long, widening into the entire or notched limb. Stamens 10. Disk short or produced into a short gynophore. Ovary 1-celled, 4-10-ovuled ; styles 2. Capsule ovoid or oblong, indehiscent or with 4 small teeth, 1-2-seeded. Seeds subreniform, laterally compressed, hilum marginal; embryo annular. - Distrib. About 17 species; natives of Western and Central Asia, most numerous in Affghanistan. 1. A. macrodon, Edgew. ; hoary, leaves spinous, flowers solitary, bracts 4 linear with scarious margins. Wazaristan in the Punjab, Stewart. - Distrib. Affghanistan, Griffith. A tufted excessively spinous herb, minutely pubescent. Leaves horizontal, 1/2-3/4 in., rigid with acerose tips, pale green, flat above, convex on the back, 1/18-1/20 in. diam. at the base. Flowers rosy, 3/4 in. long, terminal ; bracts squarrose, pungent, recurved, reaching as high as the calyx lobes. Calyx cylindric, hoary, lobes subulate-lanceolate, recurved, acerose, with very narrow scarious edges. Petals narrow. 4. GYPSOPHILA, Linn. Perennial or annual, often glaucous herbs, rarely shrubby. Leaves usually flat, very rarely subulate, Flowers in panicled cymes, rarely solitary in the forks. Calyx turbinate tubular or, campanulate, 5-toothed or -lobed, with 6 broad green nerves and membranous interspaces. Petals 5, claw narrow ; limb entire or notched, without (rarely with) a scale. Disk small. Ovary 1-celled ; styles 2 (rarely 3) : ovules many. Capsule 4-valved to or below the middle, few- or many-seeded. Seeds subreniform, hilum lateral; embryo annular. - DISTRIB Species about 50, European and W. Asiatic. Sect. I. Pseudacanthophyllum. Undershrubs. Leaves pungent or acerose. Calyx ovoid or oblong-campanulate.1. G. Stewartii, Thoms. ; puberulous, leaves 1/4 in. subulate acerose, convex beneath, flowers subcapitate, bracts equalling the calyx-tube. Wazaristan in the Punjab, alt. 3-4000 ft., Stewart. - Distrib. Affghanistan (Turuak valley). A small green densely tufted spinous perennial. Leaves spreading, flat above, points glabrous polished. Cymes on short peduncles, 8-15-flowered; bracts narrow-subulate. Calyx 1/6 in., ovoid, glabrous, 5-ribbed ; teeth long, slender, subulate. Petals half as long again as the calyx; blade pink, linear-oblong.- Closely allied to G. erinacea, Boiss. (of Affghanistan), but much smaller, with crowded flowers, and glabrous calyces with longer subulate teeth. page 217 Sect. II. Heterochroa. Herbs. Leaves flat. Calyx campanulate 5-fid. 2. G. sedifolia, Kurz. in Flora, 1872, 285 ; perennial, tufted, hoary all over, leaves linear obtuse, cymes capitate. G. Tibetica, H.f. & T. Herb. Ind. Or. Western Tibet, Zanskar and Bras, alt. 9-13,000 ft., Thomson. Root very stout, woody, with very many short tufted pointed decumbent branches. Stems pale. Leaves fascicled, 1/4 in., nerveless, rather thick, pruinose. Heads of cymes 1/6-1/4 in., on elongated branches 1-3 in. diam. ; bracts linear, obtuse. Calyx 1/12 in., 5-lobed, teeth obtuse, margins scarious. Capsule not exceeding the calyx. Seeds cochleate. 3. G. cerastioides, Don Prodr. 213; perennial, hoary-pubescent, branches many decumbent, leaves obovate-spathulate, cymes lax. Acosmia rupestris, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 644; Camb. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 26, t. 28. Timaeosia rupestris, Klotzsch in Bot. Reis. Pr. Waldem. 138, t. 33 (styles 3). Temperate Himalaya from Kashmir and Kunawar to Sikkim, alt. 6-12,000 ft. Very variable in size ; branches 4-10, in. Leaves 1/2-2 by 1/4-3/4 in., radical petioled, cauline sessile, all ciliate. Cymes usually lax, with leafy bracts. Flowers sessile or pedicelled, very variable in size, 1/6-1/2 in. diam. Calyx 1/4 in., campanulate, pubescent; lobes obtuse, strongly ciliate with curved hairs. Petals lilac, spathulate, 3-nerved. Styles 2-3. Seeds broad, black, tubercled. 5. SAPONARIA, Linn. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves flat. Flowers in dichotomous cymes. Calyx more or less tubular, ovoid or oblong, 5-toothed, nerves obscure. Petals 5, clawed ; limb entire or notched, with or without a basal scale. Stamens 10. Disk small, or produced into a gynophore. Ovary 1 -celled, or imperfectly 2-3-ceiled; styles 2, rarely 3; ovules many. Capsule ovoid or oblong, rarely subglobose, 4-toothed. Seeds reniform or subglobose, hilum marginal ; embryo annular. - Distrib. Species about 30, chiefly Mediterranean and W. Asiatic. 1. S. Vaccaria, Linn.; radical leaves oblong, cauline sessile, base rounded or cordate, calyx-teeth triangular margins scarious, petals short erose. Wall. Cat. 1503. S. Vaccaria and oxyodonta, Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 525. S. perfoliata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 445. Gypsophila Vaccaria, W. & A. Prodr. 42. In wheattields throughout India, and in Tibet. - Distrib. A weed of cultivation. A tall, robust, simple or sparingly branched perfectly glabrous annual, 12-24 in. high. Leaves 1-3 by 1/3-3/4 in., acute, cauline linear-oblong. Cymes corymbose, many-flowered. Flowers erect; pedicels slender. Calyx 4 in., with 5 broad green nerves, ventricose in fruit. Petals rosy, obovate. Capsule included, broadly ovoid. Seeds large, globose, black, granulate. 6. SILENE, Linn. Annual or perennial herbs. Flowers solitary or cymose, often secund on the branches of the cyme. Calyx more or less inflated, ovoid campanulate clavate or tubular, 5-toothed or cleft, 10- rarely many-nerved. Petals 5 ; claw narrow ; limb entire bifid or laciniate, usually with two basal scales. Stamens 10, 6 usually adnate to the petals. Disk usually produced into a long gynophore. Ovary incompletely 3- (rarely 1-) celled ; styles 3 (rarely 5) ; ovules numerous. Capsule 3-6-toothed or valved. Seeds reniform, usually tubercled, hilium marginal ; embryo annular. - Distrib. Species about 250, chiefly natives of temperate Europe and Asia. page 218 The following escapes from cultivation occur in Indian collections. S. Armeria, L. in the Nilgherries and Canara (Plant. Hohenack. No. 615).-S. noctiflora, L. (Wall. Cat. 624, from Herb. Wight., without habitat). - S. colorota, Poiret; (S. intrusa, W. & A. Prodr. 42; Wight Ill. i. t. 26) ; Nilghiris and Garwhal. SUBGEN. I. Behen. Petals imbricate in bud. Calyx usually inflated, 10- or 20-nerved, reticulately veined. 1. S. inflata, Smith ; glaucous, cymes many-flowered, bracts scarious, calyx 20-nerved, petals deeply cloven. Wall. Cat. 623 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient. i 628. S. Wallichiana, Klotzsch in Bot. Reis. Pr. Waldem. 139, t. 30. S. Cucubalus, Wib. in Rohrb. Monog. Silene, 84. Cucubalus Behen, Linn. Temperate Himalaya, elev. 5-11,500 ft., from Nipal to the Indus. - Distrib. Temperate Asia, Europe, and N. Africa. Perennial, 2-5 ft., erect or ascending, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves 1-3 in., ovate obovate or oblong, cauline sessile ; margins denticulate. Flower 1/4-3/4 in. diam., drooping white. Calyx ovoid, base intruded, teeth broadly triangular. Petals white, with two gibbosities in the place of scales. Capsule globose, gynophore short. Seeds concave in front, convex on the base, tubercled in lines. SUBGEN. II. Silene proper. Petals contorted in aestivation. Calyx with 10 anastomosing nerves, or 20, 30, or 60 simple nerves, not reticulately veined. Sect. I Conosllene. Calyx 20-, 30-, or 60-nerved, in fruit conical from a broad base. - Annuals. 2. S. conoidea, Linn.; glandular-pubescent, cauline leaves oblong or lanceolate acute, flowers panicled, calyx-base intruded, teeth subulate-lanceolate, 1/3 its length; petals obovate, capsules ovoid contracted above sessile. Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 580 ; Wall. Cat. 625. WESTERN HIMALAYA ; from Kumaon to the Indus, alt. 1-8000 ft. ; and from OUDE to the Panjab, in the plains. West Tibet; Ladak, aIt. 8-11,000 ft. - Distrib. Westward to the Atlantic ocean. Erect, 6-18 in., dichotomously branched. Leaves 2-4 in., radical spathulate, cauline sometimes very narrow, sessile. Calyx 1 in. inflated in fruit. Petals pink, small, entire or erose ; claw auricled scales 2. Capsule crustaceous, shining. Seeds cochleate, with 5 dorsal and as many lateral rows of tubercles. Sect. II. Scorpioideae. Calyx 10-nerved. - Annuals (the Indian species). Flowers in unilateral racemes. 3.* S. gallica, Linn.; annual, laxly pilose, glandular above, cauline leaves linear-oblong or spathulate, cyme simple, flowers unilateral, calyx base rounded, teeth subulate lanceolate 1/6 its length, capsule subsessile ovoid. Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 590. Garwhal, Falconer; Carnatic, Wight: - an introduced weed. - Distrib. A weed of cultivation. Erect, 8-18 in., clothed especially above with spreading hairs. Leaves 3/4-1 1/2 in. Racemes many-flowered. Flowers 1/3-1/2 in. long, secund, lower pedicelled, upper sessile. Calyx ovoid, 10-striate, contracted above. Petals small, red (or white), emarginate ; scales 2. Filaments villous below. Seeds minute, striate-tuberculate, not grooved, face flat with an ear-shaped depression. 3. S. apetala, Willd. Sp. Pl. ii 307 ; annual, hoary-pubescent, cauline leaves linear-oblong, flowers subracemose, calyx campanulate, base obconic, teeth short lanceolate acute, margins scarious, petals included, capsule globose, shortly stipitate. Boiss. Fl. Orient i. 696. page 219 Panjab ; Peshawur, Vicary, Stewart. - Distrib. Westwards to Spain. Stem 6-24 in., simple or branched. Leaves 1-1 1/2 in., acuminate, ciliolate. Cymes irregnlar, loosely racemose ; peduncles exceeding the calyx ; bracts acute. Calyx 1/4-1/3 in., with broad green hairy nerves ; teeth short. Petals 0, or minute, spathulate, bright red. Seeds flat, channelled, with a double corrugated margin. Sect. III. Auricularia. Calyx 10-nerved, contracted towards the base. Petals with the claw toothed or auricled on both sides. - Perennials. Flowers solitary or in few-flowered elongate panicled cymes. 4. S. Moorcroftiana, Wall. Cat, 626; perennial, finely pubescent, cauline leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, flowers 1-3 terminal or subterminal, calyx tubular-clavate viscid, base intruded, teeth short obtuse with scarious margins, capsule ovoid shorter than the gynophore. Benth. in Royle III. 79 ; Rohrb. Monog. Silene, 129. Western Himalaya, alt. 10-13,000 ft. ; from Garwhal to Kashmir. Western Tibet, alt. 9-16,000 ft. - Distrib. Affghanistan. Stems many from a woody stock, densely tufted ; flowering branches erect, 6-18 in., slender, simple or dichotomous at the top. Radical leaves spathulate-lanceolate, acute ; cauline shorter, acuminate acute or obtuse. Flowers erect. Calyx 1-1 1/4 in., slender below the middle; nerves 10, dark, Petals exserted, claw auricled with a long acute tooth; limb 2-partite, segments ligulate, dirty red or white, involute when withering ; scales 2, long. Capsule with the gynophore as long as itself. Seeds compressed, not channelled, with 5 rows of dorsal and as many lateral tubercles. Var. 1. taller, more slender, 2-3-flowered. - Tibet. Var. 2. dwarf, leaves linear, pedicels longer than the bracts. 5. S. arenosa, C Koch, in Linnaea, xv. 711 ; annual, slender, glaucous, viscid above, leaves narrow, margins revolute, flowers in sparse much-divaricating cymes, calyx clavate, base intruded, teeth lanceolate-ciliate, capsule oblong equalling the gynophore. S. leyseroides and S. salsa, Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 603. Western Panjab, common at Peshawar, Attock, &c. Vicary, Stewart. - Distrib. Affghanistan, Persia, Armenia. Very slender, excessively branched from the base, minutely pubescent, glandular above. Leaves shorter than the internodes, 3/4-1 1/2 in., rigid, acuminate. Flowers erect or inclined; pedicels 1/2-1 in., capillary. Calyx 1/2-2/3 in., slender, 110-ribbed ; teeth with scarious margins. Petals with an oblong 2-fid blade, lobes linear, claw auricled; scales 2, small, lanceolate. - Flowers open at night. 6. S. tenuis, Willd.; perennial, glabrous or viscid, leaves narrow linear or lanceolate, flowers in short racemes, calyx campanulate. base rounded or truncate, teeth obtuse, petals 2-partite auricled, capsule oblong, gynophore short. Rohrb. Monog. Silene, 186. S. graminifolia, Otth. in DC. Prodr. i. 368, not of Ledeb. S. Gul.-Waldemarii, Klotzsch Bot. Reis. Pr. Waldem. 140, t. 31. S. repens, Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 614 (? of Patrin) : Ledeb, Ic. Fl. Ross. t. 425. S. amaena, Linn. Sp. Fl. ed. 1 (not of ed. 2) Western Himalaya, alt. 8-12,000 ft,, from Kunawar to Kashmir, Jacquemont. Western Tibet, Falconer.- Distrib. Northern and Arctic Asia. Stems many from the root, erect or ascending, 4-18 in., slender, simple, naked when tall. Leaves 1-3 in., acute or acuminate, often ciliate, flat, radical slightly dilated upwards. Flowers often whorled, sometimes secund, inclined or nodding; pedicels 1/6-1/4 in.; bracts short, whorled, subulate. Calyx 1/3-1/2 in., membranous, 10-nerved, teeth spreading. Petals dirty-yellow or brown ; scales short, oblong ; claw ciliate. Capsule twice the length of the gynophore. Seeds with 5 dorsal and as many lateral rows of tubercles. Var. dasyphylla, Turcz. Fl. Baic. Dah. i. 207 (sp.), densely pubescent, leaves more coriaceous not ciliate. Lahul, Jaeschke. page 220 Sect. IV. Otites. Calyx 10-nerved, cylindric or contracted towards the base. Petals not auricled at the .sides, with or without scales at the top of the claw. - Perennials. Flowers in opposite panicled or racemed cymes. 7. S. Falconeriana, Benth. in Royle Ill. 79, t. 20 ; perennial, stout, erect, pubescent below, leaves linear-lanceolate serrulate-ciliate, flowers in short uniform opposite cymes, calyx cylindric narrow, base intruded, teeth short obtuse, petals very narrow spathulate, tip rounded or notched, capsule ovoid longer than the gynophore. Rohrb. Monog. Silene, 202. Western Himalaya, from Kumaon to Kunawar, alt. 3-9000 feet, Royle, &c. Stems 1-2 ft., several from the woody stalk, simple or branched, closely pubescent below. Leaves 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., narrow, pubescent or glabrous on both surfaces. Inflorescence 1-1 1/2 ft. long, lax, of opposite or whorled cymes or branched racemes. Flowers erect or inclined; pedicels slender; bracts minute. Calyx 1/2 in., slightly dilated upwards in flower, much so in fruit, membranous;, nerves 10, green; teeth not margined with white; base truncate. Petals white, without scales or auricles. Capsules ovoid, twice or thrice the length of the gynophore. Seeds minute, granulate, sides flat or convex, back channelled. 8. S. Griffithii, Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 637; perennial, robust, densely pubescent, tomentose or villous, leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, radical petioled, flowers in opposite few-flowered cymes, calyx cylindric, teeth acute, base rounded or truncate, petals 2-partite, lobes 3-6-fid, scales 0, capsule oblong, gynophore short. S. Webbiana, Wall. Cat. 627. S. multifida, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 34. Carpophora Hoffmeisteri, Klotzsch in Bot. Reise Pr. Wald. 139, t. 32. S. viscosa, Pers. ; Benth. in Royle III. 79. Melandryum Griffithii, Rohrb. in Linnaea, xxxvi. 248; Monog. Silene, 232. S. viscosa lusus 3, and beta suaveolens, Kar. & Kir. (sp.), Rohrb. Monog. Silene, 205. Western Himalaya, from Garwhal to Cabul and Kishtwar, alt. 7-11,000 ft. - DISTRIB. Affghanistan, Soongaria. Very variable in pubescence, from hoary to almost woolly. Stems 12-18 in., simple or divided, very robust. Leaves 2 1/2-4 by 3/4-1 1/4 in., radical spathulate-lanceolate, narrowed into a broad petiole ; cauline sessile, sometimes cordate at the base, more or less pubescent on both surfaces. Flowers in opposite irregularly 3-flowered cymes, shortly pedicelled. Calyx 3/4-1 in., glandular, hardly dilated above except in fruit, teeth not margined with white, nerves 10, green. Petals more or less laciniate, without scales or auricles. Petals white. Capsule four times as long as the gynophore. Seeds immature, apparently like those of S. Falconeriana. - very closely allied to S. viscosa, L., with which it is united by Bentham and Rohrbach. 9. S. kunawarensis, Benth. in Royle III. 79 ; perennial, puberulous or quite glabrous, slender, leaves unarrow-spathulate or lanceolate, flowers in opposite distant pairs or cymes, pedicels slender, calyx glabrous cylindric or subclavate, base intruded, teeth short obtuse with scarious margins, petals deeply 2-fid, scales oblong, capsule ovoid twice as long as the gynophore. Western Himalaya, in the Tibetan regions of Kunawar and Piti, alt. 10,000 ft., Royle, Jacquemont, &c. Branches tufted from a prostrate stock ; flowering ones slender, 6-12 in., usually glabrous above. Leaves 1-1 1/2 in., very narrow, minutely pubescent on both surfaces. Flowers rather few and scattered, nodding, pedicels slender, equalling the calyx. Calyx 1/3-1/2 in., membranous, quite glabrous or the teeth pubescent, clavate in fruit, 10-nerved. Petals with 2 linear-oblong scales and no auricles. Capsule pale. Seeds dorsally channelled, sides nearly flat, hardly tubercled. 10. S. Webbiana, Wall. Cat. 627 ; tall, slender, minutely pubescent, cauline leaves broadly ovate-cordate amplexicaul acuminate 6-9-nerved, page 221 cymes lax opposite long-peduncled, calyx glandular cylindric, teeth lanceolate-subulate, base truncate intruded, capsule narrow oblong, rather longer than the gynophore. S. viridiflora, var. Rohrb, Monog. Silene, 215.Western Himalaya, Sirmur, Webb. We have seen but one specimen, itself a fragment. 16 in. tall, of what is evidently a tall spare lax-flowered species of a plant resembling closely S. viridliflora, Linn. - Leaves 1 1/2 in. broad, puberulous on both surfaces. Branches of panicle (peduncles of cymes) 3-6 in., terminated by two ovate foliaceous bracts. Flowers drooping; pedicels 1/2-3/4 in., densely tomentose. Calyx 3/4 in., very slender, 10-nerved, ventricose in fruit; teeth with scarious edges. Petals Iong, greenish- white ; limb bifid, lobes ligulate ; scales 2. Filaments glabrous. Ovary cylindric, top globose ; styles 3. Capsule immature, cylindric-oblong. Sect. V. Cucubaloideae. Calyx cylindric, rounded at the base, pale, membranous. Petals without auricles at the sides. - Scandent or subscandent slender lax perennials. Flowers in very lax few-flowered panicled cymes. 11. S. ? Stracheyi, Edgew.; glabrous, flaccid, subscandent, leaves petioled lanceolate acuminate membranous, cymes 3-flowered bracteate, calyx membranous, teeth broad with orbicular tips, capsule half the length of the gynophore. Temperate Himalaya, Piti river, Kumaon, alt.7 500 ft., Strach. & Winterb. Sikkim in woods, Lachen river, alt. 9-10,000 ft., J. D. H. Habit and foliage of Cucubalus baccifer, but glabrous or nearly so, leaves longer petioled. Calyx cylindric, and ovary with a very long grynophore and 5-lobed callous tip, indicating a 5- valved dehiscence. -Stems shining. Leaves 2-2 1/2 by 1/2-3/4 in., ciliolate, with an intramarginal nerve. Pedicels 1/2-1 in., very slender, minutely pubescent. Calyx 2/3 in., pale, with 10 green nerves and anastomosing veins between them above ; teeth hyaline, contracted below the orbicular ciliolate tips. Petals white, very narrow; claw not auricled ; limb retuse or 2-lobed. Filaments glabrous; anthers short, didymous. - An exceedingly curious plant, ihtermediate between Silene and Cucubalus, perhaps better referred to the latter genus. 12. S. khasiana, Rohrb. in Linnaea, xxxvi. 259 ; glandular pubescent above, subscandent, leaves sessile ovate acuminate, flowers solitary and in terminal 2-3-flowered bracteate cymes, calyx shortly cylindric, teeth broad acute, base rounded, capsule oblong, gynophore very short. Khasia Mts., at Molim and Moflong, alt. 5-6000 ft., H. f. & T. A straggling brittle hardly flaccid herb, with rather robust branches. Leaves 1-2 in., not membranous, 3-5-nerved at the base, paler beneath, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, ciliolate. Flowers erect ; pedicels 1/2-1 in., strict. Calyx 1/3 in., with 10 broad nerves and no veins. Petals pale pink; claw cuneate; limb 2-partite, obtuse; scales small. Fiiaments glabrous ; anthers didymous. Capsule broad, with very small teeth. Seeds dorsally rounded, sides convex striate-tuberculate. 7. CUCUBALUS, Linn. A diffuse subscandent herb. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Flowers in 1-3-flowered leafy cymes or solitary in the forks of the branches. Calyx broadly campanulate, 10-nerved, 5-toothed, Petals 5 ; claw narrow toothed at the top ; limb 2-fid with 2 scales at its base. Stamens 10. Disk produced into a short gynophore. Ovary 1-celled, 3-septate at the base ; styles 3 ; ovules many. Fruit globose, tip crowned with an entire callus, shining, dry or fleshy, at length fragile and bursting irregularly. Seeds reniform, shining ; hilum lateral ; embryo annular. page 222 1. C. bacciferus, Linn. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 657. Temperate Himalaya, from Kashmir, alt. 5-8000 ft. to Sikkim, alt. 8-12,000 ft. Khasia Mts., at the Boga Pani, alt. 5000 ft., H.f. & T. - Distrib. Westwards to South Europe ; W. Siberia. A rambling herb, more or less pubescent with curly white hairs. Leaves 1-2 by 3/4-1 in. , membranous, ciliate, narrowed into the petiole, upper sessile. Flowers drooping ; pedicel 1/6-1/2 in., tomentose. Calyx 1/3 in,, base rounded; teeth large, broad, subacute, ciliolate ; nerves obscure, veins reticulate. Petals greenish-white, 2-lobed. Anthers didymous. Fruit the size of a pea, black. 8. LYCHNIS, Linn. Herbs, with the habit of Silene, but capsule 1-celled, and styles usually 5 (3-5). - DISTRIB Species about 30, natives of Arctic and Temperate northern regions, and of the Andes of S. America. The following species of Lychnis are, with the exception of L. Coronaria, extremely difficult to limit, the characters of habit, nervation of the calyx, form and division of the petals, and superficial markings of the seed, being all very variable. The division into winged and wingless-seeded is far from good ; the contrast between the reniform granulate, and the angled and winged seeds, is indeed strong, but analogy with other genera would suggest, that some of the wingless species are but forms of winged ones. We cannot follow Rohrbach and others in separating Melandryum from Lychnis proper; the capsule dehiscing variously in the same species, and several true Melandrya having crested seeds. Sect. I. Pseudagrostemma. Petals with stiff 2-toothed scales at the claw. Capsule 5-valved, valves quite entire. 1. L. Coronaria, Lamk. ; uniformly softly tomentose with silky white wool. Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 658. Kashmir Valley, abundant in groves and fields, Jacquemont, &c. - Distrib. W. Asia, S. Europe. Stem 1-2 ft., sparingly branched. Leaves 3-5 in., spathulate lanceolate, cauline oblong. Flowers on long pedicels. Calyx 3/4-1 in., turbinate, 10-nerved ; teeth contorted to the left. Petals 1 in. and upwards, broadly obcordate, red purple. Capsule subsessile, included. Seeds biconvex, equally striate-tuberculate. Sect. II. Melandryum. Petals with membranous scales. Capsule 4-5-valved, valves entire or 2 -fid. * Stem scape-like, 1- rarely 2-3-flowered. Seeds compressed or angled, winged, not granulate or tubercled : wing thick or inflated. 2. L. apetala, Linn. ; stem short glandular-pubescent 1- rarely 2-3-flowered, calyx inflated subglobose with broad purple-brown nerves, petals with a very short emarginate or bifid limb, carpophore very short or 0. Melandryum apetalum, Rohrb. in Linnaea, xxxvi 217. M. Falconeri, Rohrb. I.c. 220. Alpine Himalaya and Tibet, alt. 12-17,000 ft. ; and to 18,000 ft. in Sikkim. - Distrib. Arctic regions, mountains of N. Europe, Asia, and America. Stems tufted, 2-6 in., often ciirved. Leaves radical linear-lanceolate or spathulate, obtuse or acute ; caulinc 1-2 pair. Flowers nodding. Caiyx k-¿ in long, mouth contracted, more open in fruit, membranous, pale between the broad dark nerves, which are yariable in disposition, simple or sparingly branched, the secondary free or uniting with the primary in the short broad calyx-teetb. Petals excessively variable in length and breadth and in the subentire crenate or lobed scales, purplish. Capsule turgid ; valves page 223 bifid, erect or recurved ; Carpophore glabrous or tomentose, always very short. Seeds very variable, 1/16-1/13 diam., with a narrow or broad wing. - I cannot distinguish L. Falconeri, Rohr., even as a permanent variety ; it is characterized as having a more open calyx in fruit.Var. pallida, stems usually 2-flowered, calyx very pale with green undefined veins. - Western Tibet, Falconer, Henderson. 3. L. nigrescens, Edgew. ; stem simple glandular-pubescent 1-flowered, calyx inflated subglobose with broad purple-brown nerves, petals with a short retuse limb, carpophore 1/6-1/4 the length of the capsule brown-tomentose. L. tristis, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. & T. Melandryum macrorhizum, Rohrb. in Linnaea, xxxvi. 228, not of Royle. Alpine SIKKIM Himalaya, alt. 11-16,000 ft., J. D. H. Similar in many respects to L. apetala, but stem more leafy, calyx larger and more inflated almost 2/3 in. diam., with broader more membranous-edged teeth, and a very different carpophore. The nerves of the calyx are simple and free in all the specimens, and the seeds are like those of the rather narrow-winged forms of L. apetala. - Rohrbach is certainly in error in describing this as wingless-seeded, and in referring it to Royle's L. macrorhiza. 4. L. himalayensis, Edgew. - stem very slender elongate 1-3-flowered minutely pubescent, leaves usually very slender, calyx broadly oblong with slender black-purple nerves, petals with a very small blade, carpophore very short pubescent or 0, seeds angular very small narrowly- winged. L. apetala, var. himalayensis, Rohrh. in Linnaea, xxxvi. 22. L. apetala, var. gracilis. Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. & T. Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 11-14,000 ft., J. D. H. Western Tibet, Falconer ; Sassar alt. 16-17,000 ft., T.T. Probably only a slender form of L. apetala, but easily distinguished by its size (8-16 in.), slenderness, long narrow leaves, narrower smaller calyx 1/3-1/2 ni. long, with usually more slender and free veins, which however sometimes unite in the teeth, and small seeds which are pale in Thomson's specimens, black in Hooker's and Falconer's. ** Seeds turgid, reniform, wingless, granulate tubercled or echinulate. t Stem short, single- rarely 2-flowered. 6. L. macrorhiza, Royle ; Benth. in Royle III. 80 (not of Rohrb.) ; stem short simple 1-flowered and leaves closely glandular-pubescent, leaves obovate-spathulate, calyx broadly oblong inflated pale, nerves faint free or united in the calyx-teeth, petals short, carpophore stout brown-tomentose. L. madens, Jacq. mss. Alpine Western Himalaya, and Western Tibet ; Kunawar, Royle, Jacquemont; Parang Pass, alt. 15-16,000 ft., T. T.; Topi dhunga, alt. 15,000 ft., Strach. & Winterb. Whole plant 4-6 in., resembling L. apetala, but leaves broader and more densely pubescent, pale, obtuse or subacute. Calyx 1/2-3/4 in. Petals apparently deep purple ; limb short, 2-fid. Seeds pale chestnut, absolutely wingless, minutely granulate concentrically, back rounded. - Royle's specimens are very imperfect, but I think referable to this. tt Stem elongate, simple or branched; leaves narrow, linear-lanceolate (rarely ovate in L. Cachemeriana). 6. L. brachypetala, Hort. Berol.; stem 1-2 ft. slender hoary simple few or many-flowered, leaves very narrow grass-like glabrous or minutely pubescent, flowers nodding opposite or in short few-flowered opposite cymes, calyx ovoid pale with 10 dark or green simple free or connected nerves, petals very short pale 2-partite, carpophore short glabrous or pubescentor 0, seeds page 224 reniform dark granulate. Melandryum brachypetalum, Fenzl in Led. Fl. Ross. i. 326. Var. tibetanum, Rohrb. in Linnaea, xxxvi. 232.Alpine Himalaya; from Sikkim, alt. 12-15,000 ft., J.D.H., to Kunawar, Jacquemont; and Western Tibet, alt. 10-15,000 ft., Str. & Winterb., Thomson, &c.. - DISTRIB. Siberia, Dahuria, Mongolia. Stems strict, very rarely divided except at the base. Leaves 2-5 in., rarely 1/4 in. broad. Flowers often in distant pairs towards the top of the stem ; pedicel strict, 2-bracteolate. Calyx 1/3 in. long, pale with dark or green nerves, which are very variable; teeth spreading in fruit. Petals pale-red or dirty white, included or slightIy exserted ; claw glabrous or ciliate, obtusely auricled. Seeds minute. Capsule with simple or 2-fid teeth. - The nerves of the calyx are sometimes united at the tips, at others free ; at times simple, and again the secondaries branch and unite with the primaries. 7. L. multicaulis, Wall. Cat 622 ; stems 2-3 ft. strict laxly pubescent above, leaves linear-lanceolate, glabrous or puberulous margins scaberulous, flowers very few in elongate racemes nodding, calyx oblong-campanulate, nerves green or brown united in the teeth, petals short, limb minute toothed, carpophore short pubescent or 0, seeds reniform dark granulate. Benth. in Royle III. 80. Melandryum multicaule, Rohrb. in Linnaea, xxxvi. 226. Temperate Himalaya; Nipal, Wallich; Kumaon, 10-12,000 ft., Edgew. ; Sikkim, alt. 11,000 ft., J.D.H. (flower rather large, calyx green). A much taller plant than L. brachypetala, inhabiting lower levels, with sparser inflorescence, longer pedicelled fewer flowers and usually broader leaves; but probably only a lowland form ; also very near L. nutans, Royle. Wallich's and Edgeworth's specimens have calyces 1/3 in. long, with purple nerves ; the Sikkim ones have larger calyces, 1/2 in. long, with broader green nerves; in both the venation is very variable. Styles 3-5 and capsule 5-6- or 8-10-cleft. 8. L. Cachemeriana, Royle ; Benth. in Royle lll. 80; stem robust, erect strict simple hoary, leaves from ovate to lanceolate scaberulous, flowers large erect or nodding in subterminal contracted cymes, calyx green oblong, teeth acute, nerves many anastomosing, claw of petals woolly, limb 2-fid, lobes cut, carpophore broad densely woolly, seeds reniform granulate. Melandryum indicum, var. fimbriatum (a form), Rohrb. in Linnaea, xxxvi. 235. Kashmir, Royle, &c. An erect rigid species, with strict rarely spreading cymes. Leaves very variable, 2-3 by 1/2-2/3 in. Calyx membranous, 3/4-1 in. long, teeth acute or acuminate. Petals white or pale, blade about 1/3 in. long. Carpophore about 1/4 as long as the 5-fid capsule. - Probably only a form of L. indica, as regarded by Rohrbach, but the calyx-lobes are usually much more acute. 9. L. Stewartii, Edgew. ; stem short, wiry, hoary below pubescent above leafy, leaves very narrow linear spreading 1-nerved, flowers few small solitary in the upper leaf axils nodding, calyx oblong pubescent, nerves green faint free or united, teeth rounded, petals obcordate with a very short 2-partite white limb, carpophore densely woolly, styles 3 very short. Western Himalaya; Upper Chenab and Charuba river, alt. 8-11,000 ft., Stewart. A very curious little species, probably polygamo-dioecious, of which there are but scanty specimens, without seed, somewhat resembling Stellaria graminea in foliage, and quite unlike any other Indian species of the genus. Stem 4-6 in., rigid, slender, upper part and pedicels viscidly tomentose. Leaves 2 by 1/15-1/12 in., keeled by the solitary stout midrib, margins recurved. Pedicels solitary or in opposite pairs, pubescent, with two linear bracts above the middle. Calyx 1/3 in. long, membranous, pubescent, teeth scarious, edges with long curled cilia, Petals with the claw very page 225 broad, auricled, exceeding the calyx ; limb small, recurved ; appendages notched. Capsule exceeding the calyx, 10-cleft.ttt Stem elongate, usually laxly dichotomously branched (simple in L. inflata). Leaves ovate elliptic or lanceolate. 10. L. inflata, Wall. Cat. n. 618; minutely pubescent, stem simple erect 1-3-flowered leafy, leaves elliptic or lanceolate lower petioled, flowers large terminal drooping, calyx very inflated pale with dark brown nerves, teeth rounded, petals with a broad claw 2 large appendages and a short rounded limb, carpophore short woolly, seeds reniform compressed, back furnished with rows of long soft setas. Benth. in Royle III. 80. Melandryum inflatum, Rohrb. in Linnaea xxxvi. 226. Agrostemma inflata, Don Gen. Syst. i. 417. Western Temperate Himalaya ; Kumaon, Blinkworth. Stem rather stout, 10-16 in., glandular-pubescent above, nodes swollen. Leaves 1 1/2-2 1/2 by 2/3-3/4 in., acute or acuminate. Pedicels slender, ebracteolate. Calyx 3/4 in. long, nearly as broad, membranous ; nerves free or uniting in or below the broad hyaline rounded teeth, which are not ciliate. - A very curious and distinct form, the seeds of which are quite peculiar. It is singular that it should have escaped the notice of all collectors in Kumaon since the days of Blinkworth, the first explorer of the Flora of that region. 11. L. indica, Benth. in Royle III. 81 ; finely-pubescent, stem leafy diffusely dichotomously branched, leaves elliptic or ovate-lanceolate or orbicular, panicle lax many-flowered, calyx oblong inflated, nerves green or brown, lobes short rounded, carpophore short broad pubescent, petals with a 2-fid or fimbriate limb, seeds reniform granulate. Temperate Himalaya, alt. 5500-10,000 ft., from Nipal to Marri. A tall dichotomously branched spreading weak herb, 2-3 ft. high ; stem below sometimes as thick as a swan's quill. Leaves variable, more or less ovate-lanceolate, lower petioled, largest 4 in. long, membranous, flaccid. Flowers drooping when young, in open or contracted panicled glandular-hairy cymes ; pedicels ebracteate. Calyx 1/2-3/4 in. long, glandular-pubescent ; nerves 10-15, free or combined, simple or branched ; teeth broad, obtuse rarely acute. Petals very variable, usually white inside and purplish outside ; appendages short, obtuse, often crisped. Capsule ovoid, teeth 5, simple or bifid. Seeds minute, very dark, the granulations on the back stronger than on the sides. Var. 1. indica proper; petals with a short 2-fid blade, lobes entire or 2-toothed, styles usually 3. Silene indica, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 34 ; Pl. Ind. ii. 447 ; Wall. Cat. 264 in part. Melandryum indicum var. genuinum, Rohrb. in Linnaea, xxxvi. 234. Var. 2. fimbriata, Wall. Cat. 619 (Sp.) ; petals with a longer lacerate or fimbriate blade, the lobes linear 2-fid, styles usually 5. Benth. in Royle III. 80, t. 20 B. L. eriostemon, Wall. Cat. n. 620. Melandryum indicum var. fimbriatum, Rohrb. I.c. 12. L. nutans, Benth. in Royle III. 80 ; finely pubescent, stems diffusely dichotomously branched, leaves ovate or elliptic-lanceolate or orbicular, panicle lax few-flowered, calyx globose inflated, nerves green or brown, lobes short rounded, carpophore short pubescent or 0, petals with a short purple crenulate limb, seeds reniform granulate tubercled on the back. Melandryum nutans, Rohrb. in Linnaea, xxxvi. 229. L. ciliata. Wall. Cat. n. 621. Temperate Himalaya, from Sikkim to Kunawar, alt. 7500-11,000 ft. ; Marri, alt. 10-12,000 ft. Very closely allied to L. indica, but apparently a smaller plant, more flaccid, with a shorter more globose calyx, and short crenulate corolla-limb. The upper leaves are sometimes orbicular-cordate. page 226 13. L. pilosa, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 34; clothed especially above with long spreading flaccid hairs, stem erect or diflusely branched, leaves ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, panicle lax few-flowered, calyx oblong, nerves green, lobes short, petals with a 2-lobed limb, lobes bifid, carpophore short or long, seeds reniform, granulate on the sides, back with long processes. Melandryum nutans (a form), Rohrb. in Linnaea, xxxvi. 229. Western Temperate Himalaya, from Garwhal to Kashmir, alt. 9-12,000 ft., Royle, Edgeworth, &c. Very closely allied to L. nutans, if not, as Rohrbach considers, a variety of that plant; it is best distinguished by the long flaccid hairs, and echinate dorsal face of the seeds; the latter character is not a very good one, as a passage can be established between the seed of L. indica in which the dorsal granulations are but little larger than the lateral, through that of L. nutans to that of L. pilosa. There are two forms of this species, the original, with the calyx nearly an inch long and a long woolly carpophore; and another with smaller calyx (altogether like that of L. nutans), and a short carpophore. The styles are 5. 14. L. cancellata, Jacquem. mss. ; densely hoary-pubescent, stem erect, simple, leaves elliptic-lanceolate or orbicular, panicle contracted few-flowered, flowers suberect, calyx 5-lobed to below the middle viscid glandular, lobes subacute, petals with an auricled claw and short 4-fid limb, carpophore woolly, seeds granulate. KUNAWAR, alt. 11-12,000 ft., Jacquemont, Royle, &c. Erect, rather slender, covered with close-set often rather long and spreading hairs, glandular above. Leaves very variable, 1-2 in. long, radical petioled, cauline sessile, acute or acuminate. Flouers in rather distant pairs, shortly pedicelled, inclined. Calyx 1/3-1/2 in. long, subcampanulate, green, densely tomentose or woolly ; nerves 10, meeting in the segments, broad, green ; lobes oblong, erect or somewhat spreading, ciliate, tips often recurved. Petals with the claw woolly, limb about 1/4 in. long ; scales 2-fid. Stamens woolly. Styles 4-5. - The deeply cleft calyx is the best mark for this species, but possibly not a good one, as I observe some irregularity in the divisions, suggesting an abnormal condition of that organ. The following Indian species of Lychnis contained in the Kew Herbarium are in too imperfect a condition for determination. L. PUMILA, Royle; Benth. in Royle III. 80 ; Rohrb. in Linnaea, xxxvi. 227 (Melandryum). L. cuneifolia, Royle; Rohrb. I.c. ; a densely tomentose short large-rooted species, with spathulate leaves, in a very young state from Kunawar. Melandrydm INTRUSUM, Rohrb. in Linnaea, xxxvi. 242, is unquestionably Silene colorata, an introduced plant, alluded to at p. 218. There is a Lychnis in the Herbarium differing from any of the above described Indian species, in the upper leaves being linear and rounded at the tip ; its flower resembles that of L. indica. I have seen scraps only from the Shiri Pass in Tibet, collected by Heyde, and from Dr. Stewart (locality uncertain but probably from Tibet). 9. HOLOSTEUM, Linn. Annual glandular herbs. Leaves narrow. Flowers in terminal umbel-like cymes. Sepals 5. Petals 5, toothed or notched. Stamens 3-5, rarely 10. Ovary 1-celled ; styles 3 (-5) ; ovules many. Capsule subcylindric, with twice as many short terminal valves as there are styles. Seeds peltate, concavo-convex, dorsally compressed, rough ; embryo horse-shoe shaped. - DISTRIB. Species 3. Europe and W. Asia. This genus is distinguished from Arenaria and Stellaria more by habit than by any easily delined character. page 227 1. H. umbellatum, Linn.; leaves rosulate petioled elliptic-oblong. Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 709. Kashmir, Jacquemont, &c. - Distrib. W. Asia, N. Africa, Europe. Stem 4-8 in., very slender, branched below. Leaves 1/2-1 in. Flowers few, erect; pedicels 1/2 in., deflexed after flowering, erect after fruiting ; bracts small, membranous. Sepals white, obtuse, edges scarious. Petals rather longer, 1/4 in., white or pale pink. Stamens and styles often 3 each. Capsules exceeding the sepals. Seeds black. 10. CERASTIUM, Linn. Pubescent rarely glabrous herbs, often glandular, annual or perennial Leaves usually small. Flowers white, in terminal dichotomous cymes. Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals as many, rarely 0, notched orr 2 -fid, rarely quite entire or cut. Stamens 10, rarely 5 or fewer, hypogynous. Ovary 1-celled ; styles usually 3-5 ; ovules many. Capsule cylindric, often curved, with twice as many short valves as styles. Seeds compressed, not arillate ; embryo annular. - Distrib. Species about 40, all natives of temperate and cold regions. Cerastium like Holosteum is with difficulty distinguished by technical characters from Arenaria and Stellaria. Sect. I. Dichodon. Styles usually 3. 1. C. trigynum, Villars ; perennial, tufted, stem procumbent with alternating hairy lines or glabrous, leaves oblong-lanceolate glabrous, cymes 1-3-flowered, bracts herbaceous with membranous edges. Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 715. Stellaria cerastioides, Linn. Sp. Pl. 604. Diplodon cerastioides, Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. f. 4915. Alpine Western Himalaya, alt. 11-17,000 ft., from Kulu to Kashmir, and in Western Tibet, Royle, Jacquemont, &c. - Distrib. Affghanistan, Siberia, W. Asia, Arctic regions, Alps of Europe. Nearly glabrous. Leaves 1/4-1/2 in., distant, obtuse, often recurved. Flowers 1/2 in. diam. ; pedicels very slender, glandular-pubescent, fruiting reflexed. Sepals linear-oblong, spreading, 1-nerved. Petals deeply 2-fid. Styles usually 3. Seeds with 8 rows of dorsal tubercles. - Altogether intermediate between Cerastium and Stellaria. Sect. II. Strephodon. Styles 5. Valves of the capsule convolute or recurved at the tip, margins not revolute. 2. C. dahuricum, Fisch. in Spreng. Pugill. ii. 65 ; tall, glabrous or pubescent below, leaves large oblong sessile or auricled, petals twice as long as the sepals, claws bearded, capsule straight, seeds tubercled. Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 717. Western Temperate Himalaya, alt. 10-11,000 ft., from Kumaon, Str. & Wint. to Marri, Stewart. - Distrib. Dahuria, Siberia, Persia, Caucasus. Perennial. Stem stout, ascending amongst shrubs to 12 ft., shining. Leaves 1 1/2-2 in., connate, obtuse or acute, margined. Cymes with divaricating branches and pedicels, which latter are slender, ebracteolate. Flowers 3/4 in. diam. Sepals elliptic-oblong, subacute, shining, with narrow scarious edges. Petals twice as long, obcordate, 2 lobed. Capsule twice as long as the calyx, striate, many-nerved ; valves revolute. 3. C. indicum, Wight & Arn. Prodr. 43 ; slender, glandular-pubescent, leaves subsessile elliptic ovate or lanceolate acute, petals a little exceeding the calyx, capsule straight, teeth recurved. Thwaites Enum. 24; Wight Ill. i. t. 26. Western Peninsula, Nilghiri and Pulney Mts., Wight, &c. Ceylon, alt. 6-7000 ft., Thwaites. page 228 Perennial. Stems very slender, flaccid. 1-2 ft. Leaves 1-1 1/2 in., membranous, not margined, ciliate, obscurely petioled. Flowers few, in terminal dichotomous cymes ; pedicels divaricate, tomentose. Sepals 1/5 in., oblong lanceolate, acute, margins narrowly scarious. Capsules rather longer than the sepals. - There is a specimen marked as Mauritian in Herb. Benth., but I suspect it is Indian ; it has, however, rather longer petals. Sect. III. Orthodon. Styles 5. Valves of tlie capsule straight or slightly spreading ; margins revolute or recurved. 4. C. vulgatum, Linn. ; annual or perennial, tomentose or hairy, glandular above, lower leaves spathulate, upper oblong ovate or lanceolate obtuse or acute, petals equalling the calyx, rarely or larger, capsules much exceeding the calyx often curved. Wight & Arn. Prodr. 43. Throughout the temperate and subalpine regions of India and Ceylon, ascending to 15,000 ft. in Sikkim and Western Tibet. - Distrib, Temperate N. Europe and Asia ; introduced into various countries. Stems 6-12 in., erect or suberect, simple or branched, stout or slender. Cymes various, few or many-flowered, open or crowded or subcapitate or subumbellate. Flowers 1/6-1/3 in. diam., sometimes apetalous or 5-androus. Capsule very variable in length, and seeds in amount of granulation or tuberculation. Var. 1. glomerata, Thuiller; annual, pubescence dense spreading, leaves obtuse, cymes at first subcapitate, fruiting pedicels suberect shorter than the sepals, bracts all herbaceous, sepals acute densely hairy, margins narrowly membranous. Var. 2. trivialis, Link ; annual or perennial, cymes usually open, leaves usually lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate acute, pubescence shorter less spreading, bracts all herbaceous, sepals lanceolate, margin narrowly membranous. Var. 3. grandiflora, Don Prodr. 216 (sp.) ; annual, flaccid, stems 6-10 in., lower leaves obovate-spathulate, upper oblong, cymes open, bracts herbaceous, pedicels slender, petals twice as long as the calyx. - C. napalense, Wall. Cat. 628. Temperate Himalaya, alt. 6-10,000 ft. ? Var. 4. tibetica; dwarf, densely tufted, leaves oblong or elliptic, cymes few-flowered, bracts all herbaceous, flowers as in var. 3. grandiflora. - Sassar pass, alt. 16-17,000 ft., T. Thomson; Ladak, Stewart. Perhaps a new species, but the specimens are very few. ? Var. 5. membranacea, Jacq. mss. (sp.) : stem slender erect, leaves oblong-lanceolate acute, cymes few-flowered, bracts with broad scarious edges, pedicels slender, petals larger than the broadly scarious-edged coloured sepals. - Kunawar, between Hookioghat and Doubling, Jacquemont. - Perhaps a different species or a small state of the following, but we have only 2 stems. 5. C. Thomsoni, Hook.f.; clothed with spreading glandular hairs, stems slender erect, leaves all linear-oblong subacute cymes few-flowered, bracts with narrow scarious edges, pedicels slender, flowers large, sepals oblong-lanceolate subacute coloured below the scarious tips, much smaller than the broadly-obovate petals. Temperate Western Himalaya; Kishtwar, alt. 11-12,000 ft., T. Thomson; Kumaon, alt. 10,000 ft., Strach. & Wint.; Lahul, Jaeschke. We were at first disposed to regard this as the C. grandiflorum, Don, because of the size of the flower: but that plant having broadly obovate lower leaves is no doubt Wallich's C. napalense (a var. of triviale), which has further much smaller flowers and a very diflerent habit from this. Stems 6-12 in., quite erect, rather slender, copiously hairy, branched at the very base only. Leaves 3/4-1 1/4 in., straight, the very lowest soon withering and more obovate. Cymes subumbellate. Flowers 1/2-3/4 in. diam., with broad petals. Fruit unknown. page 229 11. STELLARIA, Linn. Herbs of various habit. Leaves various. Flowers in dichotomous cymes, more rarely solitary and terminal, white. Petals 5, rarely 4, 2-fid or 2-partite or 0, Stamens 10, rarely 8, hypogynous or perigynous. Disk annular or divided into glands. Ovary 1- rarely 3-celled ; styles 3 or rarely 2-5 ; ovules many, rarely few. Capsule short, splitting to below the middle or to the base into as many entire or 2-fid valves as there are styles. Seeds compressed, tubercled granulate or nearly smooth ; embryo annular. - DISTRIB. Species about 70, natives of all cold and temperate regions. Sect. I. Schizostegium, Fenzl. Subscandent or decumbent herbs. Ovary 3-celled. Capsule 1-2-seeded. 1. S. crispata, Wall. Cat. 633 ; tall, glabrous, pubescent above, leaves large sessile oblong or linear-oblong from a cordate base long-acuminate, edges crisped, flowers small. S. monosperma, Don Prodr. 215. Temperate Himalaya, alt. 6-10,000 ft, from Sikkim to Kashmir; Khasia Mts,, alt. 5-6000 ft. Roots of fleshy fusiform fibres. Stem 2-4 ft., 4-angled, shining with a line of fine hairs, nodes often hairy. Leaves 2-9 in., often broadest beyond the middle, pale beneath, rather coriaceous, nerves very faint, one intramarginal, tips very slender, margin scarcely thickened, more or less crisped. Cymes much branched, pubescent, peduncles and pedicels divaricate, very slender. Sepals 1/6 in., oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, margin narrowly scarious. Petals as long or twice as long as the sepals. Seeds 1 or 2, granulate. 2. S. paniculata, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 35 ; tall, glabrous or ciliate, leaves petioled lanceolate or elliptic long-acuminate, flowers very small pubescent. S. media, Wight Cat. 145, not of Linn. Western Temperate Himalaya, alt. 7-11,000 ft. ; Sikkim, J. D. H.; Kumaon to Sirmur, Royle, Edgeworth, &c. Khasia Mts., alt. 5000 ft., Griffith, &c. Nilghiri Mts., Wight, &c. Nearly glabrous or laxly pubescent throughout. Stem 2 ft. high and more, decumbent or suberect, weak, shining, with a line of hairs above. Leaves 1 1/2-5 in., very variable in shape, membranous, long or shortly acuminate, nerves spreading, one intramarginal. Cymes glandular pubescent, much branched; peduncles and pedicels very slender, spreading. Sepals pubescent, oblong-lanceolate, acute, 1/8-1/6 in. Petals notched, shorter than the sepals. Capsule equalling the calyx. Seeds wrinkled. 3. S. drymarioides, Thwaites Enum. 24; procumbent, rooting, glabrous below, glandular-pubescent above, leaves petioled orbicular or broadly elliptic acute or apiculate, flowers small densely pubescent. Ceylon ; Harpootelle pass, alt. 4000 ft., Walker, Thwaites, Stems slender, flaccid, 4 angled ; branches erect. Leaves 1/2-1 1/2 in. diam., with a few scattered hairs ; petals 1/10-1/3 in. ; nerves spreading. Cymes with long slender spreading peduncles and pedicels, the latter often thickened upwards. Petals 2-fid, half as long as the sepals. Disk 5-lobed. Capsule included, 1-seeded. - Closely allied to S. paniculata and probably a broad-leaved state of that plant, the foliage and habit closely resemble Drymaria cordifolia, which may at once be distinguished by the nervation of the leaf. Sect. II. Malachium, Fries. Sepals free to the base. Stamens hypogynous. Styles usually 5. Ovary 1-celled. Capsule with 5 2-fid valves, many-seeded. 4. S. aquatica, Scopoli ; slightly glandular above, stem diffuse decumbent angular, leaves ovate-cordate. Cerastium aquaticum, Linn. Malachium aquaticum, Fries ; Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 731. page 230 Temperate Himalaya ; from Nipal to Marri, alt, 4-8000 ft. - Distrib. N. and W. Asia, N. Africa, Europe. Perennial. Stem 1-3 ft, brittle, branched, often trailing over bushes. Leaves 1-1 1/2 in., membranous, lower shortly petioled, acute, sometimes ciliate. Flowers 1/2 in. diam., axillary. Sepals lanceolate, enlarged in fruit. Petals with diverging lobes. Capsule 1 in., ovoid, rather exceeding the sepals; peduncle deflexed, curved at the tip. Seeds globose, tubercled. Sect. III. Stellaria proper. Sepals free to the base. Stamens hypogynous or subperigynous. Ovary 1-celled ; styles 2-3. Capsule with 4-6 entire valves. Seeds numerous, rarely few. 5. S. media, Linn. ; stem procumbent with a line of hairs, leaves ovate acuminate lower petioled upper sessile, cymes many-flowered, sepals green subacute or obtuse, petals shorter than the glandular sepals or 0, stamens 3-10, styles 3, seeds opaque strongly tubercled or echinate. Wall. Cat. 631 ; Wight Ic. t. 947; Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 707. S. monogyna, Don Prodr. 215. Alsinella Wallichiana, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 630. Throughout the Panjab, and temperate regions of India, ascending in the Himalaya to 12,000 ft., and in Western Tibet to 14,500 ft. Ceylon; Newera Ellia, probably introduced. - Distrib. All Arctic and N. temperate regions, a doubtful native elsewhere. A very common and most variable weed. Stems 6 in. 2 ft., generally much branched, flaccid, green. Leaves 1/2-1 in. lower long-petioled, ovate or cordate, upper sessile, elliptic or lanceolate. Flowers axillary and in terminal cymes, 1/4-1/3 in. diam.; pedicels slender, glabrous or glandular-pubescent. Sepals obtuse or subacute, hairy glandular or covered with raised points. Capsule ovoid, longer than the sepals. Seeds brown, acutely tubercled. - Flowers 4-merous and apetalous in Alpine Sikkim specimens. 6. S. sikkimensis, Hook.f.; decumbent, stems shining below, much branched laxly pubescent or villous with spreading hairs, leaves small sessile ovate or ovate-lanceolate rarely cordate, cymes terminal many-flowered, sepals lanceolate acuminate pilose much exceeding the 2-partite petals, stamens 10, styles 3, capsule not exceeding tbe sepals. SIKKIM Himalaya; common, alt. 5-9000 ft., Herb. Grifith, J. D. H. Often forming matted tufts, clothed with flaccid brown spreading hairs. Leaves 1/3-2/3 in., spreading' recurved or reflexed, acute, very .shortly-petioled, opaque, hairy on both surfaces and ciliate. Flowers 1/4 in. diam. ; pedicels rather longer than the sepals, spreading, decurved in fruit. Sepals with broad scarious margins. Capsule elongate ovoid, rather longer than the sepals ; valves 5, entire. Seeds many, minute, opaque, scarcely tubercled. - subalpine specimens have more coriaceous deflexed leaves, with strongly recurved margins. Nearly allied to S. saxatilis, but less perigynous, more laxly hairy, and cymes much shorter peduncled and terminal. 7. S. semivestita, Edgew. ; more or less woolly, stem elongate stout decumbent much branched leafy, leaves spreading and recurved subulate, peduncles axillary much exceeding the leaves, sepals lanceolate acuminate with broad scarious margins shorter than the petals, stamens 10, styles 3. Western Temperate Himalaya ; Kumaon, alt. 6-8000 ft. ; Lohoo-ghat and Dadooka Taola, T. Thomson; Chaur. Strach. & Wint. Forming large compact or Iax tufts. Stems 6-18 in., terete below ; branches ascending, crowded, very leafy, white with woolly hairs. Leaves 1/2-2/3 in., gradually recurved from a broad base, 1-nerved, woolly on both surfaces or glabrate. Flowers 1/2 in. diam.; peduncles 1 in., very woolly. Sepals 1/4 in., very acuminate, back striate, tomentose. Petals 2-partite, rather broad. Fruit unknown. 8. S. Webbiana, Wall. Cat. 642 (Leucostemma) ; glabrous, stem slender decumbent branched leafy, leaves spreading linear or acicular, pedicels page 231 axillary capillary very long, sepals lanceolate acuminate much shorter than the 2 fid petals, stamens 8, styles 2. Benth. in Royle III. 81, t. 21, f. 2.Western Temperate Himalaya, alt. 5-6000 ft., from Kumaon to Sirmur, Blinkworth, &c. Stems zigzag, 6-12 in., 4-angled. Leaves 1/2 in., shining, with long acicular points, 1-nerved, sessile, rather rigid. Flowers axillary, suberect, 1/2 in, diam. ; pedicels strict, 1-2 in., erect in fruit. Sepals shining, 1/4 in. ; back striate, margins broadly scarious shining. Petals 2-fid to about the middle, lobes narrow obtuse. Capsule equalling the sepals, ovoid, 6-valved. Seeds pale-brown, reniform, compressed, back echinate with long processes. 9. S. latifolia, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 643 (Leucostemma) ; glabrous below, tomentose above, stems decumbent flaccid laxly tufted, leaves subsessile margins acuminate, lower broad-ovate or cordate, upper elliptic, pedicels very slender, sepals oblong or subulate-lanceolate much shorter than the 2-fid petals, stamens 8, styles 2, capsule much shorter than the sepals. Benth. in Royle III. 81, t. 21, f. 1. Western Temperate Himalaya, alt. 6-8000 ft. ; Kumaon, Blinkworth, &c. ; Garwhal, Falconer. Stems 2-10 in., flexuous, 4-angled, glabrous, shining except the young, which are laxly tomentose, much branched. Leaves; lower, 1/2-2/3 in., almost orbicular at times, shortly petioled, suddenly mucronate, margins thickened, veins diverging, upper smaller narrower. Flowers 1/2 in. diam. ; pedicels terminal and in the uppermost axils, capillary, glabrous. Sepals green, with a narrow scarious border. Petals 2-fid to about the middle, lobes oblong obtuse. Capsule short, ovoid, included, membranous, hyaline, apparently bursting irregularly. Seeds orbicular, brown, nearly smooth. 10. S. bulbosa, Wulf.; rhizome slender creeping tuberiferous, stem slender simple with a line of hairs, leaves few obovate or elliptic-lanceolate subacute, pedicel solitary subterminal capillary erect, sepals 4-5 much shorter than the broad petals. DC. Prodr. i. 397 ; Cesati in Linnaea, xxxii. 253, t. 1. Kraschninnikowia rupestris, Turcz. in Led. Fl. Ross. i. 373. Temperate Himalaya, in woods at the roots of trees; Bhotan, Griffith; Sikkim, alt. 10-12,000 ft., J. D. H. Jamu to Marri, alt. 6-9000 ft., Jacquemont, Thomson, &c. - DISTRIB. Siberia, Carinthia, N. Italy. A very peculiar and interesting little plant in respect of structure and distribution, confined to Carinthia and Transylvania in Europe, and to Siberia and the Himalayas in Asia. Stem 1-5 in., erect, very slender. Leaves 2-6 pairs, 1-1 1/2 in. long, rather fleshy, sessile or contracted into a petiole; margins sometimes ciliate ; midrib slender, nerves very obscure. Flowers often dimorphic, the lower on the plant from the inferior pedicels or rhizomes being minute apetalous and ripening seeds, the subterminal large, 1/2 in. diam , rarely or not producing seed. Sepals herbaceous, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, 1/2-2/3 in. shorter than the white petals. Anthers purple. Styles filiform. Capsule 8-angled, 4-valved to the base. Seeds few, large, tuberculate. - The seeds of Siberian specimens have long processes on the back. 11. S. tibetica, Kurz in Regensb. Flora. 1872, 285 ; whole plant densely glandular-pubescent, stem ascending rather robust, leaves sessile oblong subacute or acate, cymes erect peduncled few-flowered, peduncle and pedicels stout, bracts ovate coriaceous, sepals much shorter than the petals, elliptic acute margins submembranous. Western Tibet; on limestone rocks near Trantse Lundo, in Karnag, alt. 14-17,000 ft., Dr. Stoliczha. Stem 3-5 in., cylindric, base glabrous shining. Leaves suberect, 1/2-3/4 in., opaque, midrib slender, nerves obscure. Cymes auxiliary and terminal, robust ; pedicels longer or shorter than the flowers, the lateral 2-bracteoiate. Flowers 1/3 in. diam., erect. Calyx page 232 rounded at the base, quite free. Petals half as long again as the sepals, 2-fid to the middle. Filaments slender, hypogynous. Disk 0. Styles 3, slender ; ovules numerous, Capsule broadly ovoid, shorter than the sepals, 6-valved, inserted by a very narrow base. Seeds (unripe) apparently solitary, large, muricate.Sect. IV, Larbraea, St. Hil. Sepals more or less connate at the base into an obconic tube. Stamens 8-10, perigynous ; filaments linear or subulate, not suddenly dilated at the base. Ovary 1 -celled ; styles 3, rarely 4. Capsule 4-6-valved; valves entire. Seeds numerous. - Usually flaccid laxly caespitose herbs. * More or less pubescent woolly or silky. 12. S. lanata, Hook. f.; stems slender decumbent glabrous below, branches pedicels sepals and leaves beneath densely woolly, leaves spreading and recurved linear-oblong, sepals small oblong acute, petals minute, stamens 8, styles 3, capsule twice as long as the sepals. SIKKIM Himalaya, alt. 9-14,000 ft., in gravelly places, J. D. H. Stems laxly tufted, very slender, 8-12 in., below cylindric and shining; branches 4-angled and leaves beneath clothed with snow-white soft wool. Leaves 1/4-2/3 in., sessile or subcordate at the base, opaque above, 1-nerved. narrowed to the point, but hardly acuminate, dull green. Cymes few-flowered, terminal. Flowers 1/8 in . diam. ; pedicels rather longer than the leaves, erect in fruit, rarely deflexed. Sepals with narrow scarious margins. Petals very obscure, 2-fid or 2-partite, lobes slender. Capsule oblong-ovoid, 4-6-valved. Seeds brown, reniform, granulate. 13. S. longissima, Wall. Cat. 632; stems slender decumbent glabrous below, branches pedicels and leaves softly silky, leaves sessile linear-oblong or -lanceolate spreading or recurved, pedicels slender, sepals narrow-lanceolate equalling the 2-partite petals, stamens 10, capsule shorter than the sepals 5-cleft. S. patens, Don Prodr. 215. S. Fenzliana and S. mollis, Klotzsch in Bot. Reis. Pr. Waldem. p. 141, t. 29. Temperate Himalaya, alt. 8-12,000 ft., from Sikkim, J. D. H., to Sirmur, Jacquemont. Stems 6-18 in., much-branched, laxly tufted, cylindric below, 4-angled above, upper parts and leaves on both surfaces and peduncles clothed with long lax silky hairs. Leaves 3/4-1 1/4 in., sessile, acute, flat, opaque, 1-nerved. Flowers 1/2 in. diam., axillary or in terminal few-flowered cymes; peduncle erect, 1/4-1 in.; bracts with scarious edges. Sepals 1/5 in., glabrous, with broad scarious margins. Petals with rather broad segments, usually deeply 2-partite. Filaments slender. Capsule ovoid, 5 valved. Seeds dark-brown, minute, turgid, tubercled. - Klotzsch's L. Fenzlii is distinguished by the more deeply divided petals and by being less pubescent. 14. S. saxatilis, Hamilt. in Wall. Cat 634; stem long decumbent shining, upper parts densely soft tomentose, leaves subsessile ovate elliptic or oblong rarely cordate acute tomentose on both surfaces, cymes axillary, sepals tomentose exceeding the 2-partite petals, stamens 10, styles 3-4, capsules equalling the sepals. Don Prodr. 215. Temperate Eastern and Central Himalaya; Nipal, Wallich ; Bhotan, in wet places, alt. 5-7000 ft., Griffith. Khasia Mts., alt. 5-6000 ft., Simons, &c. - Distrib. Java, Siberia, Japan. Stems 2-3 ft., laxly tufted, cylindric ; pubescence of the upper parts, leaves and inflorescence close dense almost woolly, sometimes very thick and closely appressed. Leaves 1/3-1 1/2 in., sessile or very shortly petioled, midrib faint. Cymes on slender peduncles, usually from the forks, very slender, subumbellately branched, pedicels 1-1 1/2 in., divaricating ; bracts linear-subulate. Flowers 1/3 in. diam. Sepals almost woolly, oblong, acute, margin very narrowly membranous. Petals 2-partite. Filaments slender. Capsule 5- valved. Seeds almost black, tubercled. - Some Bhotan specimens have very page 233 densely tomentose cordate thick almost coriaceous leaves. The Javanese have recurved much more glabrous and acute leaves.** Glabrous, or leaves ciliolate tmuards the base only. 15. S. graminea, Linn. ; glabrous, stem very slender (rarely short) suberect 4-angled, leaves sessile narrow linear-oblong acute, margins thickened smooth often ciliate towards the base, cymes terminal branched or reduced to one flower, sepals linear-oblong 3-nerved margin narrow equalling the petals, stamens 10, capsule shorter than the sepals. Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 707. Western Tibet; alt. 11-15,000 ft., T. Thomson. - Distrib. Affghanistan to W. Europe. Everywhere glabrous except the margins of the leaf towards its base. Stems 3-10 in., suberect or decumbent and tufted, shining, 4-angled. Leaves 1/4-1 in., sessile, narrowed at the base, sides almost parallel, opaque, somewhat glaucous, midrib and nerves obscure, margins thickened, quite smooth, sometimes undulate. Cymes spreading; pedicels very slender, divaricating, 1/4-1 in.; bracts oblong-lanceolate, with broadly scarious margins. Flowers erect, about 1/3 in. diam. Sepals green, shining, obtuse or acute. Petals 2-partite. Filaments slender. Styles 3. Capsule always shorter than the sepals, 5-6-valved. Seeds orange-brown, granulate. Var. montioides ; stems short densely tufted, leaves small short, cyme reduced to 1 flower. - Alt. 15-17,000 ft. 16. S. glauca, Withering ; quite glabrous, stem suberect or erect 4-angled, leaves sessile oblong or linear-lanceolate acuminate, margins thickened perfectly glabrous, pedicels subsolitary terminal and axillary slender spreading in fruit, sepals linear-oblong half as long as the broad 2-lobed petals, stamens 10, capsule equalling the sepals. Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 708. Western Temperate Himalaya; Lahul, Jaeschke; Western Tibet, Indus valley, T. Thomson. - Distrib. Siberia, W. Asia, Europe, Greenland. Perennial. Stems 1-2 ft., slender. Leaves 1-2 in., sessile, base rounded, ascending or erecto-patent, midrib distinct, nerves obscure. Flowers 1/2-3/4 in. diam. ; pedicels rather stout, strict, 1-3 in.; bracts membranous. Sepals oblong- or lanceolate-oblong, acute or acuminate, green, 3-nerved, margins broadly scarious. Filaments slender. Capsule broadly ovoid, equalling the sepals, on rather spreading pedicels. Seeds strongly granulate. 17. S. uliginosa, Linn.; glabrous or with a few hairs at the base of the leaves, stems slender 4-angled, leaves sessile small ovate or oblong, lanceolate, cymes axillary and terminal, pedicels at length deflexed, sepals lanceolate acute, petals minute or 0, stamens 10, styles 3, capsule equalling or a little exceeding the sepals. Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 708. S. thymifolia, Wall. Cat. 636 (apetalous, leaves short broad). S. aquatica, Poll. ; Wall. Cat. 635 (glaucous, leaves oblong). Temperate and alpine Himalaya; in wet places, from 4-10,000 ft. (to 16,000 fl. in Sikkim), common. Khasia Mts., alt. 5-6000 ft. Nilghiri Mts., Wight. - Distrlb. Temperate N. Hemisphere. Annual, very variable in size and habit, much branched, very leafy and copiously flowering, often glaucous. Stem 6-18 in., erect or diffuse. Leaves rarely 1/2 in., with often thickened sometimes undulate margins and mucronate tip. Cymes slender, peduncles short or long ; bracts scarious. Flowers 1/4 in. diam., sometimes solitary, pedicels slender. Calyx-tube obscure. Filaments slender. Capsule ovoid, 6-valved. Seeds small, minutely tubercled. 18. S. subumbellata, Edgew. ; perfectly glabrous, stem very slender ascending, leaves sessile linear or elliptic-oblong acute, cymes terminal or page 234 flowers solitary, pedicels capillary deflexed in fruit, flowers very small, sepals ovate-lanceolate acute, petals 0, stamens 5, styles 3, capsule cylindric twice as long as the sepals.Interior of the Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 12-16,000 ft., J.D.H. Western Tibet; Nubra, alt. 11-15.000 ft., T. Thomson. Stems 6 in. high in Nubra specimens very slender simple, stouter shorter and more tufted in the Sikkim ones. Leaves 1/3-1/2 in., with thickened margin and tip, not mucronate. Flowers 1/6 in. diam..; pedicels 1/2-1 in. ; bracts scarious. Calyx base obscure; sepals green, strongly 3-nerved, with broad scarious margins. Filaments slender. Styles short. Capsule 1/6 in. long, straight, 5-valved. Seeds pale brown, distinctly granulate. - Very near the Baikal S. umbellata, Turcz. (Led. Flor. Ross. i. 394), but the bracts are not numerous and crowded, and the seeds are not perfectly smooth, but strongly granulate. 19. S. depauperata, Edgew. ; quite glabrous, stems slender flexuous red-brown, leaves spreading and recurved sessile oblong-lanceolate acute, pedicels few axillary and terminal elongate curved wiry, flowers small, calyx with a broad turbinate base, sepals lanceolate acute petals 0, styles 3 very short, capsule 6-valved, seeds few. Alpine Sikkim Hlmalaya ; Yeumtong in gravelly places, alt. 15,000 ft., J. D. H. A very singular little species, of which there are but few specimens, all gathered in one spot. Stems 3-4 in., wiry, flexuous, 4-angled, dark red brown. Leaves few, 1/4-1/3 in., in distant pairs. Pedicels 1/2-1 in. long, wiry, floxuous. Calyx base large and broad ; sepals 1/8 in., dark green with broad scarious edges. Filaments linear. Ovary short, ovoid; styles 3, very short. Capsule shorter than the sepals. - The structure of the flower approaches that of Sect. Adenonema. Sect. V. Adenonema, Bunge. Sepals connate at the broad base. Petals minute or 0, rarely equalling the sepals. Stamens 8-10, perigynous ; filaments dilated at the base. Disk glandular. Ovary 1-celled ; styles 3. Capsule 3-5-valved. Seeds 1 or few or many. - Densely tufted Alpine herbs. 20. S. decumbens, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 35 ; laxly or densely tufted, usually very shining, stems stout or slender and pedicels densely pubescent or villous, branches sparse or closely imbricate often fascicled in axillary globose tufts, ovate or oblong or lanceolate-subulate acicular-pointed (rarely acute or obtuse) 1-nerved, margins thickened glabrous or ciliate, flowers solitary or cymose, sepals 4-5 oblong-lanceolate, petals usually very short 2-partite narrow, capsule shorter than the sepals, seeds 2-8 opaque nearly smooth suborbicular. Alpine and Subalpine Himalaya, in rocky and gravelly places, alt. 11-15,000 ft. (18,000 ft. in Sikkim). A very common and variable Alpine Himalayan plant, allied to S. petraea, Bunge, but at once distinguished by its shorter shining less rigid leaves, and denser pubescence. - We are quite unable to distinguish the folfewing varieties specifically, though var. 4 is less connected by intermediates than the others, and may be different. a. Flowers solitary. Var. 1; tufts large lax shining 6-18 in. broad, leaves 1/4 in. usually imbricate often in axillary tufts usually ovato-subulate, sepals .5, petals minute. - S. petraea, Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. & T. (not of Bunge). - Sikkim and Kunawar. Var. 2. Edgeworthii; tufts lax shining, stems slender, leaves sparse slender spreading 1/8 in. subulate-lanceolate, petals minute. - S. decumbens, Edgew. I.c. - Kumaon. Var. 3. minor ; stems slender 2-4 in., leaves shining or not 1/8 in. ovate- or lanceolate-subulate often in axillary fascicles, sepals 4, petals minute. - Sikkim. Var. 4. Stracheyi; stems slender 2-4 in., leaves 1/8 in, not shining ovate-subulate, page 235 petals equalling the 5 sepals. -Kumaon, alt. 12-13,000 ft., Str. & Wint. (with S. & W. No. 6).Var. 5. pulvinata; forming dense globose or cushion-like masses, opaque or shining, leaves densely imbricate ovate-subulate or the lower oblong and rounded at the tip usually ciliate, sepals 4-5 coriaceous. - Garwhal, at great elevations, 16-18,000 ft., Str. & Wint. ; Western Tibet, T. Thomson ; Sikkim, J. D. H. b. Flowers cymose. Var. 6. polyantha; tufts dense shining, stem stout, leaves 1/4-1/2 in., ovate- or lanceolate-subulate ciliate or pubescent, cymes sessile many-flowered, sepals 5, petals minute. - Kashmir, Royle; Sikkim, J.D.H. Var. 7. acicularis; stems lax and leaves very shining, leaves erecto-patent rigid narrow subulate-lanceolate keeled, margins smooth, cymes peduncled lax many-flowered, bracts large concave scarious, sepals 4-5, petals minute. - Sikkim, at Tungu, alt. 12-14,000 ft. 12. BRACHYSTEMMA, Don. A diffuse subscandent branching herb. Leaves lanceolate. Flowers numerous, in axillary or terminal panicles. Sepals 5,subscarious. Petals 5, minute, narrow and quite entire. Stamens 10, 5 without anthers. Ovary 1-celled ; styles 2; ovules 4. Capsule globose, depressed, 4-valved, 1-seeded. Seed reniform or globose, tuberculate. 1. B. calycinum, Don Prodr. 646 ; Fenzl in Endl. Atakt. t. 16. Temperate Central and Eastrrn Himalaya; Nipal, Wallich; Sikkim, alt. 4-7000 ft., J. D. H. ; Bhotan, Griffith; Khasia Mrs., alt. 3000 ft. Glabrous. Stems 6-8 ft., clambering amongst bushes, 4-angled, shining, brittle. Leaves 1 1/2-3 in., petioled, ovate-lanceolate, acute, glabrous beneath, triple-nerved, margins obscurely crenulate. Cymes 3-6 in., pedicelled, terminating lateral branches or axillary ; bracts linear; pedicels slender. Flowers 1/2-2/3 in. diam. Sepals oblong-lanceolate. Petals, stamens and pistil all very small compared with the scarious sepals. 13. ARENARIA, Linn. Annual or perennial, often tufted herbs. Leaves broad or narrow. Flowers white or pink, solitary or in dichotomous cymes. Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire lacerate or retuse, never 2-fid or 2-partite, rarely 0. Stamens 5, perigynous or subhypogynous. Stamens 10, rarely 5, hypogynous or more often inserted on the perigynous lobed or annular disk. Ovary 1-celled ; styles 3-4 (rarely 2) ; ovules usually many. Capsule short, rarely exceeding the sepals, valves 2-6. Seeds compressed or turgid, smooth or tubercled. - DISTRIB. Species about 130, all natives of cold and temperate regions. A. Capsule with as many valves (usually 3) as there are styles. Sect. I. Alsine. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves in the Indian species broad flat. Flowers small, cymose white. Calyx not thickened at the base. Styles 3. Seeds compressed, striate or granulate. 1. A. trichotoma, Royle mss. ; perennial erect, dichotomously branched, branches long strict spreading finely pubescent, leaves glabrous linear or linear-oblong from a broad sessile base, cymes long peduncled trichotomous, pedicels slender, bracts scarious, petals equalling or exceeding the ovate-oblong acute broadly-margined sepals, seeds 3-5 orbicular compressed. Western Temperate Himalaya; Kunawar, alt. 8-10,000 ft., Jacquemont, Royle, &c. - DISTRIB. Affghanistan. Nearly glabrous, 1-1 1/2 ft. Stems rather stout and flexuous at the base ; branches terete, page 236 very strict. Leaves 1/2-1 1/2 in. in distant pairs, or spuriously whorled, subacute, thick, opaque, 1-nerved, acute, margins somewhat recurved. Cymes very lax, strict, slender, branches and pedicels very long ; bracts and bracteoles small. Flowers 1/4 in. diam., erect. Calyx rounded and not hardened at the base ; sepals quite glabrous, obscurely 1-nerved. Styles 3, slender. Capsule subglabrous, 3-vaIved. Seeds striolate, much compressed, pale red-brown.2. A. Meyeri, Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 682 (Alsine) ; annual, fastigiately dichotomous, clothed with spreading glandular hairs, leaves suberect subulate 7-nerved, pedicels short, sepals rigid subulate-lanceolate strongly nerved, petals very short, seeds small granulate. PANJAB, near Peshawur, Vicary, Stewart. - Distrib. Affghanistan, and westward to Syria and Asia Minor. A small rigid erect annual, 4-6 in. Stems cylindric. Leaves 1/4-1/2 in., more or less recurved. Calyx 1/3 in. long; base rounded or subacute ; sepals erect, rigid, green, slightly recurved, pungent, outer 5-, inner 3-nerved, nerves and margins white. Petals ovate-oblong. Stamens sometimes 6 and 7. Styles 3. Capsule oblong, much shorter than the sepals, 3 valved. Seeds red-brown, orbicular reniform, compressed. 3. A. foliosa, Royle mss. ; quite glabrous, loosely tufted, stems much branched, branches slender leafy, leaves very narrow linear subacute spreading often flexuous 1-3-nerved, cymes long-peduncled subumbellate, bracteoles short ovate, sepals ovate-lanceolate acuminate strongly 3-nerved shorter than the entire petals, capsule ovoid rather longer than the sepals, valves recurved, seeds reniform dorsally granulate. Alsine Roylei, Fenzl in Herb. Benth. Western Subalpine Himalaya, alt. 9-13,000 ft., from Garwhal to Kashmir, Royle, Jacquemont, &c. Perennial, branched from the base; branches 2-6 in., loosely or densely leafy. Leaves 1/3-2/3 in., usually spreading, never rigid or pungent, not 1/16 in. broad, bright green. Peduncles sparingly leafy, strict, erect ; bracts and bracteoles coriaceous, acute, concave; pedicels equalling or exceeding the sepals. Calyx rounded and not indurated at the base ; sepals 1/6 in., coriaceous, pungent, nerves much raised, inner with scarious edges. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds small, pale brown. - Perhaps a form of A. juniperina, Fenzl (Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 677), a native of Persia and W. Asia. 4. A. kashmirica, Edgew. ; glandular-pubescent rarely glabrous, densely tufted, stems much branched, branches leafy, leaves narrowly linear-subulate acute spreading strongly 3-nerved, cymes peduncled subumbellate, bracteoles ovate-subulate strongly nerved, sepals ovate-lanceolate acuminate strongly 3-nerved shorter than the entire petals, capsule ovoid rather longer than the sepals, valves recurved. Western Temperate Himalaya, alt. 6-7000 ft., T. Thomson; Lahul, Jaeschke; Western Tibet, Falconer. Very similar to A. foliosa, but usually glandular-pubescent throughout, leaves more subulate and rigid, very strongly nerved, lateral nerves often marginal, and bracts very different ; flowers smaller ; pedicels often shorter than the sepals ; petals longer ; the capsule and seeds are similar. B. Capsule with twice as many valves as there are styles. Sect. II Eremogoneae. Perennials, usually densely tufted. Leaves crowded, subulate rigid setaceous or grass-like. Sepals often hardened at the base. Disk-glands usually large. * Peduncles elongate. Flowers usually cymose. 5. A. festucoides, Benth. in Royle III. 81, t, 21, f. 3 ; densely tufted, page 237 leaves densely crowded subulate pungent rigid recurved 1-nerved beneath ciliolate, peduncles 1- or few-flowered glandular-pubescent, sepals lanceolate or subulate-lanceolate straight or recurved 1-3-nerved, margins broadly scarious shorter than the petals, capsule oblong 5-6-valved to the base shorter than the sepals, seeds flat with a narrow fimbriate wing.Western Alpine Himalaya, from Kumaon to Kunawar; alt. 11-13,000 ft., Royle, Jacquemont, &c. Western Tibet, Karnali river, alt. 15,500 ft., Strach. & Wint. Very variable in stature, 2-8 in. Leaves with axillary fascicles, 1/4-1 1/2 in., shining, rather concave above, usually recurved, pungent, margin ciliolate, nerve strong beneath. Peduncle 1-6 in., erect or curved, leafy, 1 rarely 2-5-flowered, always very glandular ; bracts ovate-subulate, with broadly scarious margins ; pedicels shorter or longer than the sepals. Calyx scarcely thickened at the base ; sepals 1/4 to nearly 1/2 in., from ovate-lanceolate to subulate lanceolate, sometimes falcate, long acuminate, pungent, margin broadly scarious, back green with 3 approximate nerves, glabrous or glandular-pubescent. Petals sometimes twice as long as the sepals, obovate, variable in length and breadth. Capsule coriaceous, rarely equalling the sepals. Seeds very flat, pale. Var. imbricata ; smaller, stems very short densely tufted, leaves 1/4 in., peduncles very short. ? A. imbricata, M. Bieb. Fl. Taur. Cauc. i. 344, which differs only in the capsule exceeding the sepals. - Ledebour and Boissier (Fl. Orient. i. 673), both refer A. imbricata to Alsine, but the capsule in original specimens is distinctly 6-valved. 6. A. Griffithii, Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 697 ; suffruticose, tufted, glabrous or glandular, leaves densely crowded short subulate pungent rigid straight or recurved 1-nerved beneath ciliolate, peduncle several-flowered, sepals ovate acute concave obscurely nerved shorter than the petals, capsule globose 6-valved shorter than the sepals. Western Tibet ; Dras valley, alt. 8-10,000 ft., T. Thomson. - Distrib. Affghanistan. A more robust species than A. festucoides, with usually shorter though quite as rigid leaves, short concave ovate-subulate bracts, more numerous and smaller flowers, calyx rounded and much thickened at the base, broader sepals, and a globose or very broadly ovoid coriaceous capsule. ** Flowers always solitary, sessile or very shortly pedicelled. 7. A. musciformis, Wall. Cat. 6401 ; glabrous, most densely tufted, root long woody, stem very short densely leafy, leaves subulate spreading and recurved rigid minutely ciliate, flowers sessile solitary, sepals oblong-lanceolate acute 3-nerved rather shorter and narrower than the linear obovate petals. Alpine Eastern and Western Tibet, alt. 16-18,000 ft., Webb, Jacquemont; Balch pass, Strach. & Winterb.; Karakoram and Parang passes, &c., T. Thomson; Tibetan Sikkim, alt. 15-16,000 ft., J.D.H. Forming matted hard tufts ; roots very long, strong, woody. Leaves subsquarrose when dry pale green, 1/6-1/3 in., with broad sheathing scarious bases, 1-nerved below. Flowers sessile, solitary, 1/3 in. diam. Calyx narrow subtruncate and hardened at the base ; sepals green with broad scarious margins, outer 3-, inner 1-nerved. Petals persistent, tip rounded. Filaments long, slender. Styles 3, slender. Capsule apparently never fertilized in the specimens collected, small, globose, 5-6-valved to the base. - The leaves of the Sikkim specimen are 1/2 in., which is longer than those of the Western Himalaya. 8. A. polytrichoides, Edgew. ; most densely tufted, branches together with the most densely imbricating leaves cylindric, leaves short spreading and recurved subulate from a broad scarious sheathing base rigid pungent, channelled in front convex on the back, margins thickened obscurely ciliate towards the base, flowers minute subsessile, sepals broadly elliptic obtuse, petals larger broadly obovate, capsule broad equalling the sepals. page 238 Tibetan region of the Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 14-17,000 ft., J. D. H. Forming hemisphirical moss-like tufts of densely packed cylindric stems 1-4 in. long, clothed with old leaves below, together with these about 1/4 in. diam. Leaves 1/8-1/4 in., bright green, shining. Peduncles lengthening a little in fruit. Calyx rounded and much thickened at the base; sepals 1/10 in., very obtuse, concave, without scarious margins, obscurely 3-nerved. Petals broader and longer than the sepals, obovate. Filaments slender. Styles 3. Capsule broadly ovoid, coriaceous, 1-celled, shortly 5-6-valved. Seeds small, black, rather angular, nearly smooth. 9. A. monticola, Edgew.; glabrous, very densely tufted, branches densely leafy, leaves short spreading and recurved subulate from a broad scarious sheathing base rigid tip acicular margin thickened minutely ciliate, midrib prominent on both surfaces, floral larger lanceolate-subulate scarious, flowers large sessile, sepals ovate-lanceolate acuminate with 3 close-set green nerves in the axis much smaller than the broad obovate petals. Tibetan region of the Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 15-16,000 ft., J. D. H. Forming large subsquarrose green patches, 6-12 in. broad; roots long, woody; branches with the leaves about 2/3 in. diam. Leaves 1/3 in., rigid, midrib very strong, bright green, shining. Flowers 3/4 in. diam., bracteate by the 2 upper pairs of leaves. Calyx truncate, not thickened at the base ; sepals 1/3 in., nerves very strong, approximate. Petals 1/2 in. long, persistent, white, shortly clawed. Filaments slender. Styles 3, slender. Capsule apparently never fertilized, small, subglobose, 6-valved. 10. A. pulvinata, Edgew. ; densely tufted, branches densely leafy, leaves short subulate from a scarious sheathing base semi-cylindric mucronate margin not thickened strongly ciliate, midrib usually obsolete, flowers sessile, sepals ovate-lanceolate subacute with 3 close-set nerves in the axis much smaller than the obovate petals. Tibetan region of the Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 15-18,000 ft., J.D.H. Forming small subglobose densely compacted subsquarrose tufts; branches with the leaves on 1/4-1/3 in. diam., pale green. Leaves spreading and recurved, 1/8-1/5 in., very strongly ciliate, almost fimbriate towards the base, flat above, back convex up to the tip, which is abruptly mucronate. Flowers 1/4 in, diam., not bracteate by the enlarged upper leaves (as in A. monticola). Calyx .roundcd and thickened at the base; sepals vith hard scarious margins, about half as large as the petals. Disk-glands distinct. Filaments slender. Styles 3, slender. Capsule ovoid, about 1/3 in., shorter than the sepals, 6-valved, Seeds obovate-reniform, nearly smooth, pale. 11. A. oreophila, Hook. f. ; nearly glabrous, densely tufted, stems short densely leafy, leaves spreading and recurved rigid narrowly linear-subulate from a broad sheathing base semi-cylindric acute margins not thickened quite glabrous, midrib obsolete, flowers very shortly pedicelled, sepals nearly orbicular concave nerveless half as long as the narrow obovate-spathulate petals. Tibetan region of the Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 18,000 ft., J. D. H. Forming small subglobose densely compacted tufts ; branches with the leaves 1/2-3/4 in. diam. Leaves nearly 1/2 in. long, spreading, nearly flat above, convex to the tip beneath ; uppermost pair short, bract-like, ciliolate. Flowers 1/4 in. diam., solitary; pedicel shorter than the calyx, stout, puberulous Calyx rounded and somewhat thickened at the base ; sepals coriaceous, ciliolate. Petals vary narrow, tip rounded. Filaments slender. Disk glands prominent. Styles short. Capsule broadly ovoid, obtuse, rather exceeding the sepals, coriaceous, 6-valved to the base. Seeds earshaped. 14. A. globiflora, Wall. Cat. 639; densely tufted, stems short pubescent densely leafy, leaves spreading subulate-lanceolate pungent from a narrow membranous base concave 1 -nerved, margin scaberulous, flowers globose, page 239 pedicels short pubescent with several pairs of ovate pungent bracts, sepals orbicular-oblong palmately veined rather shorter than the orbicular-ovate petals. Fenzl in Ann. Mus. Wien. i. 60, t. 7. Cherleria grandifiora, Don Prodr. 214.Alpine region of the Nipal Himalaya, at Gosain-than, Wallich. Forming small compact hemispherical tufts ; roots long, fusiform. Stems 1-2 in. Leaves 3 in., rigid, base ciliate. Flowers 1/2 in. diam., peduncle about as long, with 2-3 pairs of concave bracts. Calyx rounded at the base; sepals membranous, margins very thin, erose. Petals retuse. Filaments very rigid, subulate, cohering into an annular disk at the base. Ovary spherical ; styles 2-3, short. Capsule much shorter than the sepals, membranous, 6-valved. - Don describes the flowers as rose-coloured, which we cannot affirm, and the stigmas as capitate, which is not the case, nor do we find the capsule to be 3-celled, as Don says it is. 13. A. densissima, Wall Cat. 640 ; densely tufted, stems clothed with the imbricating leaf-bases, leaves recurved subulate-lanceolate from a narrow base pungent concave nerveless keeled below, margin quite smooth, flowers axillary solitary shortly pedicelled, bracts elliptic concave mucronate, sepals ovate half as long as the very narrow petals. Fenzl in Mus. Wien. i. 60, t. 7. Cherleria juniperina, Don Prodr. 214. Alpine ? region of the Nipal Himalaya, Gosain-than, Wallich. Forming large compact tufts ; roots long, woody. Stems crowded, 3-4 in., densely leafy, rigid, fragile. Leaves 1/4-1/3 in., almost deflexed, shining. Flowers very small. Sepals subacute, 1/10 in. long. Petals linear-spathulate. Capsule globose. Sect. IV. Euthalia. Lax or tufted, usually perennial. Leaves ovate or oblong, broad, never subulate. Flowers cymose or solitary. Disk usually conspicuous. Capsule 6-valved. Seeds numerous, rarely few. * Cymes few- or many- rarely 1-flowered. 14. A. serpyllifolia, Linn.; annual, stem pubescent all round excessively branched, branches decumbent or suberect, leaves subsessile uvate acuminate 1-3-nerved ciliate, cymes many-flowered, bracts leafy, sepals 3-5-ribbed pubescent. Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 701 ; Wall. Cat. 637. A. Wallichiana, Seringe in Wall. Cat. 638. Subtropical and Temperate Himalaya, from Nipal to Kashmir; Rohilkund and the Panjab, alt. 1-11,000 ft.; Western Tibet, alt. 11-13,000 ft., T. Thomson. - DISTRIB. Affghanistan, Temp. Europe and Asia. Branching from the root, many-flowered; branches 2-10 in., slender, dichotomously branched, leafy, hairs often recurved. Leaves 1/4-1/3 inin., rather rigid. Flowers 1/6-1/4 in. diam. ; pedicels slender, strict, erect in flower, erect or spreading in fruit. Sepals ovate-lanceolate much exceeding the petals. Capsule 6-valved, ovoid, about as long as the sepals. Seeds tubercled. 15. A. neelgerrensis, Wight & Arn. Prodr. 43 ; annual, stem pubescent on one side much branched, branches decumbent, leaves subsessile elliptic or obovate obtuse or mucronulate 1-nerved ciliate, cymes few- or many-flowered, bracts leafy, sepals ovate acute 1-nerved, nerve pubescent. North-West Himalaya, alt. 5-10,000 ft., from Jamu to Kashmir, Jacquemont, &c. NILGHIRI Mts., Wight, &c. Very similar to A. serpyllifolia, but of laxer habit, leaves more elliptic often petiolate sometimes obovate, branches chiefly hairy on one side, sepals usually broader and seeds less tubercled, but these characters are far from satisfactory. - Wight and Arnott describe the petals as longer than the sepals, which is not a constant character, and the styles as varying from 2-4. page 240 16. A. orbiculata, Royle mss.; biennial or perennial ?, branches very slender nearly glabrous decumbent, leaves sessile or shortly petioled orbicular or elliptic obtuse or apiculate 1-nerved, petiole ciliate, sepals ovate or lanceolate 1-nerved glabrous. Temperate Himalaya, from Bhotan, Griffith, and Sikkim, alt. 8-13,000 ft., to Kashmir, alt. 5-8000 ft. Much more slender and less dichotoniously branched than A. serpyllifolia, to which it is closely allied. Branches 2-10 in., thinly pubescent chiefly on one side. Leaves 1/8-1/4 in., nearly glabrous. Flowers solitary or in few-flowered cymes. Sepals about 1 in., nerve often faint. Petals shorter than the sepals. Seeds many, smooth. - Apparently very near the West Asiatic A. rotundifolia, M. Bieb. (Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 700), but the branches do not root, and the cymes are much fewer-flowered. ** Flowers solitary. - Usually small tufted large-flowered alpine species. 17. A. ciliolata, Edgew.; perennial, hairy, eglandular, laxly tufted, stems short leafy pubescent, leaves ovate or oblong acute cuspidate or acuminate nerveless fringed with long flexuous jointed hairs, flowers large solitary sessile or shortly pedicelled, sepals lanceolate acute ciliate shorter than the broadly obovate white petals. Sikkim Himalaya; alt. 15-17,000 ft., J. D. H. Perennial, forming rather lax patches ; roots fibrous. Stems matted, 2-3 in., with 2 obscure lines of hairs. Leaves spreading, 1/4 in., sometimes elliptic, rather thick, obscurely 1-nerved, shining when old, margin obscurely thickened, hairs brown when dry, sometimes scattered over the surfaces, but chiefly confined to the margin. Flowers nearly 1/2 in. diam. ; pedicels shorter than the leaves, very pubescent, ebracteate. Calyx rather rounded at the base ; sepals of the texture of the leaves, edges hardly membranous, nerve obscure. Petals with rounded tips. Filaments subulate, flattened, connate at the base. Styles 3, slender. Capsule imperfect, small, globose, 6-valved. 18. A. glanduligera, Edgew.; densely glandular-pubescent, stems short laxly tufted suberect, leaves lax ovate or elliptic-oblong acute or acuminate flat, nerves obscure, flowers solitary pedicelled terminal erect or inclined, calyx rounded at the base, sepals spreading and recurved linear acute or obtuse glandular much smaller than the obovate rosy petals, capsule 6-valved shorter than the sepals. Alpine Himalaya; Kashmir, Falconer; Barji Kang pass, Kumaon, alt. 14,500 ft., Strach. & Wint.; interior of Sikkim, alt. 14-18,000 ft., J. D. H. Allied to A. ciliolata, and of the same habit, but smaller and densely glandular-pubescent, without the long flexuous articulate hairs of that plant, having also much smaller flowers. Stems numerous from the root, 1-2 in., rather stout shining and glabrous below, laxly leafy. Leaves 1/6-1/4 in., pale green, glandular on both surfaces, soft, opaque, margins hardly thickened. Flowers 1/3-1/2 in. diam, ; pedicel usually shorter, slender. Calyx thickened at the base ; sepals with membranous margins. Filaments flattened and united at the base in a glandular ring. Styles 3. Capsule membranous, few-seeded. Seeds pale. 19. A. Stracheyi, Edgew. ; quite glabrous, stems short laxly tufted suberect, leaves lax narrow linear-oblong acute or acuminate flat, nerves obscure, flowers solitary pedicelled terminal erect or inclined, sepals suberect lanceolate acuminate smaller than the obovate petals, capsule 6-valved shorter than the sepals. Western Tibet, north of Kumaon, near Rakas Tal, alt. 15,500 ft., Strach. & Winterb. ; Ladak, Stewart. This belongs to the same group as A. glanduligera and ciliolata, and may be recognised by being perfectly glabrous. Stems 1-2 in., ascending, simple. Leaves fleshy, page 241 1/4-1/3 in., very pale when dry, tip acute rather cartilaginous, margins not thickened, midrib very obscure. Flower 1/2-3/4 in. diam. ; pedicel short, stout, ebracteate. Sepals coriaceous. Petals apparently white. Seeds small, somewhat ear-shaped, pale, opaque, nearly smooth.20. A. melandryoides, Edgew. ; glandular-pubescent, stems laxly tufted suberect, leaves lax oblong-elliptic or oblong-lanceolate obtuse coriaceous 1-nerved, flowers terminal solitary pedicelled nodding, calyx truncate at the base, sepals erecto-recurved obtuse glandular much shorter than the linear rose-coloured petals, capsule 4-6-valved exceeding the calyx. SIKKIM Himalaya, alt. 14-18,000 ft., J. D. H. Perennial ; roots slender fibrous. Stem 2-4 in. long, laxly fascicled, branched from the base ; branches cylindric, erect or ascending, simple or sparingly divided, naked below. Leaves 1/3-2/3 in., in rather distant pairs, sessile, dull green or purplish, glandular on both surfaces, almost fleshy. Flowers solitary, terminal, rarely axillary, 3/4-1 in. diam., pedicel short and curved in flower, densely glandular, much elongated strict and erect in fruit. Calyx subcampanulate, thickened at the base; sepals 1/3 in. long, narrow, green, nerveless, margins not membranous. Petals very variable, sometimes 3/4 in. long, tip rounded. Filaments slender. Disk-glands inconspicuous. Styles 2-3. Capsule ovoid, exceeding the calyx, 4- or 6-valved, membranous. Seeds large, irregularly formed, testa pale spongy (young seeds orbicular and broadly winged). - A very curious plant, with something of the habit of Stellaria cerastioides, very glandular, with pink or purplish flowers. It unites this section with the following. The testa is very lax and appears in the immature seed as a broad white wing around the undeveloped nucleus. Sect. V. Lepyrodiclis, Fenzl (gen.). Flaccid usually tall herbs. Leaves broad, flat. Petals often erose or lacerate. Flowers cymose. Disk annular or obsolete. Styles 2, rarely 3. Capsules 2-6-valved, membranous, 1-6-seeded. Seeds with a thick or tubercled testa. - This section is usually upheld as a genus and described as having a distinct disk, 2-3-valved capsule, and only 2-4 seeds, but we find none of these characters to hold good. 21. A. holosteoides, Edgew. ; a tall slender flaccid glabrous or puberulous much branched herb, leaves linear or linear-oblong from a broad sessile cordate base acute or acuminate, cymes few-flowered, pedicels slender divaricate, sepals obtuse and petals very variable, tip retuse not lacerate, capsule 2-6-valved 1-6-seeded, seeds large tubercled. Lepyrodiclis holosteoides, Fenzl in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. i. 359 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 686. Gouffeia crassiuscula, Camb. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 30. Western Temperate Himalaya and Western Tibet, from Kumaon to Kashmir, alt. 7-12,000 ft., Jacquemont, &c. - Distrib. Affghanistan, Soongaria, and Westward to Asia Minor. Whole plant glabrous or glandular-pubescent. Stem 2-3 ft., much dichotomously branched, shining and striate when dry. Leaves 1-3 in., spreading, midrib and very oblique nerves exceedingly slender. Cymes pedicelled. Flowers 1/4-1/2 in. diam., white, nodding; pedicels 1/6-1/2 in, ebracteate. Calyx not thickened at the base ; sepals from linear-lanceolate to broadly ovate-oblong, green with membranous edges, glabrous or very hairy and glandular at the back. Petals equalling or exceeding the sepals, linear-spathulate or broadly obovate, notched or retuse. Filaments with broad flattened free bases. Disk 0. Styles 2-3, filiform, elongate. Capsule subglobose, shorter than the calyx, very membranous, variable in size, 2-6-valved to the base. Seeds on tumid funicles, variable in number and size, turgid, red brown or blackish, with concentric rows of acute tubercles ; cotyledons long flattened, radicle short. - We do not find the subhypogynoas gland described by Fenzl (in Ledebour, l.c.), nor any disk in this and the two following species. A most variable plant, especially in the sepals petals capsule and number of seeds. page 242 22. A. Benthami, Edgew.; tall, slender, flaccid, glandular-pilose, much branched, leaves sessile ovate acute hairy on both surfaces, cymes few- or many-flowered, pedicels slender divaricate, sepals oblong- or linear-lanceolate, petals obovate-spathulate lacerate, capsule 2-6-valved. Adenostemma glandulosum, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 645. Temperate Himalaya; Kumaon, Blinkworth; Sikkim, alt. 10-12,000 ft., J. D. H. Stems 2-3 ft. high, clothed with spreading jointed glandular hairs. Leaves 3/4-1 1/2 in., the lower petioled, midrib indistinct, nerves obsolete, margins ciliate. Cymes peduncled. Flowers 1/2 in. diam., nodding ; pedicels slender, deflexed in fruit, ebracteate. Calyx not thickened at the base ; sepals very glandular, erect and recurved, green with narrow membranous margins. Petals longer than the calyx, white. Disk obsolete. Filaments slender, dilated below, but hardly connate. Styles usually 2, not so capillary as in A. holosteoides. Capsule usually 4-valved, smaller than the calyx. Seeds few, with a thick spongy opaque hardly tubercled testa. 23. A. debilis, Hook.f. ; stems solitary or laxly tufted flaccid glandular-pilose sparingly branched or simple, leaves sessile elliptic-ovate obtuse hairy especially above, flowers solitary terminal or in few-flowered cymes, pedicels divaricate, sepals linear-lanceolate petals obovate, tip erose. Alpine Sikkim Himalaya; alt. 14-16,000 ft. J. D. H. Very like a small form of A. Benthami, but smaller in all its parts ; leaves more obtuse ; flowers not 1/4 in. diam. ; petals not lacerate and broader, merely irregularly toothed at the tip; filaments much shorter inserted on an evident thickened annular disk. - Small states come very near A. glanduligera, which however may at once be distinguished by the large flower acute leaves and the petals. 24. A. tenera, Edgew. ; glabrous or pubescent, stems filiform flaccid intricately branched, leaves long-petioled elliptic or ovate- or oblong-lanceolate acute, flowers small axillary, pedicels capillary, sepals ovate-oblong or lanceolate acute half as long as the linear quite entire petals. Lepyrodiclis tenera, Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 669. Western Temperate Himalaya; Kishtwar and Banahal, alt. 6-8000 ft., T. Thomson. - DISTRIB. Affghanistan. A very slender intricately tufted annual, with stems 2-3 ft. long. Leaves scattered, membranous, 1/2-3/4 in., petiole often longer than the blade, capillary. Flowers usually axillary, 1/6-1/4 in. diam.; pedicels divaricate, 1/2-1 in. Sepals variable in form, erect and conniving in flower, then spreailing, ciliate at the back. Petals white, gradually dilated upwards. Filaments very slender, hardly united at the base. Disk obsolete. Capsule globose, smaller than the sepals, usually 4-valved and 4-seeded. Seeds subglobose, with concentric series of acute tubercles. - In the Affghan specimens the petals appear lacerate, but it is exceedingly difficult to lay them out after being dried without rupturiug the apices. 14. SAGINA, Linn. Small annual or perennial herbs. Leaves subulate, connate at the base ; stipules 0. Flowers solitary, small, axillary and terminal, pedicelled. Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, entire or 0. Stamens 4, 5, 8, 10, perigynous. Ovary 1-celled ; styles 4-5 (and valves of capsule) opposite the sepals ; ovules numerous. Capsule 4-5-valved to the base. Seeds reniform. - Distrib. Temperate regions ; species 8. 1. S. procumbens, Linn. ; perennial, stems many tufted, primary shoots flowerless, lateral slender with fascicled usually procumbent and rooting branches, sepals 4-5 spreading in fruit, petals very small. Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 662. page 243 Temperate and Alpine Himalaya, and Western Tibet, alt. 7-14,000 ft., ascending to 16,000 ft. in Sikkim. - Distrib. N. and S. Temperate Zones. Whole plant 1-6 in., bright green. Leaves glabrous or ciliate, usually mucronate. Flowers globose, green, rarely 5-merous, 1/8 in. diam., pedicels erect or curved at the tip. Sepals obtuse. Capsule a little longer than the sepals. VAR. pentamera ; flowers pentamerons. - This may be referable to S. Linnosi, Presl. (saxatilis, Wimmer), but differs in the short petals. 15. THYLACOSPERMUM, Fenzl. A most densely tufted herb. Leaves minute, most densely imbricate, short, acute ; stipules 0. Flowers solitary, sessile in the tips of the branches. Calyx-tube obconic, 4-5-lobed, lobes suberect. Petals 4-5, small, obovate-spathulate. Stamens 8-10, inserted on the edge of a disk lining the calyx-tube. Ovary 1-celled ; styles 2-3, filiform ; ovules few. Capsule coriaceous, spherical, 4-6-valved. Seeds few, large, with a soft loose cellular testa. 1. T. rupifragrum, Schrenk. Periandra caespitosa, Cambess. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 27 and t. 29 (Flourensia). Bryomorpha rupifraga, Kar. & Kir. Enum. Pl. Soong. Arenaria rupicola, Fenzl in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. i. 780. Alpine Western Tibet, alt. 15-18,000 ft., Jacquemont, &c. - Distrib. Soongaria. Forming large hemispheric cushions a foot across and more, quite glabrous. Leaves 1/6-1/12 in., suberect, or spreading most densely 5-fariously imbricate, ovate, acuminate, pungent, shining, nerveless, back convex, concave above with thickened margins. Flowers 1/10 in. diam. Capsules shining, 4- or irregularly 6-valved. Seeds very large, irregularly compressed, almost white. - A very singular plant in habit, closely allied to Arenaria densissima, &c. 16. SPERGULA, Linn. Annual or perennial herbs, with forked or fascicled branches. Leaves opposite, often with leafy buds in their axils, whence the foliage appears to be whorled ; stipules small, scarious. Flowers in peduncled panicled cymes. Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 5 or 10, rarely fewer, inserted on a perigynous disk. Ovary 1-celled; styles 3 or 5, ovules many. Capsule with 3 or 5 entire valves. Seeds compressed, margined or winged. - Distrib. Weeds of cultivated grounds ; species 2-3. The valves of the capsule are described as opposite to the sepals, but this does not hold good where there are but 3 valves and 5 sepals. * Leaves apparently whorled. 1. S. arvensis, Linn. ; green, leaves in false whorls linear-subulate 1/2-terete grooved beneath rather fleshy, petals obtuse white, seeds keeled or narrowly winged granulate or papillose. Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 731. Cultivated fields in various cool parts of India ; and throughout the Northern hemisphere. Pubescent or glandular. Stems 1/2-2 ft., branched from the root, geniculate. Leaves 1/2-2 in., slender, spreading. Flowers 1/6-1/4 in. diam., subumbellate ; pedicels slender, spreading or deflexed. Sepals ovate, obtuse. Petals white. Capsule subglobose, shining. Seeds black. 2. S. pentandra, Linn. ; glaucous, leaves in false whorls linear-subulate terete not grooved beneath, petals lanceolate-acute white, seeds plano-compressed smooth, wing often as broad as the striate nucleus. Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 731. Arenaria flaccida, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 447. page 244 In the same situations as S. arvensis, and with the same distribution. I am unable to distinguish this in a dried state from the preceding. I find 3 styles very frequently, as described by Roxburgh, which does away with the difterence between the genera Spergula and Spergularia, to which latter the following species belongs. ** Leaves opposite. 3. S. rubra, Linn. (Arenaria); suberect or prostrate, glandular-pubescent,leaves simply opposite linear flat, stipules cleft, sepals lanceolate-obtuse, petals pink or white, seeds wingless scabrid, margin somewhat thickened. Spergularia rubra, St. Hil. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient. i 732. Plains of the Panjab, Edgeiworth, &c. - Distrib. N. and W. Asia, Europe. Root fusiform, annual. Stems much branched from the base, 4-8 in. Leaves 1/2-1 in., fleshy; stipules broad, silvery. Flowers 1/4-1/3 in. diam., subglobose ; pedicels divaricate or deflexed. Sepals green, with membranous borders, obtuse. Petals obovate, obtuse ; shorter than the sepals. Stamens 5 or 10. Styles 3. Capsule ovoid, longer than the sepals. Seeds pale brown, irregularly reniform or pyriform. This is usually referred, to another genus Spergularia, Persoon (Lepigonum, Fries), which differs from Spergula in having only 3 styles ; but the prevalence of 3 styles in the typical species of Spergula in India, renders this character valueless as a generic one. 17. DRYMARIA, Willd. Diffuse or suberect dichotomously branching herbs. Leaves opposite, flat ; stipules small, often fugacious. Flowers axillary or terminal, solitiiry or cymose. Sepals 5, herbaceous. Petals 5, 2-6- fid. Stamens 5, rarely .fewer, slightly perigynous. Ovary 1-celled ; style 3-fid ; ovules few or numerous. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds globose, reniform or compressed, hilum lateral, embryo curved. - Distrib. Species 16, all Tropical American except the following and an Australian species. 1 . D. cordata, Willd. ; glabrous, leaves ovate-cordate elliptic or orbicular petioled, petals 2-lobed shorter than the sepals. Wight & Arn. Prodr. 359. D. exteusa, Wall. Cat. 647. Cerastium cordifolium, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 458. Tropical and subtropical India and Ceylon, extending westwards to the Panjab and ascending the Himalaya to 7000 ft. in Sikkim. - Distrib. Tropical Asia, Africa, and America. A diffuse glabrous shrub; branched from the base ; branches 1-3 ft., slender. Leaves 3-5-nerved from the base, mucronate; petioles variable; stipule of several bristles. Flowers 1/6-1/4 in. diam., in axillary and terminal cymes; pedicels slender; bracts wiih membranous edges. Calyx obconic at the very base ; sepals oblong, with 3 strong nerves, and membranous margins. Petals 2-lobed to below the middle, lobes narrow not exceeding the sepals. Stamens 3-5. Style short; ovules 3 or more. Capsule ovoid, 3-gonous, shortly pedicelled, 3-valved to the base ; 1-infinite-seeded. Seeds orbicular, compressed, muricate. 18. POLYCARPON, Linn. Diffuse or dichotomously branched, glabrous or pubescent herbs. Leaves flat, opposite, appearing whorled from the presence of axillary fascicles of leaves ; stipules scarious. Flowers small, in crowded many-flowered cymes with scarious bracts. Sepals 5, keeled. Petals 5, small, hyaline, entire or toothed. Stamens 3-6. Ovary 1-celled ; style short, 3-fid ; ovules numerous. Seeds ovoid, hilum subbasal ; embryo almost straight or incurved, cotyledons incumbent or oblique. - Distrib. Species about 6, natives of various tropical and warm climates. page 245 1. P. Loeflingiae, Benth. & Hook.f. Gen. PI. i. 153, in note; glabrous or more or less pubescent, leaves cuneate linear oblong or spathulate, cymes terminal or in the forks, petals linear truncate, tip toothed. P. depressa, DC. Prodr.iii. 275. P. lanuginosa, Wall. Cat. 1515 b and ? P. Benthamii, 1514. Loeflingia indica, Retz. Obs. 38; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 165 ; Pharnaceum depressum, Linn. Mant. n. 564. Hapalosa Loeflingiae, Wall. Cat. 6962 ; Wight & Arn. Prodr. 358. Throughout the hotter parts of India, in fields and waste places. - Distrib. Tropical Asia and Africa. A weed, erect or diffuse ; branches 6-10 in. Leaves 1/4-3/4 in., acute or obtuse. Cymes fascicled or panicled. Flowers 1/8 in. diam. Sepals subequal, obtusely keeled. Petals entire or notched. Seeds subcylindric, hilum lateral and subbasal ; embryo nearly straight. 19. POLYCARPAEA, Lamk. Annual or perennial, usually erect herbs. Leaves flat, opposite, or appearing whorled from the presence of axillary fascicles of leaves ; stipules scarious. Flowers numerous, in effuse or contracted or capitate cymes. Sepals 5, scarious and often coloured, rarely scarious at the margins only. Petals 5, entire 2-toothed or with the margins erose. Stamens 5, subperigynous, free or cohering together and with the petals into a tube. Ovary 1 -celled ; style slender 3-fid or 3-dentate ; ovules numerous. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds obovoid or compressed. Embryo curved, rarely straight. - DISTRIB. Species about 24, natives of warm climates. 1. P. corymbosa, Lamk. III. n. 2798 ; hoary tomentose or glabrescent, leaves narrow linear or subulate pseudo-verticillate, stipules lanceolate or subulate, cymes terminal, sepals lanceolate very acute much exceeding the capsules. DC. Prodr. iii. 374; Wall. Cat. 1571; Wt. Ic. t. 712; W. & A. Prodr. 358. P. spadicea, Lamk. DC. I.c. 374; W. & A. 357 ; Wall. Cat. 1512 b ; Wt. in Hook. Comp. Pot. Mag. ii. t. 6. P. densiflora, Wall. Cat. 1513. P. indica, Lamk. Encycl. v. 483. Paronychia subulata, Lamk. Encycl. v. 25. Achyranthes corymbosa, Linn. ; Willd. Celosia corymbosa, Willd. ? Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 681. Mollia spadicea and corymbosa, Willd. ? Spreng. Syst. i. 795. Lahaya spadicea and corymbosa, Schult. ? Syst v. 405 ; Burm. Zeyl. t. 65, f. 2. - Rheede Hort. Mal. t. 66. Western Peninsula, and Ceylon, Central and N.W. India, and Sindet, ascending the Western Himalaya to 7000 ft. ; Birma, Wallich. - Distrib. Tropical Asia, Africa, Australia, and America. An erect or decumbent annual or perennial herb, 6-12 in. high, much dichotomously branched. Leaves 1/3-1 in., acuminate acute or obtuse, much exceeding the stipules. Flowers 1/6 in. diam., in dense excessively branched silvery cymes. Sepals scarious, white or coloured, glabrous or pilose, much exceeding the petals and the capsule. - Dr. Wight found it impossible (Ill. ii. 44) to separate P. spadicea from P. corymbosa, even as a well marked variety, and we may add that we have equally failed to discriminate either those species or their synonymy. - The following seems to be a well-marked form, to which the name spadicea might have been applied with propriety. Var. aurea, Wight Ill. ii. 44, t. 110; smaller, densely tomentose, excessively branched, flowers much smaller highly-coloured. 2. P. diffusa, Wight & Arn. in Ann. Nat. Hist. iii. 91 ; glabrous, slender, leaves narrow-linear or subulate pseudo-verticillate, sepals ovate-lanceolate very acute not much exceeding the petals or capsule. Wight III. ii. 44. Western Peninsula ; near Tuticoreen, Wight. page 246 Branches 6-18 in. high. Leaves obtuse, 1/4-1/2 in.; stipules lanceolate. Cymes puberulous, lax, very many-flowered. Flowers 1/12 in. long. 3. P. spicata, Wight & Arn. in Ann. Nat. Hist. iii. 91; annual, glabrous, leaves obovate-spathulate radical rosulate, cymes densely fascicled or semiumbellate, flowers subspicate, sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate acute much exceeding the petals and capsule. P. staticaeformis, Hochst. & Steud. Western Peninsula, at Tuticoreen, Wight; Sindh, Stocks. - Distrib. Arabia, Egypt, N. Australia. A small herb 2-5 in. high ; branches strict, filiform, erecto-patent from the root, bearing tufts of leaves and umbelled cymes. Leaves petioled, 1/4-1/2 in., rather fleshy, nerveless; stipules scarious, lacerate. Cymes 1/2 in. diam., long peduncled. Flowers subsecund, crowded, 1/6 in. long, bracts and sepals acute, scarious, white, with a highly coloured broad herbaceous midrib. Petals very small, oblong, obtuse. Capsule rather more than half the length of the sepals. Seeds shining. Order XIX. PORTULACEAE. (By W. T. Thiselton Dyer, F.L.S.) Herbs, rarely undershrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate, entire ; nodes with scarious or hairy appendages, rarely naked. Inflorescence various. Sepals 2, imbricate. Petals 4-5, hypogynous or perigynous, free (or united below), fugacious. Stamens 4-infinity, inserted with (rarely upon) the petals, filaments slender ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary free, or 1/2-inferior, 1-celled ; style 2-8-fid, divisions stigmatose ; ovules 2-infinity , on basal funicles or a central column, amphitropal. Capsule with transverse or 2-3-valvular dehiscence. Seeds 1-infinity compressed ; embryo curved round a mealy albumen. - Distrib. Cosmopolitan, chiefly American; genera 15, species about 125.
1. PORTULACA, Linn. Diffuse, usually succulent, annual or perennial herbs. Leaves with scaly or hairy nodal appendages. Flowers terminal, surrounded by a whorl of leaves, solitary or clustered. Sepals connate below, the free part deciduous. Petals 4-6, perigynous or epipetalous. Ovary 1/2-inferior ; style 3-8-fid ; ovules infinity. Capsule crustaceous, dehiscing transversely. Seeds infinity, reniform. - Distrib. Tropical regions, chiefly American ; one or two are cosmopolitan weeds extending to temperate regions ; species 16. * Leaves flat. 1. P. oleracea, Linn.; nodal appendages scarious minute or 0, leaves cuneate-oblong. Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 463; W. & A. Prodr. 356. P. laevis, Ham. in Wall Cat. 6841. P. suffruticosa, Thw. Enum. 24 (not of Wight). Throughout India, ascending to 5000 ft. in the Himalayas. - Distrib. All warm climates. An annual usually prostrate herb, 1/2-1 ft., subsucculent and glabrous. Leaves 1/4-1 1/2 in., rounded-truncate ; petiole very short. Inflorescence of few-flowered terminal heads, either solitary, or in dichotomous cymes. Flowers sessile, with a few ovate, pointed, scarious scales. Petals 5, about equalling the sepals, yellow. Stamens 8-12. Style 3-8-fid. Seeds tubercled-punctate. - An excellent salad. Var. erecta; erect, leaves spathulate-linear brighter green; P. oleracea, var. sylvestris, Hb. Royle (not of DC.). - N.W. India. page 247 2. P. Wigrhtlana, Wall. Cat. 6845 ; nodal appendages whorled scarious, leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate. W. & A. Prodr. 356. Western Peninsula ; in the Carnatic, and Ceylon. Stems much branched, prostrate, stunted ; the approximate joints naked below, clothed with scarious appendages, and sparingly leafy above. Leaves 1/5 in., alternate, acute, margins recurved; nodal appendages about six in a whorl, equalling the leaves, imbricate, lanceolate, acute, persistent. Flowers terminal, solitary, sessile, surrounded by a few leaves and tufted appendages. Sepals about 1/12 in., broadly ovate-lanceolate. Petals 5, obovate, with netted veins. Stamens 5 (or more?) shorter than the petals. Style filiform, 4-fid to 1/3 its length. Seeds numerous, granulate. 3. P. quadrifida, Linn. ; annual, nodal appendages pilose, leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate. Wight III. ii. t. 109 ; Wall. Cat. 6843. P. meridiana, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 463. P. geniculata, Royle III. 221. lllecebrum verticillatum, Burm. Ind. 66 ; Rheede Hort. Mal. x. t. 31. Throughout the warmer parts of India and Ceylon. - Distrib. Tropical Asia and Africa. Stems diffuse, filiform, rooting at the nodes. Leaves 1/5-1/3 in., opposite, very shortly petioled ; nodal appendages more or less copious. Flowers terminal, solitary. Calyx-tube 1/2-immersed in the extremity of the axis, surrounded by a 4-leaved involucre and long silky hairs. Petals 4 (yellow). (Stamens 8-12.) Style filiform, 4-fid to the middle. Seeds minutely tubercled. - Stunted specimens have the habit of Polygonum herniarioides which has been mistaken for this species. ** Leaves terete. 4. P. tuberosa, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 91 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 464 ; perennial stems short spreading from a tuberous root. P. cristata, Ham. and pilosa, Hb. Madr. in Wall. Cat. 6844, not of Linn. Behar, Hamilton ; Sindh, Stocks ; Western Peninsula ; Ceylon. Root 2-3 in , slightly fusiform, with a few branches towards the extremity, villous. Stems 2-3 in., spreading. Leaves 1/2-3/5 in., alternate, fleshy, linear ; nodal appendages 1/6 in., of sparingly tufted brown hairs. Flowers (yellow) in small terminal clusters, surrounded by about 8 leaves and tufted hairs. Stamens 20-infinity . Style filiform, 5-cleft. Seeds black, granular. - Closely allied to the Australian P. napiformis, F. Muell. 5. P. suffruticosa, Wight in Wall. Cat. 6842 ; annual, stems erect. W. & A. Prodr. 356. Western Peninsula, Wight. Root annual, woody, divided. Stem about 1 ft., subligneous at the base, breaking up into numerous ascending branches. Leaves about 1/2 in., acute; nodal appendages setose, scanty, very short, brown. Flowers in small terminal clusters, surrounded by about 8 leaves, and setose appendages equalling about 1/2 the base of the capsule. (Stamens about 16. Style 5-cleft to the middle, W. & A.). Seeds very small, with concentric rows of minute tubercles. - Allied to the tropical African P. foliosa, Ker, which differs chiefly in habit, from the production of lateral flower-bearing shoots overtopping the primary terminal heads. 2. TALINUM, Adans. Succulent herbs or shrubs. Leaves flat, exstipulate. Flowers racemed or panicled. Petals 5, hypogynous. Stamens infinity, Ovary superior ; style 3-fid ; ovules infinity. Capsule globose or ovoid, 2-3 valved. Seeds subglobose or compressed, strophiolate. - Distrib. Warm countries throughout the world. 1 . T. cuneifolium, Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 465. T. indicum, W.& A. Prodr. 356; Wall. Cat. 6847. NIPAL, Wallich; Western Peninsula, Wight. - Distrib. Arabia, Africa. page 248 Stems shrubby, erect, striate. Leaves 1-2 in., cuneiform-obovate, uppermost mucronate. Flowers in a terminal subdichotomously branched panicle, with small acuminate membranous-edged bracts ; pedicels decurved in fruit. Petals 4, purple. Sepals 1/4 in. long, broadly ovate, margins membranous, rather obtuse. Style very short, 3-fid. Capsule globose, about 1/4 in. diam. Order XX. TAMARISCINEAE. (By W. T. Thiselton Dyer, F.L.S.) Undershnibs, bushes, or small trees. Leaves alternate, very minute, often scale-like, exstipulate, rarely sheathing, sometimes fleshy or impress-punctate. Flowers solitary or in spiked or panicled racemes, regular, rarely 1 -sexual. Sepals and petals each 5, rarely 4, imbricate, free or connate below. Slamens 5-10-infinity, inserted on the disk, free or connate below; anthers versatile. Disk hypogynous or subperigynous, 10-glandular. Ovary free, 1-celled, or imperfectly septate ; styles 2-5, free or connate, or stigmas 3-5, sessile ; ovules 2-infinity on each basal placenta, anatropous, raphe ventral, micropyle inferior. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds erect, plumed or winged ; albumen floury, subfleshy or 0; embryo straight, cotyledons flat.-Distrib. Cold, temperate and hot regions, often in saline or sandy plains ; genera 5, species about 40.
1. TAMARIX, Linn. Bushes or small trees. Leaves scale-like, amplexicaul or sheathing. Inflorescence of lateral or terminal spikes or dense racemes ; flowers white or pink. Stamens 4, 5, 8 or 10 ; anthers apiculate. Disk more or less lobed from varying confluence of the glands. Ovary narrowed upwards ; styles 3-4, short, dilated into the stigmas ; placentas basal ; ovules many. Seeds with a sessile plume, exalbumiuous ; embryo ovoid. - Distrib. Of the Order ; species about 20. * Stamens 5. 1. T. gallica, Linn. ; leaves not sheathing smooth subulate or scalelike acute, disk 5-lobed. Throughout India from the N.W. Himalaya to Birma and Ceylon, near rivers and along the sea coast. - Distrib. W. and S. shores of Europe, N. and Tropical Africa, S. Asia. A bush or small tree ; branches slender. Flowers 1/8 in. diam., shortly pedicelled in slender panicled spike-like racemes. Sepals triangular-ovate, much shorter than the petals. Glands of dish more or less coalescing in pairs. Ovary sub-3-gonous, subsessile ; styles 3, articulated to the ovaiy, slightly connate. - Divided into numerous species differing in minute and uncertain characters. Var. 1. indica, Willd. in Act. Nat. Cur. Berol. iv. 214 (sp.) ; usually green, branchlets divaricate, leaves semi-amplexicaul, lobes of the disk entire or nearly so. T. indica. Koen, ex Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 100 (excl. syn.). T. gallica, Wight Ill. t. 24 A. T. epacroides, Sm. in Rees Cycl. T. articulata. Wall. Cat. 3756 a and d. - Common. Var. 2. Pallasii Desv. in Ann. Sc. Nat. iv. 349 (sp.); glaucescent or glaucous, branchlets erect, leaves shortly decurrent, lobes of the disk deeply emarginate. Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 773. T. ramosissima, Ledeb. Ic. Fl. Ross. t. 256. - Western Tibet, alt. 8-12,000 ft. 2. T. salina, Dyer ; leaves cordiform subamplexicaul strongly impress-punctate. Western Panjab ; Salt Range at Caffir Kote and Esakhail, Fleming. page 249 A glabrous glaucous shrub, with the habit of T. passerinoides, Del. ; Boiss. FI. Orient. i. 778. Bracts linear, equalling the flowers in length. Stamens equalling the ovary; filaments dilated at the base, confluent with the disk-glands. Stigmas sessile. Capsule not seen. 3. T. dioica, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 22; Fl. Ind. ii. 101 ; leaves sheathing, flowers dioecious in rather short dense peduncled spikes. Griff. Notul. iv. 465, ic. 577, f. 2; Wall. Cat. 1241; W. & A. Prodr. 40; Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 777. T. articulata, Wall. Cat. 3756, b & c (not of Vahl). From SINDH and the Panjab to Assam, the Western Peninsula and Birma, near rivers and on the sea coast. A small tree. Branches with drooping extremities ; ultimate branchlets elongate, patent-fastigiate. Leaves glabrous, green, obliquely truncate and acuminate. Spikes panicled, 1-2 in., about equalling their peduncles. Bracts triangular, acuminate. Flowers 1/8 in. diam., pink. Stamens inserted in the notches of the 5-lobed disk ; anthers purple. 4. T. articulata, Vahl, Symb. ii. 48, t. 32 ; hoary with impress-punctate glands, leaves sheathing, spikes lax usually sessile. Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 777. T. orientalis, Forsk. Descr. 206. T. Pharas, Ham. ex Wall. Cat. 3758. Thuya aphylla, Linn. Amoen. Acad. iv. 295. Abundant in Sindh and the Panjab; often cultivated. - Distrib. Beluchistan and westward to Egypt and S. Africa. A bush or coniferous-looking tree. Branchlets fastigiate, elongate, slender, cylindric, jointed. Leaves reduced to a very short sheath with a minute tooth. Spikes slender, more or less interrupted. Bracts sheathing, acute. Flowers 1/8 in. diam., subsessile. Stamens inserted in alternate notches of the 10-lobed disk. - The Cape form is T. usneoides, E. Mey. ** Stamens 10. (Pleiandrae. Bge.) 5. T. ericoides, Rottl. in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. Berol. iv. 214, t. 4 ; leaves impunctate sheathing-amplexicaul, glands of the disk separating the filaments. T. mucronata, Smith in Rees Cycl. T. tenacissima, Ham. ex Wall. Cat. 3757. Myricaria vaginata, Desv. in Ann. Sc. Nat. iv. 350. Trichaurus ericoides, W. & A. Prodr. 40 ; Wight III. t. 24 B ; Ic. 22 ; Camb. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 58, t. 70. Central India, Bengal, the Western Peninsula and Ceylon. A shrub; stems slender, branchlets fastigiate. Leaves minute, scale-like, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Flowers 1/4 in. diam., pale rose-pink, in terminal racemes 4-6 in. Stamens not exceeding the petals, alternately long and short. Capsule 1/2 in. - Approaches Myricaria in habit. 6. T. stricta, Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 778 ; hoary with impress-punctate glands, leaves closely sheathing, glands of the disk passing into the slightly dilated bases of the filaments. Sindh, Stocks. - Distrib. Beluchistan. Habit of T. articulata, Vahl, from which according to Boissier it is distinguished by the thicker branchlets more remote leaves and subsessile stigmas, besides the different number of stamens. 2. MYRICARIA, Desv. Fastigiate shrubs. Leaves small, narrow, sessile, often crowded. Inflorescence of lateral or terminal spike-like racemes ; flowers rose-pink. Stamens 10, alternately long and short, monadelphous. Disk almost obsolete. Ovary tapering with 3 sessile stigmas ; placentas basal, very short, adnate to the middle of the valves ; ovules many. Seeds exalbuminous with a usually page 250 stalked plume ; embryo ovoid. - Distrib. Europe, Mid- Asia ; known species 4 ?1. M. germanica, Desfv. in Ann. Sc. Nat. iv. 349 ; bracts ovate-lanceolate 3-4 times as long as the pedicels, sepals free lanceolate, stamens connate for half their length. M. bracteata, Royle III. 214, t. 44; Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 763. M. Hoffmeisteri, Klotz. Reis. Pr. Waldem. 120, t. 25 (plume sessile). Tamarix germanica, Linn. Temperate and Alpine Himalaya; from Sikkim to Kumaon, alt. 10-14,000 ft. - Distrib. Westward to Europe. A bush, 4-8 ft. Stems slender, striate, glaucous-green when young. Leaves linear-lanceolate. Racemes 1-18 in., spiked, lateral or terminal. Bracts with broadly membranous margins. Sepals about equalling the petals. Var. prostrata, Benth. and Hook, f Gen. PI. i. 161 (sp.) ; prostrate, branchlets ascending often very short with closely imbricate leaves, seed-plume sessile. - A very Alpine form. 2. M. elegans, Royle lll. 214 ; bracts ovate about twice as long as the pedicels, sepals connate below, stamens connate for one-fourth of their length. M. germanica var. longifolia. Herb. lnd. Or. H. f. & T. Western Himalaya and Western Tibet, from Garwhal, alt. 11,500 ft., Royle, &c., to Ladak, &c., alt. 6-15,000 ft., T. Thomson. A bush, with smooth striate slender stems. Leaves oblong-ovate, narrowed at the base. Racemes 3 in., lateral, lax. Bracts short, acuminate, with narrowly membranous margins. Sepals much shorter than the petals, obtusely triangular at the apex. Order XXI ELATINEAE. (By W. T. Thiselton Dyer, F.L.S.) Minute semi-aquatic or terrestrial herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled, entire or serrate, stipulate Flowers small, axillary, solitary or cymose. Sepals and petals each 2-5, free, imbricate in bud. Stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals, hypogynous, free ; anthers versatile. Ovary free ; cells and styles 2-5, stigmas capitate ; ovules many, on the inner angles of the cells, anatropous, raphe lateral or ventral. Capsule septicidal ; valves flat concave or incurved, separating from the axis and septa. Seeds straight or curved, raphe on the concave side, testa often rugose, albumen scanty or 0; embryo cylindric, straight or curved, cotyledons small. - DISTRIB. Scattered over the world ; genera 2, known species about 20.
1. ELATINE, Linn. Minute aquatic tender creeping herbs. Leaves opposite or whorled. Flowers very small, axillary, usually only one to each node. Sepals 2-4, membranous obtuse. Petals 2 - 4. Ovary globose. Capsule membranous; septa evanescent after bursting or adhering to the axis. Seed cylindric, straight or curved, ridged and pitted. - Distrib. Temperate and subtropical regions; species about 6. 1. E. americana, Arn. in Edin. Journ. Nat, Sc. i. 431 ; flowers sessile or nearly so, stamens longer than the sepals. page 251 NILGHIRI Mts., Schmidt. - Distrib. N. America (usually dimerous), N. Zealand, Australia. Prostrate on mud in patches 1-3 in, broad. Stems rooting at the nodes, with numerous opposite or alternate ultimately ascending branches. Leaves 1/8-1/3 in., opposite, ovate-lanceolate, narrowed to the base, entire, minutely scabrid ; stipules scarious, acute, incise-serrate. Flowers fully 1/12 in. diam. Sepals 3, 2 slightly herbaceous. Petals 3, twice as long as the sepals, with a mid-vein. Seeds about 12 in each cell, slightly curved. - Asa Gray, Gen III. t. 95, represents entire stipules united at the base and sepals exceeding the pistil ; American specimens disagree with the figure in these respects and agree with the Indian plant. 2. E. ambigua, Wight in Hook Bot. Misc. ii. 103, t. 5 ; flowers pedicelled. stamens shorter than the sepals. W. & A. Prodr. 41 ; Wight III. t. 25 B ; Seubert in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xxi. t. 2, f. 11-14. Western Peninsula, Wight. - Distrib. Fiji Islands. Habit of E. americana, Arn. Leaves oblong- lanceolate. Sepals, petals and stamens each 3. - Probably should be united with the preceding and E. triandra, Schk. (which differs in the absence of the superior petal). The aggregate species would have a cosmopolitan range. 2. BERGIA, Linn. Annuals or undershrubs, erect, decumbent, or diffusely branched, often pubescent. Leaves opposite, serrate, or sometimes quite entire. Flowers solitary or in more or less dense axillary fascicles, minute, usually 5-merous. Sepals with a herbaceous midrib and more or less membranous margins, acute. Ovary ovoid. Capsule subcrustaceous, septicidal or septifragal. - DISTRIB. Warm countries throughout the world ; known species about 14. 1. B. odorata, Edgew. in Joum. Asiat. Soc. Beng. vii. 765 (1838); pubescent-glandular, flowers fascicled pedicelled 2-8 together. Lancretia suffruticosa, Delile Fl. Egypt. 69. B. suffruticosa, Fenzl in Denks. Bot. Gesell. iii. 183 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 783. Sikh States at Balawati, Edgeworth ; Sindh at Kurrachee, Stocks. - Distrib. Trop. Africa, Egypt. Woody, diffuse, 1 ft. or less, aromatic, with papery deciduous bark. Leaves 1/12-1/3 in., sessile, thick, elliptic or ovate, margins crenate-serrate, often reflexed. Flowers 1/6 in. long, on branches barren below. Sepals 5, ovate, herbaceous, serrulate. Petals obovate. Stamens 10, filaments dilated below. Ovary grooved; styles 5, one-half the length of the ovary. Capsule 5-celled. Seeds numerous, minute, shining, slightly curved. - A very variable plant. Smells of chamomile. 2. B. aestivosa, W. & A. Prodr. 41 ; nearly glabrous, flowers solitary or 2-4 together. Elatine aestivosa, Wight Ic. t. 222. Spergula aestivosa, Koen, ex Wall. Cat. 6963. Panjab, Thomson; Moultan, Edgeworth. Branches slender, divaricate. Leaves narrow-obovate or oblong, faintly serrate. Flowers pink, on branches with almost linear leaves barren above. Sepals lanceolate, acute, denticulate, with membranous margins. - Probably only a variety of B. odorata, but distinct in habit. 3. B. ammannioides, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 34 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 457 ; annual, flowers in dense subverticillate fascicles, stamens 3-5. Roth. Nov. PI. Sp. 219 ; Wight in Hook. Bot. Misc. iii. 93, Suppl. t. 28 ; III. i. t. 25 A. ; Wall. Cat. 655; Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 472. B. pentandra, Guill. & Perr. Fl. Seneg. 42, t. 12. Elatine ammannioides, W. & A. Prodr. 41. Sagina ammannioides, Wall. Cat. 7504. page 252 Throughout India and Ceylon ; in marshy places. - Distrib. Affghanistan, Persia, Tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia. Stems 3-12 in., erect or with the lower branches decumbent, smooth or thinly pubescent-hispid, the stem-hairs often glandular-capitate. Leaves 1/2-3/4 in., sessile, linear, lanceolate or oblanceolate, tapering below, sharply serrate, acute. Flowers 1/12 in., sessile or shortly pedicelled. Sepals 5, lanceolate, denticulate. Petals and stamens 5. Ovary oblong, deeply grooved. Capsule 3-6-celled ; valves with incurved edges, dehiscing from a central axis. Seeds numerous, ovoid. Var. trimera ; Fisch. & Mey. in Linnaea, x. 74 (sp.) ; flowers trimerous. B. ammannioides beta flor. triandr. ; Wight in Hook. Bot. Misc. iii. 93, t. 28, f. 1 and 2 ; Lechea verticillata, Willd. ex DC. Prod. i. 286. - Western Peninsula and Ceylon. 4. B. verticillata, Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 456 ; glabrous, stems procumbent rooting, stamens 10. Thw. Enum. 23. Elatine (B) verticillata, W. & A. Prodr. 41. B. aquatica, Roxb. Corom. Pl. ii. 22, t. 142 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient. ii. 783. B. capensis, Linn. ; Rheede Hort. Mal. ix. t. 78. Western Peninsula, Ceylon and Rangoon. - Distrib. Widely spread in the tropics but absent from S. Africa. A glabrous rather succulent annual aquatic herb, 1/2-1 ft. Leaves 1-1 1/2 in., spreading, elliptic-lanceolate, tapering at either end, acute, faintly crenate-serrate ; stipules narrowly deltoid, toothed, acute . Sepals 5, narrow-lanceolate, obliquely acuminate, midrib herbaceous. Petals 5. Capsule globose ovoid. Seeds minute, slightly curved, ribbed and transversely rugose. - Not a native of the Cape, Linnaeus's original name has therefore been suppressed. Order XXII. HYPERICINEAE. (By W. T. Thiselton Dyer, F.L.S.) Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees. Leaves opposite, often punctate with pellucid glands or dark glandular dots, entire or glandular-toothed ; stipules 0. Flowers solitary or cymose, terminal, rarely axillary. Sepals and petals each 5, rarely 4; petals contorted in bud. Stamens infinity, or rarely definite, 3- or 5-adelphous, rarely free or all connate ; anthers versatile. Ovary 3-5-carpellary, 1- or 3-5-celled ; styles as many, filiform, free or united ; ovules few or infinity, on parietal or axile placentas, anatropous, raphe lateral or superior. Fruit capsular or baccate. Seeds exalbuminous ; embryo straight or curved. - Distrib. Temp., and mountains of warm regions ; genera 8, species about 210. Tribe 1 . Hypericeae. Capsule dehiscing septicidally or at the placentas. Seeds not winged.
Tribe 2. Cratoxyleae. Capsule dehiscing loculicidally. Seeds winged.
1. ASCYRUM, Linn. Herbs or shrubs. Leaves small, entire. Flowers terminal, nearly solitary, yellow, 4-merous. Sepals leafy, the 2 outer largest. Stamens slightly connate or free. Ovary 1-celled. Capsule 2-4-valved, dehiscing at the placentas. - Distrib. Except the endemic Indian species confined to N . Amer. and the Antilles ; species 6. 1. A. filicaule, Dyer. - Hypericum filicaule, H.f. & T. ms. Temperate Sikkim Himalaya ; Lachoong valley, alt. 12,000 ft., J. D. H. page 253 A perennial herb. Stems 3-6 in., slender, cylindric, faintly 2-edged, rooting at the base. Leaves 1/3 in. or less, subsessile, broadly elliptic, obtuse, pellucid-punctate, margins wavy. Fiowers 1/2 in. diam , solitary. Sepals oblong, obtuse, outermost exceeding the petals. Styles 3, 1/12 in., rather shorter than the ovary. 2. HYPERICUM, Linn. Herbs, shrubs, or small trees. Leaves usually sessile. Flowers cymose, yellow, terminal, or axillary. Sepals 5. Petals 5, usually oblique. Ovary 1-celled with 3 or 5 parietal, or 3-5-celled with axile placentas ; styles free or united ; ovules infinite , rarely few. Capsule septicidal, or dehiscing at the placentas. - Distrib. Temperate regions ; species 160. H. calycinum, L., from S. Europe, occurs as a garden plant. H. chinense, L. ; H. monogynum, Willd.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 400, is said to be known only as a cultivated plant. It is found in Indian gardens ; the leaves are elliptical and obtuse, and the styles united throughout. Hypericum salicifolium, Sieb. & Zucc., of Japan is probably not distinct from this. Sect. I. Androsaemineae, Spach. Sepals 5, unequal. Petals deciduous. Stamens 5-adelphous at the base. Ovary 5-celled. - (Commonly shrubs with few and large flowers.) * Styles longer than the ovary (unknown in 1). 1. H. Griffithii, H.f. & T. ms.; leaves ovate subcordate, cymes corymbose, sepals small narrowly deltoid, styles 5. Bhotan, Dimree-nuddee, alt. 6400 ft., Griffith. A shrub, young branches terete. Leaves 2-4 1/2 in., obtuse, younger lanceolate acute, firm, glaucescent below with prominent reticulate nerves. Sepals 1/8 in. long, acute. Capsule 1/3-1/2 in. long. - Flowers unknown ; habit that of H. grandifolium, Choisy. 2. H. mysorense, Heyne in Wall. Cat. 4808 ; leaves oblong-lanceolate decussate approximate, sepals ovate, styles exceeding the stamens. H. myrtifolia, Spach Suit. Buff. v. 428? Norisca mysorensis, Wight Ic. t. 56. Western Peninsula ; on the hills from the Concan to the Pulneys, alt. 3-4000 ft. Ceylon, Walker, &c. A glabrous shrub 4-6 ft. high (Gardner) ; young branches 4-angled. Leaves 1-2 in., tapering to an amplexicaul base, with slender ascending veins and pellucid striae. Cymes terminal, 3-flowered; flowers 2-2 3/4 in. diam. Sepals 4 in., acute. Petals obliquely oblanceolate, twice the length of the stamens. Styles twice as long as the ovary. Capsule about 1/2 in. - The allied Abyssinian H. gnidiaefolium, Rich,, has styles 3/4 united. 3. H. cernuum, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 59 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 400 ; leaves elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, glaucous beneath, sepals ovate, styles slightly exceeding the stamens. Camb. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 23. H. oblongifolium, Choisy Prodr. Hyp. 42, t. 4. H. speciosum, Wall. Cat. 4803. H. Govanianum, Wall. Cat. 4815 (sepals linear-lanceolate). Western Temperate Himalaya ; from Kumaon to Sirmur, alt. 5-7000 ft. A glabrous shrub, 3-6 ft. ; branches cylindric, glaucous when young. Leaves 1-3 in., sessile, minutely dotted. Cymes terminal, 3-5-flowered; flowers 2 in. diam., white, then yellowish. Sepals 1/4 in., acute. Petals obovate, longer than the stamens. Styles twice the length of the ovary. Capsule 1/2 in., conical. 4. H. cordifolium, Choisy in DC. Prodr. i. 545 ; leaves oblong-lanceolate cordate coriaceous glaucous beneath, sepals lanceolate. H. bracteatum, Wall. Cat. 4804 ; Pl. Asiat. Par. t. 220. H. acutum, Wall. Cat. 4807. page 254 Central Himalaya; Nipal, Wallich; Kumaon, at Ramari, alt. 4500 ft., Strach. & Wint. A glabrous shrub, 1-2 ft. ; branches long, slender, brown ; branchlets subtetragonous. Leaves 1-2 in., coriaceous, opaque with translucent lines, penninerved with one or two lateral veins and midrib darkly marked below. Cymes many-flowered ; flowers 1 1/2 in. diam. Sepals 1/4-1/2 in. Petals obliquely obovate. Stamens equalling the styles, 2/3 the length of the petals. Styles 1 1/2 times as long as the ovary. 5. H. lysimachioides, Wall. Cat. 4817; leaves ovate subsessile glaucous beneath with dark veins, sepals linear-lanceolate. H. coriaceum, Royle III. 131. Western Temperate Himalaya ; from Kumaon, alt. 8-9000 ft., to Wardwan, alt. 5-6500 ft., Stewart. A glabrous shrub, branchlets subtetragonous. Leaves 3/4-1 3/4 in., acute or rather obtuse, penninerved, the veins connected marginally, pale and black-dotted beneath. Cymes loose, leafy, 2-3-chotomous ; flowers 1 in. diam. Sepals 1/3 in. Petals lanceolate. Styles slightly longer than the ovary, not exceeding the stamens. Capsule about 1/4 in. ** Styles not longer than the ovary. 6. H. Hookerianum, W. & A. Prodr. 99; branches terete, leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, sepals obovate, styles recurved exceeding the stamens. Wight Ic. 949. H. oblongifolium, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4949. SIKKIM Himalaya, alt. 8-12,000 ft., J. D. H.; Mishmi, Griffith; Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft., Lobb., &c. ; Nilghiris, Wight, &c. A glabrous shrub 6-8 ft. ; branches red-brown. Leaves 1-4 in., sessile or very shortly stalked, obtuse, mucronate, firm, glaucous or rusty beneath, faintly pellucid-punctate. Cymes few-flowered or corymbose, leafy-bracteate ; flowers about 2 in. diam., golden-yellow. Sepals 1/3-1/2 in. Petals obliquely-obovate. Ionger than the stamens. Styles 1/6 in., shorter than the ovary. Capsule 3/4 in., obtusely conical to egg-shaped. Var. Leschenaultii, Choisy in DC. Prodr. i. 145 (sp ) ; Deless. ic. Sel. iii. t. xxvii. ; sepals acute. H. triflorum, Blume, Fl. Ned. Ind. 142. H. oblongifolium, Wall. Cat. 4810 (not of Choisy). H. Choisianum, Wall. Cat. 4805. - Nipal, Wallich; Sikkim, alt. 8000 ft., J. D. H. - DISTRIB. Java. 7. H. patulum, Thunb. Fl. Jap. 295, t. 17 ; branches spreading pyramidally 2-edged, leaves elliptic-lanceolate, sepals elliptic obtuse, styles exceeding the stamens. Wall. Cat. 4809; Hook. Bot. Mag. 5693 ; Don Prodr. 218. H. Uralum, Ham. ex Don I.c.; Bot. Mag. t. 2375; DC. Prodr. 218. H. oblongifolium, Wall. Pl. Asiat. Rar. t. 244 (not of Choisy in Wall. Cat.). Throughout the Temp. Himalaya (Sikkim excepted); alt. 3-7000 ft., from Bhotan, Griffith, to Simla, Lady Dalhousie, and Chamba, Stewart. Khasia Mts., alt. 5-6000 ft.; Yunan, J. Anderson. - Distrib. Japan, Formosa. A glabrous shrub, 1-3 ft., with brownish bark and numerous red, stiffly patent branches. Leaves 1-2 1/2 in., distichous, very shortly petioled, acute, black-dotted and glaucescent or rusty beneath, pellucid punctate and striate, margins reflexed. Cymes few-flowered, terminal ; peduncles 2-bracteate ; flowers 1 in. diam. Sepals 1/4 in. Petals orbicular, twice the length of the stamens. Styles equalling the ovary. Capsule 1/2 in., obtusely conical. - Nearly allied to H. Hookerianum but smaller, more rigid, and with smaller flowers. Var, attenuatum, Choisy in DC. Prodr. i. 545 ; more slender in every part. 8. H. tenuicaule, H. f. & T. ms.; branches diffuse slender terete, leaves elliptic or ovate pellucid striate, flowers solitary or geminate, sepals elliptic, styles not exceeding the stamens. Temperate Sikkim Himalaya ; Lachen valley, alt. 8000 ft., J. D. H. A glabrous shrub. Leaves 1-1 1/2 in., taperiug below, subacute, pale and glandular-dotted page 255 beneath. Flowers 1 1/2 in. diam., usually exceeded by lateral leafy shoots. Sepals about 1/6 in., obtuse. Petals obliquely obovate, twice the length of the stamens. Styles scarcely 1/6 in., about as long as the ovary. Capsule 1/3 in. - Perhaps a variety of H. patulum, but distinct in habit.9. H. reptans, H. f. & T. ms. ; stems shrubby prostrate diffuse rooting, flowers terminal solitary. Temperate Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 9-11,000 ft., J. D. H. Branches slender, two-edged, reddish- brown. Leaves 1/4-1/2 in., approximate, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, with short pellucid striae. Flowers 1 3/4 in. diam. Sepals about 1/2 in., elliptic, obtuse. Petals obovate. Stamens hardly exceeding the ovary. Styles 1/6 in., equalling the ovary, tips recurved. Capsule 1/2 in., globose. Seeds minute, apiculate at both ends. Sect. II. Hyperineae, Spach. Sepals 5, connate at the base, equal or unequal. Petals persistent. Stamens 3-adelphous at the base. Ovary 3-celled. * Margins of the sepals eglandular. 10. H. perforatum, Linn. ; stem erect 2-edged, leaves oblong or ovate pellucid-punctate, sepals linear acute. Temperate Western Himalaya ; from Kumaon, alt. 6-9000 ft., to Kashmir, alt. 3-6500 ft. - DISTRIB. Europe, N. Africa, N.W. Asia. A perennial herb. - Stems 18 in., with slender stolons, branched above. Leaves 3/4 in., obtuse, with radiating veins, paler beneath with black dots. Cymes corymbose, 3 chotomously branched; flowers 1 in. Sepals 1/6 in. Petals with black-glandular edges. Styles twice the length of the ovary, equalling the stamens. Capsule 1/3 in., egg-shaped. Var. debile, Royle, ms. ; stem weak, leaves oblong-linear. 11. H. Sampsoni, Hance in Seem. Journ. of Bot. iii. 378 ; stems erect cylindric, leaves oblong connate pellucid-punctate, sepals oblong obtuse. Khasia Mountains, Nowgong, Simons. - Distrib. S. China, Formosa. A perennial herb. Stems 1 ft. Leaves 1 1/2-2 in., obtuse, glaucescent beneath. Cymes lax; flowers 1/4-1/3 in. diam. Sepals black-punctate. Petals about equalling the sepals. Styles very short. Capsule ovoid, covered with oval resinous vesicles. - Approaches H. erectum, Thb., of Japan, which is destitute of vesicles and has the leaves amplexicaul. 12. H. petiolulatum, H. f & T. ms. ; stems erect slender cylindric, leaves shortly petioled ovate elliptic, flowers small, sepals linear unequal, styles very short exceeded by the stamens. SIKKIM Himalaya, alt. 9000 ft., J. D. H. Stems 9-15 in., branched from the base; branches weak, simple. Leaves 1/2-3/4 in., rather distant, obtuse, glaucescent beneath with dark pellucid dots, margins wavy. Cymes 3-flowered ; flowers 1/6 in. long. Sepals 1/12-1/6 in., acute, not pellucid-punctate. Capsule with numerous glandular lines. 13. H. humifusum, Linn. ; stems procumbent 2-edged, leaves sessile elliptic to ovate approximate, sepals lanceolate unequal, styles 1/2 the length of the ovary. H. rubrum, Wight ms. NILGHIRIS, Wight. - Distrib. Europe, Atlantic Isles, S. Africa. A glabrous perennial herb. Stems about 6 in., numerous, red. Leaves 1/4-1/2 in., pellucid-punctate and as well as the sepals with black intramarginal glands. Cymes terminal, few-flowered. Flowers 1/3-1/2 in. diam. ** Margins of the sepals with gland-tipped teeth. 14. H. elodeoides, Choisy in DC. Prodr. i. 552 ; stems stout usually page 256 simple, leaves oblong or ovate acute firm, sepals with long teeth, petals glandular-striate. H. adenophorum, Wall. Cat. 4812. H. nervosum, Don Prodr. 219.Temperate Himalaya ; from Sikkim, alt. 7-12,000 ft., to Sirmur, alt. 7-8000 ft. ; Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft. ; Assam and Birma, Griffith. Stems 1-2 ft., stoloniferous, glabrous, terete. Leaves 1-1 1/2 in., approximate, stem-clasping, uppermost glandular- fringed at the base, closely pellucid-punctate. Cymes paniculate ; flowers 3/4 in. Sepals 1/4 in., lanceolate, acute, with black intramarginal glands. Petals exceeding the calyx. Styles 3, 1/4 in., at least twice the length of the ovary, spreading, not exceeding the stamens. Capsule 1/3 in. - A very variable plant, allied to the European H. montanum, L., which is puberulous with a denser cyme and shorter sepaline teeth. H. intermedium, Steud., of Abyssinia and Asia Minor, has shorter teeth but a very open cyme. 15. H. napaulense, Choisy in DC. Prodr. i. 552 ; stems weak with numerous branches, leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate obtuse thin, sepals with short teeth, petals eglandular or nearly so. H. pallens, Don Prodr. 219. H. setosum, Wall. Cat. 4814. H. Wightianum, Wall. Cat. 4010; W. & A. Prodr. 99 ; Wight. III. i. 43. Temperate Himalaya; from Sikkim, alt. 10-12,000 ft. to Kashmir, alt. 7-8000 ft.; Birma, Griffith. - Western Peninsula, Nilghiri and Pulney Mts., Wight, &c. Stems slender, diffuse or prostrate, cylindric, obscurely 2-edged. Leaves 1/2-3/4 in., sessile and stem-clasping, or slightly petioled, glaucous beneath and closely pellucid-punctate. Cymes few-flowered, loose ; flowers 1/3 in. Sepals lanceolate. Petals longer than the calyx. Styles 1/8 in., about equalling the ovary, exceeding the stamens. Capsule 1/6 in. - Perhaps only a variety of H. elodeoides. 16. H. monanthemum, H.f. & T. ms. ; stems simple, leaves broadly elliptic or ovate, sepals dark-glandular-striate, petals linear twice the length of tlie sepals, styles half the length of the ovary. Sikkim Himalaya; Lachen and Lachoong Valleys, alt. 11-12,000 ft., J.D.H. Stems 4 in.-1 ft., erect, 2-edged, reddish brown. Leaves 3/4 in., sessile, obtuse, pellucid striate-punctate, with a few black marginal dots beneath. Cymes 1-3-flowered; flowers with a pair of glandular fringed bracts. Sepals linear-lanceolate. Styles 1/12 in., equalling the stamens. Capsule 1/4 in., ovoid. Sect. III. Brathydineaa, Spach. Sepals 6, Petals persistent. Stamens connate at the base. Ovary 1-celled. 17. H. japonicum, Thunb. Fl. Jap. 295, t. 31 ; stems diffuse or ascending, leaves 3-nerved, cyme dichotomous elongated, sepals 3-nerved. Wall. Cat. 4811. Royle 111. t. 24. H. pusillum, Choisy in DC. Prodr. i. 549. Brathys nepalensis, Blume Mus. Pot. ii. 19. H. calycatum, Jacq. Herb, (sepals foliaceous). Temperate and Subtropical Himalaya, from Sikkim to Garwhal ; alt. 2-5000 ft. Khasia Mts. ; Assam, Silhet, Birma ; Eastern and Western Peninsula and Ceylon. - Distrib. New Zealand, Australia, Japan, China, Java. Annual. Stems 1-15 in., tufted or prostrate, glabrous, 4-angled. Leaves 4 in. or less, stem-clasping, oval or ovate, pellucid-punctate. Flowers 1/4 in. diam., yellow. Bracts and sepals linear-lanceolate, entire, acute, glandular and pellucid-punctate at the apex . Petals equalling the calyx. Styles 1/3 the length of the ovary. Capsule 1/6 in. Seeds ribbed and transversely striate. - H. humifusum is distinguished by its 2-edged stems, 3 celled ovary, and leaves with intra-marginal black dots. 18. H. Lalandii, Choisy in DC. Prodr. i. 550; stems slender simple, leaves approximate below appressed with revolute margins 1-nerved, cyme page 257 close often few-flowered, sepals with one prominent nerve. H. foetidum, H.f. & T. ms.Khasia Mts., alt. 5-6000 ft., Lobb, &c. - Distrib. S. Africa, Lower Guinea. Annual. Smell remarkably foetid, like bad orange-peel. Stems 6-18 in., slender, simple, tufted. Leaves 4 in., or less, rather thick, faintly pellucid-punctate. Sepals elliptic-oblong. Styles 1/2 the length of the ovary. - Probably a variety of H. japonicum, but identical with the African plant. Sect. IV. Elodeineae, Spach. Stamens definite (9), cohering for 1/3 their length into 3 bundles separated by (entire) hypogynous scales. 19. H. breviflorum, Wall. Cat. 4876 ; stems usually simple cylindric lower 2/3 bare, flowers in 1-3 short axillary cymes. Khasia Mts., alt, 5000 ft. ; Silhet, Wallich. Stems 1 1/2 ft. Leaves narrow elliptic, black-dotted beneath. Flowers white. Sepals very sliort, ovate-linear, obtuse. Anthers vesicular-apiculate. Styles 2/3 the length of the ovary, recurved. Capsule 1/4 in., ovoid. - The allied H. petiolatum, Walt., of N. America and Japan has cylindric capsules. 3. CRATOXYLON, Blume. Shrubs or trees. Leaves entire, usually papery. Inflorescence axillary or, terminal, cymose. Sepals and petals each 5. Stamens 3- or 5-adelphous, with fleshy hypogynous glands alternating with the bundles. Ovary 3-celled ; styles distinct ; ovules 4-infinity in each cell. Capsule 3-valved. - Distrib. Tropical Asia ; species about 12. Sect. I. Ancistrolobus, Spach. Petals subpersistent, inappendiculate. Stamens 3-adelphous, hypogynous ; glands more or less cucullate. 1. C. polyanthum, Korth. Verhand. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 175, t. 36 ; leaves elliptic to oblong, cymes 1-3-flowered axillary or slightly supra-axillary, petals glandular-veined. BIRMA and the Eastern Peninsula. - Distrib. China (C. biflorum), Philippines, Borneo. A glabrous aromatic shrub, with compressed branchlets. Leaves 1-4 in., pellucid-punctate and black-dotted beneath. Flowers 1/2 in. diam., pink. Sepals 1/6 in. long, 1/3 in. when in fruit, elliptic, obtuse. Hypogynous glands sometimes obsolete. Capsule 1/3-1/2 in. long, exceeding the sepals. Seeds 3, 1/4 in. long, with an oblique unilateral wing. Var. 1. ligustrinum, Blume Mus. Bot. ii. 16 (sp.); leaves narrowed at both ends acute. C. lanceolatum, Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. Supp. i. 500, Ancistrolobus ligustrinus, Spach, Suit. Buff. v. 361, A. brevipes, Kurcz. Bull. Mosc. 1858, i. 383. Hypericum pulchellum, Wall. Cat. 4821. Pegu, Malacca, S. Andamans, Kurz. Var. 2. Wightii, Bl. l.c. 18 (sp.). Leaves broadly oval mostly obtuse. Ancistrolobus, sp. Wight lll. i. 111, Hypericum horridum, Wall. Cat. 4822. Elodea, sp., Griff. Notul. iv. 569, Tenasserim, Mergui, Griffith; Tavoy, Wallich. 2. C. neriifolium, Kurz in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1872, pt. ii. 293 ; leaves narrow-oblong sessile, cymes 3-flowered in a short terminal panicle Hypericum neriifolium, Wall. Cat. 4824. BIRMAH, Teiyet, Griffith; Pegu, Prome hills, Wallich; Chittagong, H. f. & T. A shrub, 10 ft. Leaves 3-6 in., by 3/4-1 1/2 in,, slightly cordate, tapering to the apex. Panicle 3 in, Hypogynous glands with the reflexed margin mucronate. Capsule 1/4 in., hardly exceeding the calyx. - Agrees otherwise with C. polyanthum and closely allied page 258 3. C. arborescens, Blume Mus. Bot. ii. 17 ; leaves oblong-obovate or elliptic, cymes forming a pyramidal panicle, petals glandular-dotted. Hypericum arborescens, Vahl Symb. ii. 86, t. 43. H. coccineum. Wall. Cat. 4823. Ancisitrolobus glaucescens, Turcz. Bull. Mosc. 1858, i. 383. Vismia? arborescens, Choisy Prod. Hyp. 36. MOULMEIN, Lobb; Malacca, Griffith, Maingay ; Sincapore, Anderson. - Distrib. Java, Borneo. A bush? Leaves 3-4 1/2 in. by 1 1/2-2 in., coriaceous. Panicle 4-9 in. long. Flowers 1/4 in. diam., scarlet. Capsule 1/3 in. long; seeds 1/6 in. long, with an equilateral wing. Sect. II. Tridesmis, Spach. Petals not persistent, with a basal squamule. Stamens 3- or 5-adelphous. 4. C. formosum, Benth. & Hook.f. Gen. PI. i. 166; branchlets alternate spreading, hypogynous glands triangular attenuate, fruit pedicels drooping. Tridesmis formosa, Korth. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 179, t. 37. T. ochnoides, Spach, Suit. Buff. v. 359. Elodea formosa. Jack in Hook. Journ. Bot. i. 374. Malacca, Mt. Ophir, Griffith; Sincapore, Maingay; S. Andaman, Kurz. - Distrib. Borneo, Philippines. A very large tree with habit of a Cerasus. Leaves 2-3 1/2 in., decussate, elliptic or oblong-eiliptic, papery, glabrous. Cymes in the axils of fallen leaves, shortly racemose ; flowers white. Sepals not accresent, 1/4 the length of the petals. Basal squamule of the petals usually rounded. Stamens 3-adelphous. Styles dimorphic. Capsule 3/4 by 1/6 in., triquetrous. Seeds 1/3 in. long, with a very obtuse, obovate, unilateral wing. 5. C. Maingayi, Dyer ; branchlets spreading opposite, hypogynous glands triangular, fruit pedicels ascending. Penaxg, Maingay. A tree above 30 ft., with a very thick stem. Leaves 2-3 1/2 by 1-1 1/2 in., elliptic, tapering at both ends, acuminate, midrib reddish-brown beneath, papery, glabrous. Cymes in the axils of the often persisteut old leaves. Petals with black-dotted veins; basal squamule acute. Stamens 3-adelphous. Styles filiform, as long as petals (but probably dimorphic). Capsule 1/2 in. long, 1/12 in. broad, slender, cylindric. Seeds 1/4 in. long, with an oblong unilateral wing. 6. C. prunifolium, Dyer ; branchlets opposite ascending, leaves pubescent, hypogynous glands very short obtuse transversely grooved. Hypericum prunifolium. Wall. Cat. 7276. Tridesmis prunifiora, Kurz in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1872, pt. ii. 293. Moulmein , Wallich. Stems woody, compressed, rather rigid. Flowers precocious, in small, lax, axillary fascicles; pedicels and calyx closely pubescent. Sepals 1/2 the length of the petals. Basal squamule of the petals acute. Stamens 3-adelphous. Fruit not seen. Order XXIII. GUTTIFERAE. (By T. Anderson, F.L.S.) Trees or shrubs, abounding in a yellow or greenish juice. Leaves opposite, coriaceous or membranous, rarely whorled or stipulate. Flowers axillary or terminal, solitary fascicled subracemose or panicled, white yellow or red. Flowers regular, dioecious, polygamous or hermaphrodite. Sepals 2-6, imbricate or in decussate pairs. Petals 2-6 (rarely more, or 0), usually much imbricated or contorted. Male fl. : Stamens usually indefinite, hypogynous ; filaments free or variously connate, monadelphous or in as many bundles as there are petals ; anthers various. Female fl. : Staminodes various. Ovary 1-2-infinity -celled ; style slender, short or (2 in Poeciloneuron), stigmas as many page 259 as the cells free or connate, sometimes peltate ; ovules 1-2 or infinity , axile or erect from the base of the cell. Fruit usually baccate and indehiscent. Seeds large, albumen ; embryo consisting of a large radicle (tigellus) with small or obsolete cotyledons, or of thick free or consolidated cotyledons with a very short inferior radicle. - A large tropical family, common in Asia and America, rare in Africa, of 24 genera and 250 species.Mammea AMERICANA, Linn., the Mammee apple of the West Indies is occasionally cultivated in Indian gardens ; it belongs to the tribe Calophylleae, and is distinguished by its valvately 2-partite calyx which is quite entire in the bud. The following account of the British Indian Guttiferae was drawn up by Dr. Thos. Anderson, late Superintendent of the Calcutta Botanic Garden, shortly before his death in 1870. For the reduction of Xanthochymus to Garcinia I am answerable, as also for several new species from Maingay's Malacca collections and other sources, and for the reference to Beddome's and Lanessan's works - all such additions are either enclosed between [ ] or signed with my initials. - J. D. Hooker. Tribe I. Garcinieae. Ovary-cells 1-ovuled ; stigma sessile or subsessile, peltate, entire or with radiating lobes. Berry indehiscent. Embryo of a solid tigellus with minute cotyledons or 0.
Tribe II. Calophylleae. Ovary with 1, 2 or 4 erect ovules ; style slender (rarely styles 2), stigma peltate or 4-fid or acute. Fruit fleshy, rarely dehiscent. Embryo of two fleshy free or consolidated cotyledons, with a small radicle.
1. GARCINIA, Linn. (Including Xanthochymus, Roxb.) Trees, usually with yellow juice. Leaves evergreen, coriaceous, very rarely stipulate. Flowers solitary fascicled or panicled, axillary or terminal, polygamous. Sepals 4-5, decussate. petals 4-5, imbricate. Male fl. : Stamens infinity, free or collected into a ring or an entire globose or conical 4-5-lobed mass, usually surrounding a rudimentary ovary ; anthers sessile or on short thick filaments, 2- rarely 4-celled, adnate or peltate, dehiscing by slits or pores or circumsciss. Female or hermaphrodite fl. : Staminodes 8-infinity , free or connate. Ovary 2-12-celled ; stigma sessile or subsessile, peltate, entire or lobed, smooth or tubercled ; ovules solitary in each cell, attached to the inner angle of the cell. Berry with a coriaceous rind. Seeds with a pulpy aril. - Distrib. Tropical Asia, Africa, and Polynesia ; species about 50. [Kurz (Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xxxvii. 64) rightly states that Xanthochymus cannot be kept distinct from Garcinia, for that both 4- and 5-merous flowers occur in X. pictorius. - J. D. H.^ Subgenus I. Garcinia proper. Sepals and Petals 4 each. Series A. Stigma divided into rays, or deeply 4-lobed (unknown in G. bancana). * Stamens of male flowers in 4 masses or in a 4-lobed mass surrounding the rudimentary ovary ; anthers oblong, dehiscing vertically. page 260 1. G. Mangostana, Linn. ; leaves elliptic-oblong acuminate, nerves very numerous horizontal, petiole short thick, male fl. 1 1/2 in. diam. yellow-red or purple, stamens in 4 masses, stigma sessile. DC. Prodr. i. 560 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 618 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4847 ; Chois. Guttif. Ind. 33 ; Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttiff. 170; [Lansssan Mem. Garcin. 15]. Native and cultivated in the Malayan Peninsula and Southern Tenasserim, - Distrib. Malay Archipelago, cult. in Ceylon and a few spots in the Madras Presidency. A small conical tree 20-30 ft.; branches many, decussate. Leaves 6-10 by 2 1/2-4 1/4 in., very coriaceous ; nerves regular, close, inarching with an intramarginal one. Male fl. in 3-9-flowered terminal fascicles ; pedicels short. Sepals orbicular, concave, persistent. Petals broad-ovate, fleshy. Stamens indefinite. Hermaph. fl. 2 in. diam., solitary or geminate at the tips of the young branches; pedicels 1/2 in., thick, woody. Sepals and petals as in the male. Stamens many, filaments slender, connate below. Ovary 4-8-celled. Stigma sessile, 8-rayed ; ovules solitary. Berry as large as an orange, smooth, dark purple ; pericarp firm, spongy. Seeds large, flattened ; aril very fleshy, white, juicy. 2. G. cornea, Linn. ; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, petiole 1/2 in., male fl. 3/4 in. diam. pale green, stamens in a 4-lobed mass, style short. DC. Prodr. i. 561 ; Roxh. Fl. Ind. ii. 629 ; Wight Ic. t. 105 ; Wall. Cat. 4852 in part ; Chois. Guttif. Ind. 33 ; Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif. 170 ; [Lanessan Mem. Garcin. 20]. G. affinis. Wall. Cat. 4852, -3, and -4 in part, not of W. & A. Discostigma fabrile, Miguel Fl. Ned. Ind. Suppl. 496 (Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xxxix. p. 64). Eastern Bengal from Silhet to Tenasserim, Penang, and Malacca. - Distrib. Malay Archipelago. A small tree ; trunk erect, branches horizontal and pendulous. Leaves 4-6 by 2-3 in., leathery, shining, often acuminate; veins stout, prominent, 1/8-1/6 in. apart, straight or forked, inarching with an intramarginal one, Male fl. inodorous, in 3-9-flowered terminal fascicles, pedicels 1-1 1/2 in. Sepals orbicular, coriaceous. Petals ovate, concave, twice as long as the sepals and thinner. Staminal masses united at their base only. Hermaph. fl. usually solitary, like the males: pedicel short, stout, terminal. Stigma large, 4-6-lobed, glutinous. Berry subspherical, the size of a small orange, bright-red ; pericarp spongy. Seeds enclosed in a white juicy very acid aril. - All Cumming's specimens marked 2296 are from Malacca; his 1124 are from the Philippines and referable to Blancos Cambogia venulosa (Garcinia, Choisy), differing in the large flowers, thick woody pedicels and many-lobed stigma. Wallich's specimen G. affinis, 4854) is the only Silhet one I have seen; other of his specimens ticketed (G. affinis belong to G. anomala. [M Lanessan, Mem. Garc. 21, refers this to G. celebica, Linn. There are two or more species or forms comprised under this description of G. cornea, one with narrow leaves and very oblique veins, the other with broad leaves and much closer-set veins more spreading from the midrib. This last resembles in foliage the G. malaccense, and is apparently common in the Eastern Peninsula. - J. D. H.] 3. G. speciosa, Wall. PI. As. Rar. iii. t. 258 ; Cat. 4852 E ; leaves oblong or elliptic-oblong narrowed at both ends, petiole 3/4 in. thick angled, male fl. 1 1/2 in. diam. bright yellow. Chois. Guttif. Ind. 33 ; Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif. 171. Tenasserim, near Amherst ; Moulmein; Martaban; Andaman Island, Kurz. A tree about 50 ft., trunk straight, erect, 2 ft. diam. ; bark thin, greyish-black. Leaves 5-12 by 1 3/4-3 in., leathery. Male fl. as in G. cornea but larger, and very fragrant. Female fl. unknown. - Closely allied to G. cornea, [M. Lanessan, Mem. Garcin. 15, refers this species as a synonym to G. Mangostana.] ** Stamens of male flower in a central shortly-stalked 4-anglecl or columnar mass; anthers quadrate, dehiscing vertically; rudimentary ovary usually 0. page 261 t Male flower in 3-∞-fld. terminal and axillary fascicles ; fruit subglobose or ovoid, tip mamillar (unknown in G. bancana). 4. G. indica, Chois. in DC. Prodr. i. 561 (according to Lanessan Mem. Garcin. 45) ; leaves obovate- or oblong-lanceolate acute or acuminate, male pedicels 1-1 1/2 in., fruit globose as large as an orange purple not furrowed. Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif. 183 ; Lanessan Mem. Garcin. 45. G. purpurea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 624 ; Graham Cat. Bomb. Pl. 25 ; Wight III. i. 125 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 31 ; Beddome Flor. Sylvat. Gen. xxi. ; Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif. 191. G. celebica, Desrouss. in Lamk. Encycl. iii. 700 ; and Chois. Guttif Ind. 33 (not of Humph.). Brindonia indica, Dupetit-Th. in Diet. Sc. Nat. v. 340. Western Peninsula; Ghats of Concan and Canara. - Distrib. Cultivated in Bombay, Mauritius, &c. (I have seen no specimen.) A slender tree, with drooping branches. Leaves 2 1/2-3 1/2 in., dark-green, young red, membranous, mucronate rarely obtuse. Male fl. 4-8 in axillary and terminal fascicles ; buds as large as a pea. Sepals orbicular, outer smaller. Petals rather larger. Stamens numerous (12-20 Beddome), forming a short capitate column ; anthers oblong, 2-celled, opening longitudinally. Fem. fl. solitary, terminal, shortly and strictly peduncled. Staminodes in 4 masses. Ovary 4-8-celled ; stigma of as many lobes. Fruit spherical, as large as a small orange, purple throughout, not grooved. Seeds 5-8, compressed, enclosed in an acid pulp. (Characters from Roxburgh, &c.) I have followed Planchon and Triana and Lanessan in referring the G. purpurea of Roxburgh (not of Herb. Wallich) to G. indica of Choisy, a plant known from early times as the Brindon of the Portuguese, and cultivated as such in Goa and the Mauritius. It was described by Garcias in 1574, by J. Bauhin in 1623, and by Ray in 1688. Roxburgh states of his G. purpurea that it was sent to him by Dr. Berry from a garden, and was supposed to come from the Eastern Archipelago. Graham (Cat. PI. Bombay) says that G. purpurea, Roxb., is the Brindall of the Portuguese, is cultivated in the gardens of Bombay, and found wild in the ravines of Kandalla, &c. The juice of the fruit is used as a mordant, and the expressed oil of the seed is the Kokum oil of the natives, extensively used to adulterate Ghee. There are in the Hookerian Herbarium specimens from Lambert's Herbarium labelled purpurea, Roxburgh, but they are imperfect ; their leaves are rather small, elliptic, with very oblique somewhat distant nerves, and resemble those of G. Cambogia and G. Morella, and are perhaps referable to G. lanceaefolia. - J. D. H. 5. G. malaccense, Hook. f. ; leaves very coriaceous elliptic acuminate, nerves very tine spreading close-set connected beneath by oblique nervules, male fl. 1 in. diam. stoutly pedicelled fascicled, female 1 1/2-2 in. diam., stamens in a dense stipitate conical column. Eastern Peninsula; Malacca, Maingay. (G. cornea, Roxb., Kew distrib. 149.) Branches stout, 4-angled. Leaves 5-7 by 2-2 1/2 in., abruptly acuminate, hardly shining above, brown when dry ; petiole 1/3 in. Male fl. on stout pedicels 1/3-3/4 in., in terminal fascicles of 4-6. Sepals orbicular, concave. Petals twice as long, dull-red, broadly ovate, shortly-clawed. Stamens very numerous, densely imbricated in a narrow conical or pyramidal mass, filaments very short ; anthers adnate, ovoid, 2-celled, some oblong, others broader than long. Rudimentary ovary 0. Female fl. solitary, terminal, rose-coloured. Staminodes few. Ovary globose, 8-celled ; stigma sessile, very large, convex, enveloping half the ovary, 8-cleft almost to the concave centre. Fruit unknown. - So like G. spectabilis that but for the structure of the androecium (which is confirmed by Maingay's careful analysis), I should have hesitated in separating it from that plant, which again differs from G. cornea chiefly in the much larger flower. Cumming's 2296 from the same locality (referred by Choisy to G. venulosa of the Philippines, and by T. Anderson to G. cornea) may be this same plant. - J. D. H. 6. G. Cambogia, Desrouss. in Lamk. Encycl. iii. 701 ; leaves oblong elliptic or lanceolate dark green beneath, nerves very oblique, male pedicels page 262 1/4-3/4 in., rudimentary stigma 3-4-lobed or 0, fruit not grooved to the tip. Roxb. Coram. PI. iii. t. 298, Fl. Ind. ii. 621 ; DC. Prodr. i. 561 ; Wall. Cat. 4865, 4866, 4861 C, 4863 B ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 561 ; Chois. Guttif. Ind, 35 ; Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif. 177 ; Thwaites Enum. 48 ; [Lanessan Mem. Garcin. 362 ; Beddome Flor. Sylvat. t. 85]. G. zeylanica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 621 ; Wall. Cat. 4867; [Lanessan Mem. Garcin. 408 J. G. affinis, W. & A. Prodr. 101 (not of Wall. Cat. 4854). G. elliptica. Wall. Cat. 4869.Mountains of the Western Peninsula, from Concan to Travancor ; Ceylon. A small erect tree ; branches drooping. Leaves 2-5 by 1/2-1 1/2 in., dark green, shining, hardly coriaceous, shortly acuminate, base acute rarely obtuse ; midrib prominent to the middle; veins thick, usually very oblique, 1/4 in. apart, reticulate; petiole 1/4-1/3 in. Male fl. in short axillary fascicles; pedicels thickened towards the tip, often reflexed. Sepals with narrow membranous margins, outer 1/6-1/4 in. long, inner larger. Petals twice as long as the sepals, thinner, oblong, concave. Stamens 12-20 or more, adnate to the receptacle into a mass with a prominent centre ; free part of filaments 1/50 in. long. Rudimentary stigmas 3-4, very short or 0. Hermaph. fl. 1-3, terminal and axillary, rather larger than the male ; pedicels 1/6-1/4 in. Stamens 10-20, filaments unequal, all connate at the base or in unequal bundles. Stigmatic rays 8-10-tubercled, free nearly to the base, spreading. Fruit the size of a small apple, yellow or red, grooves 6-8, ending about the middle ; top flat, depressed, mamilla thick. Seeds 6-8 ; aril succulent. - Roxburgh's unpublished drawing (Herb. Calcutta and Kew) differs from that in the Coromandel plants in the usually axillary female flowers, with few terminal ones, and in the papillose scarcely divided stigma; differences of no specific value. Thwaites (Enum.) states that this yields a yellow insoluble gum, hence valueless as a pigment, but that the acid juice of the ripe fruit is used as a condiment. - [G. indica, Chois (DC Prodr. i. 561), founded on Thomas's Brindonia indica (Dict. Sc. Nat. v. 340), is probably this species, but having seen no specimens I do not quote it. See No. 4.] [The following varieties or species are referred to G. Cambogia by Beddome (Fl. Sylv. Gen. xxi.). Var. 1. conicarpa, Wight Ic. 121 (excl. male), Ill. i. 126 (sp); Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif. 192 ; Lanessan Mem. Garcin. 53 ; leaves broader beyond the- middle or linear-oblong, fruit ovoid-conical 4-grooved to the top, furrows angular. - Shevagerry hills, Wight. Var. 2. papilla, Wight Ic. t. 960, 961 (sp.); Planch. & Trian. Guttif. Ind. 191 ; Lanessan mem. Garcin. 50 ; leaves large elliptic, fruit ovoid 4-8-grooved to the top with a terminal mamilla - Conoor and Sisparah jungles, Wight.] 7. G. Cowa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 622 : leaves broad-lanceolate acute at both ends dark green beneath, male pedicels 1/6-1/3 in., rudimentary stigma 0, fruit grooved to the tip. DC. Prodr. i. 561 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 101 ; Chois. Guttif. Ind. 34 ; Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif 186 ; Wall. Cat. 4863 ; [Lanessan Mem. Garcin. 54.] G. Kydia, Roxb. I.c. 623 ; Wight. Ic. t. 113 ; [G. Kydiana, Lanessan Mem. Garcin. 59.] G. Roxburghii, Wight III. 125 (excl. syn. Cambogia Zeylanicae affinis), Ic. t. 104. G. umbellifera, Roxb. Wall. Cat. 4864. G.Wallichii, Chois. I.c. 37. G. lobulosa, Wall. Cat. 4868 A ; Chois I.c. 36. Oxycarpus gangetica. Ham. in Mem. Wern. Soc. v. 344. Eastern Bengal; hills near Monghir; Assam; Eastern Peninsula; Andaman Islands, Kurz. An erect tree, 60 ft. ; trunk straight, simple ; branches many, slender, lower reaching the ground ; bark dark-grey. Leaves 3-5 by 1-2 in. ; veins 1/10-1/6 in. apart, slender, regular, inarching with an intra-marginal one. Male fl. in 3-8-flowered, rarely axillary umbels ; pedicels 1/6-1/3 in. Sepals 1/6 in. long, broad-ovate, thick, fleshy, yellow, with pink on both surfaces. Petals twice as long, oblong. Stamens many ; anthers subsessile, 4-celled. Hermaph. fl. solitary, rarely 2-3, axillary, sessile. Ovary subglobose; stigmatic rays spreading, papillose. Stamens (sterile) in 4 clusters of 3-8 unequal filaments. Fruit the size of a small orange, dark-yellow, 4-8-grooved and celled, depressed above, tip mamillary. - Wallich's Sincapore specimens 4868 B are very page 263 imperfect. The specimens under this number in Herb. Linn. Soc. consist of two branches with leaves and solitary terminal female flowers: the five leaves marked B are detached and can hardly be referred to G. Cowa, whilst the flowers certainly can. - [Lanessan retains G. Kydiana as a distinct species with G. Wallichiana, Choisy, and umbellifera, Wall., as synonym.]8. G. nigro-lineata, Planch. mss. ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate acute at the base ferruginous beneath, male pedicels 1/6-1/3 in., rudimentary stigma 0. Eastern Peninsula ; Malacca, Griffith (Kew distrib. 854), and Maingay (Kew distrib. 152 and 162). A tree ; branches often knotted ; bark dusky. Leaves 5-8 by 1 1/4-3 in., subcoriaceous, tapering to the base ; veins many, delicate, 1/10-1/6 in. apart, inarching with an intramarginal one. Male fl. 3-9, fascicled on short axillary woody nodes; pedicels 1/4-1/2 in., slender, thickened above. Sepals 1/12 in., fleshy, orbicular. Petals a little longer and thinner, concave, reflexed above the middle. Stamens in a shortly pedicelled 4 cornered compressed mass ; anthers 4-gonal, 4-ceIIed. Female fl. solitary, axillary. Ovary ovoid (5-7-celled, Maingay) ; stigma 5-7-lobed, lobes lobulate, papillose. ["Fruit subglobose, with a thick fleshy stipitate discoid apiculus, as large as a walnut, bright orange-yellow." - Maingay ] 9 ? G. bancana, Miquel Flor. Ned. Ind. Suppl. 494 ; branchlets very stout, leaves broadly ovate or oblong tip rounded very coriaceous, veins numerous slender, petiole 1 in., male fl. small shortly pedicelled in dense fascicles from axillary cushions that are clothed with lanceolate bracts. Eastern Peninsula ; Malacca, Maingay (Kew distrib. 158). - Distrib. Island of Banca. Branchlets as thick as the little finger, 4-angled, black when dry, nodes very close set. Leaves 5-7 by 3-4 in., not shining, narrowed into the petiole, brown when dry, nerves uniform very slender, with oblique sinuous connecting nerves beneath ; petiole not very stout. Male fl. 1/4 in. diam., crowded on every node for a considerable length ; pedicels 1/4 in. long; bracts crowded, 1/12-1/10 in. long, membranous, erect, red-brown. Sepals orbicular, outer smaller. Petals rather larger than the inner sepals, orbicular, concave, not very coriaceous. Stamens forming a quadrate mass, without a rudimentary ovary ; anthers small, subsessile, 2-celled, peltate. - I find no difference between this plant and the Banca one except that the leaves are larger and the pedicels rather shorter. A very similar or identical plant is found in Borneo ; its remarkable inflorescence and bracts at once distinguish it. - J. D. H. tt Male flower terminal, solitary or geminate, rarely 3, fruit obovoid, unknown in G. loniceroides. - Leaves 2-4 in. 10. G. lanceaefolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 623 ; leaves narrow-lanceolate acuminate subcoriaceous dark green, flowers 1/3 in. diam. Wight Ic. t. 163 ; Wall. Cat. 4861 A, B; Chois. Guttif. Ind. 36 ; Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif. 186 [Lanessan Mem. Garcin. 48]. G. purpurea, Wall. Cat. 4862, and Chois. I.c. 36 (not of Roxburgh). Eastern Bengal ; in forests of Assam and Silhet. A small tree ; bark dark, rough. Leaves 2-4 by 3/4-1 in., rather thick, tapering at the base ; veins few, indistinct; petiole 1/4-3/4 in. Male fl. 1-2, terminal, dark-yellow. Sepals 1/6 in. long, thick, oblong, fleshy. Petals smaller, slightly oblique, dark red. Stamens about 40, in a globose mass ; anthers 4-celled. Female fl. terminal or axillary, rather larger than the male. Stamens in 4 bundles of 4-5 each. Ovary ovoid ; stigmatic rays 6-8, glandularly tubercled. Fruit the size of a small plum, obovoid, not grooved, orange-yellow, 6-8-seeded. - [Lanessan refers G. oxyphylla, PI. & Trian., to this species.] page 264 11. G. loniceroides, T. Anders. ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate membranous glaucous beneath, flowers very small 1/6 in. diam. BIRMA, Griffith (Kew distrib. n. 870) ; Pegu, at Tonkye ghat, Kurz. A shrub or small tree ; branches slender, decussate, horizontal, old bark dark grey ; young shoots reddish purple. Leaves 2-4 by 1/2-3/4 in., confined to the young shoots ; veins slender, indistinct, irregularly branched and forked; petiole 1/4 in. Male fl. rarely axillary, usually 3 or more; pedicels slender, 1/6 in. Sepals and petals 1/14-1/12 in., thinly fleshy, broad-ovate, concave. Stamens many in a central sessile sub-4-gonal mass ; anthers subsessile, 2-celled. Rudimentary ovary 0. ttt Male flower in a terminal 3-chotomous panicle ; fruit smooth. 12. G. pedunculata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 625 ; leaves obovate obtuse long-petioled. Wall. Cat 4860; Wight III. 125, Ic. t. 114, 115 : Chois. Mem. Guttif. 36 ; Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif. 192 ; [Lanessan Mem. Garcin. 42]. Forests of N.E. Bengal, near Rungpore and Goalpara, and in Silhet, where it is cultivated for its pleasant acid fruit. A tree about 60 ft.; bark spongy. Leaves 6-12 by 3-5 1/2 in., subcoriaceous ; base acute or acuminate ; midrib stout; veins 1/2 in. apart, regular, parallel, tips inarched and anastomosing; petiole 1-1 1/2 in. Male fl. large, pale green, in 8-12-flowered panicles; pedicels 2-3 in., stout, erect. Sepals 1/3 in., orbicular, fleshy, inner pair narrower. Petals narrower, but scarcely longer, oblong. -Stamens in a 4-angled truncate shortly stipitate mass ; anthers 4-gonal, 2-celled. Female fl. solitary, larger than the male, terminal on a thick 4-angled peduncle 1/2 in. long. Stamens 20-30, filaments in 4 bundles, connate below. Ovary globose; stigmatic rays 8-10, spreading. Fruit large, yellow, the size of a small melon. Seeds 8-10, large, reniform ; aril succulent. tttt Male flowers several, in sessile terminal heads ; fruit echinate. 13. G. echinocarpa, Thwaites in Hook. Journ. Bot. vi. (1854) 71 ; Enum. 49 ; leaves lanceolate oblong or obovate acute or retuse base narrowed. Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif. 193 ; [Beddome Flor. Sylvat. Gen. xxi. Lanessan Mem. Garcin. 33]. Central and Southern provinces of Ceylon. A tree, 40-50 ft. Leaves 3-6 by 1-2 1/2 in., thickly coriaceous; veins close, regular; petiole stout, 1/4-1 in. Male fl. small, sessile, pale yellow. Sepals thick, orbicular, subcordate. Petals twice as long, thinner, oblong, suboblique. Stamens 12 or more, on a short sub-4-gonous stalk; anthers subsessile, 4-angled. Female fl. solitary, terminal, sessile. Stamens connate in a ring. Ovary covered wiih imbricate fleshy scales ; stigma peltate, irregularly lobed. Fruit 1 1/2 in. long, subglobose, dark-red, covered with broad sharp tubercles (like the Litchi fruit), 1-3-seeded. - The thick oil of the seed is used for lamps, but is not good. Var. 1. Leaves lanceolate-oblong acute, flowers small. - Forests, below 4000 ft. Var. 2. Leaves thickly coriaceous obovate or oblong retuse or obtuse, flowers large. - A mountain state, alt. 4-6000 ft. *** Stamens of the male flowers in a subglobose mass ; anthers adnate, orbicular, dehiscence circumsciss, rudimentary ovary 0. (Male fl. axillary.) 14. G. Morella, Desrouss. in Lamk. Encycl. iii. 701, t. 405, f. 2 ; leaves thickly coriaceous elliptic-obovate to ovate-lanceolate obtuse, veins very oblique, petals longer than the inner sepals. DC. Prodr. i. 561 ; Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif. 195 ; Hanbury in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 489, t. 50 [Beddome. Flor. Sylvat. t. 86 ; Lanessan Mem. Garcin. 62]. G. lobulosa, Wall. Cat. 4868. G. pictoria, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 627 ; Wight Ic. t. 102 Beddome Flor. Sylvat. t. 87]. G. elliptica, Wall. Cat. 4869; Wight Ic. t. 120. G. acuminata, Planch. & Trian. I.c. 200. G. gutta, Wight Ill. 125, t. 144 page 265 (excl. syn. Linn.). G. cambogioides, Royle Mat. Med. Ed. iii. 339. Hebradendron cambogioides, Graham in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 199, t. 27.Forests of Eastern Bengal ; the Khasia Mts. ; the Western Peninsula, in Malabar and Canara, and the Eastern Peninsula at Malacca and Sincapore ; Ceylon. - DISTRIB. Eastwards to Siam. A small tree, 30-50 ft. Leaves 4-6 by 1 1/2-3 in., base acute, veins indistinct, 1/6-1/3 in. apart; petiole about 1/3 in., short, stout. Male fl. about 3, subsessile in the axils of fallen leaves, or on pedicels 1/6-1/4 in. long. Sepals 1/10 in., orbicular, concave. Petals similar, but rather larger. Stamens many, in an obscurely 4-anngled subglobose mass; free portion of filament very short ; anthers orbicular, flattened. Female fl. larger than the male, solitary, axillary, sessile or shortly pedicelled. Staminodes about 12, bases connate or in a ring. Ovary subglobose ; stigma large, sessile, 4-lobed, tubercled, lobes toothed. Fruit the size of a cherry, subglobose, slightly 4-lobed, 4-celled, 4- seeded. - For an excellent memoir and accurate figure see Hanbury's paper cited above. "The only Ceylon Gamboge-yielding species." Thwaites. Much confusion has arisen from Planchon and Triana having examined only imperfect specimens of Wallich's n. 4868. The specimens in the Linnean Society consist of 2 branches, with many attached leaves, a young leaf and a fruit, all certainly belonging to the true G. Morella. - [Lanessan adds, as other synonyms, G. lateriflora, Blum., and Gaudichaudi, PI. & Trian. Beddome keeps G. pictoria, Roxb., distinct from G. Morella, Desrouss., on account of difference in the female flower, which he represents as having the staminodes in bundles and the stigma very small, 4-lobed in the centre. He states that the Gamboge has been analyzed by Mr. Broughton, and that it proves equal to that of G. Morella. - J. D. H.] 15. G. Choisyana, Wall. Cat. 4870; leaves membranous ovate acuminate, petals twice as long as the sepals. Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif. 203. Hebradendron Choisyanum, Chois. Guttif. Ind. 39. Eastern Peninsula, Wallich. Leaves 4-5 by 2-2 1/2 in. ; veins few, 1/2-3/4 in. apart, alternate, reticulate, anastomosing at the tips; petiole 1/2 in., slender. Male fl. solitary?, axillary, sessile. Sepals 1/6 in., broad ovate, scarious. Petals obovate, slightly concave. Stamens many, in a short mass, free portion of filament short ; anthers irregular, more or less orbicular. Female fl. unknown. 16. G. heterandra, Wall. Cat. 4856 ; leaves thickly coriaceous ovate obtuse or obtusely acuminate, petals twice as long as the sepals. Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif. 204. Hebradendron Wallichii, Chois. Guttif. Ind. 39. Forests of Pegu and Tenasserim, ascending to 4000 ft., Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 874). Young branches stout, with large axillary flowering nodes. Leaves 6-8 by 3-4 in., base tapering; veins 1/2-1 in. apart, faint, curved; petiole 3/4-1 in,, stout. Male fl. 1/3 in. diam., axillary, subsessile. Sepals thin, coriaceous, orbicular. Petals thick, fleshy. Stamens in a globose central mass, free portions of filaments very short ; anthers peltate. Female fl. axillary, solitary, sessile. Immature fruit subglobose, 4-celled, 4-seeded; stigmatic rays 4, sessile, tubercled. - Choisy describes the male flowers as solitary, but I think the large scarred axillary nodes indicate their being fascicled. 17. G. Wightii, T. Anders. ; leaves coriaceous linear-lanceolate acuminate, petals equalling the sepals. Forests of Southern India, Wight. (Distrib. Kew, PI. Wight, 145.) Leaves 3-5 by 1/2-1 in.; veins very slender oblique ; petioles 1/4-1/3 in. Male fl. small, sessile, axillary. Sepals equal, thinly coriaceous, orbicular, concave. Petals obovate, very concave. Stamens about 20, in a 4-gonal column enclosing a rudimentary 4-gonal style, filaments free above ; anthers peltate, dehiscence oblique. Female fl. solitary, sessile. Fruit the size of a small cherry ; stigma 4-lobed. - The Gamboge of this species is very soluble, and yields a good pigment. page 266 Series B. Stigma entire. * Stamens of the male flowers in a globose central mass; anthers 2-4-celled, dehiscing vertically (unknown in 19. atro-viridis). Stigma convex. 18. G. paniculata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 626 ; leaves thin oblong-lanceolate or obovate, male fl. in twice or thrice branched panicles, female in short terminal spikes. Wight III. 125, lc. 112; Wall. Cat. 4857 ; Chois. Guttif. Ind. 35 ; Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif. 194 [Lanessan Mem. Garcin. 60]. G. Bhumicowa, Roxb. ; Wall. Cat. 4858. Eastern Bengal ; Khasia Mts., ascending to 3000 ft. ; Eastern Himalaya, Bhotan, Booth. A tree, about 40 feet; branches many, ascending. Leaves 6-9 by 2-4 in., shining, acuminate, rarely obtuse, base tapering; veins 3/4 in, apart, curved ; petiole 3/4 in. Male fl. many, pure white. Outer sepals small, thick, inner 1/10 in. Petals 3 times longer, ovate, very concave. Stamens many, subsessile, imbricate in a large subglobose mass; anthers obovate, 2-4-celled. Female fl. few, like the males. Staminodes 0, or 1-2 filaments. Ovary subglobose; stigma convex, entire, tubercled. Fruit the size of a large cherry, yellow, succulent. Seeds 4, reniform, aril pulpy. 19. G. atro-viridis, Griff, mss. ; leaves coriaceous oblong-lanceolate, female fl. solitary terminal. Upper Assam, at Tabong, Griffith. (Herb. Kew Distrib. 862). Malacca, Maingay. Young branches stout, terete , bark black when dry. Leaves 6-9 by 2-2 1/2 in., thickly coriaceous, dark green, shining, abruptly acuminate, base contracted ; veins 1/6 in. apart, prominent on both surfaces, anastomosing along the margin; petiole 1 in. Female fl. large, 1 1/4 in. diam. ; pedicel 1 in. Sepals spreading, large, orbicular, concave, blood-red within. Petals obovate, fleshy, coloured like the sepals, tip recurved. Stamens united below into a ring. Ovary subangled, 10-celled; stigma sessile sub-4-gonal, minutely tubercled, broader than the ovary. - "Ovary 9-celled ; stigma closely adherent to the ovary, large, orbicular, convex, blood-red, fleshy, margin obscurely lobed. Ripe fruit 3 in. long, subglobose, base slightly 9-lobed, dull yellow, crowned by the at length concave stigma." - Maingay mss. 20. G. Griffithii, T.Anders.; leaves very large ovate or ovate-cordate, obtuse, nerves distant. Eastern Peninsula, Mt. Ophir near Malacca, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 361); Maingay (Kew Distrib. 153). A tall tree ; young branches 4-gonous, pale green. Leaves 12-18 by 4-6 1/2 in., coriaceous ; midrib stout, rigid, angled ; veins very prominent, 3/4 in. apart, tips free. Male fl. numerous, small, bright yellow, in very short axillary woody branches, pedicels 2 in. Sepals 1/10 in. long; concave, fleshy. Petals a little larger, oblong, "dull-red,'' Maingay. Stamens many, in a sub-4-gonal sessile flattened mass ; anthers subsessile, 2-celled. Rudimentary ovary 0. Female fl. : " Ovary 12-celled ; style very short, stigma peltate slightly convex obscurely lobed at the margin, rough with elevated papillae, persistent. Fruit pomiform faintly ribbed, 2 in. in longest diam. Seed two-thirds pendulous.' - Maingay. [There is in Maingay's Herbarium a plant very like this in habit, but described by him as having a circumsciss anther, which is cultivated at Sincapore as the true Gamboge of Siam.] ** Stamens of the male flower in an annular mass round the rudimentary ovary ; anthers 2-celled, dehiscence vertical Stigma broad, discoid, centre depressed. 21. G. anomala, Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif. 174 ; leaves coriaceous elliptic or oblong-lanceolate shortly acuminate, male and female fl. in bracteate 3-flowered cymes. [Lanessan Mem Garcin. 30.] G. affinis, Wall. Cat. 4854 in part, not of W. & A. - Guttifera, Griff. It. Notes, 40, No. 654. page 267 Eastern Bengal; Jyntea Hills and Khasia Mts., Wallich, &c., in beds of torrents, 3000-5000 ft. elevation. (Kew Distrib. Herb., Griffith, 848) ; (Herb. Ind. Or., H. f. & T. Garcinia, 14). A small erect tree, branches subverticillate. Leaves 4-8 by 2-3 1/2 in., dark green; veins close-set, anastomosing within the margin ; petiole 1/2-3/4 in. Cymes in the axils of the upper leaves, rather exceeding the petioles ; pedicels short, stout ; bracts under each flower 2, leafy, 1/4 in. long. Male fl. : Sepals orbicular, concave. Petals 1/2 in. long, . obliquely oblong, suberect, slightly concave. Stamens very numerous, mass subglobose concealing the rudimentary ovary ; anthers large, horse-shoe shaped. Female fl. like the male, but 1/3 smaller. Staminodes many, united into a lobed ring or into bundles. Ovary oblong ; stigma broad, discoid, edge revolute, slightly lobed. Fruit the size of a plum, subglobose, smooth, dark olive-green, crowned by the short-thick style, 1-2-seeded. 22. G. Maingayi, Hook.f.; leaves 4-6 in., elliptic obtusely apiculate petioled, nerves distant spreading arched distinct, interspaces covered with minute wavy irregular raised points and lines, flowers about 3/4 in diam. Eastern Peninsula, Malacca, Maingay, (Kew Distrib. No. 161 male and 160 female). A small tree ; branches obtusely angled. Leaves coriaceous, very pale-brown when dry, not shining, narrowed into the petiole, which is 1/2 in. long ; nerves 1/3-1/2 in. apart. Male fl. in terminal fascicles, shortly pedicelled. Sepals broader than long, outer smaller than the inner. Petals larger than the sepals, shortly clawed. Stamens very numerous, filaments connate into a short column ; anthers in very many series surrounding a columnar rudimentary ovary with a discoid top, linear, recurved, 2-celled. Female fl. solitary, terminal, subsessile. Perianth of the male. Staminodes few, slender, inserted on a hypogynous ring. Ovary globose, half concealed by the large convex entire stigma, 4-6-celled. - Maingay describes the stigma as marginally 3-4-lobed, but it appears to be quite entire in the dried specimens. - J. D. H. 23. G. stipulata, T. Anders. ; leaves thickly coriaceous elliptic-oblong stipulate, male flowers in 4-6-flowered cymes, female solitary or geminate. Guttifera, Griff. It. Notes, 117 n. 261. Eastern Himalaya, in moist subtropical forests, Bhotan, Griffith (Kew. Distrib. 860) Sikkim, ascending to 4000 ft., J. D. H. (Herb. H. f. & T. Garcinia, 17.) A tree, about 60 ft ; bark smooth, branches slender. Leaves 6-12 by 1 1/2-3 1/2 in., dark green, thickly coriaceous, yellow-green ; midrib and nerves prominent, the latter alternate, distant, incurved, reticulate ; petiole 3/4 in. ; stipules small, triangular. Male fl. 4-6 in each cyme ; pedicels 4 in., stout ; bracts scale-like. Sepals orbicular, concave, outer 1/3 in., inner 1/4 in. broad. Petals twice as long, obliquely ovate, acute. Stamens many, in an annular mass; free portion of filaments very short. Female fl. like the male, axillary, solitary, shortly pedicelled. Fruit 1/4 in. long, oblong, smooth, shortly pointed, 2-celled and 2-seeded ; stigma orbicular, tubercled, margin revolute. Seeds flattened, oblong, testa strongly nerved. - Planchon and Triana refer the flowers of the Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. & T. specimens of this to G. speciosa (I.c. 172 in note), and state that they cannot reconcile the venation and stipulation of the leaves distributed with them with any Guttiferae but the tribe Quineae, and therefore refer these to a plant of that said tribe. I have however examined the living plant in Sikkim, and it is certain that there was no error in the distribution of the Indian specimens. *** Stamens of the male flowers in 4 bundles ; anther-cells dehiscing by terminal pores, or by 2 erect valves ; stigma peltate smooth. 24. G. merguensis, Wight III. 122, Ic. t. 116; leaves lanceolate elliptic or ovate with a long obtuse or notched tip, flowers axillary, male cymose, female solitary or in pairs. Wall. Cat. 1948. [Lanessam Mem. Garcin. 57, excl. syn.] Discostigma merguense, Planch. & Trian, Mem. Guttif. 208. page 268 Eastern Peninsula ; in dense woods from Mergui to Malacca. A small tree or shrub, young branches sub-4-gonal. Leaves 2-4 by 1-1 3/4 in., thinly coriaceous ; veins below very close set, delicate, ending in a stout intramarginal one ; petiole 1/6-1/3 in. Male fl. numerous; cymes 1/4-1/6 in long; pedicels 1/4 in., 4-gonal Outer sepals small, bract-like ; inner 1/10 in.; thin, membranous, concave. Petals like the inner sepals, concave. Stamens many, in 4 distinct bundles, each bearing a head of anthers on short filaments ; anthers small. 2-celled. Rudimentary stigma large fungoid ; style equalling the staminal bundles. Female fl. on pedicels 1/2-1 in. Fruit 1/3-1/2 in. long, oblong, fleshy. Seed solitary, subreniform. 25. G. travancorica, Beddome Flor. Sylvat. t. 173; leaves 2 1/2-3 1/2 in. linear-oblong, tip rounded, base acute, nerves very slender horizontal, surface finely reticulated beneath between them, petiole slender, flowers 1/2 in. diam. Garcinia, sp. 2, Beddome Flor. Sylvat. Gen. xxi. Western Peninsula, in forests of Travancor and Tinnivelly, Beddome. A large tree, abounding in a yellow pigment ; branches obtusely 4-angled, shining. Leaves coriaceous, sometimes broader upwards, dark green above, not shining, pale beneath, with a stout reddish (when dry) midrib, and beautifully reticulated surface; margins recurved; petiole 1/4-3/4 in. Male fl. in 3-chotomous, short, few flowered terminal and subterminal cymes. Sepals orbicular, concave. Petals about twice as large, shortly clawed. Stamens in 4 large masses ; anthers very numerous, versatile, 2-celled, cells longitudinally 2-valved. Rudimentary ovary columnar, with a circular peltate stigma. FEMALE fl. terminal, subsolitary. Perianth of the male. Staminodes few, slender, inserted in a hypogynous ring. Ovary globose, half concealed by the large convex obscurely lobed siigma. Fruit as large as a walnut, subglobose, contracted into a short thick style with a broad imlricate stigma 1/3 in. diam. Seeds few, large, shining. - J. D. H. 26. G. terpnophylla, Thwaites Enum. 406 ; leaves lanceolate acute or acuminate with an obtuse tip, flowers axillary, male in short subumbellate fascicles, females solitary or in pairs. Beddome Flor. Sylvat. Gen. xxi. Terpnophyllum zeylanicum, Thwaites in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. 70, t. 2, f. 1, Enum. 49. Discostigma zeylanicum, Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif. 209. Central province of Ceylon, ascending to 4000 ft., Thwaites. A middle-sized tree, young foliage red-purple. Leaves 3-5 by 1-1 1/2 in., coriaceous; midrib prominent, veins 1/6 in. apart, inarching at the tips with an intramarginal one. Male fl. 1/4 in diam.; pedicels 1/6 in. Slamens many, in 4 [2-4 Beddome j very short spreading bundles, adnate to the basal keel of the petals ; anthers sessile. Rudimentary ovary a small papilla. Female fl. : Staminodes scale-like. Ovary 2-celled ; stigma peltate, partially lobed. Fruit 3/4 in. long, obliquely ovoid, 1-celled, 1-seeded. - In the flower I have examined the stamens are in 4 equal bundles, as in its allies of this section, and not on a lobed disk as represented in Journ. Bot. I.c. Var. acuminatum; leaves with a long tapering obtuse point. Discostigma acuminatum, Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif. 209. 27. G. eugeniaefolia, Wall. Cat, 4873 ; leaves broadly lanceolate acute or acuminate, male flowers in short dense axillary cymes, females subumbelled. Eastern Peninsula ; Sincapore, Wallich (7491); Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. A small tree very like G. merguense, but with large broader leaves, finely and closely veined beneath like a Calophyllum. Male fl. as in merguense but smaller, in short dense cymes. Staminal bundles distinct, suberect, free part of filaments very short ; anthers very small. Style slender, as long as the stamens. Female fl. in 4-10-flowered short subumbelled cymes. Sepals minute, scale-like. Petals smaller, margins ciliate. Staminodes 0? Ovary short, terete ; stigma broad, peltate with revolute entire margins. - I cannot agree with Triana and Planchon in referring Discostigma rostratum, page 269 Haask. to this. Heifer states that the stem exudes a green varnish, and Griffith describes the juice of the fruit as milky.Subgenus II. Xanthochymus, Roxb. (Gen.). Sepals and Petals 5, very rarely 4. Filaments connate in 5, rarely 4 erect distant pedicelled spathulate bodies, antheriferous at the top, free portions very short, incurved ; anthers small didymous. 28. G. Xanthochymus, Hook.f. ; leaves large linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate acute or acuminate, male fl. fascicled 1/2 in. diam. shortly pedicelled. Xanthochymus pictorius, Roxb. Corom. PI. ii. 51, t. 196, Fl. Ind. ii. 633. X. tinctorius, DC. Prodr. i. 562 ; Chois. Guttif. Ind. 32 ; Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif. 149 ; W. & A. Prodr. 102 ; Wall. Cat. 4837. Eastern Bengal and the Eastern Himalaya, from Sikkim to the Khasia Mts. and to Birma : Eastern Peninsula, Penang and the Andaman Islds. ; Western Peninsula, the Circars, Roxburgh, and from the Bombay Ghats southward. A middling sized tree ; trunk straight ; branches drooping, angular. Leaves 9-18 by 2-4 in., coriaceous, shining, veins 1/4-1/2 in. apart, reticulated; petiole 1 in., rugose. Male fls. 3/4 in. diam., in 4-8-flowered fascicles, from the axils of fallen leaves, white; pedicels thickened, 1-1 1/2 in. Sepals 1/6 in., orbicular, concave, fleshy, unequal. Petals 1/3 in., orbicular, spreading, thin. Stamens in 5 broad bundles of 3-5, alternating with 5 fleshy glands, anthers 2-celled. Hermaph fl. like the male. Ovary ovoid, pointed, usually 5-celled; stigmatic lobes 5, oblong, spreading, entire. Fruit the size of an apple, subglobose, pointed, dark yellow. Seeds 1-4, oblong. - Yields a large quantity of indifferent gamboge (Roxburgh). The closely allied X. dulcis, Roxb., of the Indian Archipelago has a round-tipped fruit. There are in Heifer's Tenasserim Herbarium imperfect specimens of a plant much resembling this, but with pubescnt branchlets. "A very variable species in the shape of the leaves, and length of the peduncles and pedicels ; it yields a tenacious gum of no value." - Thwaites. 29. G. ovalifolius, Hook.f. ; leaves ovate elliptic-oblong or lanceolate or suborbicular retuse obtuse or acute, male fl. spiked or fascicled, sepals ciliolate. Xanthochymus ovalifolius, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 632 ; W. & A. Prodr. 102 ; Wall. Cat. 4838 ; Chois. Guttif. Ind. 32 ; Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif, 149; Thwaites Enum. 49. Stalagmites ovalifolius, G. Don. Western Peninsula; in forests of the Circars, Roxburgh; Ceylon, ascending to 3000 ft. - Distrib. Java? A middling-sized tree. Leaves 3 1/4-8 1/2 by 1 3/4-3 1/2 in., shining ; nerves numerous, slender, arched with many oblique transverse nervules; petiole 1/4-1/2 in. Flowers 1/5-1/3 in. diam., male and female often mixed in one fascicle, but usually the females are fascicled and the males often spiked, the spikes sometimes running out to 4 inches long, with fascicles of flowers throughout their length. Male fl. : Sepals 4, coriaceous, orbicular, half as large as the membranous orbicular concave petals. Stamens in 5 long-clawed spathulate fascicles ; anthers few (6-10) didymous. Female fl. usually on much longer pedicels than the male. Staminodes 5, small, with effete anthers. Ovary globose, 3-4-celled ; style very short ; stigma 5-lobed to the middle. Fruit broadly oblong ; size of a walnut, smooth, deep green, 1-3-seeded. - A very similar species inhabits Java, but has always acute leaves. Var. 1. ovalifolia proper ; leaves obtuse, male flowers fascicled 1/4-1/3 in. diam. - Ceylon and Western Peninsula. Var. 2. spicata; leaves obtuse, male in long or short spikes, flowers as in var. 1. Xanthochymus spicatus, W. & A. Prod. 102; Wall. Cat. 346 A. - Western Peninsula. Var. 3. macrantha; leaves obtuse, male flowers large 2/3-1 in. diam. fascicled, anthers 8-12 in each bundle. - Xanthochymus ovalifolius? Beddome Flor. Sylvat. Gen. xxi. - Western Ghats. Var. 4. acutifolia ; leaves acute, flowers as in var. 1. I can detect no further differences than the above between vars. 2, 3, and 4 G.. ovalifolia. Beddome states that var. 3 has a different habit. - J. D. H. page 270 30. G. Andersoni, Hook.f.; leaves very large 1-2 ft. oblong thickly coriaceous subacute rounded or cordate at the base, nerves numerous strong, flowers large, fascicled, pedicels very stout long, sepals pubescent. Eastern Peninsula ;. Malacca, Griffith, littoral ("Koondon Belookar"), Maingay (Kew. distrib. 157, G. macrophylla, T. And. ms.) Branchlets as thick as the middle finger, acutely 4-angled, almost winged when dry green. Leaves by far the largest of the genus, often 2 ft. by 9 in., very variable in breadth, nerves very numerous and prominent, meeting in a strong intramarginal one, interspaces reticulate; petiole 1-2 in., very stout. Male fl. unknown. Fem. fl. 3/4 in, diam., in axillary many-flowered fascicles ; pedicels very stout, 2 in., seated on a subglobose axillary cushion. Sepals 5, intricate, leathery, orbicular, concave, two outer smaller, all minutely pubescent at the back. Petals three times as large as the sepals, orbicular, concave, contorted in bud. Disk very large, of 5 thick fleshy pitted ciliate glands, between each of which is a minute staminode with about 5 imperfect anthers. Ovary globose, narrowed into a distinct style, 4-5-celled ; stigma cleft to the base into 4-5 linear-oblong: obtuse rays. "Fruit very large, pomiform, crowned by the stigma, normally 5-celled," Maingay. - This species was incompletely characterized by Dr. Anderson from Griffith's specimens under the mss. name of Garcinia ? macrophylla , I have now redescribed it from Maingay 's more complete specimens, and in so doing given the name of my late friend the monographer of the Indian (Guttiferae to what is certainly by far the noblest species of the genus. Griffith in his notes attached to the specimen, describes the perianth as 4-merous, but I find it is always 5-merous. - J. D. H. Doubtful Species. G. succifolia, Kurz in Journ. Beng. As. Soc. xii. pt. 2, of which the female flower and fruit are not known. It is a native of Martaban. 2. OCHROCARPUS, Thouars. (Calysaccion, Wight.) Trees with coriaceous leaves and axillary polygamous flowers. Calyx closed before flowering, at length opening into 2, rarely 3, valves or sepals. Petals 4-7 or more. Stamens indefinite, filaments filiform, free or shortly connate below ; anthers erect, oblong or linear, dehiscence vertical. Ovary 2-celled ; style short, stout, stigma 3-lobed ; ovules 2 in each cell. Berry 1-4-seeded. Seeds large ; embryo of a large fleshy tigellus with the cotyledons reduced to a small mamilla or 0. - Distrib. A small genus of W. Africa, Madagascar, and India. 1. O. longifolius, Benth. &. Hook. f. Gen. PI. i. 980 ; leaves linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate obtuse, pedicels fascicled, petals acute. Beddome Flor. Sylvat. t. 89. Calysaccion longifolium, Wight III. i. 130, Ic. t. 1999. Mammea longifolia. Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif. 216. Calophyllum longifolium, Wall. Cat. 4851. C chinense Walp. ? ex Seemann in Bonplandia. Forests of the Western Peninsula from Canara to the Concan. A middling-sized tree ; young branches terete, youngest 4-gonous. Leaves 6-8 by 2-2 1/2 in., thickly coriaceous, dark green, base rounded, midrib stout prominent, veins few, indistinct, very slender, united by innumerable venules which give the dried leaf a very beautifully lacunose appearance ; petiole short, stout, 1/4 in. Flowers 2/3 in. diam., on nodes clothed with subulate bracteoles in the axils of fallen leaves ; buds globose ; pedicels 1 in., slender. Calyx bursting into 2 valves, reflexed during flowering. Petals 4, thin, deciduous, white. Stamens many. Style subulate ; stigma broad, discoid. Fruit 1 in. long, obliquely ovoid, tipped by the hard pointed style, stipitate, 1-seeded. [Flowers often hermaphrodite in cultivation, and used for dyeing silk. - Beddome.] 2. O. siamensis, T. Anders. ; leaves linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate obtuse, pedicels 1-2 rarely fascicled, petals rounded at the tip. page 271 Mammea siamensis, T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 261. Calysaccion siamense, Miguel in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. 209.Dry hills in Pegu and Arracan, McClelland, Kurz. - Distrib. Siam. Very similar indeed to O. longifolius, but the flowers are fewer in a fascicle, the petals obtuse, and the fruit narrower and more pointed. - Flowers sweet. Fruit 1 1/4 in. long, ovoid, mucronate, glabrous. 3. CALOPHYLLUM, Linn. Trees. Leaves opposite, shining, coriaceous, with innumerable parallel slender veins at right angles to the midrib. Flowers polygamous, in numerous axillary or terminal panicles. Sepals and petals 4-12, imbricate in 2-3 series. Stamens very many, filaments, filiform often flexuous, free or connate below ; anthers erect, 2-celled, dehiscence vertical. Ovary 1-celled ; style slender, stigma peltate ; ovule solitary, erect. Drupe with a crustaceous putamen. Seed erect, ovoid or globose, testa thin, or thick and spongy. - Distrib. About 25 species, chiefly tropical Asiatic with a few American. A. Sepals 4. Petals 0 (or Sepals 2, Petals 2). See also C. Wightianum.-Apoterium, Blume Bijd. 218. * Flowers in short racemes, racemes sometimes panicled and terminal, usually axillary. 1. C. spectabile, Willd.; DC. Prodr. i. 562; leaves large (6-14 in.) oblong or ovate-oblong acuminate, margins usually undulate, racemes subumbellate few-flowered glabrous axillary or in subterminal leafy panicles. Chois. Guttif. Ind. 43, in part ; Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif. 238 ; Wight III. i. 128. C. tetrapetalum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 608. C. Moonii, Wight III. i. 129, Ic. t. iii. ; Wall. Cat. 4841 D, 4842, 4843, 4849 C ; Thw. Enum. 52 ; Beddome Flor. Sylvat. Gen. xxii. C. cymosum, Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. i. 497. Forests of the Eastern Peninsula, Penang, and Ceylon. - Distrib. Java, Fiji, and Society Islands. A tall tree: young shoots 4-gonal, often clothed with rusty tomentum. Leaves 6-14 by 2-5 in., base acute; veins many, close-set, equally prominent on both surfaces; petiole 1/2-1 in., stout. Flowers few, 1/3 in. diam., in short racemes. Sepals 4, orbicular, Petals 0. Fruits spherical or ovoid ; pedicel 1 in., stout, glabrous. - Roxburgh describes the leaves of O. tetrapetalum as being finely serrulate. 2. C. canum, Hook.f. ; leaves (6-7 in.) linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate shining, racemes in very stout terminal many-flowered hoary-pubescent panicles, pedicels short stout. Eastern Peninsula ; Malacca, Maingay. Branches robust, woody, subcylindric. Leaves coriaceous, rigid, obtusely acuminate, red-brown when dry, shining on both surfaces, especially above, base acute, margin not thickened, a little waved ; nerves extremely close, uniform on both surfaces ; petiole 1/2-3/4 in. Panicles terminal, of many short opposite stout racemes 1-2 in. long, rachis and branches stout. Flowers rather crowded, 3/43/4 in. diam. Sepals 4, outer coriaceous broadly ovate obtuse concave, hoary-pubescent externally, inner twice as large orbicular concave, almost membranous. Petals 0. Stamens excessively numerous, and style equalling the inner sepals ; anthers linear. - Very like C. Wallichii, but the leaves are apparently never tomentose beneath, and there are no petals. - J. D. H. 3. C. pulcherrimum, Wall. Cat. 4848; leaves 1-2 in. ovate-lanceolate, petiole 1/4 in., racemes axillary few-flowered glabrous, pedicels very slender. Chois. Guttif. Ind. 41 ; Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif. 246. C. gracile and page 272 C. bancanum, Miguel Fl. Ned. Ind. Suppl. i. 498 and 499, and C. plicipes, ib. (according to Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xxxix. pt. 2, 64). C. mesuaefolium, Wall. Cat. 4850.Eastern Peninsula, Sincapore and Malacca. - Distrib. Sumatra, Banca. Branches slender, terete, shoots 4 gonal. Leaves 1-2 1/2 by 3/4-1 1/4 in., rigid, thin, obtusely acuminate, base tapering acute ; veins slender on both surfaces ; petiole 1/4-1/2 in., slender. Racemes from the axils of the oldest leaves, slender, glabrous, few-flowered ; pedicels 1/3 in., very slender. Sepals all equal, broadly ovate. Petals 0. - Of Wallich's C. mesuaefolium only a branch with a few leaves are known. Var. oblongifolium ; leaves 1 1/2-2 1/2 in. oblong, tip rounded. Malacca, Maingay (Kew distrib. 173.) 4. C. Burmanni, Wight III. i. 129, Ic. t. 107, 188 ; leaves small (1-2 in.) elliptic-ovate ; tip rounded, racemes small axillary few-flowered glabrous. Planch & Trian. Mem. Guttif. 233 (not of Seemann Fl. Viti.) ; Thwaites Enum. 52 ; Beddome Flor. Sylvat. Gen. xxii Hotter parts of Ceylon, at no great elevation. Young shoots 4-gonal, clothed with ferruginous tomentum. Leaves 1 1/2-2 1/2 by 1-1 1/2 in., thinly coriaceous, tip scarcely emarginate, finely and equally veined on both surfaces; petiole 1/3-1/2 in. Racemes slender. Flowers scarcely 1/4 in. diam., pedicels long slender. Sepals 4, orbicular-ovate. Petals 0. Fruit nearly 3/4 in. diam., sub-globose [reddish-brown, Beddome]. - Wight's var. beta parvifolium passes so gradually into the typical form as hardly to deserve recognition as a distinct form. 5. C. floribundum, Hook. f. ; leaves 1-2 in. elliptic-lanceolate obtusely acuminate margin thickened, petiole 1/6-1/4 in., racemes glabrous in most of the axils, pedicels 1/6-1/4 in. Eastern Peninsula; Malacca, Maingay. (Kew distrib. 170, 172, & ? 171.) Much-branched, everywhere glabrous ; branchlets 4-angled, strict. Leaves coriaceous, pale when dry, hardly shining, nerves close-set uniform on both surfaces. Racemes erecto-patent, about half as long as the leaves, 6-8-flowered, pedicels spreading. Flowers 1/5 in. diam., opposite. Sepals 4, outer broadly ovate, subacute, inner broadly obovate, tips rounded, membranous, veined. Petals 0. Stamens very numerous and style hardly exceeding the sepals. Fruit unknown. - J. D. H. 6. C. retusum, Wall. Cat. 4846 ; leaves 1-2 in. ovate or ovate-oblong, tip rounded, petiole short downy, racemes axillary slender pubescent towards the base. Chois. Guttif .Ind. 41 (excl. synonym) ; Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif. 237. C. amoenum, Wall. Cat. 4849. C. Burmanni var. bracteatum, Wight III. i. 129. C. pisiferum. Planch. & Trian. I.c. 266. Eastern Peninsula, from Martaban to Sincapore, Griffith, (Kew distrib. 876, 881.) An erect much-branched, densely-leafy shrub; shoots clothed with ferruginous down. Leaves 1-2 by 3/4-1 in., coriaceous; veins most prominent on the upper surface; petiole 1/6-1/4 in., downy. Racemes in the axils of the lower and fallen leaves, few-flowered, slender, erect; peduncle ferruginous towards the base. Flowers small, glabrous. Sepals 4, 1/6 in. long, ovate-oblong. Petals 0. Anthers minute, ovoid. Fruit pisiform, deep yellow, pericarp thin. ** Flowers solitary or in pairs. 7. C. microphyllum, T. Anders. ; leaves obovate or cuneate-obovate obtuse or retuse, flowers few glabrous. Eastern Peninsula, near the top of Mt. Ophir, Griffith, Lobb, Maingay (Kew distrib. n. 165). A glabrous shrub; branches many, short, slender, leafy; shoots 4-gonal. Leaves 3/4-1 1/2 by 1/4-3/4 in., tapering to the truncate base; veins prominent on both surfaces; petiole 1/12-1/6 in. Flowers in the upper axils, minute ; pedicels 1/6-1/4 in., slender, page 273 recurved, 2 bracteolate at the base. Sepals 4, suborbicular, all nearly equal. Petals 0. Fruit (immature) pisiform, tipped by the persistent style.B. Sepals 4. Petals 4 (rarely 3, or 0 in C. Wightianum, or 8 in C. cordato-oblongum, cuneifoliam and Walkeri). * Racemes shorter than the leaves, except C. polyanthum. 8. C. inophyllum, Linn. ; DC. Prod. i. 562 ; quite glabrous, leaves oblong or obovate-oblong obtuse or emarginate shining, inner sepals petaloid. Chois. Guttif. Ind. 42 ; Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif. 254 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 606 ; W. & A. Prod. 103 ; Wight III. i. 128, Ic. t. 77 ; Wall. Cat. 4841 B, C, D, E, F ; Beddome Flor. Sylvat. Gen. xxii. C. Bintagor, Roxb. I.c. 607. Western Peninsula ; from Concan and Orissa southwards ; Ceylon ; Eastern Peninsula, from Pegu southwards; Andaman Islands. - Distrib. E. African Islands, Malay Archipelago, Australia, Polynesia. - Cultivated throughout India. A middling-sized tree ; bark grey, smooth. Leaves 4-8 by 3-4 in., coriaceous, shining on both surfaces ; veins many, fine ; petiole 1/2-1 1/4 in. Racemes in the upper axils, loose, 4-6 in. long, shorter than the leaves, lax, few-flowered. Flowers 3/4 in. diam., pure white, fragrant ; pedicels slender, 1-2 in. Sepals 4. Petals 4, like the inner sepals. Stamens numerous, filaments in 4 bundles. Ovary globose, stipitate ; style much exceeding the stamens, stigma peltate lobed. Fruit 1 in. diam., globose, smooth, yellow, pulpy. - Rumph and Blume say that the petals are sometimes 6-8. Wood coarse-grained but valuable. Seeds afford lamp oil. 9. C. Wallichianum, Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif. 249 ; young parts tomentose, leaves long-petioled narrow-oblong acute or obtuse, racemes pubescent on the rachis or throughout, sepals subequal. C. tetrapetalum, Wall. Cat. 4843, not of Roxburgh. Eastern Peninsula ; from Penang to Sincapore, Wallich, &c. Young branches sub-4-gonal, or cylindric, and buds rusty tomentose. Leaves 6 by 1-1 1/4 in., acute or subacute at the base, margins flat or waved ; midrib puberulous ; veins , close-set, somewhat prominent on both surfaces; petiole 1-1 1/4 in. Racemes axillary or terminating short branches, few-flowered, half the length of the leaves, rusty pubescent; peduncle and pedicels glabrous. Flower 3/4 in. diam. Sepals ovate-oblong, glabrous or pubescent. Petals 4, oblong. Filaments slender Ovary ovoid, glabrous. Fruit globose, size of a cherry. - Griffith's Malacca, 880, may be this, but consists of a young flowerless branch only, the leaves are rusty-pubescent beneath, as are Maingay's 10. C. Griffithii, T. Anders. ; quite glabrous, leaves oblong or elliptic-oblong acute or obtuse, veins stout with a strong intramarginal one, racemes glabrous, sepals subequal. Eastern Peninsula ; Malacca, Griffith. A glabrous tree ; young shoots 4-gonal, older cylindric. Leaves 4-6 by 1 1/2-2 in., tip often rounded, base acute, coarsely veined on both surfaces ; petiole 1/2 in. Racemes axillary, few-flowered, glabrous, much shorter than the leaves. Flowers 1/3 in. diam., glabrous. Petals 4. 11. C. macrocarpum, Hook. f. ; quite glabrous, leaves linear-oblong or elliptic-lanceolate obtusely acuminate narrowed into a slender petiole, racemes not half the length of the leaves, pedicels 1-1 1/4 in., flowers 1 in. diam., petals narrow much longer than the sepals. Eastern Peninsula; Malacca, Maingay (C. Griffithii, Kew distrib. 174). Branches robust ; branchlets sharply 4-angled. Leaves 3-5 by 1 1/21/2-2 in., very coriaceous, shining above, hardly so beneath ; nerves very strong ; petiole 1-1 1/4 in. Racemes axillary, 2-4 in. long, 6-10-flowered ; rather minutely puberulous. Sepals 4, 2 outer broadly oblong, obtuse, very concave ; 2 inner twice as long, petaloid, oblong, obtuse. page 274 Petals 4, much longer than the inner sepals, linear-spathulate. Stamens very short, Fruit (according to Maingay's drawing) 5 in. long, ellipsoid, narrowed at both ends, smooth. - J. D. H.12. C. polyanthum, Wall. Cat. 4844 ; quite glabrous, leaves lanceolate acuminate, margins waved, racemes terminal glabrous, outer sepals very small. Chois. Guttif. Ind. 43 ; Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif. 250. Eastern Bengal; Khasia Mts. ascending to 3000 ft. ; Pegu, Kurz. A glabrous tree, 60 ft., twigs 4-gonal, compressed. Leaves 4-6 by 1 1/4-1 1/2 in., coriaceous ; veins equally distinct on both , surfaces ; petiole 1/4-1/2 in. Racemes many-flowered, equalling the leaves ; the upper together forming a terminal panicle. Flowers 1/3 in. diam. Outer sepals suborbicular, inner twice as long, petaloid. Petals rather longer than the inner sepals, obovate, concave, reflexed. Fruit the size of a small plum, subglobose, not pointed. 13. C. tomentosum, Wight III. i. 128, Ic. 1. 110 ; young parts tomentose, leaves elliptic or linear-lanceolate acuminate, margin waved, racemes pubescent, outer sepals smaller than the inner. Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif. 241 ; Beddome Fl. Sylvat. Gen. xxii. C. elatum, Beddome I.c. xxii. and t. 2. Moist forests in the Western Peninsula from the Concan southwards ; and in Ceylon, ascending to 5000 ft. A tall straight tree ; branches 4-angled ; buds, shoots, panicles and outer sepals clothed with rusty tomentum. Leaves 3-5 by 1 1/4-2 in., coriaceous, shining ; veins many, close-set, slender, equally prominent on both surfaces ; petiole 1/2-3/4 in., often downy. Racemes from the axils of the upper leaves, sometimes collected into a terminal panicle, lax, many-flowered. Flowers upwards of 1/2 in. diam. ; pedicels long, slender. Sepals orbicular. Petals 4, ovate-oblong, larger than the sepals. Fruit 3/4 in. long, obliquely ovoid, pointed. - Yields the Poon-spars of Western India, and the seeds an abundant oil in Ceylon. 14. C. bracteatum, Thwaites Enum. 51 ; young parts tomentose, leaves elliptic- or obovate-lanceolate acuminate, racemes glabrous few-flowered bracteate, sepals obovate, petals oblong-lanceolate. Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif. 252 ; Beddome Fl. Sylvat. Gen. xxii. Near streams in the Saffragam district of Ceylon, Thwaites. A large tree, closely resembling C. Tomentosum. Leaves dimorphic, the fully developed 3-8 in. long, tapering to the obtuse base, highly polished, golden brown when dry; petiole 1/4-1/2 in.; abnormal or undeveloped leaves 1-2 by 1/6-1/3 in., subsessile, linear-lanceolate or linear, pubescent, resembling bracts. Racemes in the axils of and shorter than the normal leaves, few-flowered. Flowers 1/3 in. diam. ; pedicels with an oblong bract 1/4 in. long at the base. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Fruit 3/4 in. long, oblong. - Flowers not in a good state for examination. 15. C. Wightianum, Wall. Cat. 4847 ; young shoots often pruinose, leaves obovate or oblong-cuneate, racemes axillary glabrous, sepals subequal, petals usually 0. Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif. 228 ; Beddome Flor. Sylvat. t. 90. C. spurium, Chois. in DC. Prod. i. 563 ; W. & A. Prod. i. 103. C. decipiens, Wight III. i. 128, Ic. t. 106, not of Thwaites ; Wall. Cat. 4841 A, G. Mountains of the Western Coast of the Western Peninsula from the Concan to Travancor. Young shoots 4-gonal. Leaves 2-4 by 1 1/4-2 in., rigidly coriaceous, rounded and usually retuse at the tip ; veins most prominent on the under surface ; petiole 1/6 in. Racemes from the axils of all the leaves and scars of a few fallen ones, several-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; peduncles and pedicels slender. Flowers 1/4 in. diam. Sepals 4, very thin, strongly veined. Petals (or 4 small ones visible in the bud, Wight) . page 275 Fruit 3/4 in. long, ellipsoid. - I have never found petals in any of the buds I have opened.** Racemes longer than the leaves, or equalling them. (See also C. polyanthum.) 16. C. trapezifolium, Thwaites Enum. 51; glabrous, leaves small ovate or rhomboid, racemes few-flowered glabrous 2-3 times longer than the leaves. Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif. 254 ; Beddome Flor. Sylvat. Gen. xxii. Central province of Ceylon, from 4-5000 ft., Thwaites. A tall tree. Leaves 1 1/2-2 by 1 in., coriaceous, tip rounded retuse or shortly acuminate ; veins fine, equally prominent on both surfaces ; petiole 1/4 in. Racemes in the upper axils; pedicels 1/3 in. Flowers 1/2 in. diam. Outer sepals smaller than the inner. Petals 4, 2 outer larger than the inner. Fruit 3/4 in. diam., subspherical. 17. C. Thwaitesii, Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif. 232 ; glabrous, leaves obovate or orbicular base rounded or cordate, racemes axillary glabrous several times longer than the leaves. Thwaites Enum. 407 ; Beddome Flor. Sylvat. Gen. xxii. C. decipiens, Thwaites Enum. 51, not of Wight. Mountains of Ceylon, ascending to 3000 ft., Thwaites. Twigs stout, 4-angled. Leaves 2-3 by 1-2 in., very thick and leathery; veins coarse, very prominent above, less so beneath ; petiole 1/12 in. Racemes rather slender, few -flowered. Sepals 4, obovate. Petals 3-4, oblong, longer than the sepals. Anthers half the size of those of O. Wightianum. Fruit subspherical. 18. C. cordato-oblongum, Thwaites Enum. 407 ; young parts pilose, leaves oblong-cordate obtuse, panicles terminal as long as the leaves pubescent, outer sepals twice as long as the inner. Beddome Flor. Sylvat. Gen. xxii. At Hinidoon Pattoo in Ceylon, Thwaites. A lofty tree ; twigs stout, 4-angled ; young shoots petiole and pedicels covered with deciduous rusty hairs. Leaves 4-6 by 2-3 in., very thickly coriaceous, obtuse, equally veined on both surfaces ; petiole 1/6-1/4 in. Peduncles and pedicels pubescent. Flowers 1 in. diam. Sepals rounded, outer 1/4 in. long, inner petaloid, twice as long. Petals 4-8, 1/2 in., orbicular. 19. C. cuneifolium, Thwaites Enum. 51 ; glabrous except the buds, leaves small obovate or cuneate-spathulate obtuse or retuse, racemes axillary equalling or exceeding the leaves glabrous, outer sepals smaller than the inner. Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif. 261 ; Beddome Flor. Sylvat. Gen. xxii. At Madamahanewera in Ceylon, alt. 3-4000 ft., Thwaites. A large tree ; leaf-buds and rachis of racemes covered with short brown down. Leaves 1-1 3/4 by 1/2-1 in., thick and leathery; veins stout and prominent on both surfaces; petiole 1/4-1/2 in. Racemes 10 or more-flowered. Flowers about 1/4 in. diam. Sepals 4. Petals 4-8, inner the smallest. Fruit spherical, 3/4 in. diam. 20. C. Walkeri, Wight III. i. 128, t. 45 ; quite glabrous, leaves obovate tip rounded or retuse, racemes in the axils of the upper leaves often collected into a terminal panicle glabrous, outer sepals shorter than the inner. Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif. 263; Beddome Flor. Sylvat. Gen. xxii. C. decipiens, Wight III. i. 128. A large tree; twigs stout, terete, erect. Leaves 1-1 1/2 in long, almost as broad, rigidly coriaceous, crowded, veins strong ; petiole 1/6 in., very stout. Flowers large, pale rose-coloured or white; pedicels 1 in., very stout ; buds globose. Outer sepals very small. Petals usually 8, larger than the sepals; inner smaller. Style equalling page 276 the stamens, stigma fleshy peltate. Fruit size of a cherry, globose. - This tree is said to flower once in 3-4 years ; its seeds yield an oil used for burning.DOUBTFUL SPECIES. C.? MARGINATUM, Wall. Cat. 4845. - Does not exist in any herbarium accessible to me. C. SURIGA, Buck. Ham; ex. Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 608. Calophyllum Soulattri, Burm. Fl. Ind. 121, with linear-oblong polished leaves and flowers whorled below them, is quite unknown to me. C. ANGUSTIFOLIUM, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 608 ; "twigs cylindric, leaves short-petioled lanceolate with lengthened subotuse points lucid finely veined, flowers in axillary fascicles, pedicels with a cyathiform tip." - Prince of Wales Island, where called Peon, and yields spars, Roxb. 4. KAYEA, Wall. Trees. Leaves opposite; veins rather distant, arched. Flowers hermaphrodite, either large and solitary, or small and collected in terminal panicles. Sepals and Petals 4 each, imbricate. Stamens numerous, filaments slender, free or connate at the base ; anthers small, subglobose, 2-celled, dehiscence vertical. Ovary 1-celled ; style slender, stigma acutely 4-fid ; ovules 4, erect Fruit subdrupaceous, fleshy, indehiscent, 1-4-seeded. Seeds thick, testa thin and crustaceous. - Distrib. Tropical Asia, 4 species. 1. K. floribunda, Wall. PI. As. Rar. iii. 5, t. 210 ; Cat. 4840 ; leaves oblong or linear-oblong acuminate cuspidate, panicle lax many-flowered, pedicels 2-bracteolate. Dense tropical forests of the Eastern Himalaya, in Sikkim, and the Khasia Mts., ascending to 3000 ft. A tall straight glabrous tree; branches cylindric. Leaves 5-8 by 1-1 1/2 in., thickly coriaceous, base acute ; veins 1/3-1 in. apart, slender, arched, prominent on the under surface, faint on the upper; petiole 1 in., slender, cylindric. Panicle 6 in. long, terminal ; branches and pedicels with 2 opposite bracts or bracteoles at their bases. Flowers 1 in. diam. Outer sepals 1/4 in. long, suborbicular, truncate. Petals a little longer than the sepals, thin but fleshy, white, edges rosy. Stamens rainy, filaments capillary, exceeding the sepals. Fruit the size of a chestnut, covered by the thick accrescent yellow rugose calyx, tipped by the slender style, 1-seeded. 2. K. racemosa, Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif. 269 ; leaves oblong-lanceolate acuminate cuspidate, racemes short few-flowered, pedicels ebracteolate. Mesua singaporiana. Wall. Cat. 4836. Eastern Peninsula; at Sincapore, Wallich; Malacca, Maingay (Kew distrib. 177). A glabrous tree ; branches cylindric ; bark ashy. Leaves 4-5 by 1 1/2 in., thin, rigid ; petiole 1/2 in., terete. Racemes short, axillary and terminal; pedicels stout. Outer sepals thick, rugose. Immature fruit as large as a filbert, tipped with the short subulate style. - Only one specimen seen, in the Linnnean Society's Herbarium, and assumed to be the plant published by Planchon and Triana from a specimen without habitat in De Candolle's Herbarium. - [Maingay's specimens have slender whored branchlets, each with leaves at the end. Leaves 6-9 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., elliptic-oblong, coriaceous, not polished, nerves beneath many, strong, arched, about 1/2 in. apart; petioles 1/2-2/3 in. Racemes few, short (1 in.), crowded on the tips of the branchlets between the two leaves ; peduncles and pedicels very short, bracts small ovate deciduous. Flowers 1/4 in. diam. Sepals very thickly coriaceous. Petals about twice as long. Stamens in 1 series, very numerous, monadelphous at the base. - J. D. H.] 3. K. stylosa, Thwaites Enum. 50 ; leaves ovate-lanceolate acuminate cuspidate, racemes erect few flowered equalling the leaves, pedicels minutely page 277 bracteolate. Beddome Flor. Sylvat. t. 102. K. cuspidata, Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif. 268.Southern districts of CEYLON, Thwaites. A large glabrous tree; bark dark-grey; branchlets terete, reddish. Leaves 2-3 by 1/2-1 in., rigid; veins arched, very faint on both surfaces; petiole 1/6-1/4 in., slender. Racemes from the upper axils, bracteoles subulate. Flowers small. Stamens many, filaments capillary, persistent, exceeding the sepals. Fruit the size of a small chestnut, covered by the coriaceous accrescent calyx, tipped by the thickened short style. 4. K. nervosa, T.Anders.; leaves elliptic-oblong or oblong-lanceolate acuminate cuspidate, flowers solitary or 1-3 axillary or terminal. Mesua nervosa, Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif. 279. Tenasserim provinces, at Mergui and Martaban, Griffith, Parish. Malacca, Maingay. Young branches minutely tubercled, sub-4-angular ? Leaves 4-5 by 1 1/2-2 in., thin, membranous, base rounded, shining above, coppery beneath ; veins distinct, 1/4 in. apart, arched, depressed on the upper surface ; petiole 1/6 in. Flowers 1 3/4 in. diam., pedicels 1-2 1/2 in., tubercled. Outer sepals 1/4 in., thick and coriaceous, suborbicular, inner nearly twice as large. Petals cuneate-obovate. Filaments capillary, nearly equalling the pistil. Style slender, thickened after flowering, stigma deeply 4-cleft. 5. MESUA, Linn. Trees. Leaves opposite, rigidly coriaceous, often pellucid-dotted ; veins innumerable, very slender, at right angles to the midrib. Flowers polygamous or hermaphrodite, large, axillary, solitary. Sepals and Petals 4 each, imbricate. Stamens very numerous, filaments filiform free or connate at the base ; anthers erect, oblong, 2-celled, dehiscence vertical. Ovary 2-celled ; style long, stigma peltate ; ovules 2 in each cell, erect. Fruit between fleshy and woody, 1-celled by the absorption of the septum, at length 4-valved, 1-4-seeded. Seeds without an aril, testa fragile. - Distrib. Tropical Asia ; 3 species. 1. M. ferrea, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. i. 562; leaves drooping linear-lanceolate acute or acuminate, peduncles short stout. Chois. Guttif. Ind. 40 ; Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif. 271 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 605; W. & A. Prodr. 102; Wall. Cat. 4834; Wight III. 127, Ic. t. 118; Beddome Flor. Sylvat. Gen. xxiii. M. speciosa, Chois. in DC I.c. ; Guttif Ind. 40 ; Wight Ic. t. 961 ; Wall. Cat. 4835 : Beddome I.c. xxiii. M. pedunculata Wight III. 127, Ic. t. 119. M. coromandeliana, Wight III. 129, Ic. t. 117; Beddome Flor. Sylvat. t. 64. M. Roxburghii, Wight III. 127 ; Beddome I.c. xxiii. M. salicina, M. Walkeriana and M. pulchella. Planch. & Trian. I.c. 373, 374, and 379. M. sclerophylla, Thwaites Enum. 407; Beddome I.c. xxiii. M. Nagana, Gard. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. viii. 4. Mountains of Eastern Bengal, the Eastern Himalaya, and the Eastern and Western Peninsulas, and Andaman Islands ; cultivated elsewhere in India. A middling-sized glabrous tree ; trunk erect, straight ; twigs slender, sub-4-angled. Leaves 3-6 by 1 1/2 to 1 3/4 in., base acute or rounded, dark-green and shining above, covered more or less with fine waxy meal beneath; veins very fine, close-set, and equally inconspicuous on both surfaces ; petiole 1/4-1/3 in. Flowers 3/4-3 in. diam., usually terminal and solitary or in pairs. Sepals orbicular, thick, with membranous margins, inner pair largest. Petals 4, spreading, cuneate-obovate, pure white. Anthers large, oblong, golden-yellow. Fruit ovoid, conical-pointed, size variable, often of a large chestnut; base surrounded by the persistent sepals, 1-4-seeded. Seeds dark-brown, testa smooth. - A very variable plant, the absence of the pruinose under-surface of the leaves is by page 278 no means confined to the small-flowered states from S. India, to which the name of coromandeliana has been applied ; the latter is a small and distinct-looking form.2. M. Thwaitesii, Planch. & Trian. Mem. Guttif. 277 ; leaves linear-oblong acute or acuminate, flowers subsessile. M. speciosa var. a, Thwaites Enum. 50, not of Choisy. Banks of streams in the Ratnapoora district, Ceylon, Thwaites. A tree resembling M.ferrea, but distinguished by the form of the leaves and large sessile or subsessile flowers. Leaves 8-12 by 1 3/4-2 in., base acute, glaucous and faintly nerved beneath. Flowers nearly 4 in. diam., axillary, solitary or in pairs. 3. M. ? lepidota, T. Anders, ; leaves elliptic- or oblong-lanceolate acuminate, racemes terminal. Eastern Peninsula ; Malacca, Griffith (distrib. Kew, No. 845, named M. speciosa by error). Branches short, rather slender, terete. Leaves coriaceous, 2 1/2-3 1/2 by 3/4-1 1/4 in., shortly cuspidate, tapering to the obtuse base ; veins very numerous, close set, fine, equally faint on both surfaces. Flowers unknown. Fruit size of a chestnut, subglobose, pointed, subtended by the thickened obtuse sepals, valves thick, surface rugulose as if scurfy. Seed with a brown brittle testa. - Probably a new genus between Kayea and Mesua, on account of the small woody non-accrescent sepals. 6. POECILONEURON, Beddome. (W. T. Thiselton Dyer.) Trees. Leaves opposite, smooth, coriaceous, with close-set spreading lateral veins, minutely reticulated. Flowers yellowish- white, in a terminal panicle, or solitary at each node. Sepals 4-5, small, imbricate. Petals 5-6, contorted. Stamens numerous, free or slightly connate at the base, filaments short or 0; anthers basifixed, narrow-linear, erect. Ovary 2-celled ; styles 2, subulate, stigmas punctiform ; ovules 2 in each cell, ascending from the base. Capsule ovoid, 1-celled, septicidal?, with a single erect seed, albumen ; cotyledons fleshy ; radicle minute, inferior. - Distrib. S. India ; species 2. 1. P. indicum, Bedd. in Journ. Linn. Soc. viii. 267, t. 17 ; FIor. Sylvat. t. 3 ; flowers in a pyramidally spreading terminal panicle 4 in. long, sepals and petals each 6, anthers lobulated. Western Peninsula ; on the west slopes of the Ghats, from South Canara to Malabar, alt. 3-4000 feet., Beddome. A large tree. Leaves 4-10 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., elliptic, with a long acumination, petioled. Peduncles, pedicels, and sepals slightly puberulous. Flowers 3/4 in. diam., yellowish white. Fruit ellipsoid. 2. P. pauciflorum, Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 93 ; flowers about 4 together and terminal or solitary at each node, sepals 4 the 2 innermost larger, petals 6, anthers simple. Western Peninsula ; Travancor, alt. 4-5000 ft., Beddome. A tree with red wood. Leaves about 5 by 1 1/2 in., narrowly elliptic. Petals oblong, obtuse. Fruit 1 in. long, 1/2 in. diam., at first obpyriform, finally ovoid and rather smaller than in P. indicum. page 279 Order XXIV. TERNSTROEMIACEAE. (By W. T. Thiselton Dyer, F.L.S.) Shrubs rarely climbing, or trees. Leaves alternate, simple (in Indian species) entire or often serrate, usually coriaceous, exstipulate. Flowers handsome, seldom small, usually subtended by 2 sepal-like bracts, rarely diclinous, axillary, 1 or more together, rarely in lateral or terminal racemes or panicles. Sepals 5, rarely 4-7, free or slightly connate, the innermost often larger. Petals 5, rarely 4-9, free or connate below, imbricate or contorted. Stamens numerous (definite in Sladenia and Stachyurus) free or connate, usually adnate to the base of the deciduous corolla ; anthers basifixed or versatile, dehiscing by slits or rarely by terminal pores. Ovary free (1/2-inferior in Anneslea), sessile, 3-5-celled, (many-celled in Actinidia) ; styles as many, free or connate, stigmas usually small; ovules 2-∞ in each cell, rarely solitary, never orthotropous. Fruit baccate or capsular. Seeds few or numerous, placentas axile, albumen scanty or 0, rarely copious ; embryo straight or hippocrepiform, cotyledons various. - Distrib. Rare in temperate, abundant in tropical Asia and America, almost wanting in Africa and entirely in Australasia ; species about 260. Tribe I. Ternstroemieae. Peduncles 1-flowered (many-flowered in Sladenia). Petals imbricate. Stamens adherent to the base of the corolla ; anthers basifixed. Fruit (in Indian Genera) indehiscent. Seeds usually few, albumen fleshy usually scanty. Embryo curved; cotyledons shorter than the radicle and about as broad. * Fruit inferior.
** Fruit superior.
Tribe II. Sauraujeae. Peduncles many-flowered. Petals imbricate. Anthers versatile. Fruit usually pulpy, rarely sub-dehiscent. Seeds numerous minute, albumen abundant. Radicle straight or slightly curved and longer than the cotyledons. * Flowers 5-merous, stamens many.
** Flowers 4-merous, stamens few.
Tribe III. Gordonieae. Peduncles 1-flowered, often very short. Petals imbricate. Anthers versatile. Fruit indehiscent or loculicidal. Albumen scanty or 0. Cotyledons various ; radicle short, straight or curved. * Fruit indehiscent.
** Fruit dehiscent.
page 280 Tribe IV. Bonnetieae. Flowers in terminal panicles, rarely lateral and solitary or racemose. Petals contorted. Anthers versatile or basifixed. Fruit indehiscent or septicidal; albumen scanty or 0. Embryo straight, cotyledons flat ; radicle short.
Poeciloneuron is referred to Guttiferae. (p. 278.) 1. ANNESLEA, Wall. Evergreen trees with the habit of Ternstroemia. Flowers axillary and forming sub-terminal umbellate corymbs, rather large, white. Sepals 5, connate into a tube which is finally fleshy and adherent to the ovary. Petals 5, connate. Stamens many, scarcely adherent to the corolla ; anthers with a long apiculus. Ovary 1/2-immersed in the torus, 3-celled ; style 3-fid ; ovules many, pendulous from the top of the cells. Fruit baccate, leathery, inferior, crowned by the sepals. Seeds oblong with a horse-shoe-shaped cavity, testa osseous, albumen fleshy. - Distrlb. Malay Peninsula ; species 2. 1. A. fragrans, Wall. Cat 598 ; Plant. As. Rar. i. 5, t. 6 ; peduncles about twelve in each corymb 2 1/2-3 in. slender with 2 ovate obtuse bracts. Griff. Notul. iv. 567, t. 585 A, f. 17. Eastern Peninsula ; Moulmein and Martaban, Wallich, &c. A tree 30 ft. Leaves 3 1/2-5 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., elliptic-oblong, acute or obtuse; petioles 3/4-1 in. Sepals 1/2 in , cordiform, acute. Fruit 1 in. diam. Seeds with a thin scarlet fleshy envelope. 2. A. crassipes, Hook. ex. Chois. Mem. Ternstr. 41 ; peduncles 3-6 in each corymb about 1 in. rather thick with 2 small ovate acute fleshy bracts. Eastern Peninsula ; Mt, Ophir, Malacca, Griffith, &c. - Distrib. Philippine Islds. A tree. Leaves 2-4 1/2 by 1 1/4-2 in., lanceolate elliptic or oblanceolate, crenulate, acute or obtuse; petioles 1/2-1 in. Flowers as in A. fragrans but drooping. Sepals 1/3 in., orbicular, acute. Fruit 3/4 in. diam. 2. TERNSTROEMIA, Linn. Glabrous evergreen trees or shrubs. Leaves leathery, entire or crenate-serrate. Peduncles lateral, recurved, 2-bracteate below the flower. Sepals 5. Petals 5, connate at the base. Stamens many : anthers glabrous. Ovary 2-3-celled ; style simple, often 0, stigma broadly 2-3-lobed or subentire ; ovules 2 in each cell, rarely 1 or 3-6, pendulous from the apex. Seeds as in Anneslea but the albumen sometimes evanescent. - Distrib. Trop. Asia and America ; species 25. * Anthers apiculate. 1. T. japonica, Thunb. in Trans. Linn. Soc. ii. 335 ; a tree about 20 ft., leaves oblong-obovate petioled, style subentire, stigma 2-lobed, fruit globose. Cleyera japonica, Thunb. Fl. Jap. 224 (not of Sieb. & Zucc.). Eastern Bengal and Peninsula, from the Khasia Mts., alt. 4-5000 ft. to Moulmein. Western Peninsula ; Nilghiri Mts. ; Ceylon. - Distrib. Sumatra, China, Japan, Loochoo Islds. Branchlets with rather soft bark, whorled or repeatedly forked. Leaves 2-3 by 3/4-1 3/4 in., rather crowded at the ends of the branches; petioles 1/4-1/2 in. Peduncles 1/2-3/4 in., 2-edged. Flowers 3/4 in. diam., in the axils of the fallen leaves; corolla spreadiug, pale yellow. Ovary cells 2-ovuled. Fruit 1/2-3/4 in. diam., baccate, almost page 281 juiceless, usually more than 2-seeded. - Griffith's Ternstroemiacea from Khasia [Itin. 42, Notul. iv. 568 ; Ic. t. 604, f. 1), probably belongs to this, although described with unisexual flowers.Var. 1. Wightii, Choisy Mem. Ternst. 19 (sp.), leaves acute. - T. aneura, Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. Suppl. i. 477. Cleyera gymnanthera, W. & A. Prodr. 87 ; Wight. Ic. t. 47 ; Thw. Enum. 41 ; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 91. C. grandiflora, Wall. Cat, 1461 (in Herb. Linn. Soc. only). Var. 2.parvifolia, Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. iii. 14; leaves 1 1/2-2 in. 2. T. emarginata, Choisy Mem. Ternstr. 14 ; a shrub 10-16 ft., leaves sessile spathulate crenulate-serrate emarginate, style deeply 2-fid, stigmas flatly capitate, fruit conical. Cleyera emarginata, Gardn. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vii. 447 ; Thw. Enum. 40. Ceylon ; higher parts of the Island, Gardner. Leaves 1-2 in. Peduncles 3/4 in., 2-edged, minutely bracteate. Flowers 1/2 in. diam., white, then yellowish-purple. Petals twice the length of the sepals. (Ovary-cells 1-ovuled, Thw.) Fruit oblong-ovoid, baccate, 2-seeded. - As Choisy points out, this so closely resembles the Brazilian T. cuneifolia as to be barely distinguishable. * Dioecious, anthers not apiculate. Erythrochiton, Griff. 3. T. penangiana, Choisy Mem. Ternstr. 20 ; stigmas 2 reniform foliaceous, fruit ovoid baccate with a coriaceous epicarp. T. macrocarpa, Scheff. obs. phyt. 15, fide Kurz, in As. Soc. Journ. Beng. 1870, ii. 64. Erythrochiton Wallichianura, Griff. Notul. iv. 565, t. 585 A, f. 7. Fagraea? dubia, Wall. Cat. 4456. Eastern Peninsula; from Moulmein and the Andaman Islands to Penang and Malacca. - Distrib. Java. A small tree with a thick trunk. Leaves 4-8 by 1 1/2-3 1/2 in., oblanceolate to obovate, acute, coriaceous; petioles about 1 in. Flowers nearly 1 in. diam., solitary axillary or subfasciculate. Petals fleshy, twice the length of the sepals. Stamens many in the male flowers, crowded in many rows, reduced to filaments in the female flowers. Ovary-cells 2-ovuled; style very short. Berry 1 1/2 in. diam. Seeds 4, bony, imbedded in a reddish or pinkish pulp. Var. monosperma ; berry 1 in. diam., 1-seeded. T.? Khasyana, Choisy Mem. Ternstr. 20, Griff, n. 422 in Herb. Boissier from the Khasia Mts., proves from the examination of the type specimen to be identical with Illicium Griffithii, H. f. & T., p. 40. (See Journ. Linn. Soc. xiii. 331.) 3. SLADENIA, Kurz. MS. A strub ? Leaves crenately serrate, glabrous, feather-veined. Flowers in dichotomous cymes shorter than the leaves. Sepals 5. Petals 5, free. Stamens about 12, slightly adnate to the base of the petals, filaments dilated at the base ; anthers basifixed, the lobes slightly divergent below, hispid. Ovary 3-celled, tapering into the very short 3-denticulate style; ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous. Fruit unknown. 1. S. celastrifolia, Kurz, ms. Yunan, Mynesa, J. Anderson. Leaves 4-5 by 1 1/2-2 in., oblong-obovate, acuminate, acute at the base; petioles 1/3 in. Pedicels 1/4 in. Sepals 1/6 in., lanceolate, obtuse or hooded at the apex, papery. Petals oblanceolate, obtuse, rather longer than the sepals. Anthers lanceolate with a minutely bifid connective. 4. ADINANDRA, Jack. Small evergreen trees with the habit of Ternstroemia or Gordonia. Peduncles axillary, solitary, recurved, 2-bracteate at the apex. Flowers often page 282 silky outside. Sepals 5. Petals 5, connate at the base. Stamens many, often 1-4-adelphous, usually hairy. Ovary 3-5-celled ; style ultimately elongate, entire or shortly 3-5-fid ; ovules many in each cell. Fruit globose. Seeds many, small, albumen fleshy. - Distrib. Confined (except the W. African A. Mannii) to the Malay Peninsula and Indian Archipelago ; species 10.1. A. dumosa, Jack in Malay Misc. ii. no. 7, 50 ; leaves elliptic-oblong serrulate above the middle glabrous ferruginous beneath, petioles 1/2 in., peduncles about 1 in., sepals orbicular-ovate glabrous ; Wall. Cat. 3664 bis (ex Chois. Mem. Ternstr. 90) & 7071 (in Herb. Kew.). A. Jackiana and trichocoryna, Korth. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 106, 107. A. cyrtopoda, stylosa, and glabra, Miq. Flor. Ned. Ind. Smypl. i. 478, 479. Ternstroemia? dumosa, Wall. Cat. 2245 (ex Chois. I.c.). Camellia? Scottiana, Chois. I.c. (not of Wall. Herb.) Eastern Peninsula; Sincapore and Malacca, Jack. &c. - Distrib, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, China. A small tree. Leaves 2 1/2-4 1/2 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., acute at both ends, coriaceous; petioles 1/3 in. Peduncles solitary or in pairs, extra-axillary. Bracts 1/3 the length of the sepals. Petals twice the length of the sepals, ovate-oblong, acute, white. Stamens silkily-hairy. Ovary glabrous; style subulate, persistent, 1/2 in. in fruit. Berry 1/2 in. diam., glabrous. 2. A. acuminata, Korth. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 109 ; leaves oblong-lanceolate more or less acuminate glabrous, petioles 1/4 in., peduncles 1/2 in., sepals oblong-ovate glabrous. Gordonia acuminata, Wall. Cat. 3664 in Herb. Linn. Soc. Ternstroemia ? coriacea, Wall. Cat. 1453. Camellia axillaris. Wall. Cat. p. 158 (not of Roxb. ex Bot. Reg. 349, see Journ. Linn. Soc. xiii. 330). Polyspora axillaris, Chois. Mem. Ternstr. 91 (not of Don). Eastern Peninsula ; Penang and Sincapore, Wallich, &c. - Distrib. Sumatra. A small tree. Buds silky. Leaves 3-6 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in. Peduncles thickened and warted after flowering. Bracts minute, deltoid, acute. Sepals 1/2-1/3 in. Stamens hairy. Style pilose, filiform, thickened below; stigma very minutely 2-lobed, subcapitate. Berry 3/4 in. diam., glabrous. Seeds about 6 in each cell, discoid, rather large. 3. A. Griffithii, Dyer; leaves oblong-elliptic to oblong-lanceolate acuminate glabrous, petioles 1/2 in., peduncles 1 in., sepals rotund-elliptical glabrous, styles deeply 5-fid. Kew Distrib. 755, Cleyera grandiflora. Eastern Bengal ; Khasia Mts., Griffith. A tree? Buds glabrous. Leaves 3-5 by 1 1/2-2 in., paler beneath. Bracts almost obsolete. Sepals 1/3 in. Petals about equalling the sepals. Stamens sparingly setose, 1-seriate, adnate to the petals. Ovary glabrous; divisions of the style cylindric, hardly exceeding the sepals. 4. A. integerrima, T. Anders, ms. ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate glandular-serrulate paler beneath with black glands and a few hairs, petiole 1/4-1/3 in. pubescent, peduncles 1/2 in. strigose, sepals ovate silky outside. A dasyantha, Choisy Mem. Ternstr. 90 (not of Korth.). Ternstroemia ? integerrima, Wall. Cat. 1452 in Herb. Linn. Soc. T. ? reticulata, Wall. Cat. 2246 (ex Choisy I.c. 90). Gordonia reticulata Wall. Cat. 3663 bis in Herb. Kew & 7070 (ex Choisy I.c.). Camellia japonica. Wall. Cat. 3667 in Herb. Kew. Eastern Peninsula; Penang, Wallich. Branches with pubescent extremities and silky buds. Leaves 3-5 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., acute at both ends or obtusely acuminate. Bracts small, ovate, acute. Sepals 1/3 in., exceeding the silky petals. Stamens adnate to the base of the petals; anthers silky. Ovary densely silky. Berry 2/3 in. diam., with appressed pubescence. Seeds small, shining. 5. A. maculosa, T. Anders, ms.; leaves finely mottled beneath with reddish-brown remotely denticulate glabrous, petioles 1/3 in., peduncles 1/2 in. page 283 puberulous, sepals strigosely pubescent outside. Ternstroemia ? integerrima, Wall. Cat. 1452 in Herb. Kew., not in Herb. Linn. Soc.Eastern Peninsula ; Penang, Wallich. Branches glabrous ; buds yellow, silky. Leaves 4-6 by 2-2 1/2 in., elliptic or elliptic-oblong, shortly acuminate, acute at the base. Bracts 1/3 the length of the sepals, orbicular. Berry 1/2 in. diam., hoary with thin appressed pubescence. Seeds minute. 6. A. villosa, Choisy Mem. Ternstr. 24; leaves pubescent beneath, petioles 1/4 in., peduncles 1 in. pilose, sepals silky near the middle externally. Ternstroemia ? sericea, Wall. Cat. 1454. Schima Wallichii, Choisy Mem. Ternstr. 91 (not of Choisy in Zoll. Cat.). Eastern Peninsula ; Tavoy, Wallich. A small pubescent tree ; young shoots silky. Leaves 3 1/2-5 by 1 1/2-2 in., oblong ovate-oblong or elliptic, acute or acuminate, base obtuse, glabrous above, yellowish below, subcoriaceous. Peduncles nodding. Bracts obsolete. Flowers 3/4 in. diam. Sepals ovate. Petals densely siiky at the apex. Style elongate, subulate, strigose but glabrous at the apex. Berry 1/2 in. diam., covered with white appressed silky hairs. - Habit of A. integerrima. 7. A. crenulata, T. Anders, ms.; leaves narrow elliptic-oblong crenulate-serrate glabrous, petioles 1/6 in., peduncles 1-1 1/4 in. thinly strigose. Ternstroemia crenulata. Wall. Cat. 3723. Eastern Peninsula ? Herb. Madr. ( Wallich.) Glabrous except the flowers and buds. Leaves 3-5 by 1 1/4-1 1/2 in., acute at both ends, prominently reticulated above. Peduncles thickened at the apex, slightly recurved. Bracts nearly obsolete. Sepals and petals as in A. villoso, but less siiky. Stamens adnate to the petals, filaments short, glabrous ; anthers silky, with an acuminate connective. - The plant described under the name of Ternstroemia crenulata by Wight, (III. i. 99) is a species of A.porosa. 8. A. lasiopetala, Chois. Mem. Ternstr. 24 ; leaves narrow oblanceolate glabrous above minutely strigillose beneath, margins revolute denticulate, flowers silky-strigose externally. Sarosanthera lasiopetala, Thw. Enum. 41. Cleyera lasiopetala, Wight III. i. 99. Eurya lasiopetala, Gardn. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vii. 466. Ceylon ; at 6000 ft. and upwards. A small tree ; branches terete, minutely strigose. Leaves 2 1/2-4 by 3/4-1 in., obtuse or subacuminate, retuse. Peduncles 2/3 in., nodding, thickened towards the apex. Bracts 1/3 the length of the sepals, deltoid. Flowers 1/2-2/3 in. diam. Petals 3 times the length of the sepals, white. Stamens thinly hairy, unequal, filaments slender. Ovary 3-celled ; style filiform, stigmas 3 cylindric obtuse. Berry 4 in. diam. 5. CLEYERA, DC. Trees or shrubs with the habit of Ternstroemia. Peduncles shorter, often fascicled, flowers smaller ; bracts minute or 0. Sepals 5. Petals 5, more or less connate at the base. Stamens many ; anthers pilose. Ovary 2-3-celled ; style often elongate with a shortly 2-3-fid apex, or shorter and more deeply divided, stigmas slender ; ovules many. Seeds usually few, albumen fleshy. - DISTRIB. Tropical Asia ; Japan, Mexico and the Antilles. Species about 6. 1. C. ochnacea, DC. Mem. Ternstr. 21 ; leaves oblong-obovate or oblong-oblanceolate acuminate, base acute, flowers usually in small fascicles rarely solitary, apex of peduncles with 2 almost obsolete bracts. C. page 284 Wallichiana, Sieb, & Zucc. Fl. Jap. i. 154. C. ochnoides, G. Don Gen. Syst. i. 566.Central Himalaya ; Nipal, Wallich. Khasia Mts., alt. 2000 ft. Leaves 3-4 1/2 in. by 1 1/4-2 in. ; petioles 1/2 in. Peduncles 5/6 in., usually nodding, thickened towards the apex. Petals 1/3-1/2 in., 3 times the length of the sepals, yellow. Style subulate, persistent. Fruit baccate. - Probably C.japonica, Sieb. and Zucc, which has the pedicels and flowers only 1/2 as large is not distinct. Var. 1. Lushia, G. Don Gen. Syst. i. 566 (sp.) ; fascicles about 5-flowered, peduncles erect. Ternstroemia Lushia, Ham. in Don Prodr. 225. Var. 2. grandiflora, Chois. Mem. Ternstr. 21 (sp.); fascicles 2-4-flowered, flowers larger, leaves narrower more acuminate. C. grandiflora, Wall. Cat. 1461 in Herb. Kew.f not in Herb. Linn. Soc. 2. C. grandiflora, H.f. & T. ms. (not of Wall or Choisy) ; leaves oblong obtusely acuminate base obtuse, flowers usually solitary, peduncles with 2 minute alternating bracts. EASTERN Bengal ; Khasia Mts., alt. 4000 ft., J. D. H. & T. T. Leaves 4-5 1/2 by 1 1/2-2 in. : petioles 3/4 in. Peduncles about 3/4 in., usually erect. Flowers 3/4 in. diam. Petals 1/2 in., about four times the length of the sepals. - Closely allied to C. ochnacea, but larger in all its parts. 6. EURYA, Thunb. Shrubs. Leaves glabrous, usually crenate-serrate. Flowers small, dioecious, sessile or shortly pedicelled in axillary fascicles, or rarely solitary, with persistent bracteoles. Sepals 5. Petals 5, united at the base. Stamens 15 or less, rarely 6 ; anthers glabrous. Ovary 3 (rarely 2-5-)-celled ; styles 3 (rarely 2-5) free or united : ovules many in the inner angle of each cell. Fruit baccate. Albumen fleshy. - Distrib. S. E. Asia, Indian Arch, and Pacific Is. ; reputed species more than 30, reducible at most to 10. Thwaites indeed, after careful study, unites 1, 3, 4, 6 into one variable species. 1. E. japonica, Thunb. Fl. Jap. 191, t. 25 ; glabrous, branches striate, flowers about 2 together 2-bracteolate, sepals glabrous. Eastern Himalaya; Sikkim, alt. 5-10,000 ft. ; Khasia Mts., alt. 3-6000 ft. ; Mountains of the Eastern and Western Peninsulas, and Ceylon ascending to 7000 ft. - Distrib. Eastwards to Japan and the Fiji Islands. Var. 1. Thunbergii, Thw. Enum. 41 ; leaves 3-5 by 1-1 1/2 in. elliptic or oblanceolate more ,or less serrate acuminate, petioles 1/4 in., styles free. E. tristyla, W. & A. Prodr. 86. E. Wightiana, Wight lll. i. t. 38 (not Wall). E. coneocarpa. Korth. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 114. E. elliptica, Gard. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vii. 443. E. japonica, Beddome Flor. Sylvat. t. 92. - Sikkim, 5-10,000 ft. J. D. H. ; Concan, Stocks; Ceylon, Gardn., Nilghiris, Gardn. - Distrib. S. China, Loochool., Japan, Fiji I. - E. vitiensis, A. Gray. Var. 2. nitida, Korths. I.c. 115, t. 7 (sp.) ; stems 8 ft., leaves 1 1/2-2 1/2 by 1/2-1 in. narrow elliptic or oblanceolate serrate above acute or shortly acuminate, petioles 1/6 in., styles united beyond the middle. E. Roxburghii, Wall. Cat. 1465, in part. E. systyla, Miq. in Herb. Honenacker. E. Wightiana, Wall. Cat. 3662. E. fasciculata, Wall Cat. 4399. - Habit resembling that of the Tea shrub. - Khasia, 3-6000 ft. Griffith; Moulmein, 5000 ft.; Penang, Lobb. - Nilghiris, Gardn. Distrib. Borneo, Sumatra, Java. Var. 3. phyllanthoides ; Blume Mus. Bot. ii. 110 (sp.); tips of branches silky-pubescent, leaves 4-5 by 1 in. usually narrow elliptic serrulate with a long acuminate apex, petioles 1/4 in., styles united. - Khasia Mts., Moulmein. - Distrib. Java. 2. E. symplocina, Blume Mus. Bot. ii. 114; branches striate silky at the apex, flowers in rather crowded fascicles, peduncles 3-bracteolate silky page 285 sepals silky outside, styles united. E. acuminata, Wall. Cat. 1464 in part, not of DC. E. Wallichiana, Planch, ms., not of Steud. Diospyros cerasifoiia, Don Prodr. 144.Central and Eastern Himalaya, alt. 5-7000 ft. ; from Nipal, Wallich, to Mishmi, Griffith. - DISTRIB. Java. A slender shrub. Leaves 3-5 by 1-1 1/2 in., oblong-elliptic, entire or serrulate above, obtusely acuminate, papery, midrib with appressed pubescence ; petioles 1/2 in. 3. E. chinensis, R. Br. in Abel's Voy. 379, cum ic. ; branches subflexuose 2-edged pilose, leaves small, flowers 2-3 together subsessile 2-bracteolate, sepals glabrous, styles united. E. parvifolia, Gardn. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vii. 445. E. japonica δ parvifolia, Thw. Enum. 41. Ceylon ; ascending to 8000 ft. - Distrib. China, Japan. A shrub 3-12 ft. Leaves 3/4-1 1/4 by 1/2-2/3 in., obovate, margins revolute, mucronate serrate, obtusely acuminate, midrib hairy, petioles 1/12 in. Pedicels and bracteoles glabrous. 4. E. ceylanica, Wight III. i. 98 ; branches cylindric pilose, leaves with depressed veins, flowers 2-4 together 2-bracteolate shortly peduncled, sepals glabrous, stigmas 3 subsessile reflexed. E. japonica γ chinensis, Thw. Enum. 41. Ceylon, alt. 3-7000 ft. A shrub, 12-16 ft. Leaves 1 1/4-4 by 3/4-1 1/2 in., broadly, elliptic, shortly acuminate, margins recurved, mucronate-serrate, tip retuse, midrib hairy ; petioles 1/12 in. Pedicels and bracteoles hairy. Fruits with a few scattered hairs. 5. E. acuminata, DC. Mem. Ternstr. 29; branches cylindric pubescent-hairy, flowers about 5 together shortly peduncled 2-bracteolate, styles 3-5 distinct or united below. Diospyros serrata, Ham. in Don Prodr. Nep. 143. Temperate and Subtropical Himalaya, alt. 3-7000 ft., from Kumaon to Bhotan; Mountains of Eastern Bengal, Assam, and the Eastern Peninsula to Penang; Ceylon. - Distrib. Sumatra, Java, Fiji Islands. A shrub 8-10 ft. Leaves 2-5 by 1/2-1 in., narrow oblong-elliptic, serrulate, attenuate-acuminate, midrib softly hairy Var. 1. euprista, Korths. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 113 (sp.) ; styles distinct. Griff. Ic. 604, f. 3. E. multiflora, DC. I.c. 25. E. serrata, Blume Fl. Jav. proef. vii E. angustifolia, Wall. Cat. 1465 in Herb. Linn. Soc. E. acuminata, Royle III. 127, t. 25. E, salicifolia, Blume Mus. Bot. ii. 118. ? E. chinensis, Hook.f. & Thoms. Herb. Ind. Or. (not of Brown). Var. 2. Wallichiana, Steud. in Blume Mus. Bot. ii. 118 (sp.) ; styles united. E. lucida. Wall. Cat. 1462. E. fasciculata. Ham. in Wall. Herb. 1463. E. acuminata. Wall Cat. 1464. E. bifaria. Wall. Cat. 3721 ? E. membranacea, Gardn. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vii. 444. E. japonica β acuminata, Thw. Enum. 41. 6. E. trichocarpa, Korth. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 114; branches cylindric pubescent at the apex, flowers few together, peduncles 2-bracteolate, ovary densely silky, styles 3-5 united 2/3 of their length. E. trichogyna, Blume Mus. Bot. ii. 114. Eastern Himalaya, Bhotan, Griffith; Khasia Mts., Griffith. - Distrib. Amboyna. Buds silky. Leaves 3-4 1/21/2 by 3/4-1 in. narrowly elliptic, acuminate, serrulate, pubescent especially on the midrib below ; petioles 1/8 in. Sepals pubescent externally. 7. ACTINIDIA, Lindl. Glabrous, strigose or tomentose shrubs, usually climbers. Leaves entire or serrate, usually membranous, feather-veined. Flowers polygamous or page 286 dioecious, in axillary cymes, rarely solitary. Sepals 5, slightly imbricate, subconnate at the base. Petals 5, somewhat contorted-imbricate. Stamens many ; anthers dehiscing by slits. Ovary many-celled ; styles as numerous, divergent and elongated after flowering. Fruit baccate, containing raphides. - Distrib. Himalaya, China and Japan ; species about 8.1. A. callosa, Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 439; glabrous, leaves broadly elliptic setosely serrulate, sepals tomentose, fruit sparsely warted. A. Kolomitka, Rupr. in Maxim. Amur. 63. Dillen. ord. callosa, Wall. Cat. 6634. Temperate Himalaya, from Garwhal to Bhotan, alt. 4-8000 ft. ; Khasia Mts., alt. 4-5000 ft. - DISTRIB. Manchuria, Japan, Loochoo Islands. A shrubby climber ; stems brown with white verruculae. Leaves 4-6 by 2-3 1/2 in., membranous, acuminate ; petioles 1-1 1/2 in. Flowers 1/2 in. diam. in small lax umbellate cymes, white. Pedicels with an obsolete bract below the calyx. Sepals oblong, obtuse. Styles clavate. Fruit 3/4 in., ovoid. 2. A. strigosa, Hook. f. & Thoms, in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 55 ; strigose-hispid, leaves ovate or oblong callously ciliate or denticulate, sepals nearly smooth. SIKKIM Himalaya, alt. 6-8000 ft., J. D. H. A shrubby climber with the habit of A. callosa. Leaves 4-5 by 2-3 in., acuminate ; petioles about 1 in. Peduncles short, 2-4-flowered. Flowers 3/4 in. diam., shortly pedicelled, white. Sepals elliptic, obtuse. Styles scarcely dilated at the apex. Fruit 1 1/4 in., ovoid, mucilaginous, edible. 8. SAURAUJA, Willd. Trees or shrubs. Branches usually brown with whitish tubercular dots, at first as well as the leaves more or less strigose-pilose or scaly. Leaves approximate at the ends of the branches, usually serrate, with parallel veins diverging from the midrib. Inflorescence lateral, often from the axils of fallen leaves, cymose, subpaniculate, rarely few-flowered. Bracts usually small, remote from the calyx. Flowers usually hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, strongly imbricate. Petals 5, usually connate at the base. Stamens many ; anthers dehiscing by pores. Ovary 3-5-celled ; styles as many, distinct or connate ; ovules many. Fruit baccate, rarely dry and subdehiscent. - DISTRIB. Tropical and subtropical Asia and America. Species about 60. * Flowers in axillary peduncled panicles. Styles 5. 1. S. napaulensis, DC. Mem. Ternstr. 29 ; panicles 2-4 in. alternately branched with a peduncle about 5 in., bracteoles deciduous elliptic acute, sepals orbicular glabrous. Wall. PI. Asiat. Rar. ii. 40, 77, t. 178 ; Cat. 1469. S. paniculata, Wall, in G. Don Gen. Syst. i. 567. Ternstroemia racemosa, Don Prodr. 225. Zanthoxylum Serra, Turcz. in Bull. Mosc. 1858, 440. Temperate Himalaya, from Bhotan and Sikkim, alt. 5-7000 ft., to Garwhal, alt. 2400-5000 ft. ; Khasia Mts., alt. 5000 ft.; Mishmi hills; Griffith. A moderate sized tree ; youngest branches, petioles, midribs and peduncles covered with scurfy tomentum, mixed with brown, deciduous, acuminate scales. Leaves 10-15 by 3-4 in., narrow oblong- elliptic, rounded at the base, shortly acuminate, strongly serrate, nearly glabrous above, thinly ferruginous-tomentose beneath; petioles 1-1 1/2 in. Flowers 1/2 in. diam., pink. Sepals 1/6 in. Petals at length recurved at the apex. Fruit green, mealy inside, edible, sweet. Seeds red-brown. - Varies with elliptic obtuse leaves. 2. S. Griffithii, Dyer ; panicle 4-6 in. alternately branched with a peduncle 6-8 in., bracteoles small oblong, sepals elliptic obtuse densely tomentose externally. page 287 Assam, Griffith. Covered except on the smooth upper surface of the leaves and old wood with dense brown flocculent tomentum without scales. Leaves 8-10 by 4-5 in., broadly elliptic, oblong, rounded at both ends, abruptly and very shortly acuminate, margin with remote spinulose serratures ; petioles about 2 in. Sepals 1/6 in. ** Flowers in fascicles (the peduncle evanescent) of about 4 trichotomous cymes from the axils of fallen leaves. Styles 5. 3. S. fasciculata, Wall. PI. As. Rar. ii. 40, t. 148, Cat. 1468 ; cymes 1-3-flovvered glabrous, bracteoles minute linear-deltoid. Eastern subtropical Himalaya; Nipal, Wallich; Sikkim, alt. 2-4000 ft., Griffith, &c. A bush or small tree 20 ft. high, tomentose as in S. napaulensis. but the scales truncate and torn. Leaves 7-10 by 2-3 in., narrow eliiptic-olong, acute or rounded at the base, attenuate-acuminate, obtusely serrate, glabrous above, ferruginous-tomentose beneath ; petioles 1-2 in. Cymes 2-3 in., branches red; bracteoles 1/12 in. Flowers 1/3 in. diam., pedicelled, subcampanulate, white then pink. Sepals 1/6 in., ovate, obtuse. 4. S. punduana, Wall. PI. As. Rar. ii. 40, Cat. 1470; cymes many-flowered scaly, bracteoles broadly ovate, flowers 3/4 in. diam. S. fasciculata var. abbreviata, Choisy Mem. Ternstr. 27. SIKKIM Himayala; alt. 3-5000 ft. ; Khasia Mts., alt. 2-4000 ft. ; Mishmi hills and BIRMA, Griffith. Habit of S. fasciculata, but the scales mostly acute. Leaves 8-11 by 3-4 in., acuminate; petioles 1-2 in. Cymes 3 in., rarely solitary; bracteoles 1/12-1/4 in. Flowers 3/4 in. diam., pink. Sepals 1/4-1/3 in., broadly ovate, rounded. - Varies with elliptic obtuse leaves. 5. S. Roxburghii, Wall. PI. As. Rar. ii 40, Cat. 1467 ; cymes many-flowered thinly tomentose, bracteoles -deltoid acute, flowers 1/4 in. diam. Ternstroemia serrata, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 40, not of Jack. SILHET and Khasia Mts., ascending to 4000 ft. ; Chittagong, J. D. H. & T. T. ; Pegu, Kurz. A shrub or small tree, tomentose as in S. napaulensis, the scales minute acute. Leaves 6-14 by 2-5 in., elliptic or elliptic-oblong, acute at both ends or shortly acuminate, obtusely serrate, smooth above, ferruginous-tomentose below ; petioles 1-2 in. Cymes 1-3 in. ; bracteoles 1/25 in. Flowers subcampanulate. Petals white, then pink. Stamens about 50. Styles 5. Berries the size of a small pea. *** Flowers (except on the old wood) in fascicles of many simple or very shortly peduncled pedicels. Styles 3 or 5. 6. S. tristyla, DC. Mem. Ternstr. 31, t. 7 ; leaves obovate or broadly oblong. Wall. Cat. 1466. S. leucophloia and S. media, Korth. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 125. Scapha Candollii and S. pinangiana, Choisy Mem. Ternstr. 31. Ternstroemia pentapetala. Jack in Malay Misc. i. no. 5, 40. T. trilocularis, Roxb. ex Wall. PI. As. Rar. ii. 40. T. bilocularis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 522. Cleyera pentapetala, Spreng. Syst. Veg. ii. 596. Eastern Peninsula ; from Tenasserim, Heifer, to Penang, Sincapore, and Malacca, Wallich, Maingay. - Distrib. Moluccas, S. China. A shrub or small tree ; branches with grey unspotted bark. Leaves 7-10 by 2 1/2-4 1/2 in. acuminate, spinulose-serrate, glabrous on both sides except the scale-like hairs on the nerves and the midrib beneath; petioles 1/2-1 1/2 in. Flowers on old wood in fascicles of about twice 3-chotomous cymes. Pedicels 3/4 in., scaly and hairy. Flowers 1/2 in. diam. Sepals obovate, obtuse. Petals white. Stamens about 20. Styles 3, rarely 5, distinct. Berries usually 3-lobed. 7. S. macrotricha, Kurz, ms. ; leaves very narrowly lanceolate. page 288 BIRMA at Durunja, alt. 1000 ft., Griffith; Yunan at Ponsee, J. Anderson. A small tree, clothed except on the old wood with stiff setose hairs. Leaves 9-11 by 1-2 1/2 in., attenuate above and below, setosely serrate, more sparingly hairy on both surfaces; petioles 3/4 in. Pedicels 1 in. or less, unequal. Flowers red. Sepals 1/6 in., elliptic, obtuse. Styles 5, connate below. **** Flowers from the axils of fallen leaves, sessile solitary or aggregate, Styles 4. 8. S. cerea, Griff, ms. ; ovary densely hairy. Grif. Itin. Notes, 200. Bhotan Himalaya, at Murichom, alt, 3500 ft., Griffith. A small tree. Leaves 7-10 by 4-5 in., cuneate-obovate, acute, setosely serrate, glabrous on both sides, veins below with distant setose scales; petioles 1/2 in., scaly. Flowers 1 in. diain. Sepals orbicular, densely scaly externally. Petals orbicular-obovate, white with the base blood-red, waxy. DOUBTFUL SPECIES. S. STERCULIFOLIA, Griff. Itin. notes, 198, Bhotan. - Probably S. napaulensis. S. FERRUGINEA, Griff. Itin. notes, 120, Bhotan. S. MICRANTHA, Griff. Itin. notes, 71, Khasia. - Probably S. Roxburghii. 9. STACHYURUS, Sieb. & Zucc. Glabrous shrubs or small trees. Leaves serrate, membranous. Flowers small, in short lateral spikes or racemes. Bracts 2, connate at the base. Sepals 4, strongly imbricate. Petals 4, free. Stamens 8 ; anthers dehiscing by slits. Ovary 4-celled; style simple, stigma capitate-peltate; ovules many. Berry 4-celled. Cotyledons elliptic, radicle short. - Distrib. 2 known species, a Japanese and a Himalayan. 1. S. himalaicus, Hook.f. & Thoms ; Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 55 ; leaves shortly petioled attenuate-acuminate, berries subsessile subglobose. Indeterm. Wall. Cat. 7417. Eastern Temperate Himalaya; Nipal, Wallich; Sikkim, alt. 5-8000 ft., J. D. H.; Bhotan, Griffith. A small-tree with straggling branches. Leaves 4-6 by 1 1/2-2 in., ovate, with a rounded base, finely serrate, the veins strongly reticulated beneath ; petioles 1/2-3/4 in. Spikes 2-3 in., erect. Berries the size of a small pea. 10. SCHIMA, Reinw. Trees with papery evergreen leaves. Pedaucles usually erect, axillary or solitary, or the uppermost shortly racemed. Flowers handsome, 2-bracteolate. Sepals 5, subequal. Petals 5, much larger, connate at the base, the outermost concave and sub-cucullate. Stamens many, adnate to the base of the petals. Ovary 5- (rarely 4-6-) celled ; styles simple or slightly lobed at the apex with broad spreading stigmas ; ovules 2-6 in each cell, attached laterally, sub-pendulous. Capsule woody, depressed-globose, loculicidal, with a persistent axis. Seeds flat, kidney-shaped, dorsally winged, hilum central, albumen scanty; cotyledons foliaceous, flat or crumpled, accumbent ; radicle inferior, curved upwards.- Distrib. Tropical Asia. Species about 7. 1. S. mollis, Dyer ; leaves quite entire with nearly simple lateral veins, peduncles 1 in. with minute white warts, fruit pubescent when young. Gordonia mollis, Wall. Cat. 1458. Schima. page 289 Tavoy, Wallich. Branches brown with minute scattered white warts. Leaves 5-7 by 1-2 in., elliptic, tapering and acute at both ends, smooth on both surfaces with red veins ; petiole 3/4 in., pubescent. Peduncles thickened upwards. Sepals 1/12 in. long, with pubescent-ciliate margins, glabrous externally. 2. S. Wallichii, Choisy in Zoll. Cat. 144 ; leaves entire or obscurely crenate-serrate with forked lateral veins, flowers in a short terminal raceme, peduncles 3/4-2 in. with minute white warts, fruit 3/4 in. diam. pubescent when young, afterwards minutely warted. S. hypoglauca, Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. Suppl. i. 484. Gordonia Wallichii, DC. Prodr. i. 528; Wall. Cat. 1455. G. integrifolia, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 52. G. Chilaunia, Ham. in Don Prodr. 225. G. sp. Griff. Notul. iv. 562, t. 600. Eastern Himalaya, from Nipal, Wallich, and Sikkim, alt. 2-5000 ft., J. D. H., to Bhotan, Griffith. Assam, Chittagong, and the Khasia Mts., alt. 2-4000 ft., Wallich, &c. BIRMA, Griffith. - Distrib. Sumatra. A tree 80-100 ft., with rough or smooth, pale or brown bark. Leaves 6-7 by 2-3 in., elliptic-oblong, tapering or rounded below, acute or slightly acuminate, glabrous and reddish-veined above, reticulate and more or less pubescent beneath ; petiole 1/2 in., pubescent. Peduncles rather slender; bracts 1/4 in., alternate, narrow oblong, retuse. Flowers 1 1/2-2 in. diam., white, fragrant. Sepals 1/6 in. long, with pubescent-ciliate margins, glabrous, or slightly pubescent outside. Petals pubescent outside at the base. 3. S. crenata, Korth. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 143, t. 29 ; leaves faintly crenate-serrate, flowers in a loose terminal corymb, peduncles 1 1/2-2 in. smooth slender, fruit 1/2 in. diam. pubescent. Gordonia floribunda, Wall. Cat. 1456; Griff. Notul. iv. 563. G. oblata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 572. G. sp. Griff. I.c. 562. Eastern Peninsula, from Tenasserim to Penang. Birma, Griffith. - Distrib. Borneo, Sumatra. A tree 30-60 ft. Branchlets compressed, pubescent. Leaves about 6 by 2 in., elliptic, acute at the base, acuminate, glabrous on both surfaces, rather leaden-coloured above ; petiole 1/2 in., glabrous. Flowers 1 1/4 in. diam., white, fragrant. Sepals hardly 1/6 in., long, margins scarcely ciliate, glabrous externally. Petals pubescent externally at the base. Stigma 4-5-lobed, peltate. - The Borneo and Sumatra specimens have ciliate sepals, pubescent externally. I agree, however, with Kurz (Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1870, ii. 64), that they must be united with the Indian forms. S. Noronhoe has fewer and larger flowers and stouter peduncles. 4. S. khasiana, Dyer ; leaves strongly serrate with nearly simple lateral veins, flowers from the axils of fallen leaves, peduncles 3/4 in. stout with minute white warts, fruit 3/4 in. diam. rough. Gordonia superba, Hook.f. & Thoms, ms. (not of Gard. & Champ.) Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft., Griffith, &c. A tree with white bark. Leaves 5-6 by 2-2 1/2 in., ovate, acute, glabrous on both surfaces, reticulate beneath; petiole 1/2 in., glabrous. Flowers 2 1/2 in. diam. Sepals 1/6 in. long, with pubescent-ciliate margins, pubescent externally. Petals silky -pubescent externally on the lower half. 11. PYRENARIA, Blume. Shrubs or trees. Leaves serrate, large and submembranous. Flowers subsessile, axillary, erect or nodding. Sepals usually 5, unequal, graduating from the bracts to the petals. Petals connate at the base. Stamens very numerous, mostly connate, adnate to the base of the petals. Ovary 5-celled ; styles 5, free, or partially united ; ovules 2 in each cell, attached laterally. Fruit drupaceous, indehiscent. Seeds oblong, stout, wingless with a thick page 290 woody testa ; albumen ; cotyledons large, crumpled or conduplicate ; radicle inferior, inflexed, - Distrib. Malay Penins. & Ind. Arch. Species about 7.* Leaves pubescent beneath. 1. P. acuminata, Planch. ex Choisy Mem. Ternstr. 84; bracts and sepals ovate acute. Ternstroemia ? macrophylla, Wall. Cat. 3663 in Herb. Linn. Soc. Gordonia (Camellia ?) acuminata, Wall. Cat. 3664 in Herb. Kew. Eastern Peninsula, Malacca and Sincapore, Wallich, &c. Branches densely hairy. Leaves 8-12 by 2 1/2-4 in., oblanceolate, obscurely serrulate, shortly acuminate, glabrous above; petiole 1/3-1/2 in., pubescent. Flowers 1 1/4 in, diam , shortly stalked. Bracts and sepals velvety externally. Petals round, silky externally, purplish-brown within, Ovary silky. Fruit 1 1/2 by 1 in. when dry, pomaceous, wrinkled, finally nearly glabrous. ** Leaves glabrous beneath. 2. P. camelliaeflora, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1871, ii. 46 ; leaves oblong or elliptic-oblong subacuminate crenato-serrulate. Pegu, Kurz ; Martaban, Brandis. A small tree, 25-30 ft, high. Leaves 5-7 by 1 1/2-2 in , yellowish-green even when dried ; petiole 1 in. Flowers 3/4 in. diam,, white ; bracteoles small and as well as the sepals and petals silky externally. Ovary silky. Drupe about 1 in. long, obovoid, succulent, at first slightly pubescent, then pruinose. Seeds 2. 3. P. attenuata, Seem. in Linn. Trans, xxii. 340 ; leaves obovate serrulate, flowers 3/4 in. diam. Freziera? attenuata, Wall. Cat. 1451. Thea viridis var. assamica, Choisy Mem. Ternstr. 91. Thea assamica, aff. sp., Choisy I.c. 68. Tavoy, Gomez. Branches glabrous; buds silky. Leaves 6-7 by 2 1/2-3 in., obtuse or very shortly acuminate ; petiole 1/2 in. Flowers very shortly peduncled. Bracts, sepals, and petals orbicular, pubescent externally. Ovary pubescent ; styles united below, glabrous above. 4. P. barringtoniaefolia, Seem. in Bonpl. vii. 49 ; leaves spathulate strongly serrate, flowers 1 1/2 in. diam. Eusynaxis barringtoniaefolia, Griff. Notul. iv. 560, t. 603, f. 1, 2, 3. Assam, Griffith; Garrow hills in Eastern Bengal, Lobb. A shrub 6 ft., with glabrous branches and pubescent buds. Leaves 8-10 by 2 1/2-3 1/2 in., tip rounded or truncate, cuspidate-acuminate ; petiole 1/3 in. Flowers yellowish-white, very shortly peduncled. Bracts, sepals, and petals orbicular, erose-crenate, pubescent externally, Ovary silky, grooved ; styles distinct. Fruit ovoid, 1 1/4 in, long when dry, longitudinally wrinkled, glabrous. 12. GORDONIA, Ellis. Trees with evergreen entire or crenate leaves. Flowers usually handsome, often subsessile, solitary in the axils of the leaves or collected at the ends of the branches, 2-4-bracteolate. Sepals usually 5, unequal, graduating from the bracts to the petals. Petals free or often slightly connate at the base, the innermost larger. Stamens 5-adelphous or all connate, adnate to the petals. Ovary 3-5- (rarely 6-) celled; style single with a stout spreading stigma ; ovules 4-8 in each cell. Capsule oblong, woody, loculicidal with a persistent axis. Seeds flat or compressed, prolonged upwards into an oblong wing (rarely obsolete) albumen ; embryo mostly straight, oblique, with ovate flat or slightly crumpled cotyledons ; radicle superior. - Distrlb. N. America, Tropical Asia, Malay Archipelago. Species about 10. page 291 1. G. excelsa, Blume, Bijd. iii. 130; leaves very shortly petioled narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate more or less acuminate obscurely serrulate usually coriaceous. G. singaporiana, Wall. Cat. 1457 (in part). Antheeischima excelsa. Korth. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 138, t. 27. Dipterospermae sp. Gnff. Notul. iv. 564. BHOTAN HIMALAYA, (var. 1), Griffith ; EASTERN Peninsula, Sincapore, G. Thomson; Malacca, Maingay. - Distrib. Java, Araboyna. Bark of young branches cracking transversely and scaling off. Leaves 4-10 by 1 1/2-3 in., tapering at both ends ; midrib strong; veins faint; petiole 1/4 in. Peduncles 1/4-1/2 in., short, pubescent. Flowers 1 1/2-2 in. diam., pinkish, fragrant. Sepals and petals rather fleshy, orbicular, silky-pubescent externally with membranous edges. Capsule 1 in. long. Valves flat on the back, more or less tapering upwards. Var. 1. pubescens ; buds and young shoots pubescent. Var. 2. sincapuriana ; buds and young shoots glabrous. 2. G. obtusa, Wall. Cat. 1459 ; leaves shortly petioled narrowly elliptic tapering at both ends, obtuse or obtusely acuminate crenate papery. G. obtusifolia and G. parvifolia, Wight III. i. 99. Saurauja crenulata, Wight in Wall. Cat. 1459 (not of DC). MOUNTAINS of the Western Peninsula, from the Concan to the Pulney hills. Ceylon ? A tall tree ; young branches with grey striate persistent bark, at first compressed ; buds silky. Leaves 2-4 by 1-1 1/2 in. ; midrib strong ; petioles 1/3 in. Peduncles short, pubescent. Flowers 1 1/2 in. diam., white. Sepals orbicular, silky-pubescent externally; the membranous petals faintly so. Capsule 1 in. long, 5-angled, the valves deeply sulcate above. 3. G. Maingayi, Dyer ; leaves petioled oblanceolate tapering below obtusely acuminate with obscurely serrulate and slightly revolute edges subcoriaceous, margins of petals and sepals glabrous. Malacca, Maingay. Branchlets numerous, slender, with grey and persistent bark ; buds silky. Leaves 3 by 1-1 3/4 in. ; petioles 1/2 in. Flowers 1 in. diam., subsessile. Sepals and petals orbicular, retuse, silky-pubescent externally, with membranous edges. Capsule 1 in. long, stained inside with purple ; valves nearly flat on the back. - Closely allied to G. obtusa, but the subsessile flower-buds and flowers are smaller and the leaves stouter. 4. G. zeylanica, Wight III. i. 99 ; leaves shortly petioled elliptic-oblanceolate tapering at both ends with a minute retuse glandular point entire rather coriaceous. Ceylon; forests of the Central Province, alt. 4-7000 ft., Walker, &c. Bark of young branches persistent, smooth. Leaves 3-4 by 1-2 in. ; midrib strong; veins obsolete; petiole 1/6 in. Peduncles short, glabrous. Flowers 1 1/2 in. diam., white. Sepals orbicular, smooth, retuse ; margins ciliate. Petals slightly pubescent externally towards the base. Var. 1. lanceolata, Thwaites Enum. 40; young branches pilose, leaves narrow. Var. 2. elliptica, Thw. I.c. (excl. syn. Gardner) ; young branches smooth, leaves broader. 5. G. elliptica, Gard. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vii. 448 ; leaves sessile broadly elliptic rounded at both ends retuse at the apex entire slightly coriaceous. Ceylon ; Gardner, Newera Ellia, G. Thomson. A large tree. Branchlets with the leaves crowded at their extremities ; bark cracking across and lengthwise. Leaves about 3 by 1 1/2 in , upper surface reticulate-veined ; midrib strongly marked below, channelled above. Flowers 2-3 in. diam., sessile, white. Sepals orbicular, emarginate, puberulous externally. Petals obcordiform, puberulous page 292 Capsule 1-1 1/2 in. ; back of valves sulcate. - Thwaites does not appear to have seen specimens of this plant, which differs from G zeylanica in its sessile, more coriaceous leaves with slightly revolute margins when dry, and its larger flowers.6. G. speciosa, Thwaites Enum. 40 ; leaves sessile broadly elliptic rounded and retuse at the apex entire coriaceous. Carria speciosa, Gard. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vii. 7. Ceylon ; damp forests of the Central Province, rather uncommon, alt. 5000 ft. and upwards, Gardner, &c. A tree 40-50 ft. Branchlets with the leaves crowded at their extremities ; bark grey, cracking longitudinally. Buds glabrous. Leaves 3-5 by 1 1/2-3 in., slightly revolute when dried ; midrib strong, channelled above ; veins obsolete. Flowers 2-4 in. diam , subsessile, reddish purple. Sepals and petals orbicular-oblong, obcordate ; sepals smooth, margins ciliate ; petals faintly silky externally towards the base. Capsule 1 1/2 in. long ; back of valves sulcate above. GORDONIA ANOMALA, Spreng. Syst. iii. 126, is figured in Bot Reg. 349, under the name of Camellia axillaris, Roxb. ms., and is stated to have been introduced by Dr. Roxburgh into the Calcutta Botanic Garden from Pulo-Penang. I have seen, however, no specimens except from S. China, whence it is probably not indigenous in Penang. 13. CAMELLIA, Linn. Trees or shrubs. Leaves evergreen, serrate, coriaceous or membranous. Flowers axillary, solitary, or aggregated, sessile or shortly stalked, often handsome. Sepals 5-6, unequal, graduating from the bracts towards the petals. Petals slightly coherent at the base. Stamens numerous, the outermost in many rows, slightly or almost wholly monadelphous, adherent to the base of the petals ; the innermost, 5-12, free. Ovary 3-5-celled ; styles free to the base, or more or less united ; ovules 4-5 in each cell, pendulous. Capsule woody, usually short, loculicidal. Seeds mostly solitary in each cell, wingless, albumen 0; embryo straight, cotyledons thick, radicle short, superior. - Distrib. Trop. and East. Asia and Malay Archipelago. Species about 14. Sect. I. Thea, Linn. Flowers nodding, sepals persistent. 1. C. theifera, Grif. Notul. iv. 558, t. 601, f. i. & iii. ; Trans. Agric. Soc. Calc. v. (1838), t. C; leaves elliptic-oblong acute or cuspidate-acuminate puberulous on the nerves beneath, peduncles 2-3-bracteate short, styles and stamens glabrous. Thea chinensis, Linn.; Seem, in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxii. t. 61. T. assamica. Masters in Journ. Agric. & Hort. Soc. Ind. iii. (1844), 63. Assam Tea, Wall. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. iv. 48, t. 2. Camellia ? Scottiana, Wall. Cat. 3668, (see Journ. Linn. Soc. xiii. 328). Camelliae sp., Grif. Trans. Agric. & Hort. Soc. Ind. v. (1838), t. B. Eurya angustifolia, Miquel in Herb, Hohenack. 483 (a cultivated form). Upper Assam, Wallich; Cachar (fide T. Anderson). - Distrib. China. A shrub, 3-6 ft. high. Branchlets glabrous ; buds silky. Leaves 4-8 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in. tapering at either end, more or less serrate, membranous ; petiole 1/6 in. Flowers 1 1/4 in. diam., white. Sepals orbicular, glabrous, with membranous ciliate edges. Petals broadly obovate. Styles united for 2/3 their length. Capsule leathery, trigonous ; cells 1- rarely 2-seeded. Seeds 3/4 in. diam., nearly globose or obtusely angled, smooth, pale brown. - Possibly the wild stock of the tea plant. The cultivated forms vary with more contracted habit, smaller, more obtuse and coriaceous leaves, and a pubescent calyx. In J. W. Bennett's Ceylon, 277, the Tea plant is alluded to and figured as having been found in that island by the Dutch. This, however, was not confirmed by the writer or by any subsequent observer. page 293 2. C. caudata, Wall. PI. As. Rar. iii 36 ; leaves elliptic-oblong caudate-acuminate sparsely puberulous beneath, peduncles imbricate-bracteate short, stamens and styles hairy. Wall. Cat 978 ; Grif. Notul. iv. 559, t. 601, f. ii. ; Trans. Agric. & Hort. Soc. Ind. v. (1838) t. A. Khasia Mts. and Silhet, Wallich, &c. ; Bhotan Himalaya, Booth; Mishmi Hills, Griffith. Branchlets slender; buds silky. Leaves 3-4 by 3/4-1 in., serrate, membranous with a strong midrib pubescent beneath; petiole 1/6 in., pubescent. Flowers about 1 in. diam., white. Sepals ovate, silky externally. Petals obovate, puberulous externally. Capsule 3/4 in. diam., trigonously-spherical, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Sect. II. Camellia proper. Flowers erect, sepals deciduous. 3. C. drupifera, Lour. Fl. Cochin. 411, ex Seem. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxii. 344; leaves elliptic or elliptic-oblong tapering below with a long acuminate apex coriaceous, stamens glabrous, styles nearly free woolly at the base. C. Kissi, Wall. in As. Res. xiii. 429 ; Journ. As. Soc. Beng. iv. 48, t. 2 ; PI. As. Rar. iii. 36, t. 256. C. keina, Don Prodr. 224. C. mastersia, Griff. Notul. iv. 539. C. simplicifolia, Griff. Notul. iv. 560, t. 604, f. ii. C. symplocifolia. Griff. Itin. 40. C. caudata, Griff. Itin. 40 (not of Wall.). C. oleifolia, Wall. Cat. 976. Eastern Himalaya; alt. 3-7000 ft.; from Nipal, Wallich, to Bhotan, Griffith; Assam and Khasia Mts., alt. 5-8000 ft. ; Tenasserim and Andaman Islands, Heifer. A shrub or small tree, with much divided slender branches. Branchlets slightly puberulent ; buds with loose scales, sparingly pubescent. Leaves 3-4 by 1-1 1/2 in., serrulate especially towards the apex, often slightly revolute ; veins faint ; petiole 1/4 in. Flowers 1 1/2 in. diam , white, with the odour of cherry-laurel. Sepals orbicular, silky externally. Petals obovate, emarginate, scarcely hairy externally. Ovary woolly. Capsule nearly 1 in. diam., at first pyriform and pubescent, ultimately depressed-globose and smooth. Seeds 1-3. - C. Sasanqua, of China and Japan, has less acuminate leaves, obcordate or 2-lobed petals and connate styles. 4. C. lutescens, Dyer; leaves elliptic-oblong tapering or rounded below caudate-acuminate membranous, styles short, stigmas recurved, capsule drupaceous (when young only ?). Mishmi Hills, high up on Laim-planj-thaya, Griff. Journ. p. 38, Kew Distrib. 777 and 779. A shrub with much divided pale grey branches and buds silky within. Leaves 2-3 1/2 by 1-1 1/4 in., closely serrate ; midrib prominent below and pale; petiole 1/3 in. puberulous. Flowers 1 in. diam., crowded towards the ends of the branches, sessile, white, then yellowish, fragrant. Sepals orbicular, membranous, thinly pubescent internally. Petals obovate, smooth. Ovary with long silky hairs. 5. C.? sp.n.; a shrub 10 ft. with puberulous shoots and pubescent buds and petioles. Leaves 4-7 by 1 1/2-2 in., oblong, tapering at both ends, crenate serrate, obtuse acuminate, papery, glabrous on both surfaces ; petiole 1/3 in. Flowers 1 in. diam. erect; the orbicular, minutely mucronate sepals and obovate petals both pubescent externally; styles 5, distinct, very short; ovary silky. Moulmein, Lobb, alt. 3000 ft. ; a single specimen. I have no means of identifying the plant found by Griffith on the Mishmi mountains (Journ. 38 and 45), and called by him Camellia axillaris. 14. ARCHYTAEA, Martius. Leaves evergreen, semiamplexicaul, smooth. Flowers on a lateral compressed peduncle, 3 or more together, rarely solitary Bracts subfoliaceous. page 294 Sepals and petals each 5. Stamens numerous, 5-adelphous ; anthers versatile. Ovary 5-celled ; styles distinct or wholly united ; ovules numerous in many imbricating rows. Capsule acuminate, septicidal from below, with a persistent central axis. Seeds linear-subcylindric, albumen scanty. - DISTBIB. Trop. Amer. and Indian Archipelago. Species 3.1. A. Vahlii, Choisy Mem. Ternstr. 73. Hypericum alternifolium, Vahl Symb. ii. t. 42 ; DC. Prodr. i. 545 ; Wall, Cat. 4806. Ploiarium elegans, Korth. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 135, t. 25. Eastern Peninsula; Malacca, Griffith; Sincapore, Wallich; Penang, Jack. - DISTRIB. Borneo. A shrub or small tree. Leaves crowded at the ends of the branches, narrow oblanceolate, acute ; margins and midrib red. Flowers 1 in. long, pink. Styles 4 in. long, distinct. A plant of which I have seen only specimens in fruit, collected by Maingay at Penang, and described below, is probably the type of a new Ternstroemiaceous genus. - Leaves alternate, 2-3 by 1-1 1/2 in., elliptic, acute, coriaceous, with close patent lateral veins ; petiole 1 in. Flowers from the axils of fallen leaves, forming a terminal panicle ; peduncle 3/4 in. long, thickened upwards. Sepals 6, imbricate. Immature fruit ovoid, apiculate, drupaceous, containing 2 1 -seeded cells. Order XXV. DIPTEROCARPEAE. (By W. T. Thiselton Dyer.) Resinous trees, rarely climbing; shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, quite entire, rarely sinuate-crenate, with parallel lateral nerves ; stipules usually small and deciduous, or inconspicuous, sometimes larger and persistent, or fugitive, leaving an annular scar. Flowers usually sweet-scented in few- or many-flowered axillary and terminal racemes or panicles. Bracts usually minute or 0, rarely larger and persistent. Calyx-tube tree and campanulate, or very short and adnate to the base of the ovary. Petals contorted, connate at the base or free. Stamens ∞, 15, 10 or 5, hypogynous or subperigynous, free, connate, or adnate to the petals, filaments short, often dilated at the base ; anthers 2-celled, the outer valves sometimes larger, connective often aristate or with an obtuse appendage. Ovary slightly immersed in the torus, usually 3- rarely 2- or 1-celled ; style subulate or fleshy, entire or with 3 minute stigmatic lobes ; ovules anatropous, 2 in each cell, pendulous or laterally affixed (solitary and erect in Ancistrocladus). Fruit usually nutlike, sometimes capsular and 3-valved, 1- rarely 2-seeded, accompanied by the variously accrescent calyx of which two or more lobes are usually developed into linear wings. Seed exalbumous (albumen fleshy and ruminated in Ancistrocladus); cotyledons fleshy, equal or unequal, straight or more or less plaited and crumpled ; radicle directed towards the hilum, usually included between the cotyledons. - Distrlb. Confined (except 3 Tropical African species) to Tropical Eastern Asia ; genera about 13, species about 170. * Calyx much enlarged in fruit, segments erect.
page 295
** Calyx scarcely enlarged in fruit, segments reflexed.
1. DIPTEROCARPUS, Gaertn. f. Lofty trees, stellately pubescent or more or less clothed with fascicled hairs. Leaves coriaceous, entire or sinuate-crenate, lateral nerves not quite opposite, connected by marginal loops and transverse reticulations ; petiole usually more or less tumid at the apex ; stipules large, valvate, enclosing the terminal bud, finally caducous leaving an annular scar. Flowers large, racemed, white or reddish. Calyx-tube free. Petals usually pubescent externally especially on the outer margin. Stamens ∞ ; anthers linear, equivalved, acuminate. Ovary 3-celled ; style filiform ; ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit nut-like, 1- rarely 2-seeded, inclosed in the accrescent calyx- tube, free; wings 2, erect. Seed adnate to the base of the pericarp; Cotyledons large, thick, unequal ; radicle inconspicuous. - Distrib. Tropical E. Asia ; species about 50. * Calyx-tube in fruit without ribs or wings. t Young branches glabrous or canescent. 1. D. turbinatus, Gaertn. f. Fruct. iii. 51, t. 188; leaves ovate or broadly lanceolate entire or sinuate-crenate acute base rounded, fruit-wings 5 by 1 in. linear-oblanceolate obtuse 3-nerved. Ham. in Mem. Wern. Soc. vi. 300 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 612 ; Corom. Fl. iii. 10, t. 213 ; Wall. Cat. 952 ; A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 607. D. laevis, Ham. I.c. 299 ; A. DC. I.c. D. indicus, Bedd. Forest Rep. 1864-5, 17 with tab. Eastern Bengal and Eastern Peninsula, from Chittagong and Pegu to Sincapore. (Concan and Ceylon cult. ?) Young branches compressed. Leaves 5-12 by 2 1/2-7 in. ; glabrous on both surfaces or slightly pubescent, especially on the nerves and margins, lateral nerves 14-18 pairs; petiole 1 1/2-3 in.; stipules with dense stellate canescence, pubescent towards the apex. Racemes 3-5-flowered. Flowers 3 in. diam. Calyx tube obconic, hoary-puberulous ; in fruit 1 in. diam., sub-spheroidal, mouth contracted, unenlarged lobes deltoid-ovate. Petals pinkish-white. Nut pubescent. - The Gurjun oil tree. - Kanyin. 2. D. vestitus, Wall. Cat. 954; leaves elliptic obtuse at both ends, margins sinuate-crenate and ciliate. Tavoy, Gomez. Young branches compressed, clothed in every part except the glabescent upper surfaces of the leaves with stellate canescence. Leaves 7 by 5 in., margins undulate, lateral nerves 15 pairs; petiole 1 1/2 in. Racemes about 6-flowered. Calyx-tube obtusely obconic ; lobes short, broadly deltoid, obtuse. - I have seen no fruit. tt Young branches more or less hairy. 3. D. obtusifolius, Teysm, in Miq. Ann. Mus, i. 214 ; leaves broadly page 296 ovate obtuse sinuate-crenate, base rounded, fruit-wings 5 by 1 in. linear-oblanceolate 1- or sub-3-nerved. A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 608.Moulmein and Rangoon, Griffith, &c. ; ascending 3000 ft., Brandis. - Distrib. Siam. The compressed young branches, stipules and petioles densely hairy. Leaves 8-9 1/2 by 4-5 1/2 in., glabrous above, softly pubescent beneath, margins undulate sometimes ciliate, lateral nerves 12-14 pairs ; petioles 1-1 1/2 in. Calyx tube in fruit 1 1/4 in. diam., depressed spheroidal, mouth contracted, sparsely hispid, at length glabrous, unenlarged lobes cordiform. Nut silkily pubescent. - Engnu. Kan. - In Indian specimens the margins of the leaves are smooth, in those from Siam, their upper surface is glabrescent. A plant collected in Pegu by Kurz differs in the stiffly -tomentose young parts, subobtuse leaves, and acute fruit-wings. 4. D. hispidus, Thwaites Enum. 33 ; leaves broadly elliptic-oblong shortly acuminate base slightly cordate sinuate-crenate, fruit-wings 6 by 1 1/2 in. linear-obovate obtuse, principal nerve with 3-4 strong ascending branches. A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 608. Ceylon ; Saffragam District and Ratnapoora. Young branches, stipules, petioles and the prominent reticulations on the under surface of the leaves clothed with spreading rufous fascicled hairs. Leaves 5-12 by 3 1/2-7 inch. (25 by 11 on young trees), lateral nerves 15-24 pairs ; petiole 1-2 1/2 in. Calyx-tube obconic, densely pubescent, in fruit ovoid, obscurely 5-angled, glabrescent. Nut striate, glabrescent. - D. oblongifolius, Thw. Enum. 33 (not of Blume). D. oblongus, A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 608, is said by Thwaites to have smaller leaves, but appears to me in other respects indistinguishable. 5. D. pilosus, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 93; Fl. Ind. ii. 615 ; leaves elliptic-oblong very shortly acuminate base acute or rounded margins with fascicled cilia, fruit-wings 6-8 1/2 by 1 1/4-1 3/4 in. linear-oblong retuse usually strongly 3-nerved glabrous. A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 614. D. Baudii, Korth. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 59, t. 5 ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1870, ii 65 ; A. DC. Prodr. I.c. 609. Assam, Griffith; Pegu and Chittagong, Roxburgh, &c. ; Andaman Isl., Kurz. - DlSTRIB. Sumatra. Compressed young branches, stipules and petioles densely hairy. Leaves 6-18 by 3-12 in., glabrous above, sparingly hairy on the reticulations beneath, lateral nerves 24 pairs; petiole 1 1/2-3 in. Calyx-tube in fruit 2 in. long, ovoid or obovoid, glabrous, mouth not contracted, unenlarged lobes orbicular. Nut densely pubescent. - An Assam plant Collected by G. Mann has identical fruits but leaves 7 by 4 in., elliptic, acute, base rounded, minutely tawny-pubescent beneath. 6. D. crinitus, Dyer; leaves obovate acute margins entire slightly recurved when dried fringed with short fascicled hairs, fruit-wings (immature) 3 1/2 in. linear deltoid obtuse or acute 3-nerved. Malacca, Maingay. - Distrib. Borneo. Young branches, petioles, prominent nerves on the under surface of the leaves and pedicels clothed with long fascicled hairs. Leaves 4-6 by 2-3 1/2 in., coriaceous, thinly hairy above especially on the midrib, lateral nerves 15-18 pairs; stipules glabrous except a few fascicled hairs on the dorsal nerve; petiole 1 1/4-1 1/2 in. Racemes about 6-flowered. Calyx-tube obconic, glaucous, obovoid in immature fruit, contracted below the mouth, glabrous, unenlarged lobes broadly elliptic. ** Calyx-tube in fruit 5-angled or winged. t Angles confined to the upper portion of the calyx-tube. 7. D. cornutus, Dyer ; leaves oblong rounded at both ends or tip apiculate sinuate-crenate, calyx-tube in fruit tubercular-pentagonal above, mouth contracted. page 297 Malacca, Maingay. Young branches compressed, canescent. Leaves 10-13 by 4-8 in., glabrous above, canescent beneath, lateral nerves 19 pairs with a persistent intermediate plication ; petiole 2 in. ; stipules 4-6 in., canescent with scattered fascicled hairs. Racemes 4-6 in., simple, about 8-flowered. Calyx-tube in fruit 3/4 in. long, glabrous, wings linear-spathulate. 8. D. tuberculatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 614 ; leaves cordiform acute base cordate or truncate margins sinuate-crenate undulate, calyx-tube in fruit pentangular-costate in its upper part, mouth contracted. A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 614. D. cordatus, Wall. Cat. 956 ; A. DC. l.c. 612. D. grandifolius, Teysm. in Miq. Ann. Mus. i. 214. Chittagong, Roxhurgh ; Rangoon, McClelland ; Birmah, Wallich. - Distrib. Siam. Young branches compressed, glabrous or canescent. Leaves 10-18 by 5-14 in., lateral nerves 15 pairs ; petiole 4-5 in. ; stipules 3-5 in. Racemes 5-6 in., simple or 2-fid, 4-7-flowered. Flowers large, rose-coloured. Calyx-tube in fruit 1 1/4 by 1 in., wings 4 1/2-5 by 1 1/4-1 1/2 in., linear-elliptic, obtuse, 3-nerved. - Enben. Var. grandiflora, Wall. Cat. 957 (sp.), every part canescent, racemes 8 in. 9-flowered. - Attran. I could not agree with Kurz (Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1870, ii. 64, but corrected in Regensb. Flora, 1872, 189), that the foliage of D. cordatus, Wall, (not cordifolius, as cited) is identical with that of D. obtusifolius. Miquel describes the calyx-tube in fruit as "exalatus ;" it does not appear however that he ever saw it mature. tt Angles or wings prolonged to the base of the calyx-tube or nearly so. α. Angles costate. 9. D. zeylanicus, Thwaites Enum. 33 ; leaves elliptic or ovate-oblong slightly apiculate base rounded margins faintly crenate, calyx-tube in fruit urceolate. A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 610. Ceylon, ascending to 3000 feet. Young branches, compressed, glabrous. Leaves 8 by 4 in., lateral nerves 17-22 pairs ; petiole 1 1/2-2 in. [Racemes 2-fid near the base, 6-12-flowered. Thw.] Petals blood-red with pale yellowish margins. Calyx-tube in fruit 1 in. long; wings 5-7 1/2 in., linear-oblong, obtuse, sub-3 nerved, unenlarged lobes 3/4-1 in., ovate-oblong, obtuse. Nut densely canescent. β. Angles winged. 10. D. scaber, Ham. in Mem. Wern. Soc. vi. 300; leaves oblong-ovate acute base slightly cordate, racemes 4-9-flowered, calyx-tube in fruit obovoid pilose angles with narrow membranous wings. D. alatus, A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 611 in part, not of Roxb. Eastern Bengal ; Mountains in Southern Tippera, Hamilton. Clothed with brown fascicled hairs ; young branches subcompressed. Leaves about 4 by 2 in., pilose on both surfaces, lateral nerves 12 pairs; petiole 3/4 in. Calyx-tube in fruit 3/4 in., pilose, mouth contracted, fruit-wings 3 in., linear oblong obtuse. 11. D. glandulosus, Thwaites Enum. 34; leaves oblong-lanceolate acuminate base acute margins slightly ciliate, racemes 2-3-flowered. flowers shortly pedicelled (calyx-tube in fruit subglobose the angles with wings broadest in the middle but not reaching to the pedicel. Thw.). A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 612. Ceylon ; Saffragam and Ambagamowa districts, Thwaites. The subcompressed young branches, petioles and stipules stellately puberulent and thinly hairy. Leaves 4-6 by 2-2 1/2 in., glabrous above, glandular-puberulous beneath, lateral nerves 11 pairs; petiole 3/4-1 in. [Fruit-wings (calyx-lobes) 3-4 by 3/4 in. Thw.] Petals about 1 1/4 in. long, yellow. page 298 12. D. scabridus, Thwaites Enum. 34 ; leaves elliptic-oblong acuminate base rounded margins ciliate, calyx-tube in fruit subglobose with distant stellate hairs angles with undulate wings 1/3 in. wide reaching to the pedicel. A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 612. Ceylon ; near Ratnapoora, Thwaites. Young branches, petioles, and the under surface of the midrib with appressed hairs. Leaves about 7 by 2 3/4-3 in., glabrous above, glabrescent beneath except on the midrib and nerves, lateral nerves 12-15 pairs ; petiole 3/4 in. Fruit-wings (calyx-lobes) 4 by 1 in. linear-lanceolate, obtuse. 13. D. alatus, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 42 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 614 ; leaves ovate or elliptic acute, calyx-tube in fruit globose angles with wings 1/3 in. broad. Wall. Cat. 953; A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 611 in part. D. costatus, Gaertn.f. Fruct. iii. 50, t. 187 (bad). D. gonopterus, Turcz in Mosc. Bull. 1863, 576 ; A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 612. Oleoxylon balsamiferum, Wall. Cat. p. 157. CHITTAGONG, BIRMA, Tenasserim, Andaman Islands. - DISTRIB. Siam. Young branches compressed, pubescent. Leaves 5 1/2 by 3 in., shining above, more or less pubescent beneath, margins ciliate, lateral nerves 15 pairs; petiole 1 1/2 in., softly pubescent-hairy ; stipules pilose. Racemes about 7-flowered. Calyx-tube in fruit 1 in, diam., smooth, fruit-wings (calyx lobes) 4-5 by 1 in., linear-ovate or spathulate, obtuse, 3 nerved , unenlarged lobes orbicular. - Kanyin. - Gaertner's figure is bad as is shown by Hamilton's specimen's in the Banksian Herbarium, from which it appears to have been drawn ; his specific name suits the drawing, but is inapplicable to the species. I have therefore adopted Roxburgh's. 14. D. incanus, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 42; Fl. Ind. ii. 614; leaves ovate obtuse. W. & A. Prodr. 84; A. DC. Prodr, xvi. 2, 611. Chittagong, Roxburgh; Pegu, Kurz. Young parts and compressed branches softly hairy-pubescent. Leaves 6 by 4 1/2 in., thinly pubescent on both surfaces, margins ciliate, lateral nerves 12 pairs, pubescent beneath ; petiole 2 in., softly pubescent. Calyx-tube (in flower) softly pubescent, strongly winged. 15. D. insignis, Thwaites Enum. 34; leaves ovate apiculate base obtuse, flowers subsessile, calyx-tube in fruit narrowly ovoid, angles with wings 1/4 in. wide mouth scarcely contracted, fruit-wings (calyx-lobes) with one principal nerve. A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 612. Ceylon ; Saffragam district, Thwaites. Young branches densely pubescent ultimately glabrescent. Leaves 4-6 by 2 1/2-3 in. glabrous above, pubescent or glabrous on the nerves beneath, margins sinuate-crenate, lateral nerves 11 pairs; petiole 1/2-3/4 in., silky-pubescent, finally transversely rugose. Racemes 3-5 flowered. Flowers large. Petals 2 1/2 in. long, yellow on the inner, reddish on the outer margin. Calyx tube in fruit abcut 1 in. long ; immature fruit-wings (calyx-lobes) 2 3/4-3/4 in., linear-oblong, obtuse. 16. D. pterygocalyx, Scheff. Obs. Phyt. ii. 35 ; leaves elliptic ovate or oblong-ovate shortly and abruptly acuminate base truncate, calyx-tube in fruit ovoid angles with wings nearly 1/2 in. wide mouth slightly contracted, fruit wings (calyx-tubes) sub-3-nerved central nerve prominent. Malacca, Maingay. - Distrib. Banca. Young branches subcompressed with deciduous canescence. Leaves 4-10 by 3-5 in., glabrous on both surfaces, margins sinuate-crenate and undulate, lateral nerves about 18 pairs, rather remote ; petiole 2-3 in. ; stipules pale, glabrous. Racemes about 5-flowered. Calyx-tube in fruit 2 in. long, glabrous; fruit-wings 7 by 1 1/2-2 in., linear-oblong, obtuse, unenlarged lobes broadly ovate or orbicular. page 299 17. D. Griffithii, Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. i. 213 ; leaves ovate acute base rounded, calyx-tube in fruit oblong ovoid angles with wings fully 1/2 in. wide mouth uncontracted, fruit-wings with 3 parallel approximate nerves. A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 612. D. grandiflorus, Griff. Notul. iv. 515, not of Wall. Mergui, Griffith; South Andaman Island, Kurz. Young branches subcompressed, canescent. Leaves 6 by 4 in., glabrous on both surfaces, lateral nerves about 13 pairs; petiole 2-2 1/2 in.,; stipules canescent. Racemes 3-4-flowered. Calyx-tube in fruit 2-3 in. long; fruit- wings (calyx-lobes) 5 1/2-6 by 1-1 3/4 in., linear-spathulate, obtuse, sparingly reticulate, unenlarged lobes broadly deltoid. - Distinguished from D. pterygocalyx by the distinctly 3-nerved calyx- wings, and the unenlarged calyx-lobes not being contracted at the base. D. Motleyanus, Hook, f., from Borneo, is closely allied. DOUBTFUL SPECIES. D. angustifolius, W. & A. Prodr. 84 ; D. costatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 613 (not of Gaertn.). - Chittagong. 2. ANCISTROCLADUS, Wall. Smooth climbing shrubs with short supra-axillary often arrested and circinately hooked branches. Leaves usually in terminal tufts, coriaceous, entire, reticulately feather-veined ; stipules small, caducous or inconspicuous. Flowers usually small, very caducous, in terminal or lateral panicles. Calyx-tube at first very short, adnate to the base of the ovary with imbricate lobes, finally turbinate and adnate to the fruit with the lobes unequally enlarged, spreading and membranous. Stamens 5 or 10, subperigynous. Ovary 1-celled, inferior ; styles 3, articulated to a rounded or shortly cylindrical epigynous disk ; ovule solitary, erect or laterally affixed. Seed subglobose, testa prolonged into the ruminations of the copious fleshy albumen ; embryo short, straight ; cotyledons short, divergent. - Distrib. Except A. guineensis in W. Tropical Africa confined to Tropical Asia and the Indian Archipelago. Species about 10. * Leaves less than 4 times as long as wide. t Stamens 5. 1. A. Vahlii, Arn. in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xviii. pt. i. 325. Thw. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxi. 233, t. 24. Wormia hamata, Vahl in Scrift. Nat. Selsk. Kjobenk. 6, 105. Ceylon ; Central and Southern part, ascending to 2000 ft. Leaves 4 by 1-1 1/4 in., sessile, cuneate-oblanceolate, obtuse. Panicle about twice 2-chotomous ; divisions slender. Calyx-tube finally 1/2 in. long, exceeding the fruit, obconic, pentangular ; enlarged lobes 1 in. long, oblong obtuse, obscurely parallel-nerved. tt Stamens 10. 2. A. extensus, Wall. Cat. 1052 (1) ; panicle repeatedly 2-chotomous, divisions divaricate recurved, calyx-tube equalling the flat-topped fruit not furrowed, lobes slightly decurrent. Planch. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 3rd ser. xiii. 318. Ancistrolobus sp., Griff. Notul. iv. 568 ; Ic. t. 605, fig. ii. Pegu and Tenasserim, Wallich, Helfer, &c. Leaves 5-12 by 2-3 1/2 in., sessile, obovate-oblong, subobtuse or acute, narrowed below. Bracts ovate, acute. Calyx-lobes 1 1/2 in. long, cuneate-obovate with about 3 subparallel nervules. 3. A. Heyneanus, Wall. Cat. 7262 ; panicle about twice 2-chotomous, calyx-tube furrowed exceeded by the conical apex of the fruit, lobes not decurrent. Wight Ic. 1987-88; A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 602. page 300 Western Peninsula ; from the Concan to Travancor. Leaves 6-11 by 2-3 in., sessile, elliptic-oblong, subacute, rather abruptly narrowed below, lateral veins remote and inconspicuous with loose reticulations between. Enlarged calyx-lobes in fruit 1 1/2 in., spathulate, with numerous subparallel nervules. 4. A. pinangianus, Wall. Cat. 1054 ; panicle repeatedly 2-diotomous, divisions slender, calyx-tube furrowed exceeded by the conical apex of the fruit lobes decurrent. Planch. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3, xiii. 318 ; A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 603. Penang, Porter; Malacca, Maingay. - Distrib, Banca. Leaves 5-11 by 2-3 1/2 in., sessile, obovate-oblong, subobtuse, rather abruptly narrowed below, upper surface faintly reticulate. Bracts lanceolate. Calyx-lobes oblong-cuneate, obtuse, sparingly nerved. ** Leaves more than 4 times as long as wide. 5. A. Wallichii, Planch. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3, xiii. 319 ; panicle terminal or on short slender lateral branchlets 2-3 times 2-chotomous, bracts solitary ovate acute denticulate. A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 602. A. extensus? in part Wall. Cat. 1052 (2). A. stelligerus, Wall. Cat. 1053 ; A. DC. I.c. 603. Pegu and Tenasserim, Wallich, &c. Silhet, Da Silva. Chittaoong, H.f. & T. Branches tortuous. Leaves 9-12 by 1 1/4-1 1/2 and 10-13 by 2-3 in., sessile, linear or linear-elliptic, obtusely acuminate or acute, gradually narrowed to the subauricled base, lateral veins remote, midrib prominent beneath. Panicle about 3 in. long. Enlarged calyx-lobes in fruit subequal, about 1/2 in. long, oblong-ovate, obtuse, spreading. - Planchon mistook the lateral branchlets in imperfect specimens for peduncles. To this species I refer foliage specimens collected by Drs. Hooker and Thomson in Chittagong. 6. A. Griffithii, Planch. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3, xiii. 318 ; panicle terminal repeatedly 2-chotonious divisions ascending slender flexuous, bracts in pairs linear acute. Tenasserim, Griffith, Helfer. Branches tortuous. Leaves 7-9 by 1-1 1/2 in., linear-obovate, obtusely acuminate, tapering below into a flat petiole about 3/4 in. long. Panicle about 7 in. long. 7. A. attenuatus, Dyer; panicle terminal repeatedly 2-chotomous with stout divaricate divisions the ultimate ones recurved, bracts solitary, deltoid acute. Tenasserim and Andaman Islands, Helfer (Kew Distrib. 724). Leaves 12-15 by 1 1/2-1 3/4 in., cuneate-linear, sessile, gradually acuminate, midrib prominent, lateral nerves remote and inconspicuous. Calyx-tube in fruit furrowed, 2 lobes enlarged, 3/5 in. long, narrowly elliptic, obtuse, the rest half as long. A. SAGITTATUS, Wall. Cat. 1055, A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 603, is a Tetramerista. 3. ANISOPTERA, Korth. Resinous trees. Leaves coriaceous, entire, feather-veined and finely reticulate ; stipules small, fugacious or inconspicuous. Flowers in lax terminal panicles. Calyx-tube very short, adnate to the base of the ovary, segments imbricate, then subvalvate. Stamens ∞ ; anthers ovoid with a long subulate connective, outer valves larger. Ovary 3- (rarely 4-5-) celled ; style fleshy, ovoid or oblong, with an attenuate 3-5-fid apex ; ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule adnate to the calyx-tube, indehiscent, 1-seeded, crowned by the accrescent calyx-segments, of which 2 form linear wings. Cotyledons fleshy, page 301 unequal ; radicle superior. - Distrib. Malay Peninsula, and Archipelago to New Guinea. Species about 5.1. A. oblonga, Dyer. Mergui, Griffith. Twigs with smooth pale bark, young parts sparingly furfuraceous with fascicled hairs. Leaves 3 1/2-5 by 1 3/4-2 in., oblong, or oblong-ovate, shortly acuminate, base rounded, shining above, minutely impress-punctate beneath; lateral nerves 18 pairs; petiole 1 in.; stipules pubescent. Panicle about 5 in, long. Calyx-tube in fruit 1/3 in, long ; wings 4 in., linear-oblanceolate, obtuse, with 3 oblique, parallel, unequally prominent nerves. A. GLABRA, Kurz ms. (a native of Birma) is only known to me from the fruit. The wings are 6 by 3/4 in., and the triple nerves are not oblique and are equally prominent. 4. VATICA, Linn. Small or moderate-sized resinous trees. Leaves coriaceous, entire, feather-veined and finely reticulate ; stipules small, fugacious or inconspicuous. Flowers in axillary and terminal panicles, usually tomentose before expansion. Calyx-tube very short, adnate to the base of the ovary ; segments somewhat acute, imbricate then subvalvate. Stamens 15 ; anthers oblong, external valves larger, connective apiculate. Ovary 3-celled ; style short, subulate or apex clavate or capitate, stigma entire or 3-toothed ; ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule leathery, 3-valved (or indehiscent?), 1-2-seeded, supported by the spreading accrescent calyx, two segments of which often expand into linear wings. Cotyledons fleshy. - Distrib. Tropical Asia and Indian Archipelago. Species about 25. Sect. I. Euvatica. Benth. & Hook. Fruiting-calyx with 2 wing-like segments. 1. V. grandiflora, Dyer; leaves 5-8 in. long oblong or oblong-lanceolate shortly acuminate base rounded lateral nerves 12-15 pairs, petiole 3/4 in. Hopea grandiflora. Wall. Cat. 958 ; A. DC. Prodr. xvi, 2, 634. Synaptea odorata, Griff. Notul. iv. 516, t. 585 A. f. 5, fide Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1870, ii, 65. S. grandiflora, Kurz., I.c. Anisoptera odorata, Kurz in Regensb. Flora, 1872, 190. Martaban, Tenasserim, and Singapore, Wallich, &c. Young parts densely furfuraceous with tawmy fascicled hairs. Leaves 2-2 1/2 in. broad. Panicles 1/3-1/2 the length of the leaves. Calyx-segments oblong, acute. Petals with pale brown tomentum externally in bud, pink. Ovary tomentose; stigma capitate, 3-lobed. Fruit-wings 2 1/4 by 1/2 in., linear-oblanceolate, abruptly contracted below, 5-nerved. 2. V. faginea, Dyer ; leaves about 4 1/2 in. long elliptic-oblong subobtuse base tapering or rounded lateral nerves about 10 pairs, petiole 1/2 in. Hopea faginea, Wall. Cat. 963. Tenasserim ; at Mergui, Griffith, Helfer. A bush or small tree ; the young parts with pale tomentum. Leaves 1 1/2-2 in. broad. Panicles lax, 1/2-2/3 the length of the leaves, occasionally contracted. Calyx-segments oblong-lanceolate, obtuse. Petals tomentose externally in bud, blood-red. Fruit-wings 1 1/2-2 1/4 by 5/8 in., linear-elliptic or -lanceolate, base more or less contracted, 3-nerved. - Not sharply distinguished from V. grandiflora except by the difference in facies and the smaller foliage. 3. V. scaphula, Dyer ; leaves 4-6 1/2 in. long elliptic-oblong apex shortly acuminate or obtuse base rounded lateral nerves about 16, petiole 3/4-1 1/4 in. Hopea scaphula, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 93; Flor. Ind. ii. 611. page 302 Chittagong coast at Mascal Island, Roxb. A tree ; twigs pale brown, glabrous, young parts with pale grey tomentum. Leaves 1 3/4-2 3/4 in. broad, glabrous on both surfaces, paler beneath, midrib prominent. Panicle 5 in. ; pedicels 1/6 in. Flowers 3/4 in. diam. Calyx-segments with dense hairy tomentum. Petals glabrescent externally, white. 4. V. Maingayi, Dyer ; leaves about 3 1/2-5 in. long oblong or oblong-obovate abruptly acuminate base rounded, lateral nerves 12 pairs, petiole 3/4-1 3/4 in. Malacca, Maingay. Young parts with rusty furfuraceous tomentum. Leaves 1 1/2-2 in. broad. Panicles rather dense, fully 1/2 shorter than the leaves. Calyx-segments oblong-lanceolate. Fruit-wings 2 by 1/3 in., linear-oblong, obtuse or subacute, scarcely contracted at the base. 5. V. Helferi, Dyer ; leaves 4 1/2-5 1/2 in. long oblong obtuse base cordate under surface clothed with minute tomentose canescence lateral nerves. 12 pairs, petiole 1/3 in. Tenasserim ; at Mergui, Helfer. Young parts of inflorescence and pedicels with pale-brown soft puberulence. Leaves 2 1/2-3 in. broad, midrib and veins rather prominent beneath. Panicles about 6 in., terminal, narrow. Calyx and petals in bud clothed with silky pubescence. Fruit unknown. Sect II. Isauxis, Arn. Fruiting-calyx with equal segments. 6. V. lanceaefolia, Blume Mus. Bot. ii. 31 ; young parts pulverulent but soon glabrous, leaves elliptic-lanceolate acuminate base tapering paler beneath lateral nerves 15 pairs, ascending. A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 618. V. canaca, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 4405 B. Vateria lanceolaria, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 42 1 V. lanceaefolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 601 ; Wight Ill. i. 88. V. lanceolata, Roxb. (by error), W. & A. Prodr. 84 ; Wall. Cat. 4405. Retinodendron lanceaefolium, Korth. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 50. Seidlia lanceaefolia, Kostel, allg. med. pharm. Flora 1945 (ex DC. Prodr.). Eastern Himalaya and Eastern Bengal and Silhet, Wallich; Khasia Mts. Assam and Bhotan, Griffith, &c. A middle-sized tree. Leaves 7-11 by 2-2 1/2 in. ; petiole 1/2 in. Panicles 2/3 the length of the leaves. Flowers fragrant. Calyx-segments ovate, acute. Petals 2/3 in., cuneate white. Ovary pubescent ; stigma clavate, 3-toothed. Capsule ovoid. 7. V. Roxburghiana, Blume Mus. Bot. ii. 31, t. 7 ; young parts with lepidote canescence, leaves lanceolate acute base rounded or retuse, lateral nerves 10 pairs. Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. i. 214 ; Thwaites Enum. 404; A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 618. V. chinensis, Linn. ; Smith Ic. ined. t. 36 ; DC. Prodr. i. 517. Vateria Roxburghiana, Wight III. i. 88; Ic. t. 26. Western Peninsula ; from Canara southwards. Ceylon, Thwaites. Leaves 4 1/2-8 1/2 by 1 1/2-3 in. ; petiole 1 1/2-2 in. Panicles axillary, 1/3-1/2 the length of the leaves. Calyx-segments ovate-deltoid, acute, in fruit nearly 3/4 in long, lanceolate (Stigma 6-dentate, Blume) Capsule ovoid, ultimately globose, 3-sulcate. - A fragmentary specimen collected by Griffith at Mogoung, Birma, appears to belong to this species. 8. V. pallida, Dyer; young parts hoary, leaves narrowly elliptic or linear-elliptic or oblanceolate cordate-acuminate base acute or obtuse lateral nerves about 9 ascending curved midrib prominent above. Penang, Maingay. A small tree, twigs slender, slightly fiexuose, pale-barked. Leaves 5-7 by 1-2 in. page 303 olive-coloured, shining above, pale and opaque beneath; petiole 1/3 in., thickened. Panicles 1-1 1/2 in., mostly axillary. Calyx-segments narrowly-deltoid, acute, at length deflexed, pubescent. Petals pubescent externally. Anthers apiculate. Ovary pubescent; style 1/24 in., stigma capitate, lobulate. Fruit unknown. - Notwithstanding the deflexed calyx this species appears to find its most natural position here.9. V. affinis, Thwaites Enum. 404 ; young parts nigrescent nearly glabrous, leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate acuminate base rounded lateral nerves about 6 pairs ascending curved, midrib prominent above. A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 619. Isauxis Roxburghiana, Thwaites Enum. 37, not of Wight. CEYLON ; at Hinidoon Pattoo and Pasdoon Corle, Thwaites. A large tree. Leaves 4 1/2-5 1/2 by 2-3 in., both surfaces glabrous, shining above, paler beneath; petiole 1 in. Panicles axillary and terminal, 1/3-1/2 the length of the leaves; pedicels and buds pubescent. Calyx-segments lanceolate, acute, in fruit ovate 3-nerved. 10. V. scabriuscula, A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 620; young parts with tawny stellate pubescence, leaves oblong-lanceolate obtusely acuminate base obtuse lateral nerves about 25 pairs spreading the alternate ones fainter. Vateria (Stemonoporus) scabriuscula, Thwaites Enum. 404. Ceylon ; at Hinidoon Pattoo and Pasdoon Corle, Thwaites. A large tree. Leaves 4 1/2-5 1/2 by 1 1/2-2 in., on young shoots 11 by 2 1/2 in., glabrous above, scabrid beneath, midrib channelled above, very prominent beneath ; petiole 1/2-3/4 in. Inflorescence axillary and terminal, racemose ; bracts caducous, ovate, acute, palely tomentuse. Anthers with a few scattered hairs. Style cylindric, slender, truncate. - I have only seen immature flowers of this, but the anthers perfectly agree with Vatica and are unlike those of Vateria. 11. V. ? disticha, A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 620 ; young twigs with minute tawny appressed pubescence, leaves oblong strongly acuminate base rounded, lateral nerves about 10 faint ascending. Vateria (Stemonoporus) disticha, Thwaites Enum. 404. Ceylon ; at Hinidoon Pattoo and Pasdoon Corle, Thwaites. A large tree. Leaves 5 by 1 1/2-2 in., glabrous above, glabrescent beneath, coriaceous, lateral nerves slightly prominent, midrib channelled above ; petiole 1/3 in. Panicles axillary and terminal, imbricate-bracteate when young; bracts 1/3 in., distichous, ovate, ciliate, the lowest with appressed fulvous pubescence, the uppermost glabrous. - The stamens appear to agree with Vatica, and according to De Candolle are apiculate. DOUBTFUL SPECIES. V.? (Isauxis) cordifolia, Thw. Enum. 404 and 39 (Monoporandra). Foliage only known. Leaves 5-7 1/2 by 2-4 in., oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute, base obliquely cordate, lateral nerves about 7 pairs ; petiole 1/2-3/4 in - Ceylon ; Atakalan Corle, Thwaites. 5. SHOREA, Roxb. Glabrous, mealy, or pubescent resinous trees. Leaves entire or subrepand, feather-veined, with the intermediate reticulations often inconspicuous ; stipules large coriaceous and persistent, or minute and fugacious. Flowers in axillary or terminal lax cymose panicles ; bracts persistent, caducous or 0. Calyx-tube very short, adnate to the receptacle ; segments ovate or lanceolate, imbricate. Stamens 15 or 20-100 ; anthers ovate or oblong, rarely linear ; connective subulate-cuspidate, rarely inappendiculate ; valves obtuse, rarely cuspidate, equal or the outer slightly larger. Ovary 3-celled, cells 2-ovuled ; style subulate, stigma entire or 3-toothed. Capsule leathery, indehiscent (or 2-valved ?), usually 1-seeded, closely surrounded page 304 by the bases of the accrescent calyx-segments 3 or more rarely all of which are developed into 10-veined linear wings. Cotyledons fleshy, unequal, usually inclosing the superior radicle. Distrib. - Tropical Asia and Indian Archipelago ; species about 40.Sect. I. Pentacme. A. DC. Anthers linear, valves cuspidate. 1. S. siamensis, Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. i. 214; A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2,631. Pentacme suavis, A. DC. I.c. 626. P. siamensis, Kurz in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1870; 2, 66. Hopea (Shorea?) suava, Wall. Cat. 959. Martaban, Wallich; Tenasserim, at Moulmein, Lobb; Pegu, Kurz. - Distrib. Siam. A shrub 10 ft., leafless during inflorescence; branchlets with smooth greyish bark. Leaves 5-6 by 3 -4 in., oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse or subacute, base truncate or cordate, glabrous above and beneath, lateral nerves 15 pairs, scarcely prominent ; petiole 1-1 1/2 in. Panicles 6-9 in., axillary and terminal, lax, branches divaricate; pedicels 1/3 in. Flowers sweet-scented. Calyx segments 1/6 in., ovate, acute, glabrous, margins ciliolate. Petals 7/12 in., pale citron colour. Stamens 15, filaments very short ; anthers 1/6 in. long, lobes slightly unequal, connective with a subulate prolongation, ultimately bent outwards. Style 5/12 in., filiform. Capsule indehiscent, ovoid ; pedicel dilated; bases of fruiting calyx-segments ovate, thickened, glabrous; wings 3 in., linear-oblanceolate, obtuse, 7-nerved. - Of Hopea suavis, Kurz, Andamans Report, I have only seen leaves. They do not belong to this species. Sect. II. Anthers oblong, valves obtuse. * Stamens 12-15. 2. S. stellata, Dyer; calyx-segments equally developed into wings or 2 slightly shorter. Parashorea stellata, Kurz in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1870, 2, 66. Martaban, Brandis; Birma, Kurz. A large glabrous tree. Leaves 4 1/2 by 1 1/2 in., ovate or lanceolate, acute or apiculate. Flowers in panicles of cymose racemes, white, capsule 3/4 in. Iong:, obovoid, tawny-tomentose ; wings 4 1/2 by 3/4 in., linear-oblanceolate, obtuse, tapering to a very obscurely dilated base 1/6 in. long, strongly 7-nerved, puberulous. - The subequal accrescence of the sepals occurs also in S. robusta, and appears to me of no value as a generic distinction. ** Stamens 15. t Flowers pedicelled. 3. S. floribunda, Kurz, ms ; leaves rather narrowly-oblong shortly acuminate, panicles terminal or lateral from the axils of fallen leaves, flowers rather crowded, calyx-segments narrowly deltoid-ovate glabrous dark-coloured. S. robusta, A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 628 (not of Gaertn.). Hopea floribunda, Wall. Cat. 964. Tenasserim, at Tavoy, Gomez. Glabrous; branchlets with pale brown bark. Leaves about 3 1/2 by 1-1 1/2 in., hardly mature at the time of flowering, base rounded ; lateral nerves about 15-20 pairs ; petiole 1/2-3/4 in. Pedicels 1/2 in. Flowers rather larger than in S. Talura. Calyx-segments glabrous, ciliolate. Anthers with a very long seta. - Fruit unknown, but this and the next species are evidently closely allied. It has nothing to do with S. robusta, to which A. De Candolle can have referred it only through some confusion of specimens. 4. S. Talura, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 93 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 618 ; leaves elliptic or oblong to ovate- elliptic, panicles terminal or lateral from the axils of fallen page 305 leaves lax, calyx segments deltoid linear glabrous not dark coloured. S. laccifera, Heyne ex Wall. Cat. 967; A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 630. S. Roxburghii, Don Gen. Syst. i. 813. S. robusta, Roth. nov. sp. 221 (not of Gaertn.). Vatica laccifera, W. & A. Prodr. 84 ; Wight. Ic. 164.Western Peninsula ; forests of Mysore and Malabar. Glabrous, except the pubescent buds ; branchlets with smooth pale brown bark. Leaves 3 1/2-4 1/2 by 2-2 1/2 in., acute or retuse and mucronulate, base rounded or emarginate, margins undulate, lateral nerves about 12-15 pairs; petiole 1/2-1 in. Pedicels 1/2 in. Flowers 1 in. diam., pinkish white. Calyx-segments glabrous, margins ciliolate. Anthers with a long seta. Bases of fruiting calyx-segments 3/4 in. long, obovate ; wings 3 by 5/8 in., elliptic-linear, obtuse, with about 10 slender parallel nerves. - Yields a kind of lac. tt Flowers sessile or nearly so. 5. S. leprosula, Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. Suppl. i. 487 ; leaves oblong very shortly acuminate, panicles terminal or axillary, branches small unilateral racemose, calyx-segments ovate pubescent. A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 631. Malacca, Maingay. - Distrib. Sumatra. Young parts and under surface of the leaves densely tawny-puberulous. Leaves about 4-5 by 1 3/4-2 1/4 in., shining above, lateral nerves about 14 pairs, prominent beneath; petiole 1/2 in. Panicle about 4 in. Flowers sessile. Anthers cuspidate. (Ovary glabrous; style filiform, stigma urceolate. Maingay.) (Fruit-wings spathulate obtuse. Miq.) 6. S. parvifolia, Dyer; leaves oblong-elliptic to ovate-acuminate, panicles terminal lax, flowers with deciduous bracts, calyx-segments ovate pubescent. Malacca, Maingay. Young parts hoary, puberulous. Leaves 2-2 1/2 by 1-1 1/2 in., base rounded, glabrescent beneath, lateral nerves about 15 pairs; petiole 1/3 in. Panicles about 5 in. Flowers sessile, 4 or 5 together ; bracts fully 1/6 in. long, broadly elliptic, obtuse. (Petals 1/4 in. long. Anthers apiculate. Ovary pilose ; style slender, shorter than the ovary, stigma scarcely lobed. Maingay.) Fruit unknown. 7. S. acuminata, Dyer ; leaves ovate to lanceolate strongly acuminate, panicles terminal lax, branches unilateral, bracts very fugacious, calyx-segments ovate pubescent. Malacca, Maingay. Young parts tawny-puberulous. Leaves 4-5 by 2-2 1/2 in., base rounded or emarginate, coriaceous, glabrous on both surfaces, lateral nerves about 8 pairs, scarcely prominent; petiole 1/2 in. Panicles about 6 in. long, with tufts of enlarged bracts occasionally terminating the branches. Flowers sessile, (Petals 3/10 in. long. Anthers shortly appendiculate. Ovary minutely pilose, tapering into the short filiform style, stigma minutely lobed. Maingay.) Fruit unknown. 8. S. bracteolata, Dyer ; leaves more or less narrowly oblong-elliptic shortly acuminate, panicles terminal lax, branches flexuose, flowers each with a pair of bracts, calyx-segments narrowly deltoid puberulous. Malacca, Maingay. Young parts glabrescent. Leaves 3 1/2-5 1/4 by 1 1/2-2 1/4 in., base rounded, glabrous on both surfaces, lateral nerves 12-15 pairs, scarcely prominent; petiole 1/2-3/4 in. Panicles 6-9 in. long. Flowers subsessile ; bracts 1/3 in. long, elliptic-lanceolate. Calyx segments 1/8 in. long. Stamens cuspidate. Stigma simple. Bases of fruiting calyx segments 1/2 in. long, ovate with 3 gibbosities at the bottom; wings 3 1/2 by 1/2 in. linear subacute, with 9 parallel nerves. page 305 * Stamens 20-∞. 9. S. robusta, Gaertn. f. Fruct. iii. 48, t. 186; leaves ovate-oblong acuminate base cordate glabrous lateral nerves about 12 pairs, panicles terminal or axillary lax, stamens 50. Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 615; Cor. Pl. iii. 312 ; Wall. Cat. 965 ; A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 628 ; Beddome Fl. Sylvat. t. 4. Vatica robusta, Steud. Nom. Ed. 2. Tropical Himalaya, and along its base from Assam to the Sutlej. Eastern districts of Central India, Western Bengal hills. A very large tree, but often occurring in a stunted form. Leaves 6-10 by 4-6 in. ; petiole 3/4-1 in. ; stipules 1/3 in., falcate, pubescent. Panicles 5-9 in. long, clothed as well as the flowers with pale velvety pubescence, branches unilateral, racemose. Flowers subsessile. Petals about 1/2 in. long, pale yellow, tapering upwards, 12-13-nerved. Anthers with a bearded appendage. Ovary pubescent ; stigma 3-deniiculate. Fruiting-calyx with the segments sometimes subequal, bases 1/3 in., ovate, pubescent; wings 2 1/2 in., linear, obtuse, 10-nerved. - The Sal tree; the wood is very generally used in Bengal and it ranks next to teak ; the resin-dammer is extensively used as a substitute for pitch. 10. S. obtusa, Wall. Cat. 966 ; leaves elliptic or obovate-oblong obtuse base obtuse or emarginate pubescent on the nerves and in their axils beneath lateral nerves about 15 pairs, panicles terminal, stamens 20-25. Blume Mus. Bot. ii. 32, t. 8; A.DC Prodr. xvi. 2, 629. S. leucobotrya, Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. i. 215. Vatica obtusa, Steud. Nom. Ed. 2. Martaban, Wallich; PEGU, M'Clelland, &c. ; Tenasserim, at Moulmein, Helfer. - DISTRIB. Siam. Leaves 4-6 by 1 1/2-3 in., often unsymmetrical, glabrescent above, subrepand; petiole 1/2-3/4 in. Panicles 2-4 in. long, clothod as well as the flowers with hoary pubescence, racemose. Flowers subsessile. Petals 1/4-1/3 in. long. Anthers with a bearded appendage. Ovary pubescent. Bases of the segments of the fruiting-calyx 1/3 in. long, rather shorter than the pubescent capsule, ovate-oblong, pubescent ; wings 2 1/2 by 1/2 in. linear-oblanceolate, glabrescent, 9-nerved. 11. S. sericea, Dyer ; leaves elliptic-oblong shortly acuminate scabrous beneath lateral nerves about 20 pairs, panicles terminal, stamens 50, anthers inappendiculate. Malacca, Maingay. A very large dammer-producing tree (Mangay) ; young parts, nerves of the leaves beneath and inflorescence covered with rusty meal intermixed with fascicles of short hairs. Leaves 4 1/2-7 by 1 3/4-2 3/4 in., polished above, lateral nerves very prominent beneath; petiole 1/2-3/4 in. Panicles about 6 in. long, ultimate branches racemose, unilateral. Flowers sessile; buds clothed with tawny silky hairs. Anthers with the lobes subequal. Stigma 3-lobed. Fruiting-calyx with immature accrescent segments, clothed on both surfaces with soft yellow down. 12. S. Tumbuggaia, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 42 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 617; leaves ovate or oblong-cordiform acuminate base truncate or emarginate glabrous on both surfaces lateral nerves about 8 pairs, panicles terminal, stamens about 30. A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 630 ; Beddome Flor. Sylvat. Gen. 26. S. penicillata, A. DC. I.c. 630. Vatica Tumbuggaia, W. & A. Prodr. 84 ; Wight Ic. t. 27. Western Peninsula ; forests of Cudapah and Palghaut in Mysore, Wight, &c. A gigantic dammer-producing tree. Leaves 2 1/2-8 by 1 1/2-4 1/2 in. (Beddome) ; petiole 1-2 in. Panicles 8 in. long, hoary or nearly glabrous. Flowers shortly .pedicelled ; buds densely hoary. Anthers with a hairy appendage. Stigma 3-lobulate. Capsule 3/4 in. long, ovoid, acuminate, pubescent above; bases of fruiting calyx-segments 1/2 in. long, ovate, hoary ; wings 1 1/2-1 3/4 by 1/2 in., spathulate, obtuse, 8-10-nerved. - There can be no page 307 doubt as to the identity of this species. Roxburgh states the number of stamens to be 100, but this is clearly an error.13. S. oblongifolia, Thwaites Enum.. 36 ; leaves oblong shortly acuminate base truncate or emarginate both surfaces glabrous lateral nerves about 15 pairs, panicles terminal or axillary, stamens 80-100. A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 629. Ceylon ; Southern districts of the Island, Thwaites. A large tree. Leaves 4-6 by 1 3/4-2 1/2 in. ; petiole 1/2-3/4 in. Panicles 6 in. long, racemose, hoary. Flowers yellow, odorous, shortly pedicelled; buds densely hoary. Anthers with a terminal bristle about their own length and two minute lateral ones. Capsule 3/4 in. long, ovoid, silky-pubescent ; bases of the fruiting calyx-segments 1/2 as long as the capsule, oblong, gibbous, puberulent ; wings 2 by 3/4 in., spathulate, obtuse. 14. S. lissophylla, Thwaites Enum. 402 ; leaves oblong-cordiform slightly acuminate base emarginate both surfaces glabrous lateral nerves about 7 pairs prominent beneath, panicles small terminal or axillary, stamens about 35. A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 630. Ceylon; Hinidoon Pattoo and Singhe-rajah Forest, Thwaites. A large tree, twigs black when dry. Leaves 3-5 by 1 1/2-3 in. ; petiole 1/3-1/2 in., rugose. Panicles about 3 in. long, racemose, glabrous. Flowers shortly pedicelled ; buds hoary. Anthers bearded. Fruit unknown. 15. S. stipularis, Thwaites Enum. 36 ; leaves oblong shortly acuminate or subobtuse base rounded coriaceous both surfaces glabrous midrib channelled above very promment beneath lateral nerves about 15 pairs. A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 631. Ceylon ; between Katnapoora and Galle, Thwaites. A large tree. Leaves 4-6 by 2-4 in.; stipules 1/2-1 by 1/3-2/3 in., ovate, suhoblique, with numerous slender nerves, very persistent; petiole 1 1/4-1 1/2 in. Flowers unknown. Capsule subconic, smooth; (winged calyx-segments 5-5 1/2 by 1 1/4 in., 11-14-nerved, Thwaites). 16. S. assamica, Dyer; leaves broadly elliptic or elliptic-oblong very shortly acuminate base rounded both surfaces glabrous midrib cliannelled above lateral nerves about 17 pairs hispid beneath rather prominent above. Upper Assam ; banks of the Duhing river, G. Mann. Young twigs thinly pendulous. Leaves about 3 1/2 by 1 3/4 in., shining above. Flowers unknown. Capsule 3/4 in., ovoid, acuminate, glabrous; bases of the fruiting calyx-segments about 1/2 as long as the capsule, broadly ovate, gibbous ; wings 4 by 3/4 in., linear, subacute, about 12-nerved. 17. S. gratissima, Dyer ; leaves elliptic acuminate base acute both surfaces glabrous margins undulate lateral nerves about 14 pairs inconspicuous, panicles terminal and axillary, stamens 20-25. Hopea gratissima, Wall. Cat. 960. Singapore, Wallich. Branchlets slender. Leaves 2 1/2-4 by 1 1/4-1 1/2 in.; petiole 3/4-1 in. Panicles 3-6 in., glabrous, black when dry. Flower-buds hoary ; pedicels about 1/12 in. Anthers with a terminal seta. 18. S. reticulata, Thwaites ms. ; leaves lanceolate with a long acuminate point base acute shining above glabrous beneath margins undulate lateral nerves about 10 pairs hardly prominent beneath. Ceylon. Twigs slender, pale. Leaves 3-4 by 1 3/4 in. ; petiole 1/2 in., decurved. Flowers unknown. page 308 Bases of the fruiting calyx-segments lanceolate, gibbous, puberulous ; wings 1 1/2 by 1/4 in., linear, obtuse, glabrous, 8-nerved.19. S. macroptera, Dyer ; leaves narrowly oblong acuminate base obtuse somewhat coriaceous shining above glabrous beneath lateral nerves about 10 pairs rather prominent beneath, panicles terminal. Malacca, Maingay. - Distrib. Borneo. Twigs puberulous, dark-brown. Leaves 4-5 by 1 3/4 in., chocolate-coloured when dry ; petiole 1/2 in., rugose. Flowers sessile. Capsule (immature) 1/3 in. long; bases of the fruiting calyx-segments equalling the capsule, ovate, bordered by the decurrent margins of the wing; wings 5-6 by 3/4-1 in., linear, obtuse, 10- nerved, glabrescent. DOUBTFUL SPECIES. Shorea longisperma, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 93 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 618. Parashorea longisperma, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1870, ii. 66. Prince of Wales' Island. Without description. 6. HOPEA, Roxb. Glabrous or hoary-tomentose resinous trees. Leaves quite entire, firm, inconspicuously feather-veined ; stipules small, deciduous or inconspicuous. Flowers sessile or shortly pedicelled, ebracteate, in lax panicles of unilateral racemes. Calyx-tube very short, adnate to the receptacle, segments obtuse, imbricate. Stamens 15, or rarely 10, slightly connate; anthers ovate, connective subulate-cuspidate, valves obtuse equal. Ovary 3-celled, the cells 2-ovuled; style shortly cylindric or subulate. Nut 1-seeded, closely surrounded by the bases of the accrescent calyx-segments, 2 of which are developed into linear wings. Embryo as in Shorea. - Distrib. of Shorea ; species about 35. - The separation of this genus from Shorea is somewhat artificial * Panicles palely tomentose. 1. H. odorata, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 42 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 609 ; leaves ovate- or lanceolate-oblong acute or obtusely acuminate lateral nerves about 12 pairs rather weak their axils often glandular, anthers oblong appendage about the same length. A. DC Prodr. xvi. 2, 632. H. faginea, Hort. Calc, ex Herb. Lemann. (not of Wall.). H. eglandulosa, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 42 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 611 ; A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 634. H. decandra, Buck, ex Wight III. 83. H. Wightiana, Miquel in Herb. Hohenack. 320, (not of Wall). Rangoon, Pegu, Martaban and Tenasserim. A large tree ; branchlets dark brown, glabrous. Leaves 4-6 by 1 1/2-2 in., base rounded often suboblique, margins undulate, firm, glabrous on both surfaces; petiole 3/4 in. Flowers sweet-scented, buds about 5 in., very shortly pedicelled. Calyx-segments ovate, obtuse. Petals yellow. Nut 1/4 in., ovoid, apiculale, glabrous ; wings of fruiting calyx-segments linear, obtuse, tapering to an oblong base 1/5 in. Var. 1. odorata proper, Wall. Cat. 961 (sp.) ; panicle 1/2 as long as the leaves rather dense, wings of fruiting calyx-segments 1 1/2 by 2/3-5/6 in., 7-9-nerved. Roxb. Cor. PI. iii, t. 210; Korth. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 75, t. 7, f. 15-21. - Mergui, Griffith. Var. 2. vasta, Wall. Cat. 926 (sp.) ; leaves gradually tapering opaque above, panicles equalling the leaves rather lax, wings of fruiting calyx-segments 1 3/4 by 5/6-1 1/6 in., 9-13-nerved. - Rangoon to Mergui. 2. H. parviflora, Beddome Flor. Sylvat, t. 7 (by error t. 6) ; Gen. xxvii. in art; Ind. For. Rep. 1863-4, with plate ; leaves ovate or oblong acute ateral nerves about 10 pairs often forked their axils often glandular, tips of page 309 petals dilated and crisped, anthers suborbicular, appendage about half as long again.Malabar and S. Canara ; ascending to 3500 ft., Beddome. A large tree ; branchlets reddish -brown, slightly glaucescent. Leaves about 3 1/2 by 1 1/2 in., firm, base acute or rounded, margins slightly undulate, glabrous on both surfaces, nerves pale beneath ; petiole 1/3 in. Flower-buds about 1/8 in., tomentose, very shortly pedicelled, calyx-segments lanceolate, obtuse. Fruit unknown. 3. H. longifolia, Dyer; leaves linear-lanceolate obtuse lateral nerves about 10 pairs very oblique their axils often glandular, tips of petals crisped, anthers suborbicular appendage about half as long again. H. parviflora, Beddome Flor. Sylvat. Gen. xxvii., in part. South Carnatic, near Tinnivelly, Beddome. A large tree ; branchlets brown. Leaves 5-7 by 1-1 1/2 in., firm, base acute, margins slightly undulate, glabrous on both surfaces ; petiole 5/8 in. Flower-buds 1/12 in., tomentose, shortly pedicelled. Calyx-segments ovate, acute. Fruit unknown. ** Panicles glabrous (except sometimes in H. micrantha). 4. H. Wightiana, Wall. Cat. 6295 ; branchlets pale softly pubescent at length glabrous, leaves oblong-lanceolate obtuse or acute lateral nerves about 10 pairs, panicles racemose axillary 1-6 together shorter than the leaves, calyx-segments glabrous. W. & A. Prodr. 85; Wight III. t. 37 ; A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 633. Western Peninsula, Wight; Concan, Stocks. Leaves 5-8 by 1 3/4-3 in., firm, base acute rounded or emarginate, glabrous on both surfaces, opaque above, nerves oblique, curved, rather prominent above ; petiole 1/2 in., stout, pubescent. Bracts 1/12 in., lanceolate, acute. Buds about 1/4 in., very shortly pedicelled. Calyx-segments lanceolate, obtuse. Petals pubescent externally. Anthers with an appendage 4 times their length. Nut 4 in., ovoid, apiculate, glabrous ; bases of fruiting calyx-segments scarcely distinct, gibbous, wings 1 3/4-2 1/2 by 1/2-3/4 in., linear or elliptic-linear obtuse, about 9-nerved, usually tinged with red. - The inflorescence is often diseased and condensed into a globular mass ; this is Artocarpus lanceaefolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 527, ex Miquel, in Herb. Hohenack. 796 a. 5. H. glabra, W. & A. Prodr. 85 ; branchlets dark-coloured glabrous, leaves lanceolate obtuse or shortly acuminate lateral nerves about 8 pairs, panicles 1-3 together, racemes axillary about equalling the leaves, calyx-segments glabrous. Western Peninsula, Wight ; Southern Carnatic, at Tinnivelly, Beddome. Leaves about 4 by 1 1/2 in,, base acute or obtuse, glabrous and rather shining on both surfaces, nerves oblique curved and prolonged parallel to the margins slightly prominent above ; petiole 1/2 in., rugose. Bracts nearly 1/6 in., lanceolate, obtuse. Flower-buds very shortly pedicelled. Calyx-segments ovate, obtuse. Petals pubescent. Anthers orbicular, appendage about 3 times as long. Fruit unknown. 6. H. oblongifolia, Dyer ; branchlets pale compressed, leaves oblong shortly acuminate lateral nerves about 10 pairs, panicles racemose axillary (rarely two together) about half as long as the leaves, calyx-segments glabrescent. Tenasserim ; at Mergui, Griffith. Leaves about 7 by 2 1/2 in., firm, base obtuse, glabrous and rather opaque on both surfaces ; nerves oblique, scarcely curved, inconspicuous above ; petiole 1/2 in. glabrous. Bracts minute, about equalling the very short pedicels. Calyx-segments ovate, acute. Petals pubescent. Anthers orbicular with an appendage 4 times their length. Fruit unknown. page 310 7. H. Griffithii, Kurz ms. ; branchlets slightly lepidote at length glabrous, leaves lanceolate caudate-acuminate obtuse lateral nerves about 10 pairs evanescent, panicles axillary less than half the length of the leaves, calyx-segments glabrous. Tenasserim ; Mergui, Griffith. Branches dark-barked, with pale striae. Leaves 3-4 by 1-1 1/4 in., firm, base acute, glabrous on both surfaces, midrib prominent below; petiole 1/2 in., slender. Bracts minute, shorter than the pedicels, lanceolate, acute. Flower-buds 1/10 in., shortly pedicelled. Petals palely pubescent. Anthers suborbicular, appendage about twice as long. Fruit unknown. 8. H. micrantha, Hook.f. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 160; branchlets dark-coloured minutely lepidote, leaves elliptic-ovate or lanceolate caudate-acuminate obtuse lateral nerves very numerous evanescent, panicles terminal or axillary less than 1/2 the length of the leaves hoary-pubescent, calyx-segments varnished. A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 634. Malacca, Maingay. - Distrib. Borneo. A very lofty tree. Leaves 2-2 1/2 by 3/4-1 1/4 in., coriaceous, glabrous on both surfaces, midrib prominent above and beneath; petiole 1/2 in., puberulent. Flowers 1/10 in., pedicels fully 1/12 in. Petals palely pubescent. Anthers suborbicular, appendage about as long. Nut conical ; bases of fruiting calyx-segments 1/4 in. long with two gibbosities at the bottom, wings 1 1/2 in. oblanceolate, obtuse, 9-nerved. 9. H. discolor, Thwaites Enum. 36 ; branchlets dark-coloured slightly pruinose, leaves lanceolate caudate-acuminate obtuse reddish-brown beneath lateral nerves about 5 pairs depressed above, panicles axillary sometimes 2-3 together about 1/3 the length of the leaves, calyx-segments glabrous. A. DC Prodr. xvi. 2, 633. Ceylon ; Saffragam and Ambagamowa districts, at no great elevation, Thwaites. A large tree. Leaves 2-3 by 3/4-1 in. ; petiole 1/2 in. Panicle bright red ; pedicels 1/12 in. Petals yellow, palely puberulous. Anthers suborbicular, appendages three times their length. Nut 5/8 in., conical, acute, glabrous ; bases of Iruiting calyx-segments 1/4 in. lanceolate; wings 1 1/2-3 by 1/3-3/4 in.; oblanceolate, obtuse, 7-nerved. 10. H. racophloea, Dyer ; branchlets brown, leaves ovate shortly caudate-acuminate base acute lateral nerves about 4 pairs oblique curved about equally prominent on both surfaces with large axillary glands, panicles terminal or axillary exceeding the leaves. Malabar; Wynaad forests, alt. 2-3000 ft., Beddome. A large tree, the bark peeling off in adherent scales (Beddome). Leaves 4-4 1/2 by 2-2 1/2 in., firm, glabrous on both surfaces; petiole 5/8 in. slender. Bases of fruiting calyx-seggments minute, scarcely distinct, thickened, gibbous; wings 3 by 1 in., oblong, tip truncate or rounded inconspicuously 10-nerved, reddish. - Nearly allied to the Ceylon H. jucunda. 11. H. jucunda, Thwaites Enum. 403 ; branchlets dark purplishbrown, leaves ovate or orbicular abruptly acuminate obtuse base rounded or obtuse lateral nerves about 4 pairs oblique curved slightly depressed above with large axillary glands, panicles terminal or axillary. A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 633. Ceylon ; Hinidoon Pattoo, Pasdoon Corle, and Saffragam district, Thwaites. A large tree. Leaves 1 1/2-5 by 1-2 1/2 in., firm, glabrous on both surfaces; petiole 1/2 in. transversely rugose. Flower-buds 1/6 in. ; pedicels 1/12 in. Calyx-segments ovate, varnished. Petals palely-pubescent externally. Anthers with an appendage four times their length. Fruit unknown. Var. modesta DC Prodr. xvi. 2, 633 ; leaves 1-2 in., branches of the panicle filiform. page 311 7. DOONA, Thwaites. Lofty glabrous and often glaucescent resinous trees, with the habit of (except in H. nervosa) some species of Hopea. Leaves entire, firm, inconspicuously veined ; stipules small, deciduous or inconspicuous. Flowers rather small, usually in lax panicles rarely exceeding the leaves. Calyx as in Hopea. Stamens 15 ; anthers oblong, connective prolonged into a usually clavate appendage, valves equal. Ovary as in Hopea. Nut 1-seeded. Seed ovoid with the thin testa .interposed between the folds of the cotyledons ; radicle superior. - Distrib. Endemic in Ceylon. Species 10. 1. D. zeylanica, Thwaites in Hook. Journ. iii. (1851) t. 12 and iv. 7 ; Enum. 34; leaves lanceolate caudate-acuminate base deltoid lateral nerves numerous ascending inconspicuous, pedicels exceeding the calyx. Beddome Flor. Sylvat. t. 97 ; A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 626. Ceylon ; Central province, ascending to 4000 ft. A tree of 60 ft. or more ; branchlets much divided, somewhat flexuose, with smooth purple-brown bark. Leaves 2-3 by 3/4-1 in., midrib prominent beneath, channelled above ; petiole 1/2 in. Panicles 2 in., erect, many-flowered ; bracts small, brown, deciduous. Flowers 2/5 in. diam., pink ; pedicels 1/3 in., erect. Outermost calyx-segments deltoid-ovate, obtuse. Anthers with an appendage about 1/2 as long, glabrous, varnished. Nut (immature) 1/3 in. long, ovoid ; winged fruiting calyx-segments about 1 in, oblanceolate with an ovate base, at first bright red. - Yields a gum resin manufactured into a varnish. 2. D. nervosa, Thwaites Enum. 35 ; leaves oblong elliptic or ovate caudate-acuminate base rounded lateral nerves prominent beneath ascending, pedicels about equalling the calyx. A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 627. Ceylon ; Ekualagodde near Ratnapoora, Thwaites. A large tree ; branchlets dichotomously divided with rather pale brown bark transversely rugose on the ultimate twigs when dry. Leaves 3 1/2-4 1/2 by 1 1/2-2 in., lateral nerves about 9 pairs; petiole 1/2 in. Panicle 2 in., racemose, 3-6-flowered. Flowers 5/8 in. diam. ; pedicels 1/5 in. decurved, then erect. Outermost calyx-segments oblong, obtuse, glabrous, scarcely varnished. Winged fruiting calyx- segments 1-1 1/2 in., oblong or oblanceolate, tip rounded, base narrow, gibbous. 3. D. affinis, Thwaites Enum. 35; leaves oblong caudate-acuminate base rounded lateral nerves inconspicuous ascending, pedicels about equalling the calyx. A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 627. Ceylon ; between Ratnapoora and Galle, at no great elevation, Thwaites. Branchlets dichotomously divided, brown barked. Leaves 2-3 by 1-1 1/4 in., lateral nerves about 6 pairs, midrib channelled above ; petiole 1/2 in. Panicle 1 1/2-2 in., peduncled, subcorymbose, 6-9-flowered ; pedicels 1/8 in., at first decurved. Outermost calyx-segments oblong, obtuse, glabrous, scarcely varnished. Fruit unknown. - This description does not completely agree with that of Thwaites; it is drawn up from specimens distributed as D. nervosa β C.P. 3712 and referred subsequently (Enum. 402) to this species. 4. D. trapezifolia, Thwaites Enum. 35; leaves rhomboid-lanceolate gradually caudate-acuminate base obtuse lateral nerves inconspicuous spreading, pedicels exceeding the calyx. A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 627. Ceylon ; Central and Southern provinces ; common, ascending to 1500 ft., Thwaites, &c. A large tree ; branchlets much divided, bark brown with minute pale warts. Leaves 2 1/2-3 1/2 by 1-1 1/4 in., opaque, midrib slightly channelled above, lateral nerves about 12; petiole 1/2 in. Panicle about 1 1/2 in., racemose, about 6-flowered. Flowers 1/2 in. diam.; pedicels 1/4 in. erect. Outermost calyx-segments oblong-lanceolate, obtuse. Nut 3/4 in. page 312 long; winged fruiting calyx-segments 2 in., linear-lanceolate, obtuse, glaucous, base shorter than the nut, ovate.5. D. congestiflora, Thwaites Enum. 35; leaves ovate-lanceolate gradually acuminate base rounded, flowers very shortly pedicelled in dense peduncled panicles. A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 627. Ceylon ; Hinidoon and Pasdoon Corles, Thwaites. A large tree ; branchlets with pale minutely warted bark. Leaves 3-4 1/2 by 1 1/2-2 in., firm, midrib slightly channelled above, prominent beneath, lateral nerves about 9 pairs, scarcely conspicuous, ascending, curved. Peduncle 1 in. Flowers 1/2 in. diam., pink ; pedicels 1/12 in. or less. Outermost calyx-segments oblong, obtuse, opaque. Petals scarcely puberulous, margins ciliolate. Nut 3/4 in. ; winged fruiting calyx-segments 2 in., linear-oblanceolate, obtuse. 6. D. Gardneri, Thwaites Enum. 35 ; leaves long-petioled ovate acuminate base rounded, pedicels shorter than the calyx deflexed. Beddome Flor. Sylvat. t. 98 ; A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 628. Ceylon ; Central province between 3-5000 ft.. Walker, &c. A large tree ; branchlets much divided, slightly flexuose, with smooth purplish brown bark. Leaves 2-3 1/4 by 1 1/4-1 3/4 in., lateral nerves about 10 pairs, ascending, inconspicuous, midrib channelled above, prominent beneath ; petiole 3/4-1 in. Panicle 2 1/2-4 in. racemose. Flowers 3/4 in. diam., pinkish ; pedicels 1/8 in. Outermost calyx-segments deltoid-oblong, obtuse, shining. Winged fruiting calyx-segments 1 1/2 in., linear-oblanceolate obtuse ; base dilated gibbous, equalling the immature nut. 7. D. cordifolia, Thwaites Enum. 35; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong shortly caudate-acuminate rounded or cordate at the base, midrib elevated above, lateral nerves prominent beneath. A. DC. Prodr. xvi 2, 628. Ceylon ; Pasdoon Corle and Ambagamowa, at no great elevation, Thwaites. A large tree ; branchlets much divided, flexuose, with dark-coloured bark. Leaves 4-6 by 1 1/2-2 1/4 in., lateral nerves about 10 pairs, ascending, curved; petiole 1/3 in., transversely rugose. Flowers unknown. - The terminal buds appear to be frequently converted into a curious strobiliform gall resulting from the production of a multitude of small imperfectly developed leaves. 8. D. macrophylla, Thwaites Enum. 402 ; leaves large oblong obtusely acuminate base rounded, pedicels about equalling the calyx. A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 627. Ceylon ; Hinidoon Pattoo, Thwaites. A large tree ; branchlets with pale brown striately rugose bark. Leaves 6 1/2-8 by 2 1/2-3 in., pale beneath ; midrib channelled above, prominent beneath, lateral nerves about 15 pairs, parallel. Panicle 4-7 in., racemose. Pedicels 1/4 in., deflexed. Calyx-segments elliptic, glabrous. Petals 1/3 in., elliptic, canescent externally. Anthers 1/6 in. long, appendage about 1/25 in. Fruit unknown. 9. D. ovalifolia, Thwaites Enum. 402 ; leaves ovate obtusely caudate-acuminate base rounded lateral nerves inconspicuous above prominent beneath ascending, pedicels equalling the calyx. A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 628. Ceylon ; Saffragam district, Thwaites. A large tree; branchlets dichotomously divided, somewhat flexuose, with dark brown bark. Leaves 1 1/2-2 1/2 by 3/4-1 1/4 in. ; lateral nerves about 8 pairs ; petiole 1/4 in. Panicles racemose, axillary or terminal, few-flowered, shorter than or equal to the leaves. Pedicels deflexed. page 313 30. D. venulosa, Thwaites Enum. 402 ; leaves oblong or ovate-oblong obtusely abruptly acuminate with close and prominent venation above. A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 628. Ceylon ; south of the Island, Thwaites. A large tree ; branchlets turning black when dry. Leaves 2-3 by 1-1 1/2 in. ; lateral nerves about 7 pairs ; petiole 1/4-3/4 in. - I have taken these particulars from Thwaites as I have seen no specimens. 8. VATERIA, Linn. Glabrous tomentose or furfuraceous resinous trees. Leaves entire, firm or leathery, feather-veined ; stipules deciduous or inconspicuous, rarely large and persistent. Flowers in terminal lax corymbose or lateral racemose panicles, or 1-3 on axillary peduncles. Calyx as in Shorea. Stamens 15, rarely about 50 ; anthers linear or oblong, connective rarely prolonged or minutely apiculate, external valves equal, or longer, or longer and broader and rolled inwards at the apex. Ovary as in Shorea. Capsule ovoid or globose, leathery or fleshy, 1-seeded, indehiscent, or 3-valved, supported by the reflexed scarcely accrescent calyx. Cotyledons large, fleshy, unequal, usually lobed, inclosing the superior radicle. - Distrib. of Shorea ; species about 17. - A. De Candolle transfers the section Stemonoporus, which is endemic in Ceylon, to Vatica. The species, however, have an imbricate calyx which in fruit completely agrees with that of Vateria. Sect. I. Poenoe. A. DC. Stamens about 50 ; anther-cells adnate to the apex of the acuminate connective, external valves much the longer. 1. V. indica, L. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 602 ; Cor. PI. iii. t. 288 ; W. & A. Prodr. 84 ; Wight III. i. 88, t. 36 ; Wall. Cat. 3670 ; Gaertn. f. Fruct. iii. 29, t. 4. V. malabarica, Blume Mus. Bot. ii. 29 ; A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 624 ; Beddome Fl. Sylvat. t. 84. - Rheede Hort. Mal iv. t. 15. Western Peninsula ; from Canara to Travancor, Wight, &c. A large tree ; young branchlets and inflorescence stellately canescent. Leaves 5-8 by 2 1/2-3 1/2 in., oblong or elliptic-oblong, obtuse or minutely acuminate, base rounded or eraarginate, lateral nerves 14 pairs, slender; petiole 1 1/2 in.; stipules 1/2 in., obliquely lanceolate, acute. Panicle 6-8 in., terminal, loosely corymbose, branches spreading. Flowers 3/4 in. diam., 1-ranked, erect; pedicels 1/2 in. Calyx- segments lanceolate, obtuse, canescent on both surfaces. Petals elliptic-oblong, obtuse, white. Anthers glabrous. (Capsule 2 1/2 by 1 1/2 in., oblong, obtuse, coriaceous, fleshy, 3-valved. Roxh.) - Linnaeus clearly intended his name Vateria indica to apply to Rheede's plant. He identified with this an imperfect specimen in the 4th volume of Hermann's Herbarium now in the British Museum. What appears to be this specimen is perhaps indeterminable, but certainly does not belong to Dipterocarpeae. The evidence appears to show that V. acuminata, Hayne, was unknown to Linnaeus, and has therefore no claims to be identified with V. indica. Sect. II. Hemiphractum. Turcz. Stamens about 50; anther-cells distinct at the apex, acuminate, valves equal, connective not prolonged. 2. V. acuminata, Hayne Arzn. xi. 5 ; A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2 (not of Thw.). V. indica, Thwaites Enum. 37 ; Beddome Flor. Sylvat. t. 84 ; Blume Mus. Bot. ii. 29, t. 4 (not of L.). Elaeocarpus copalliferus, Retz. Obs. iv. 27. Hemiphractum oxyandrum, Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1859, i. 262. Ceylon ; common in the hotter parts of the Island, ascending to 2000 ft., Thwaites. A large handsome tree ; young branches and inflorescence densely covered with page 314 short caducous ferruginous hairs. Leaves 6-8 by 3 in., elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, shortly acuminate, base rounded, lateral nerves about 20 pairs, stout; petiole 1 1/2 in.; stipules 3/4-1 in., linear-deltoid, attenuate. Panicle terminal, 8 in., loosely corymbose; bracteoles 1/3 in., ovate, obtuse. Flowers 1 in. diam., 1-ranked, erect; pedicels 1/2 in. Calyx ferruginous without, canescent within. Petals orbicular, acute, white. Anthers puberulous. (Fruit 4 in, long by 2 1/2-3 in. broad. - Yields a green resin, used in Cingalese superstitious ceremonies. Thwaites.)Sect. III. Stemonoporus, Thwaites. Stamens 15 ; anthers with the external valves longer, broader and foiled inwards at the apex. * Inflorescence panicled. 3. V. ceylanica, Wight III. i. 88 ; leaves elliptic or oblong apiculate or retuse base rounded or slightly acute. V. Wightii, Thwaites Enum. 403. Vatica Wightii, A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 620. Stemonoporus Wightii, Thwaites Enum. 37. Ceylon ; forests between Galle and Ratnapoora, and near Palmadoolla, Thwaites. A large tree; young branches glabrous. Leaves 5-11 by 3-5 1/2 in, both surfaces pale, glabrous; lateral nerves 21 pairs, spreading ; petiole 2 1/2 in. Panicles 3 in. long, lateral. Flowers fully 1 in. diam. Calyx glabrescent. Petals elliptic, obtuse, sulphur-yellow. Stamens with dilated slightly connate filaments ; anthers puberulous, connective with a short acute apex. Style subulate, acute. - I believe this to be the plant intended by Wight. The only sheet in his herbarium with this name has clearly been ticketed in error ; it bears the inflorescence of V. acuminata and the foliage of some indeterminate plant. 4. V. Gardneri, Thwaites Enum. 403 ; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate base rounded or cordate. Vatica Gardneri, A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 622. Stemonoporus Gardneri, Thwaites in Hook. Journ. of Bot. 1854, 68, t. 2 A. Ceylon; Rambodde, Gardner ; Adams Peak, Thwaites. A large tree; young parts faintly puberulous. Leaves 3-5 by 2-2 1/2 in., lateral nerves about 10 pairs, ascending; petiole about 3/4 in. Panicles about 2 in. long, numerous, collected towards the ends of the brunches, 5-7-flowered. Flowers 3/4 in. diam. ; pedicels 1/4 in., decurved. Calyx-segments glabrous, ovate, acute. Petals broadly ovate, white. Stamens connate at the base ; external valves of the anthers rolled inwards at the apex, connective not prolonged. Style acute. Fruit globose, 1 in. diam. 5. V. jucunda, Thwaites ms. ; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate gradually acuminate base rounded. V. acuminata, Thwaites Enum. 403. (not of Hayne). Vatica acuminata, A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 622. Ceylon ; Madamahanewera, Ambagamowa, and Badalla districts, Thwaites. A large tree ; young branches reddish-brown, glabrous. Leaves 4-7 by 3/4-2 in., midrib very stout, lateral nerves about 12 pairs, ascending. Panicles 2 1/2 in. long, lateral, racemose, puberulous. Flowers 3/4 in. diam. Calyx-segments lanceolate, acute. Petals lanceolate, acute, pale yellow. Stamens and style as in V. Gardneri. - Mature fruit unknown. ** Peduncles few flowered. 6. V. affinis, Thwaites Enum. 403 ; leaves ovate-oblong caudate-acuminate base rounded lateral nerves depressed when dry. Stemonoporus affinis, Thwaites in Hook. Journ. Bot. 1854, 68 ; Enum. 38. Vatica Thwaitesii, A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 621. Ceylon ; Hunasgiria district, alt. 4000ft., Thwaites. A large tree. Leaves 3-4 1/2 by 1 1/4-2 in., glabrous, opaque, glaucescent above, scabrid beneath ; lateral nerves about 10 pairs, intervening spaces irregularly bullate page 315 when dry; petiole 3/4 in., slender. Peduncles 1/3 in., axillary, usually 1-flowered. Calyx-segments subacute, hoary externally.7. V. lanceolata, Thwaites Enum. 403 ; leaves elliptic-oblong shortly caudate-acuminate base acute midrib slightly prominent above lateral and transverse nerves depressed when dry. Stemonoporus lanceolatus, Thwaites Enum. 38. Vatica lanceolata, A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 621. Ceylon; near Ratnapoora, Thwaites. A small tree; young parts glabrescent. Leaves 5 1/2-7 1/2 by 2-3 in., glabrous above, glabrescent beneath, lateral nerves about 8 pairs, prominent beneath; petiole 3/4-1 in., stout, channelled. Peduncles 1/4 in., slightly supra-axillary, 1-flowered. Petals 1/4 in. long, elliptic, obtuse, pale yellow. Calyx-segments in fruit linear, acute. 8. V. canaliculata, Thwaites Enum. 403 ; leaves elliptic-oblong obtusely acuminate base obtuse or acute midrib channelled above lateral nerves in shallow depressions when dry with intramarginal connecting loops. Stemonoporus canaliculatus, Thwaites Enum. 38. Vatica canaliculata, A. DC. Prodr. xvi 2, 621. Ceylon; Hinidoon and Reigam Corles, Thwaites. A moderate-sized tree ; young parts and petioles striate, scabrous. Leaves 2 1/2-4 1/2 by 1 1/4-1 3/4 in., glabrous and opaque above, scabrous beneath, lateral nerves about 10 pairs, prominent beneath ; petiole 1-1 1/4 in., thickened at the apex. Peduncles 1/12 in., axillary, about 3-flowered. Calyx-segments oblong, obtuse, densely pubescent externally, buff-coloured. Anthers linear-lanceolate, minutely apiculate, puberulous. Fruit 1-1 1/4 in. diam., 1/2 in. deep, flattened-spheroidal, pale chocolate-coloured, mottled. 9. V. petiolaris, Thwaites Enum. 403 ; leaves oblong or elliptic-oblong shortly acuminate base rounded or subacute midrib elevated above, lateral nerves weak, petiole 1 1/2-3 in. Stemonoporus petiolaris, Thwaites Enum. 38. Vatica petiolaris, A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 621. Ceylon ; at Kittool Galle, Thwaites. A moderate-sized tree ; young parts and petioles scarcely scabrous. Leaves 6-10 by 2-2 3/4 in., glabrous above, scabrous beneath, lateral nerves about 12 pairs. Peduncles 1/4 in., axillary, 1-3-flowered. Calyx-segments ovate-oblong, obtuse. Anthers lanceolate, minutely apiculate, puberulous. 10. V. rigida, Thwaites Enum. 403 ; leaves obovate emarginate base acute or narrowly elliptic obtuse base rounded midrib slightly elevated above very stout beneath lateral nerves depressed when dry. Stemonoporus rigidus, Thwaites Enum. 38. Vatica rigida, A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 621. Ceylon ; Ambagaraowa district, alt. about 3000 ft., Thwaites. A large tree ; young parts petioles and under-surface of the leaves minutely scabrous. Leaves 3 1/2-5 1/2 by 1 3/4 in., glabrescent and opaque above ; lateral nerves about 10 ; petiole 1/2-3/4 in. Peduncles very short, axillary, about 3-flowered. Flowers 3/4 in. diam. Calyx-segments oblong, obtuse. Petals elliptic, subacute. Anthers linear-lanceolate, with a broad retuse apex, minutely hairy puberulous. 11. V. oblongifolia, Thwaites Enum. 403 ; leaves elliptic-oblong subacuminate base rounded midrib and lateral nerves slightly elevated above. Stemonoporus oblongifolius, Thwaites Enum. 38. Vatica oblonga, A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 621. Ceylon; Ambagamowa district, alt. about 4000 ft., Thwaites. A large tree; young parts tawny pulverulent-scabrous. Leaves 3-5 by 1 3/4-2 1/2 in. , glabrous on .both surfaces, midrib stout and prominent beneath ; petiole 3/4 in. Peduncles page 316 about 1/3 in., 1-4-flowered, crowded at the ends of the lateral shoots. Calyx-segments elliptic, subacute. Petals obovate, obtuse. Anthers linear-oblong, obtusely apiculate, puberulous. Fruit 1/2 in. diam., globose, 3-sulcate, pale brown, minutely wrinkled.12. V. reticulata, Thwaites Enum. 403 ; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong leathery acuminate base rounded shining above lateral nerves inconspicuous. Stemonoporus reticulatus, Thwaites Enum. 38. Vatica reticulata, A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 620. Ceylon; Hinidoon Corle, alt. about 1000 ft., Thwaites. A moderate sized tree ; young parts pulverulent. Leaves 2 1/2-3 1/2 by 1 1/4-2 1/4 in., opaque, midrib prominent and minutely reticulate beneath, lateral nerves 9 pairs; petiole 1 1/4 in. Peduncles axillary, 1-2-flowered. Flowers 3/4 in. diam. Calyx-segments lanceolate, glabrous, acute. Petals broadly elliptic, acute. Anthers linear, minutely apiculate, hairy-pubescent. Fruit 1 1/4 in. long, ovoid, acute, 3-sulcate, brown, minutely verrucose. 13. V. nitida, Thwaites Enum. 403; leaves lanceolate or ovate caudate-acuminate base rounded shining above opaque beneath midrib and lateral nerves inconspicuously prominent above. Stemonoporus nitidus, Thwaites Enum. 39. Vatica nitida, A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 622. CEYLON ; Pasdoon Corle, Thwaites. A moderate-sized tree ; twigs white-barked, with black verruculae, young parts dark brown, glabrescent. Leaves 3-4 by 1 1/4-1 1/2 in., midrib prominent beneath, lateral nerves 6 pairs, slender; petiole 1/3 in. Peduncles few-flowered. Calyx-segments lanceolate, acute. Petals elliptic, acute, yellowish. Anthers linear, minutely apiculate, puberulous. - The number of stamens proves this not to belong to Monoporandra, as A. De CandoUe appears to think probable, no doubt from its resemblance to M. lancifolia, which appears to be nothing more than a variety. Var. lancifolia, Thwaites Enum. 404 (sp.) ; leaves 2 1/2-3 1/4 by 3/4-1 in., tapering-acuminate, fruit about 1 by 3/4 in. ovoid pale brown minutely mottled. Monoporanda lancifolia, Thwaites Enum. 39; A. DC. Prod. xvi. 2, 637. - Hellessee and Pasdoon Corle, Thwaites. - The 15 stamens prove this to belong to Vateria. 14. V. Moonii, Thwaites Enum. 403,: leaves linear-lanceolate base tapering nerves hairy on both surfaces wlien young ultimately glabrous. Stemonoporas ? Moonii, Thwaites Enum. 39. Vatica Moonii, A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 622. Ceylon; Maturatte? Moon. Young parts and petioles densely fulvous-tomentose, ultimately glabrescent or pulverulous. Leaves 6-10 by 1-2 in., papery, midrib prominent beneath, lateral nerves about 20 pairs, curved upwards, rather slender, with weaker ones intervening ; petiole 1 in. Stipules 3/4-1 in. distinct, linear-lanceolate, rigid, persistent. Peduncles 1- flowered, in the axils of fallen leaves. - Somewhat resembling Vatica scabriuscula in habit, but differing from other species of Vateria. Thwaites, however, by an analysis of the flower, has determined it to belong to Stemonoporas. 9. MONOPORANDRA, Thwaites. Glabrescent or puberulous, much branched, moderate-sized trees. Leaves entire, firm, feather-veined ; stipules small, deciduous or inconspicuous. Flowers moderate-sized on small, few or many flowered axillary peduncles. Calyx as in Vateria. Stamens 5 ; anthers as in Vateria sect. Stemonoporus., minutely apiculate. Ovary 2-celled, cells 2-ovuled. Fruit globose, leathery, indehiscent, 1-seeded, supported by the reflexed scarcely accrescent calyx. Cotyledons fleshy, unequal, radicle superior. - Distrib. Endemic in Ceylon ; species 2. According to Bentbam and Hooker, and also Baillon, Monoporandra page 317 does not differ from the Stemonoporus section of Valeria (with which genus Thwaites now unites it) except in the number of stamens. Thwaites however figured and described the ovary as 2-celled, and from the examination of M. cordifolia I find this to be correct.1. M. cordifolia, Thwaites in Hook. Journ. Bot. vi. (1854) 70 ; Enum. 39 ; leaves ovate shortly caudate-acuminate base cordate or rounded midrib and lateral nerves depressed above, panicles about 1 in. many-flowered. A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 237. Vateria cordifolia, Thwaites Enum. 404. Ceylon ; Ambagamowa and Saffragam districts, elevation about 3000 ft, Thwaites. A moderate-sized much branched tree ; young parts puberulous or glabrescent. Leaves 2-4 1/2 by 1-2 1/4 in,, glabrous on both surfaces, opaque above, lateral nerves about 7 pairs ; petiole 1/3-1 in., tumid at the apex. Flowers drooping, yellow. Calyx-segments lanceolate, acute. Fruit the size of a pea, brown, mottled. 2. M. elegans, Thwaites in Hook. Journ. Bot. vi. (1854) 69, t. 2 B ; Enum. 39 ; leaves elliptic abruptly and slenderly caudate-acuminate midrib depressed lateral nerves prominent above, peduncles 1-4-flowered about 3/4 in. A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 2, 636. Vateria elegans. Thwaites Enum. 404. Ceylon ; Saffragam district, alt. about 2000 ft., Thwaites. A moderate-sized tree; young parts glabrescent. Leaves 2 1/2-3 by 3/4-1 in., base obtuse or rounded, lateral nerves about 10 pairs ; petiole 1/3 in. Calyx- segments linear-lanceolate. Petals oblong, obtuse, pale-yellow. Anthers lanceolate, pulverulent. Fruit globose, 5/12 in. diam., with a drooping peduncle. An imperfect fruiting specimen of a large tree collected by Major Beddome in South Tinnivelly and there called Karanyongoo, appears to belong to a new genus intermediate between Pachynocarpus and Vatica. - Twigs brown barked, with minute white spots. Leaves 3 1/2-4 1/2 by 1 1/4-1 1/2 in., lanceolate, obtuse, entire, lateral nerves 10 pairs, scarcely prominent; petiole about 1/2 in. Flowers in short terminal or axillary puberulous panicles ; pedicels 1/8 in. Calyx-tube very short, segments 1/3 in., ovate, minutely acuminate, thickened, with numerous minute pale warts externally. Capsule 2/3 in. diam., nearly globose, apiculate, glabrous, striate. Seed solitary ; cotyledons fleshy, deeply 2-fid, enclosing the superior radicle. Order XXVI. MALVACEAE. (By Maxwell T. Masters, F.R.S.) Herbs, shrubs or rarely soft-wooded trees, with mucilaginous rarely acid juice, and tenacious inner bark ; herbaceous portions generally more or less densely covered with stellate hairs. Leaves alternate, palminerved, simple lobed or rarely compound. Stipules free, sometimes caducous. Bracteoles 3 or more, scattered or approximate, free or combined, often forming an epicalyx. Flowers axillary or terminal, solitary fascicled or cymoso-paniculate, regular, hermaphrodite or 1-sexual. Sepals 5, valvate, free or connate. Petals 5, twisted-imbricate. Stamens ∞ , rarely definite, adnate to the base of the petals ; filaments monadelphous, forming a tube, rarely a column ; anthers oblong or reniform, cells sinuous or twisted, linear or annular, ultimately 1-celled, bursting longitudinally; pollen globose, granular, niuriculate. Ovary 2- many-celled, entire, or lobed, of 2-5 or usually more carpels whorled round a central axis ; styles connate below or throughout their length ; stigmas linear peltate spathulate or capitate ; ovules 1 or more, curved, attached to the inner angle of each carpel. Fruit of dry indehiscent or dehiscent cocci, or capsular and loculicidal, sometimes large and woody. Seeds reniform or obovid, glabrous hairy silky or woolly; page 818 albumen scanty often mucilaginous or ; embryo curved ; cotyledons leafy, usually folded or crumpled. - Distrib. Abundant in warm regions, common in temperate, absent from arctic. Genera 57, known species about 700, largely represented in India. A few genera are peculiar to India or the Archipelago, and some of the species are also endemic.A. Androecium tubular ; tube entire, or but slightly divided at the apex. Tribe I. Malveae. Herbs or shrubs. Ripe carpels separating from the axis. Styles as many as the carpels. Ovules solitary, ascending.
Ovules solitary, pendulous.
Ovules 2 or more.
Tribe II. Ureneae. Styles or stigmatic branches twice as many as the carpels.
Tribe III. Hibisceae. Herbs or shrubs. Fruit capsular. Sepals leafy. Staminal-tube truncate or 5-toothed at the apex. Stigmas spreading. Seeds reniform.
Stigmas coherent in a club-shaped mass.
B. Androecium either tubular at the base only, and divided above into pentadelphous filaments (rarely tubular higher up) ; or divided throughout into filaments. Tribe IV. Bombaceae. Trees. Sepals leathery. Styles connate or free. Fruit capsular or indehiscent.
page 319
1. ALTHAEA, Linn. Herbs pubescent or villous, erect or decumbent. Leaves more or less deeply divided, rarely entire. Flowers peduncled, axillary, solitary or fascicled, often in long terminal racemes. Bracteoles 6-9, connate at the base. Anther-valves subglobose or linear. Ovary many-celled; styles filiform, inner surface stigmatose ; ovules 1 in each cell. Carpels numerous, ultimately separating from a short torus. Seed solitary in each carpel, ascending. - Distrib. Temperate regions, rare in the tropics ; known, species about 12. Althaea rosea, L., the common Holly-hock, is often cultivated in Indian Gardens : it is A. coromandelina, Cav., and A. chinensis, Wall. Cat. 2689. 1. A. Ludwigii, L. ; DC. Prodr. 1. 437 ; annual, hispid, prostrate or ascending, leaves deeply lobed lobes 3-fid, flowers shortly peduncled few or tufted, anther- valves subglobose, carpels glabrous. Cav. Ic 423; Boiss. Flor. Orient. i. 824. Malva malwensis, Edgew. in Hook. Journ. Bot. ii. 284. North Western India, the Panjab, and Sindh. - Distrib. Western Asia and the Mediterranean region ; S. Africa. Stem 6-12. in high, slender, branching. Leaves long-petioled, orbicular, 5-7-lobed, lobes wedge-shaped. Bracteoles 7-9, as long as the calyx. Flowers whitish, 1/2-3/4 in. diam. Petals exceeding the lanceolate sepals. Carpels wrinkled at the sides. 2. A. officinalis, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 436 ; perennial, uniformly downy, leaves ovate simple or slightly lobed, flowers peduncled in axillary clusters, bracteoles linear-lanceolate, anther-valves subglobose. Boiss. Flor. Orient. i. 825. Kashmir, Jacquemont, &c. - Distrib. Westward to England. Stem erect, 2-3 ft. Leaves ovoid, annular, base scarcely cordate, unequally toothed ; stipules linear-subulate. Flowers 1-2 in. diam., rosy. Bracteoles half the length of the sepals. - The Marsh Mallow, which yields Guimauve. Var. taurinensis ; not so densely downy as the type, flowers comparatively few. A. taurinensis, DC. Prodr. i. 436. 2. LAVATERA, Linn. Herbs with branching downy stems. Leaves lobed. Flowers peduncled, axillary. Bracteoles 3, connate at the base. Ovary many-celled; styles filiform, inner surface stigmatose; ovules 1 in each cell. Ripe carpels numerous, surrounding a prominent conical toras, from which they ultimately separate. Seed solitary, ascending. - DISTRIB. Chiefly Mediterranean ; one is Australian, two are Canarian. 1. L. Kashmiriana, Camb. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 29, t. 32. Kashmir, Jacquemont, &c. A branching downy herb. Lower leaves with petioles as long as the blade, orbicular, cordate, 5-lobed, lobes crenate nearly glabrous above, downy beneath, upper with petiole shorter than the blade, 3-5 lobed, lobes acute, central longest; stipules linear-lanceolate. page 320 Peduncles about equalling the leaves. Bracteoles 3, broadly ovate, acute, combined at the base. Sepals lanceolate, longer than the bracteoles. Corolla 3 in. diam., pink ; petals cuneate, deeply 2-fid. Staminal column villous. Carpels reniform, smooth, shorter than the projecting torus.3. MALVA, Linn. Downy herbs. Leaves lobed. Flowers in axillary tufts. Bracteoles 3, distinct. Sepals 5, connate at the base. Petals emarginate, connate at the extreme base. Staminal-tube antheriferous to the top, without sterile teeth. Ovary many-celled ; styles as many as the carpels, stigmas linear ; ovules 1 in each cell Ripe carpels 1-seeded, indehiscent, separating from a short conical torus. Seed ascending. - Distrib. Temperate regions of the Old World. Species about 16 ; many are widely diffused by cultivation, &c. None of the Indian species are endemic 1. M. verticillata, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 433; an erect annual or perennial, pubescent, flowers nearly sessile in dense axillary clusters. Wall. Cat. 1879, 1884, 3, 4. M. neilgherrensis, Wight lc. t. 950. M. alchemillaefolia, Wall. Cat. 1884, d. Temperate Himalaya, ascending to 6-12,000 ft., from Assam and Sikkim to Kumaon and Lahul ; Nilghiris Mts., in corn fields, Wight. - Distrib. Europe, Abyssinia, Egypt, Amoor land, China. Stem blanched, 2-4 ft. high. Leaves cordate, suborbicular, 5-6-lobed, downy ; petiole 6-7 in. Flowers small, nearly sessile, densely crowded. Bracteoles linear. Sepals deltoid lanceolate. Petals notched, slightly longer than the sepals. Carpels 10-12, enclosed within the accrescent calyx, netted on the sides, prominently ribbed at the back. 2. M. silvestris, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 432 ; an erect nearly glabrous herb, peduncles as long or longer than the flowers erect or ascending. Boiss. Flor. Orient, i. 819. Western Temperate HIMALAYA, from Kumaon, alt. 2500 ft., to Kashmir and the Panjab. - Distrib. Europe, N. Africa, Siberia. Annual, 1-3 ft. high. Leaves cordate, rounded, lobed; petiole 4-5 in. Peduncles , about 1 in. Bracteoles ovate, entire, shorter than the bell-shaped calyx. Corolla 1 1/2 in. diam. Petals notched, claw-bearded. Carpels reticulated, downy or glabrous. Var. 1. mauritiana; carpels reticulated, glabrous. M. mauritiuna, DC Prodr, i. 432, Cav. Diss.ii. 25, f. 2 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 181 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 45 ; Wall. Cat. 1877; Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 819. - Bengal, Western Peninsula. M. ciliata, Wall. Cat. 1878. Var. 2. eriocarpa, Boissier Fl. Orient, i. 819 ; carpels reticulated downy. - Himalaya. 3. M. rotundifolia, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 433 ; a spreading herb, slightly downy, peduncles deflexed after flowering, claw of petal bearded. Wall. Cat. 1885 ; Boiss. Flor. Orient, i. 820. M. vulgaris, Fries. Novrit. 219. North-West Provinces ; Kumaon and Sindh. - Distrib. Europe, W. Asia. A much branched herb, sparingly villous. Leaves suborbicular, lobed, crenate ; petiole 6-7 in. Peduncles 1 1/2 in. Bracteoles lanceolate half the length of the broadly lanceshaped sepals. Corolla 1 in. diam. Petals wedge-shaped, notched, twice the length of the sepals. Ripe carpels downy, flat or wrinkled. Var. 1. borealis ; petals scarcely exceeding the sepals, carpels prominently wrinkled and netted, M. rotundifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 181 ; M. borealis, Wallm. ex Boiss, Flor. Orient, i, 820 ; M. rotundifolia var. β, W. & A. Prod. i. 45 ; Wall. Cat. 1884, e, f ; M. parvifiora, Huds. not of Linn. - Bengal, Mysore. Var. 2. reticulata ; petals exceeding the calyx; carpels glabrous, wrinkled, M. rotundifolia, var. a, W. & A. Prodr. i, 45 ; Wall, Cat. 1884, e. - Bengal, North- West Himalaya, alt. 1-2000 ft. page 321 4. M. parviflora, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 433 ; a spreading herb, slightly downy, peduncles spreading after flowering, claw of petal glabrous. Boiss. Flor. Orient, i. 820. North-West Himalaya, alt. 1-2000 ft., Upper Bengal, Sindh and the Panjab. - Distrib. Europe, the Levant, Arabia, Nubia. A comparatively small spreading herb. Leaves roundish, obsoletely lobed ; peduncles short. Bracteoles linear. Sepals broad, acute. Petals notched, scarcely exceeding the sepals. Carpels wrinkled. 3.* MALVASTRUM, A. Gray. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves entire or divided. Inflorescence axillary or terminal. Bracteoles 3, narrow. Calyx cup-shaped, 5-parted. Petals longer than the sepals. Staminal-tube antheriferous to the summit, with no sterile teeth. Ovary 5- or more-celled; styles as many as the carpels, stigmas capitate. Ripe carpels separating from a short torus, indehiscent, 1-seeded, beaked or not. Seed ascending. - Distrib. About 60 species, all American and S. African except 2, which are widely distributed throughout the tropics of both hemispheres. M. TRICUSPIDATUM, A. Gray PI. Wright, 16 ; hairs simple, carpels with three small projecting points. Malva tricuspidata, Ait. ; DC. Prodr. i. 430. Various parts of Bengal and Madras, introduced. - Distrib. Tropics of both hemispheres and Australia. An erect branching herb, 2-3 ft. high. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, irregularly toothed, feather-veined. Petiole 1 1/4 in. Peduncles 1/4-1/2 in. Bracteoles narrow. Calyx campanulate, 5-fid, lobes triangular acute. Petals yellow. Carpels 8-12, reniform. M. SPICATUM, A. Gray PI. Fendler, 22; hairs stellate, carpels rounded or angular not beaked. Malva spicata, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 430. Various parts of India, introduced; Mergui, Griffith. - Distrib. Tropics of both hemispheres. All erect herb, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves ovate, acute, crenate-serrate, sometimes lobed. Flowers in a dense terminal leafy spike. Bracteoles narrow. Sepals acuminate. Petals yellow. Carpels 8-12, pubescent. 3.** ANODA, Cav. Hispid herbs. Leaves hastate-lobed. Flowers on long axillary peduncles. Bracteoles 0. Calyx 5-parted, segments spreading. Petals 5. Staminal-tube dividing into numerous filaments at the top. Ovary many-celled ; styles as many as the cells of the ovary ; ovules 1 in each cell. Ripe carpels separating from the axis, bursting irregularly, 1-seeded. - Distrib. An American genus of 8 species, not indigenous in India. A. HASTATA, L. ; DC Prodr. i. 458 ; thinly clothed with appressed hairs, leaves ovate-cordate hastate 5-lobed, lobes deltoid central one longest. Various places in North-Western India and the Western Peninsula, but not indigenous - Distrib. W. Indies, &c. A herb 2-3 ft. high, thinly beset with appressed hairs. Leaves 2-3 in. ; petioles 1 1/2 in. Stipules linear, 1/2 in. long. Peduncles 4 in., 1-flowered. Flowers 1 1/2 in. diam. Sepals 5, broadly ovate, acute, spreading, connate at the base into a shallow tube. Petals purple, longer than the sepals. page 322 4. SIDA, Linn. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves simple or lobed. Bracteoles 0. Calyx of 5 valvate sepals, tubular below. Corolla of 5 petals, free above, connate below and adnate to the tube of the stamens. Staminal-tube dividing at the summit into numerous anther-bearing filaments. Carpels 5 or more, whorled; styles as many as the carpels, stigmas terminal. Ripe carpels separating from the axis, generally 2-awned at the summit, and dehiscing irregularly or by a small chink. Seed solitary, pendulous or horizontal ; radicle superior. - DISTRIB. A genus of about 80 species, most of them being tropical weeds. * Herbaceous often trailing. 1. S. humilis, Willd. ; DC. Prodr. i. 463; a trailing herb, leaves suborbicular-cordate acute serrate slightly hairy, carpels 5 sometimes awned. Cav. Diss. v. t. 134, f. 2; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 171 ; Thwaites Enum. 28; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 17; Wall. Cat. 1854, 1, 2, 3, D ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 59 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 140. S. unilocularis, L'Her. Stirp. t. 56. S. pilosa, Retz, not of Cav. ex W. & A. I.c.; Wall.Cat. 1854, E. S. radicans, Wall. Cat. 1854 G. S. multicaulis, Cav. Diss, i. 10, t. 1, f. 6 ; DC. I.c. S. nervosa, Wall. Cat. 1853, not of DC. Generally distributed throughout the hotter parts of India. Distrib. Tropical Africa and America. Very variable. Stem usually procumbent, branching, covered, like the leaves, with a few scattered radiating hairs ; petiole rather shorter than the blade. Peduncles jointed in the middle, distant or arranged in a loose raceme Flowers axillary, solitary or twin. Calyx-segments triangular, very acute. Corolla straw-coloured, scarcely exceeding the calyx. Carpels 5, muticous or shortly bicuspidate. - The specimens vary so much in quality of pubescence, length of carpellary awns, &c., that I find it difficult to determine the following varieties with accuracy. Var. 1. morifolia, Cav. Diss. i. 9, t. 1, f. 1 (sp.) ; carpels slightly mucronate. - Wall. Cat. 1853 B, E. Var. 2. veronicaefolia, Lam. Dict. n. 11 (sp.) ; carpels with two longish awns. - Cav. Diss. i. 7, t. 1, f. 3 and 5; Wall. Cat. 1853 D. 2. S. mysorensis, W. & A. Prodr. i. 59 ; herbaceous, covered with glutinous hairs, leaves cordate-ovate acuminate, peduncles shorter than the petioles, carpels 5 awned keeled. Thwaites Enum. 28. S. hirta. Wall. Cat. 1855. not of Lam. S. urticaefolia, W. & A. I.c. S. nervosa, Wall. Cat. 1853 E. S. olens, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 1874. S. glutinosa, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 97 ; Fl. Ind. iii. 172; Wall. Cat. 1855, not of Cav. S. tenax. Ham. in W. & A. Prodr. i. I.c.; Wall. Cat. 1855, E, F. ? S. radicans, Cav. Diss. i. p. 8 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 59. - Rheede Hort. Mal. x. 69. Bhotan, Tenasserim, Coromandel, Mysore, Concan, Ceylon. A herb or undershrub 1-2 ft. high. Leaves 2 1/2 by 2 in., coarsely toothed, downy beneath ; petiole 1 1/2 in. Peduncle jointed in the middle. Flowers scarcely 1/2 in. diam. - Perhaps not specifically distinct from S. humilis. ** Suffrutescent (except S. corylifolia) erect or rarely procumbent. 3. S. Schimperiana, Hochst. in Rich. Fl. Abyss, i. 66 ; perennial, shrubby, branches repeatedly forked, leaves oblong retuse base cuneate, carpels 5 subglobose beaks short connivent. Mast. in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 180. Sida cuneifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 170. Dictyocarpus truncatus, Wight in Arn. Sc. Nat. ser. 2, xi. 169; Madras Journ. Lit. & Sc. v. t. 19. Melochia truncata and Hermannia alnifolia, Wall. Cat. 1196 K. page 323 Western Peninsula; Carnatic and the Dekkan, Wight, &c. - Distrib. Abyssinia, S. Africa. A woody undershrub, with a thick rootstock. Branches intricate, decumbent or erect. Leaves 4 in., sparingly covered with stellate hairs , petiole very short. Flowers solitary, axillary, shortly petioled. Sepals 5, connate below the middle in a cup shaped tube. Petals pink. Carpels ultimately dehiscing along the inner edge. 4. S. spinosa, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 460 ; shrubby, erect, branches often with spiny tubercles below the variable leaves, which are hoary beneath, carpels 5, beaks erect. S. alba. L. ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 58 ; DC Prodr. I.c. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 174; Thwaites Enum. 28; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 17. S. retusa, Wight Cat. 195, not of Linn. S. alnifolia, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 461 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 174 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 58 ; Wall. Cat. 1873. S. glandulosa, Roxb. mss. ex W. & A. Prodr. i. l.c. S. Boriara, Wall. Cat. 1872. Hotter parts of India, from the North- West provinces to Ceylon. - Distrib. Tropics generally. Leaves about 3/4 in., ovate obovate or linear-lanceolate, obtusely serrate, base cordate, sometimes cuneate : petiole 1/2 in. Peduncles solitary or clustered, jointed near the flower, equalling or exceeding the petiole. Sepals deltoid, connate below into a cup-shaped tube. Carpels membranous, scarcely longer than the calyx. 5. S. grewioides, Guill. & Perr. Fl. Seneg. i. 71 ; a cano-tomentose undershrub, leaves oblong-ovate obtuse, calyx-tube angular, carpels 7-8 wrinkled awned, beaks connivent. Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 835 ; Mast. in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 182. North- West provinces and Sindh. - Distrib. Arabia, Tropical Africa. Leaves about 1/2 in., crenate, downy on both surfaces ; petiole shorter than the blade. Stipules linear-subulate, scarcely so long as the petiole. Peduncles solitary or twin, shorter than the petioles. Flowers yellow, small. Carpels indehiscent, or nearly so. 6. S. carpinifolia, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 460; an undershrub, leaves nearly glabrous narrow acuminate serrate, stipules linear-subulate longer than the petiole, peduncle jointed in the middle as long as the petiole, sepals triangular acute, calyx-tube siibglobose, carpels 5-9 rugose awned. Wall Cat. 1871. S. acuta, Burm. ; Cav. Diss. i. t. 2, f. 3 ; DC. Prodr. i. 461 ; Wall. Cat. 1868, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 171 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 57 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 17 ; Thwaites Enum. 27 ; Wight Ic. t. 95 ; Wall. Cat. 1868 G. S. lanceolata, Roxb. I.c. 175 ; Wall. Cat. 1868 F. S. stipulata, Cav. Diss. i. t. 3, f. 10; DC Prodr. i. 460; W. & A. Prodr. I.c. S. Stauntoniana, DC. I.c. ; S. scoparia, Lour. ex W. & A. I.c. - Rheede, Hort. Mal. x. t. 53. Generally distributed throughout the hotter parts of India, - Distrib. Tropics generally. Perennial. Leaves about 2-3 in., linear-lanceolate ; petiole 1/16-1/12 in. ; stipules many-nerved, two or three times longer than the petiole. Petals yellow, twice the length of the calyx. - De Candolle's S. compressa, from Nipal, which I have not seen, is described as having the leaves hoary beneath, and the peduncles three times as long as the petiole. 7. S. rhombifolia, Linn. ; shrubby, erect, leaves polymorphous tapering at the base, peduncle longer than the petiole, carpels 10 awned or not, as long as the calyx. DC. Prodr. i. 462 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 176 ; Wall. Cat. 1862, 2; Thwaites Enum. 28. S. canariensis, Willd. ; DC Prodr. i 462. Sida compressa, Wall. Cat. 1866 ; DC. Prodr. i. 462. Widely distributed throughout India. - Distrib. Tropics of both hemispheres. Very variable, perennial, glabrous or with scattered stellate hairs. Leaves generally more or less rhomboid, under side hoary, rarely green ; stipules Iinear-setaceous, longer than the petiole. Peduncle rarely less than twice as long as the petiole, axillary or clustered at the ends of the branches. Flowers yellow, rarely white. Sepals delt oi page 324 acuminate. Carpels smooth or reticulate. - Very variable in form of leaf, relative length of peduncle, position of joint, and size of the carpellary awns. - This species and its allies yieldd good fibre.The following forms may be more or less readily distinguished, and many more might be added, but their characters merge so much one into the other, that discrimination becomes difficult. Var. 1. scabrida, W. & A. Prodr. i. 57 (sp.); sprinkled with rigid hairs, leaves concolorous, peduncles jointed at the base, carpels awned. Var. 2. retusa, Linn, (sp.) ; leaves obovate retuse hoary underneath, peduncles equalling the leaves jointed above the middle, carpellary awns short. - Cav. Diss. i. t. 3, f. 4, and Diss. v. t. 131, f. 2 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 58 ; Wall. Cat. 1870; DC. Prodr. i. 462 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 175 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 17. S. chinensis, Retz ex Roxh. Hort. Beng. 97 ; Fl. Ind. iii. 174. S. philippica, DC. Prodr. i. 462 ; W. & A. Prodr. I.c.; Wall Cat. 1869 ; Rheede Hort. Mal. x. 18 ; Rumph. Amb. v. t. 19. - The S corynocarpa, Wall. Cat. 1870, seems to be a form of this variety, with densely intricate woody branches, and long carpellary awns. Var. 3. rhomboidea, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50, Fl. Ind. iii. 176 (sp.) ; leaves rhomboid hoary beneath, peduncles jointed at the base, carpellary awns very short inflected. DC. Prodr. i. 462; W. & A. Prodr. i. 57; Wall. Cat. 1862 E, 1863; Thwaites Enum. 28. S rhombifolia, Wall. Cat. 1862 F. ? S. orientalis, Cav. Diss. i. t. 12. - The flowers expand at noon (Roxb). Var 4. obovata. Wall. Cat. 1864 (sp.) ; leaves 1 1/2 by 2 in. broadly obovate hoary beneath, apex coarsely toothed, base cuneate, petiole 1/4 in., peduncle longer than the petiole shorter than the blade. Var. 5. microphylla, Cav. Diss. i. t. 12, f. 2 (sp.); leaves small elliptic dentate hoary beneath, peduncle slightly exceeding the petiole, carpels 5-7 awned. - Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 170; DC. Prodr. i. 461. 8. S. corylifolia, Wall. Cat. 1865; leaves oblong glabrous on both surfaces crenate-serrate base rounded, peduncle longer than the petiole jointed above the middle, carpels smooth, awns long erect covered with reflexed bristles. BIRMA, Wallich. Herbaceous. Leaves 4 by 2 in., concolorous ; petiole 1 1/4 in. ; stipules deciduous. Peduncle 1 1/2 in. Calyx broad, cup-shaped, 1/2 in. diam., glabrous ; sepals deltoid, acute, shorter than the carpellary awns. - Resembles S. cordifolia in the long awns. 9. S. cordifolia, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 464 ; downy, erect, leaves cordateoblong obtuse crenate, carpels 10 awned awns longer than the calyx covered with stiff reflexed hairs. Roxb. Fl Ind. iii. 177 ; Wall. Cat. 1849 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 58; Thwaties Enum. 28 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 17 ; Mast. in Oliv. Fl. Prop. Afr. i. 181 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 140. S. herbacea, Cav. Diss. i. 19, t. 13, f. 1 ; DC. Prodr. i. 463 S. micans, Cav. Diss. i. 19, t. 3, f. 1. S. rotundifolia, Cav. Diss. i. 20, t. 3, f. 6, and Diss. vi. t 194, f. 2 ; Wall. Cat. 1849, D ; DC. Prodr. i. 464. S. althaeifolia, Swartz; Guill. & Per. Fl. Seneg. i. 73. -- Rheede Hort. Mal. x. t. 54. Generally distributed throughout tropical and subtropical India. - Distrib. A tropical weed. Annual or perennial. Leaves 1 1/2-2 by 1-1 1/4 in., very downy on both surfaces ; petiole as long as the leaf; stipules linear, half the length of the petiole. Peduncles jointed near the flower, lower distant longer than the petioles, upper crowded very short. Flowers yellow. Carpels furrowed at the back, sides reticulated. - Flowers with the other species in the rainy and cool seasons. DOUBTFUL SPECIES. S. pentacarpos, Roxb. ex Horn. Supp. 78; DC. Prodr. i. 473, an annual plant having cordate sub-tricuspidate leaves, peduncles as long as the petioles, and muticous very hispid carpels. - Koseletzkya pentacarpos is not a native of India. page 325 4* WISSADULA., Medik. Undershrubs, more or less beset with soft hairs. Leaves palmately lobed. Inflorescence lax, panicled. Bracteoles 0. Calyx of 5 sepals which are free above tubular below. Petals 5, connate below and adherent to the tube of the stamens. Staminal-tube divided at the apex into numerous filaments. Styles as many as the cells of the ovary. Ripe carpels 5, many-seeded, beaked, dehiscent, often with a transverse false partition. Seeds 1-3 in each cell, lower descending, upper ascending. - Distrib. Species 5 or 6 tropical American, and one common in all the hotter parts of the globe. In habit they differ from the species of Sida and Abutilon. W. ROSTRATA, Planch. in Hook. Niger Flora, 229 ; peduncle longer than the petiole, carpels with a false partition. Mast. in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 182. W. periplocifolia, Thwaites Enum. 27. W. zeylanica, Medik.; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 147. Abutilon periplocifolium, G. Don Gen. Syst. i. 500; W. & A. Prodr. i. 55. Sida periplocifolia, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 467 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 172 ; Wall. Cat. 1861, B, C, D. Cultivated in India, naturalized in Ceylon, and very common in the south of the island. - Distrib. Java, Tropical Africa and America. Suffrutescent, more or less densely clothed with stellate tomentum. Leaves 3-4 by 1 1/2-2 in. and upwards, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, cordate-oblong, entire, tapering into a long point ; petiole 1 in, Flowers yellow, in lax panicles. Peduncles 3 in., jointed near the top. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Petals exceeding the calyx. Ripe carpels awned, much longer than the calyx. - Roxburgh says this is a native of the Malay islands, and yields a beautiful hemp. Var. 1, zeylanica, DC. Prodr. i. 467; leaves narrow, slightly scabrid above. - Pluk. t. 74, f. 7 ; Dill. Hort. Elth. i. t. 3, f. 2. W. Leschenaultiana, peduncles not exceeding the petiole, carpels without false partitions. Sida Leschenaultiana, DC. Prodr. i. 468. Abutilon Leschenaultianum, Don Gen. Syst. i. 500. Cultivated in India and in Ceylon ; its native country not known. Suffrutescent, softly downy. Leaves 2-3 by 2 1/2-3 1/2 in., glabrescent above, softly tomentose beneath, cordate-ovate, acuminate, quite entire ; petiole 3-4 in. Inflorescence terminal, panicled, many-flowered. Peduncles 1-2 in. Petals obcordate. Ripe carpels ovoid. - In habit this plant agrees with Wissadula, but it is destitute of the false partitions in the carpel. 5. ABUTILON, Gaertn. Herbs or undershrubs more or less covered with down. Leaves angled or palmately-lobed. Inflorescence axillary or terminal. Bracteoles 0. Calyx of 5 valvate sepals, tubular below. Corolla of 5 petals, free above, connate below and adnate to the tube of the stamens. Staminal-tube divided at the apex into numerous filaments. Carpels 5-∞ . Styles as many as the carpels. Ripe carpels separating from the axis, awned or not, 1- or more-seeded. Seeds reniform, upper ascending, lower descending. - Distrib. About 70 species, all tropical or subtropical. As a genus hardly separable from Sida, except in habit and in the larger flowers, which latter (in the Indian species usually open in the evening, while in the Sidas they expand about noon. * Carpels more than 10 (except in A. polyandrum). 1. A. polyandrum, Schlecht. in Link Enum Hort. Berol. ii. 264 ; leaves roundish-cordate with a long acumen, filaments free nearly to the, base, staminal-tube with a ring of hairs at the top, carpels 5 awned. Don page 326 Gen. Syst. i. 500 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 55 ; Thwaites Enum. 27 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 17 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Ea. i. pt. 2, 144. Sida oxyphylla, Wall. Cat. 1850. S. polyandra, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50, Fl. Ind. iii. 173; Wall Cat. 1851, D, E, F. S. persica. Burm. Fl. Ind. t. 47, f. 1 ; Cav. Diss. i. t. 4, f. 1 ; DC. Prodr. i. 473. S. macrophylla, Wall Cat. 1851, D.North-West provinces, Tropical Himalaya, Western Peninsula, Birma, Ceylon. - Distrib. Java, South Trop. Africa, Persia? Annual or perennial. Leaves 4-5 in., downy, especially beneath ; petiole 4 in. Peduncles clustered in small terminal racemes, jointed near the top. Sepals lanceolate, forming a bell-shaped tube below. Corolla 1 1/2 in. diam. Carpels hispid exceeding the calyx, awns erect. 2. A. asiaticum, G. Don Gen. Syst. i. 503 ; leaves rugose above velvety beneath acute or acuminate, toothed, cordate at the base, sepals ovate acute or acuminate, petals overlapping, ripe carpels about 20 hispid scarcely longer than tlie calyx, awns erect. Thwaites Enum. 27 ; W. & A. Prod. i. 56; Mast. in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 184. Sida asiatica, Linn. Sp. 964 ; Cav. Diss, i t. 7, f. 2, and v. t. 128, f. 1 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 145 ; L'Her. Stirp. 130. Western Peninsula; Ceylon. - Distrib. Tropics of both hemispheres. Herbaceous or suffrutescent. Leaves 3-4 in. and more, subscabrid above, velvety beneath ; stipules linear, deflexed. Peduncles stout, jointed near the flower, longer than the petiole. Flowers yellow, 2 in. diam. Calyx campanulate Carpels rarely muticous. The synonymy of this and the two following species is much confused. The A. asiaticum of Wight's herbarium is indistinguishable from A. indicum of Don. The rugose upper surface of the leaf mentioned by L'Heritier is one of the best marks of this species, the shape of the calyx-lobes, and the relative size and amount of pubescence of the carpels is more variable. 3. A. indicum, G. Don Gen. Syst. i. 504 ; leaves cordate nearly entire or irregularly toothed covered on both surfaces with closely-felted white down with few or no hairs intermingled, sepals ovate acute, ripe carpels 15-20 longer than the calyx glabrescent truncate or .shortly awned, awns spreading. A. asiaticum, W. & A. Prodr. i. 56, not Sida asiatica, Linn.; W. & A Prodr. i. 56 ; Wight. Ic. t. 12 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 18 ; Thwaites Enum. 27 ; Mast. in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 186 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 146. Sida indica, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 471 ; Cav. Diss. i. p. 33, t. 7, t. 10 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 179 ; Wall. Cat. 1859, 1, 2, D, F. Generally distributed throughout tropical India (wanting in Malacca). Ceylon, Thwaites. - Distrib. Tropics. Annual or perennial. Stipules deflexed. Peduncles longer than the petioles, jointed near the top. Flowers yellow, 1 in. diam., opening in the evening. Var. 1. populifolium, W. & A. Prodr. i. 56, var. β; leaves more or less acuminate. Abutilon populifolium, G. Don Gen. Syst. i. 503; Sida populifolia, Lam.; Cav. Diss. i. t. 7, f. 9; DC. Prodr. i. 470; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 179; Wall. Cat. 1858; .Sida Beloere, L'Her. Stirp. i. 130. S. Eteromischos, Cav. Diss. ii. 55, and v. p. 275, t. 128. - Rumph. Amb. iv. i. xi. ; Rhcede Hort. Mal. vi. t. 65. Lamarck's plant is open to doubt, as the stem is described as purplish, and the stipules as spirally twisted. 4. A. bidentatum, Hochst. in A. Rich. Fl. Abyss, i. 68 ; leaves cordate-ovate acuminate crenate-toothed, stipules short subulate, panicles axillary, peduncles shorter than the leaves, ripe carpels 20 smooth exceeding the calyx, awns spreading. Mast. in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 186. North-West provinces, Edgeworth; Sindh, Stocks ; Panjab, T. Thomson; Concan. - Distrib. Tropical Africa and Arabia. page 327 Erect, perennial. Leaves 2 1/2-3 by 2 in., downy on both surfaces, lower petioles 4-5 in. Peduncles 1 1/2-2 in. Sepals ovate, acute. Calyx-tube cup-shaped. Ripe fruit 4 in. diam. Carpels oblong, glabrescent, twice the length of the calyx. 5. A. graveolens, W. & A. Prodr. i. 56 ; branches covered with clammy pubescence mixed with spreading hairs, leaves orbicular-cordate abruptly acuminate velvety on both sides, stipules falcate, peduncles as long as the petioles, sepals ovate acuminate, carpels 20 or more rounded hairy. Mast. in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 184; Thwaites Enum. 27. Sida graveolens, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50, Fl. ; Ind. iii. 179 ; DC. Prodr. i. 473; Wall, Cat. 1856, D, E, F, G. S. hirta, Wall. Cat. 1852, B partly. North-West provinces, Sindh, Nilghirrhis Mts., and Ceylon. - Distrib. Beluchistan, Java, Tropical Africa and Australia. Leaves sometimes lobed ; petiole almost as long as the blade ; stipules linear, reflexed. Flowers large, orange coloured, with a darker centre, ultimately reflexed. Petals obcordate. Carpels truncate, rather longer than the calyx, not awned. - The fresh plant, according to Roxburgh, has a strong unpleasant smell. There is no constant difference between this and the following form, but the var. hirtum is usually more densely hispid, and its carpels are more awned and scarcely exceed the calyx. Var. 1. hirtum, G. Don Gen. Syst. i. 503 (sp.) ; stem copiously hispid, pubescence brownish, leaves subscabrid above, stipules linear-subulate, carpels about 20, acute, hairy, about the length of the calyx. - Abutilon hirtum, W. & A. Prodr. i. 56 ; Wall. Cat. 1856; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 145. Sida hirta, Lam. Dict. i. 7 ; DC. Prodr. i. 470 ; Wall. Cat. 1858 G ; Cav. Diss. t. 129. S. pilosa, L'Her. Stirp. 130. 6. A. muticum, G. Don Gen. Syst. i. 502 ; pubescent and hairy, leaves roundish-cordate, sepals broad cuspidate, carpels about 20 reniform awnless downy shorter than the calyx. Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 836. A. tomentosum, W. & A. Prodr. i. 56 ; Thwaites Enum. 27 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 18. A. glaucum, Don Gen. Syst. i 504 ; Mast. in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 185. Sida glauca, Cav. Ic. 1, 8, t. 11. S. hirta. Wall. Cat. 1852 B partly. S. villosa, Wall. Cat. 1856 C. S. asiatica. Wall. Cat. 1852 D. S. mutica, Delile Flor. Egypt. 60, n. 45. S. tomentosa, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50; Fl. Ind. iii. 178 ; Wall. Cat. 1852 A, C, D, E. North-West provinces, and Western Peninsula, Stocks, Edgeworth, &c. Ceylon, Tangalle, Thwaites. - Distrib. Affghanistan, Trop. Africa, Egypt. Annual or suffrutescent. Leaves tomentose on both surfaces, toothed ; petioles 2 in. ; stipules lanceolate, reflexed. Peduncles as long as the petiole, stout, jointed near the flower, usually arranged in axillary nearly leafless clusters. Flowers laige, orange. Calyx very tomentose, divided hallway down. Petals obliquely triangular, often lobed. Fruit globose, depressed at the summit. Seeds 3, scabrous. 7. A. Avicennae, Gaertn. Carp. ii. 251 ; leaves orbicular-cordate with a long point, peduncle shorter than the petiole, sepals free, nearly to the base, carpellary awns ultimately widely spreading. Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 836. Sida Abutilon, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 470 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 178. North-West India, Sindh, Kashmir, and Bengal. - Distrib. N. Asia and westward to S. Europe, and also in N. America. Annual, herbaceous, softly tomentose. Leaves 3-4 in. ; petiole 3 in. Peduncles 1 in., solitary, axillary. Sepals ovate, acute. Petals yellow, hardly exceeding the sepals. Staminal-tube very short. Carpels 15-20, much exceeding the sepals, oblong, truncate, hispidulous or pubescent, with 2 long horizontal spreading ciliolate awns. Seeds pilose. 8. A. crispum,G. Don Syst. i.502; pubescent and hairy, leaves cordate roundish acuminate-crenate upper petioled or nearly sessile, fruit page 14685 globose bent downwards when ripe, carpels 12 or more wrinkled membranous awnless. Wight Ic. t. 68 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 56 ; Thwaites Enum, 401. Sida crispa L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 469; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 177; Wall. Cat 1857 C, D, E, F. S. indica, Cav. Diss. 33, tab. 7, f. 10? and of Herb. Heyne. S. montana, Roxb. Ic. ined.Western peninsula ; Nilghirrhis Mts., the Dekkan, and Coromandel. - Distrib. Tropical and subtropical America. A weak diffuse annual. Leaves 2-3 by 1 1/2 in.; stipules filiform. Peduncles as long as the petiole, geniculate above the middle. Flowers small, yellow. Calyx tubular below, divided beyond the middle into lanceolate sepals. Carpels obtuse, nearly glabrousf 2-3-seeded. Seeds pilose. ** Carpels not exceeding 10. 9. A. ramosum, Guill. & Perr. Fl. Seneg. i. 68 ; leaves ovate-cordate acuminate, peduncles shorter than the petioles, sepals free for half their length, ripe carpels about 10 much exceeding the sepals, hispid, awns spreading. Mast. in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 186. A. sidoides, Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 18. Sida ramosa, Cav. Diss. i. 28, t. 6, f. 1. North-West provinces; Concan, Dalzell. - Distrib. Tropical Africa. Suffrutescent. Branches downy and with thin spreadiiig hairs. Leaves long-petioled, sometimes 3-cuspidate, crenate-serrate. Peduncles axillary and terminal, trichotomous. Calyx-tube broadly cup-shaped. Sepals ovate, acute. Petals twice as long as the sepals. 10. A. fruticosum, Guill. & Perr. Fl. Seneg. i. 73 ; leaves ovate-cordate acute, stipules linear, carpels 10 truncate awnless pointed but little longer than the calyx. Boisss. Fl. Orient, i. 836 ; Mast. in Oliv. Fl. Prop. Afr. i. 187. A. microphyllum, A. Rich. Fl. Abyss. i. 70, t. 15. A. albidum, Webb. & Berth. Phyt. Canar. iii. 39, t. 2. 1 Sida amaena, Wall. Cat. 1848. Sindh, Stocks, Aitcheson ; Irrawaddi ? Wallich. - Distrib. Tropical Africa, Arabia, Java. Suffrutescent, covered with white down. Leaves small, denticulate or nearly entire; petiole short. Peduncles solitary, axillary, shorter than the petiole, 1-3-flowered, pedicels jointed above the middle. Sepals ovate, acute, scarcely cuspidate, combined below into a shallow cup. Fruit cylindric, truncate, scarcely exceeding the calyx. Seeds sparingly pilose. - Dalzell says the flowers of this species expand at midday like the Sidas. 11. A. neilgherrense, Munro in Wight. III. t. 66 ; suffruticose, subglabrous, leaves whitish beneath roundish deeply peltate-cordate acuminate crenate ; peduncles about the length of the petiole, corolla spreading, carpels truncate, twice the length of the sepals. Western Peninsula, Nilghirrhis Mts., Munro. Leaves sometimes 7 1/2 in. Peduncles 2-10-flowered. Sepals lanceolate, acuminate, villous. Petals obovate, united below into a short tube, hairy at the orifice. Tube of the stamens glabrous. Carpels about 9. - I only know this species from Munro's description above cited. In addition to the foregoing species, A. auritum (Sida aurita, Wall. Cat. 1860), a Javanese plant, is cultivated in India, and is sometimes met with as an escape from gardens. page 329 5.* MALACHRA, Linn. Herbs. Leaves angled. Flowers in dense heads, usually intermixed with bracteoles. Sepals 5, forming below the middle a cup-like tube. Petals 5, coherent below, and connate at the base with the tube of the stamens. Staminal-tube truncate or 5-toothed, filaments numerous. Carpels 5, 1-ovuled ; styles 10. Ripe carpels 1-seeded, indehiscent, separating from the axis, smooth. Seeds reniform, ascending. - Distrib. Species 5 or 6, all American but the following, which is widely distributed throughout the tropics. M. CAPITATA, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. -440 ; leaves roundish-angled cordate toothed, bracteoles with a white spot at the base. Mast. in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 188. Throughout the hotter parts of India from the North West provinces to the Carnatic, probably introduced. - Distrib. W. tropical Africa, tropical America. Annual or perennial, coarsely hairy. Leaves 5-6 in. wide or less ; petiole 4 in. ; stipules linear. Flowers in axillary or terminal heads. Petals yellow or white, longer than the subulate sepals. Fruit subglobose, depressed. - It is singular that this plant is not mentioned either by Wight or Roxburgh, and that it is not included in Wall. Cat. In Wallich's herbarium, however, there are some specimens without numbers, and with no localities assigned, while others are from the Calcutta garden. 6. URENA, Linn. Herbs or undershrubs, more or less covered with rigid stellate hairs. Leaves angled or lobed. Flowers clustered. Bracteoles 5, adnate to the 5-cleft calyx, sometimes coherent at the base into a cup. Petals 5, often tomentose at the back, free above, connate below and united to the base of the tube of the stamens. Staminal-tube truncate or minutely toothed. Anthers nearly sessile. 0vary 5-celled, cells 1-ovuled, opposite the petals ; stigmatic branches 10 ; stigmas capitate. Ripe carpels covered with hooked bristles or smooth, indehiscent, separating from the axis when ripe. Seed ascending ; cotyledons bent and folded ; radicle inferior. - Distrib. Species 4-5, natives of tropical and subtropical countries ; 2 only are confined to Asia. * Carpels armed with hooked bristles. 1. U. lobata, Linn. ; leaves rounded angled not divided beyond the middle. DC. Prodr. i. 441 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 182 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 46 ; Wall. Cat. 1928 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 18 ; Thwaites En. 25 ; Miq. Fl Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 148. U. cana, Wall. Cat. 1930 B. U. palmata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 182. Generally distributed over the hotter parts of India. - Distrib. Tropics of both hemispheres. Very variable, herbaceous, more or less hairy. Leaves about 1-2 by 2-3 in., cordate, 5-7-lobed, lobes acute or obtuse ; nerves 5-7, prominent on the under surface, the three central, or the midrib only provided with a gland on the under surface ; petiole usually shorter than the blade. Bracteoles oblong-lanceolate, equalling the calyx. Flowers pink. Carpels densely pubescent, echinate. Var 1. scabriuscula, DC. Prod. i. 441 (sp.) ; herbaceous, leaves roundish scarcely lobed with 1-3 glands beneath, bracteoles linear longer than the sepals. - U. scabriuscula, Wall. Cat. 1928 F ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 46 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 18. - Wight and Arnott doubt this being a distinct species, but Dalzell considers it very distinct. 2. U. sinuata, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. i. 441 ; leaves divided below the middle into 5 oblong lobes narrowed at the base and often pinnatifid. Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50; Fl. Ind. iii. 182; Wall. Cat. 1933 E; W.& A. Prodr. i. 46; page 330 Thwaites Enum. 25 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 18. U. muricata, DC. Prodr. i. 442. U. Lappago, DC. Prodr. i. 441. U. morifolia, DC. Prodr. i. 442? U. heterophylla, Smith in Rees. Cycl. 37; Wall. Cat. 1933 E, F, G, H, K. U. tomentosa, Wall Cat. 1933 H ; - Burm. Zeyl. t. 69, f. 2. Rheede, Hort. Mal, t. x. f. 2; Rumph. Amb. vi. t. 25, f. 2.Generally distributed over the hotter parts of India. - Distrib. Tropics of both hemispheres. Very variable in amount of pubescence, and in the form of the foliage, herbaceous, perennial. Leaves downy, lobes serrated. Glands on under surface of nerves 1-3. Bracteoles linear-oblong, as long as the calyx. Flowers 1 in. diam. Carpels densely pubescent. ** Carpels smooth, unarmed. 3. U. repanda, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 182; stellate-hairy, leaves roundish or somewhat lobed, flowers racemose, bracteoles 5 subulate connate below into a cup, sepals united for half their length. W. & A. Prodr. i. 46 ; Wight III. i. 65. U. rigida, Wall. Cat. 1929 (partly). U. Hamiltoniana, Wall. Cat. 27(K). Pavonia repanda, Spreng. Syst. iii. 98. Urena speciosa. Wall. PI. As. Rar. t. 26, Cat. 1931. North-West India, Upper Gangetic Plain, the Western Peninsula and Ava. Shrubby. Leaves shortly petioled, rough above, midrib glandular at the base beneath, lower 2-2 1/2 in. long, roundish, rarely lobed, cordate at the base, repand-serrate, upper lanceolate. Flowers in ultimately leafless clusters. Bracteoles 1/4-1/3 in.; subcoriaceous, exceeding the membranous calyx. Corolla pink, twice the length of the bracteoles. Seed ascending, smooth. 4. U. rigida, Wall. Cat. 1929 (partly) ; stellate-hairy, leaves cordate roundish, flowers in heads at the ends of the branches, bracteoles 5, lanceolate combined for half their length into a bell-shaped tube, sepals free nearly to the base. BIRMA, Wallich, M'Clelland; Malacca, Griffith. - Distrib. Borneo. Perennial. Stem purplish, thinly stellate-hairy. Leaves petioled, about 2 by 2 1/4 in., base cordate, roundish serrulate, midrib glandular beneath ; stipules setaceous. Flowers mixed with floral leaves, in terminal subsessile heads. Sepals 1/4 in., nearly as long as the bracteoles, membranous, villous at the back. Corolla white, tubular at the base, above 5-petalous, twice the length of the bracteoles. Stamen-tube with 5 minute teeth at the upper edge. Ripe carpels hispid, reticulate. Seed pilose. - This species has the habit of a Malachra. The nearly free sepals are noteworthy. 7. PAVONIA, Cav. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves entire, angular or lobed, more or less downy. Flowers axillary or clustered at the ends of the branches. Bracteoles 5-∞, free or forming a tube at the base. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-petalous, united at the base to the staminal-tube. Staminal-tube truncate or 5-toothed at the apex. Ovary 5-celled, cells usually opposite the sepals, rarely opposite the petals ; styles 10, stigmas capitate, ovules 1 in each cell. Ripe carpels separating from the axis, entirely indehiscent, or more or less 2-valved, smooth, netted or winged, never glochidiate. Seeds ascending. - DISTRIB. Species about 60, chiefly tropical America. Sect. 1. Lebretonia. Bracteoles 5-6. Carpels indehiscent. 1. P. glechomifolia, ^. Rich. Fl. Abyss, i. 54; Mast. in. Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 190. T. procumbens, Bom. Fl. Orient, i. 837. Urena cordata. page 331 Herb, Heyne. Lebretonia procumbens, Wall. Cat. 2688 ; Wight Ic. t. 4 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 47. L. flava, Wall. Cat. 1883. - Pluk. t. 352, f. 5.North-West provinces, Sindh, the Western Peninsula, Birma, and Ceylon. - DISTRIB. Trop. Africa, Arabia. Rigid, procumbent, more or less pubescent. Leaves 2 1/2 by 2 in., hirsute or glabrous, roundish-cordate, crenate-serrate, somewhat 3-lobed, midlobe longest; petiole 2 in. Peduncle slender, axillary, 1-flowered, about the length of the petiole. Bracteoles 5-6, ovate-lanceolate, exceeding the sepals. Petals yellow, longer than the bracteoles. Ripe carpels 5, muricate, sometimes with a serrulate crest. - Variable in pubescence, size of bracteoles and armature of carpels. Sect. 2. Eupavonla. Bracteoles 10 or more. Carpels dehiscent. 2. P. arabica, Hochst. in Schimp. Pl. Exsicc. Abyss. ; leaves nearly entire, carpels unarmed wingless. Mast. in. Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 193 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 837. Sindh, Stocks. - Distrib. Abyssinia. Perennial, more or less densely clothed with down. Stems erect. Leaves 1 1/2 by 1/2 in., subcordate, oblong, entire or slightly dentate ; petiole as long as the leaf. Peduncle axillary, as long as the petiole. Bracteoles 10-12, linear, villous, exceeding the calyx and corolla. Sepals lanceolate. Corolla pink. Carpels 5, oblong, 3-sided. 3. P. zeylanica, Cav. ; DC. Prodr. i. 444 ; glandular-pubescent, leaves hispid deeply 3-5-lobed, carpels unarmed slightly winged. Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 214 ; Wall. Cat. 1885 A to D ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 47 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 21 ; Thwaites Enum. 401. Hibiscus zeylanicus, Linn. ; Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50. - Pluk. t. 125, f. 3; Burm. Fl. Ind. t. 48, f. 3. North-West provinces, Sindh, the Western Peninsula and Ceylon. - Distrib. Trop. Africa, Mauritius. Perennial, much branched, hispid. Leaves 1 by 3/4 in. and upwards, cordate, roundish, deeply 3-5-lobed, lobes wedge-shaped, dentate, midlobe longest ; petiole equalling or exceeding the blade. Peduncles about the length of the petiole, solitary, axillary. Bracteoles 8-12, linear, ciliolate. Sepals lanceolate. Carpels oblong, 3-sided. - Variable in the form and lobing of the leaf. 4. P. odorata, Willd. ; DC. Prodr. i. 144; glandular-pubescent, leaves slightly 3-5-lobed, carpels unarmed wingless. Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 214 ; Wall. Cat. 1886, 1, 2, D, E; W. & A. Prodr. i. 47; Thwaites Enum. 26; Mast. in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 193. Hibiscus odoratus, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50. P. sidoides, Horn. in DC. Prodr. i. 444 ; Wall. Cat. 1886 F, G. P. rosea, Wall. Cat. 1887 ; P. Romborua, Wall. Cat. 2690. North-West provinces, Sindh and Banda, Edgeworth; Western Peninsula, BIRMA and Ceylon. - Distrib. East Trop. Africa. Erect, herbaceous, covered with sticky hairs. Leaves 2 1/2 by 3 in., cordate-ovate, with 3-5 shallow pointed lobes ; lower petioles longer than the blades. Peduncles as long as the leaves, 1-flowered, clustered at the ends of the branches. Bracteoles 10-12, linear. Sepals lanceolate. Corolla pink, twice the length of the calyx. Carpels obovoid. 5. P. ceratocarpa, Dalzell in herb. ; stellate-hairy, leaves oblong irregularly toothed, carpels each with 3 terminal horns and 4 linear basal appendages. Sindh, Stocks. An undershrub. Leaves 1 1/2-2 by 1 in., oblong, rounded at the base, obtuse, irregularly coarsely toothed ; petiole 3/4 in. Peduncles axillary and crowded at the end of the branches, jointed near the top. Flowers 1 in. diam. Bracteoles 10, linear, connate at page 332 the base. Calyx broadly campanulate, lobes deltoid. Corolla yellow, 2-3 times longer than the calyx. Ovary depressed Carpels 5, woody, pyriform, splitting through the back, 3-horned at the apex, and with 4 linear obtuse wing-like appendages at the base. - Leaves gratefully acid, as in Oxalis, Dalzell.6. P. propinqua, Garcke in Schweinf. Fl. AEthiop. i. 55 ; suffrutescent, stellate-hairy, leaves oblong crenate, bracteoles 10 linear-lanceolate, carpels with 2 short prickles. Mast. in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 191. P. grewioides, Hochst. n. Schimp. Exsicc. Abyss. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 837. SINDH, Stocks. - DISTRIB. Beluchistan, Abyssinia. Leaves 1-4 in., subcordate ; petioles shorter than the leaves ; stipules linear-subulate. Peduncles solitary, axillary or clustered at the ends of the branches. Bracteoles nearly free, one-half longer than the ovate lanceolate sepals. Corolla yellow, 1 in. diam., exceeding the bracteoles. Fruit subglobose, depressed ; carpels woody. Under the name Diplopenta, Alefeld (in OEstr. Bot. Zeit. 1863, p. 11) describes a genus of Malvacece, which he says differs from Pavonia in the presence of 5 stigmatic branches instead of 10. To this genus he refers Pavonia odorata, Willd., and a new species, which he calls D. pedunculosa, and which, he says, has been confused with P zeylanica. I have seen no specimen of this genus, and suspect some error or accidental cohesion of styles. 8. DECASCHISTIA, W. & A. Shrubs. Leaves entire or lobed. Flowers shortly peduncled, axillary or clustered and terminal. Bracteoles 10. Sepals 5, connate below. Petals 5, connate below and adnate to the tube of the stamens. Staminal-tube giving off many filaments below the apex. Ovary 10-celled, cells 1-ovuled ; styles 10, connate below, stigmas capitate. Capsule loculicidally 10-valved. Seeds reniform, ascending. - Distrib. The following are the only species. 1. D. trilobata, Wight Ic. t. 88 ; lower leaves deeply 3-lobed, bracteoles considerably shorter than the calyx. Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 21. Western Peninsula ; Mysore, the Concan, and Dekkan. A shrub, branches more or less hispid or tomentose. Upper leaves sometimes entire, lanceolate, lower more or less 3-lobed, lobes lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, finely serrate ; petiole 1/4 in., downy ; stipules linear or 3-lobed, equal to the petioles. Peduncle solitary, axillary, as long or longer than the petiole. Flowers 2 in. diam. Bracteoles linear. Sepals deltoid, connate below, twice the length of the bracteoles. Capsule hispid. 2. D. crotonifolia, W. & A. Prodr. i. 62 ; leaves simple rarely lobed coarsely toothed, bracteoles nearly as long as the calyx. Wight Ic. t. 42. Hibiscus crotonifolius, Wall. Cat. 1900 and 1901. H. pterospermoides, Wight mss. ; Wall. Cat. 1901 B. H. coriaceus, Heyne mss. ; W. & A. I.c. Western Peninsula; Mysore and Madura. UPPER Gangetic plain, Royle. A shrub. Leaves 4 by 2 in., leathery, simple or slightly lobed, coarsely toothed, velvety on both surfaces with a short dense tomentum, whitish beneath, midrib with a glandular pore at the base; petiole 1 1/2 in.; stipules linear-subulate. Peduncle longer than the petiole. Bracteoles nearly as long as the calyx. Capsule slightly hispid. Among Maingay's specimens from Rangoon, is one (n. 213?) of which the flowers are too imperfect to allow of examination, but which is probably referable to this genus. Leaves 5 by 2 in., oblong lanceolate, subcordate, sometimes 3-lobed at the apex, hoary-tomentose beneath ; petiole 1/2 in. Peduncle solitary, axillary, 1-flowered, as long as the petiole. Bracteoles 10, subulate-lanceolate, half the length of the calyx ; sepals lanceolate. Corolla pink, 4 in. diam. page 333 9. JULOSTYLES, Thwaites. A tree. Leaves shortly petioled, lanceolate, entire, puberulous. Panicle terminal, pendulous. Bracteoles 5, forming below a bell-shaped tube. Sepals 5, smaller than the bracteoles, connate below. Petals 5, connate below, exceeding the sepals. Staminal-tube antheriferous below the middle, 5-toothed above. Ovary 2-celled ; styles 2, connate below and densely hairy, free at the apex, stigmas large, globose, woolly ; ovules 2, collateral in each cell ascending. Fruit not seen. 1. J. angustifolia, Thwaites Enum. 30; Beddome Fl. Sylvat. Anal. Gen. t. iii. Kydia angustifolia, Arn. Pug. Pl. Ind. Or. 4 (322). Ceylon; south of the island, not uncommon, Thwaites. A low tree. Leaves 5-8 by 1 1/2-3 in., paler beneath ; petiole 1/4-2/3 in. Flowers 1/2 in. diam. Corolla pale yellow with a reddish centre. Pollen-grains globose, muricate. 10. DICELLOSTYLES, Benth. Trees, more or less covered with stellate down. Leaves simple, or slightly lobed. Inflorescence panicled ; bracteoles 4-6, lanceolate, connate at the base, longer than the calyx. Sepals 5, ovate, connate below the middle, internally provided at the base with a ring of fleshy tubercles. Petals oblong, unsymmetrical, connate at the base. Filaments many, connate at the very base. Ovary 2-4-celled ; styles 2, connate below the middle, stigmas large globose ; ovules 2 in each cell, collateral, ascending. Capsule globose, hispid, 8-lobed, splitting into 2 (or more) indehiscent cocci. Seeds solitary, reniform, albumen fleshy ; cotyledons folded. - Distrib. So far as known, exclusively Indian. 1. D. jujubifolia, Benth. in Gen. Pl. i. 207 ; flowers panicled, bracteoles oblong-lanceolate. Kydia jujubifolia, Griff. Notul. iv. 534, Ic. Pl. Asiat, t. 595. Eastern Tropical Himalaya; Sikkim and Bhotan Mts., Griffith, &c. A tree. Leaves 3 by 2 in., ovate-acute, or ovate-lanceolate, entire or obscurely lobed, rounded at the base, glabrous above, closely felted beneath, 5-nerved, nerves convergent ; petiole 4 in., stellate-tomentose. Inflorescence panicled. Mature flower 1 1/2 in. diam. Bracteoles oblong, many-ribbed. Sepals oblong, half the length of the bracteoles. Petals oblong, obtuse, oblique, nearly as long as the bracteoles. Filaments 25-30, free nearly to the base ; anthers reniform. Ovary globose ; style cylindric below, branched above. 2. D. axillaris, Benth. I.c. ; flowers solitary axillary, bracteoles linear-oblong. Beddome Flor. Sylvat. Anal. Gen. t. 3; Thwaites Enum. 401. Kydia axillaris, Thwaites Enum. 30. Ceylon ; near Badulla, alt. 2000 ft., Thwaites, A tree. Leaves 2 1/2-4 1/2 by 1 1/4-2 in., ovate-lanceolate, rounded at the base, paler beneath, feather-veined; petiole 1/4-1/3 in.; stipules linear-lanceolate. 1-nerved, equalling the petiole. Peduncle about the length of the petiole. Bracteoles 1 by 1/4-1/3 in. Calyx 1/2 in., cup-shaped, 5-toothed. Stamens connate at the base into a short tube, adherent to the petals. Ovary 2-celled; styles twice the length of the stamens, connate below the middle. Fruit hispid. 11. SENRA, Cav. (By error Serraea, Serra, and Senraea.) A downy undershrub. Leaves orbicular, 3-lobed. Inflorescence axillary. Bracteoles 3, large, membranous, free. Sepals 5, lanceolate, connate below. page 334 Petals 5, combined below. Staminal-tube slightly 5-toothed, antheriferous below the summit. Filaments numerous. Ovary 5-celled, cells 2-ovuled ; styles 5, stigma capitate. Capsule loculicidally 5-valved, valves opposite the sepals. Seeds reniform, ascending, 1 in each cell.1. S. incana, Cav. Diss. ii. 83, t. 35, f. 3 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient i. 838 ; Mast. in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 194. Serraea incana, Decaisne in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2. iv. 70, t. 4; Wight Ic. t. 1592. S. rupestris, Edgew. Cat. Band. PI. 44?; Dumreichera, Hochst. in Schimp. Pl. Abyss, exsicc. SINDH, on rocks, Stocks, Vicary ; ? Banda, Edgeworth - Distrib. Arabia, Abyssinia, Nubia. Leaves long-petioled, denticulate ; stipules fugitive. Peduncles shorter than the petiole, ultimately deflexed. Bracteoles oval, cordate, membranous. Calyx bell-shaped. Petals obovate, yellow or violet, exceeding the calyx, shorter than the bracteoles. Seeds pilose and with black dots. - Varies in size of calyx and bracteoles. 12. HIBISCUS, Medik. Herbs shrubs or trees. Leaves stipulate, usually more or less palmately lobed. Inflorescence axillary. Bracteoles 5 or more, rarely fewer or 0, free, or connate at the base. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-fid, valvate, sometimes spathaceous and circumsciss. Petals 5, connate at the base with the staminal-tube. Staminal-tube truncate or 5-toothed at the summit ; filaments many ; anthers reniform, 1-celled. Ovary 5-celled, cells opposite the sepals, each with 3 or more ovules ; styles 5, connate below, stigma capitate or subspathulate. Capsule loculicidally 5-valved, sometimes with a separate endocarp, or with false dissepiments forming a spuriously 10-celled fruit. Seeds glabrous, hairy or woolly. - Distrib. A genus of about 150 species, most abundant in the tropical regions of both hennspheres. Sect. 1. Trionum, Medik. Calyx membranous, 5-cleft, ventricose. 1. H. Trionum, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 453 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 840. H. vesicarius, Cav. Diss. iii. 171, t. 64, f. 2 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 48 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 19. H. dissectus, Wall. Cat. 2696. Western Himalaya; Kashmir, Simla; Bengal, Concan, Sindh. - Distrib. S. Europe and hotter parts of the Old World. Annual, more or less pubescent. Lower leaves orbicular, undivided, upper 3-5-parted, lobes obovate-oblong, obtuse, toothed. Bracteoles numerous, linear. Flowers 1 1/2 in. diam., yellow with a purple spot. Calyx with hispid green nerves. Capsule oblong, obtuse. Seeds glabrous. - Variable in pubescence, lobing of leaf, size of flower, &c. Sect. 2. Furcaria, DC. Calyx persistent, 5-cleft. Bracteoles distinct, forked at the apex, or provided with a leafy appendage. 2. H. surattensis, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. i. 440 ; stem with recurved prickles, stipules leafy broad ear-shaped. W. & A. Prodr. i. 48 ; Roxb. Fl. lnd. iii. 205 ; Wight Ic. t. 197 ; Cav. Diss. iii. t. 53, f. 1 ; Thwaites Enum. 26 : Wall. Cat. 1893, 1, 2, 3, D, E, F, G ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 20 ; Mast. in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 201 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 161. H. furcatus, Wall. Cat. 1896 C, not of Roxb. -Rheede Hort. Mal. vi. t. 44. Hotter parts of India, from Bengal to Penang, and CEYLON. - Distrib. Tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia. A weak-stemmed trailing plant, covered with soft hairs and scattered prickles. Leaves long-petioled, roundish, deeply and palmately 3-5-fid, lobes serrate. Peduncle equalling page 335 the petiole. Bracteoles linear, with a spathulate appendage. Flowers yellow, with a dark centre. Capsule hairy, ovoid. Seeds downy.3. H. furcatus, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 51 ; Flor. Ind. iii. 204 ; shrubby, perennial or annual, prickly, leaves 3-5-lobed, stipules lanceolate, peduncles scattered. DC Prodr. i. 449; Wall. Cat 1896, 1, 2, A, B, D ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 48 ; Thwaites Enum. 26 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 19 ; Mast. in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 201 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i, pt. 2, 161. ? H. hispidissimus, Griff. Notul. iv. 52. H. aculeatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 206. H. bifurcatus, Roxb. ic. ined., not of Willd. or of Hort. Beng. HOTTER PARTS of India, from Bengal to Ceylon. - Distrib. Trop. and S. Africa, Asia, &c. Stem erect, covered with soft down and with scattered slender recurved prickles, rising from a thickened coloured base. Leaves entire or 3-lobed, serrate, pubescent beneath, prickly along the nerves ; stipules oblong-lanceolate. Peduncles short. Bracteoles 10-12, linear, forked. Sepals bristle-pointed. Corolla yellow with a crimson centre, 4 in. diam. Capsule ovoid, pointed, as long as the calyx. 4. H. radiatus, Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 209 ; perennial, prickly, leaves deeply palmately divided, stipules linear, bracteoles 8-10 linear forked with or without an appendage. Cav. Diss. iii. 150, t. 54, f. 2 ; DC. Prodr. i. 449 : W. & A. Prodr. i. 48 ; Wall. Cat. 1894 A, B; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 20 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 161. H. Lindleii, Wall. PI. As. Rar. t. 4; Wall. Cat. 1895, 1, 2, C; Bot. Reg. 1395. H. heptaphyllus, Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 20. Khasia Mts., Hk. f. & T.; Sikkim, H.f.; Ava and Martaban, Wallich. - Distrib. Java. Suffrutescent. Leaves 4-5 by 1 in., 3-5-lobed, lobes broadly lanceolate, serrate; petiole armed, nearly as long as the blade. Flowers axillary, solitary, shortly peduncled. Bracteoles not glandular. Sepals 5, not glandular. Corolla yellow with a crimson centre, or all purple. Fruit not seen. - The leaves are said to have an acid taste. Sect. 3. Bombicella. Bracteoles distinct, entire, without appendages. Calyx not distended. Seeds cottony or villous. 5. H. hirtus, L. ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 51 ; shrubby, leaves ovate entire or slightly 3-lobed glandular beneath, peduncles as long as the leaves, corolla spreading. Wight Ic. t. 41 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 20. H. phoeniceus, Willd. (excl. syn. Linn.); DC. Prodr. i. 452, partly; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 194; Cav. Diss. iii. t. 67, f. 2 (excl. f) ; Wall. Cat. 1904, B, C, D, E, F. H. rosamalabarica, Ker, Bot. Reg. t. 337. - Rheede Hort. Mal. x. t. 1 ; Pluk. t. 254, f. 3. North-West PROVINCES, Peshawur, Jacquemont, Stewart; Concan, Stocks; Western Peninsula, often cultivated. - Distrib, Java, Miq. Leaves 3 by 2 in., ovate, acuminate, lower often cordate and 3-lobed, serrate hairy, with a large gland on the under side of the midrib, serratures in the young leaves bristle-pointed; petiole 2 in., hairy; stipules linear, 1/2 in. Peduncle axillary, jointed below the flower Bracteoles 5-7, subulate, shorter than the linear-lanceolate sepals. Corolla 1/2 in diam., pink or white, spreading. Anthers whorled. Capsule globose, shorter than the calyx. Seeds cottony. 6. H. micranthus, Linn. ; Cav. Diss, iii, t. 66, f. 1 ; scabrid, leaves ovate glandless, peduncles as long as or longer than the leaves, corolla reflexed. DC. Prodr. i, 453 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 51, Thwaites Enum. 26 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 20; Mast. in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 205. H. rigidus, L. fil. SuppI. 310; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 195 ; Wall. Cat. 1905 B, C, D, E. page 336 H. clandestinus, Cav. Ic. i. t. 2. H. suborbiculatus, Wall. Cat. 1906. H. ovalifolius, Vahl Symb. i. 50 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 839.Hotter parts of India, from the North West provinces eastward and southward to Ceylon. - Distrib. Tropical Africa, Arabia, &c. Shrubby, with slender rod-like spreading branches, thinly covered with stellate bristles. Leaves 3/4-1 in., ovate or oblong, quite entire or serrate, rough with bristly hairs; petiole very short. Peduncles axillary, as long or longer than the leaves. Bracteoles linear, shorter than the calvx. Flowers white or pink, 1/2 in. diam. Sepals lanceolate. Corolla reflexed. Anthers whorled. Capsule globose. Seeds cottony. - Variable ; Roxburgh suspects that it may be specifically identical with H. hirtus. The green capsules of both are eaten by children. The form called suborbiculatus has roundish serrated leaves, but is otherwise not different. 7. H. scindicus, Stocks in Hook. Ic. Plant, t. 802 ; a hoary undershrub, leaves glandular, cuueate at the base, petals convolute. Boiss. Flor. Orient. i. 839. SINDH, Stocks. - DISTRIB. Beluchistan. A much branched tortuous and subspinous undershrub. Leaves subsessile, thinly bestrewn with stellate hairs, retuse, toothed ; stipules subulate. Peduncles axillary, solitary, shorter than the leaves. Bracteoles 6-8, linear-subulate. Sepals linear-lanceolate, connate at the base, longer than the bracteoles. Petals longer than the calyx, twisted below into a tube. Anthers in a globose head. Ovary cells 2-ovided. Capsule globose. Seeds with long wool. 8. H. intermedius, A. Rich. Fl. Abyss. i. 50; annual, with reflexed prickly hairs, leaves polymorphous glandless, peduncle shorter than the leaf. Mast. in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 198. H. scandens, Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 20. SINDH, Stocks; coast of Kattywar, Dalzell. - Distrib. Arabia, East tropical Africa. A weak-stemmed annual, with a line of hairs along one side of the branches shifting in position at each joint. Leaves entire or irregularly toothed, usually deeply 5-7-parted ; lobes oblong, wedge-shaped at the base. Peduncle axillary, shorter than the petiole. Bracteoles strap-shaped, shorter than the calyx. Flowers 1 in. diam., yellow with a purple centre. Sepals lanceolate, 3-nerved, connate at the base. Petals twice the length of the calyx. Capsule beaked, hispid, valves slightly winged at the edges. Seeds black, covered with appressed shining hairs. Sect. 4. Lagunea, Cav. (gen.) Bracteoles small or 0. Seeds pilose or smooth, not cottony. 9. H. Solandra, L'Her. Stirp. i. 103, t. 49 ; annual, herbaceous, leaves palmately lobed or entire, peduncles as long as the petioles, seeds tubercled. Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 197. Mast. in Oliv. Fl. Trojh Afr. i. 206. H. pumilus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 203. H. albus, Wall. Cat. 1870 E. Lagunea lobata, Willd. ; Cav. Diss. v. t. 136 ; DC. Prodr. i. 474; Wall. Cat. 1876, A to D ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 55; Thwaites Enum. 27; Dalz & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 21. Sida heterophylla and S. diversifolia, Spreng. ex W. & A. Prodr. i. 56, and in Herb. Heyne. Solandra lobata. Murr. Cumm. Goett vi. t. 11; Cav. Diss. i. Mantissa, i. 55; Lam. III. t. 580. Triguera acerifolia, Cav. Diss. i. t. 11. Lagunea sileniflora, Wall. Cat 1882. Hotter parts of India, from the N. W. provinces to Sikkim and from Kumaon and Birma to Ceylon. - Distrib. East tropical Africa. Erect, slightly villous. Lower leaves on long petioles, upper palmately lobed, uppermost 3-fid. Peduncles 1 1/2 in., 1-flowered, jointed near the top, arranged in a terminal loose leafless raceme. Bracteoles linear, usually 0. Flower yellow, 3/4 in. diam. Sepals lanceolate, 3-nerved, connate at the base, as long as the ovoid beaked capsule. Seeds blackish. page 337 Sect. 5. Ketmia, DC. Bradeoles entire, free or connate at the base, sometimes adnate to the calyx-tube. Calyx 5-cleft, not ventricose. Seeds hairy, not cottony. * Bradeoles 5, free or connate at the base, not adnate to the calyx. 10. H. fragrans, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 195 ; arborescent, glabrescent, leaves cordate-ovate acuminate, flowers axillary and terminal, peduncle shorter than the leaf, bracteoles ovate connate below. Wall. Cat. 1911 A. SILHET, Roxburgh; Cachar, Hk. f. & T.; Assam. A small tree. Young leaves 3-4 by 3 in., pubescent, serrate ; petiole 2 1/2 in. Peduncles axillary, panicled, 2-3 in., jointed near the top. Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, connate below, longer than the bracteoles. Corolla 2 1/2 in. diam., white, fragrant. Capsule 1 in., cylindric, downy, longer than the persistent calyx. Seeds covered with long white hairs. 11. H. canescens, Heyne in Wall. Cat. 2698; shrubby, leaves acutely lobed, upper simple tomentose beneath, peduncles axillary shorter than the petiole, bracteoles linear-subulate longer than the calyx. W. & A. Prodr. i. 49 ; H. septemnervosus, Wight in Wall. Cat. 2693. H. borbonicus, Wight in Wall. Cat. 2694, not of Link. Western Peninsula ; Mysore, and the Carnatic. Stem not prickly. Leaves 3 1/2 by 3 in., roundish, cordate, minutely toothed, 7-nerved ; petiole 3 in. Stipule 1 in., setaceous. Peduncle 3/4 in., angular. Bracteoles 1 in., striated. Sepals ovate, acute, 3-nerved. Corolla yellow with a pink centre. Capsule 1 1/2 in., twice the length of the calyx, oblong, pointed, villous. Seeds downy. 12. H. scandens, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 51 ; Flor. Ind. iii. 200 ; (not of Wall.) ; scandent, pubescent, leaves cordate-ovate sometimes lobed, flowers numerous in terminal panicles, bracteoles ovate acute connate below the middle. Wall Cat. 1910, 1910 B. Tropical Eastern Himalaya and Eastern Bengal, from Sikkim to Chittagong. A shrub climbing over lofty trees. Young shoots thinly stellate-tomentose. Leaves 3-8 by 2-5 in., ovate-acuminate, dentate, sometimes 3-angled or 3-lobed, lobes deltoid-lanceolate ; petiole 1 in. pilose. Stipules linear-lanceolate, deciduous. Peduncles 1 in. ; flower-buds globose. Flowers 1 1/4 in. diam. Sepals oblong-lanceolate slightly exceeding the bracteoles. Corolla twice the size of the calyx, white or yellow with a crimson centre. Fruit not seen. ** Bracteoles more than 5, free or connate at the base, not adnate to the calyx. 13. H. macrophyllus, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 51 ; arborescent or shrubby, villous, leaves entire orbicular cordate rarely lobed hispid, bracteoles large spathaceous deciduous, flowers in terminal cymes. Wall. PI. As. Rar. i. 44, t. 51, Wall. Cat. 1903. H. setosus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 194. H. vestitus, Griff. Notul. iv. 519. Eastern Bengal and the Eastern Peninsula, from Silhet and Chittagong to Mergui and Penang. A tree or shrub more or less covered with brown, villous, often tufted hairs. Leaves large, 7-9-nerved, very hairy on the lower surface ; petiole 7-8 in., longer than the blade. Stipules large, oblong, foliaceous, deciduous. Inflorescence terminal, many-flowered, cymose ; pedicels 1 1/2-2 in., shaggy like the petioles with brown hairs, articulated at the top and provided at the joint with two large spathaceous caducous bracts connate below. Bracteoles 10-12, linear, 1 in., connate at the very base, equalling the calyx. Sepals 5, lanceolate, connate below the middle into a bell-shaped 10-ribbed tube. Corolla 4 in. diam., purple. Capsule oblong, pointed, hispid, as long as the persistent calyx. Seeds densely bearded with long silky fulvous hairs. page 338 14. H. collinus, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 51 ; Flor. Ind. iii. 198 ; arborescent, leaves lobed, peduncles axillary shorter than the leaves, bracteoles 8-10 oblong wavy free. Wall Cat. 1908 E. H. aestuans. Wall. Cat. 1908 B. H. asperatus, Wall. Cat. 1908 C. H. acerifolius, DC. Prodr. i.448. H. eriocarpus, DC. Prodr. i. 452 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 51 ; Thwaites Enum. 26. Hibiscus simplex, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 51; G. Don, Gen. Syst. i. 480 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 51. Pavonia acerifolia. Lk. & Otto. Ic. Pl. Select, x. t. 1. Western Peninsula ; in the Concan, Circars, and Coromandel ; Ceylon. Stem without prickles. Leaves 4 in., glabrous or thinly hairy, cordate, 3-lobed ; lobes oblong, narrowed at the base, acuminate, margin wavy; petiole 2 in. Stipules setaceous. Peduncle 2 m. Bracteole 3/4 in., nearly equal to the calyx. Sepals oblong, lanceolate, 1 nerved. Corolla 2-3 in. diam., pink with a dark centre; claw of petal hairy. Staminal-tube antheriferous all the way down ; anthers whorled. Capsule 4 in., orbicular, depressed, densely hispid. Seeds spherical, glabrescent. 15. H. lunariifolius, Willd.; DC. Prodr. i. 451 ; herbaceous, perennial, clothed with appressed hairs, leaves angled or lobed, peduncles very short forming a terminal leafless raceme, bracteoles 5-10 lanceolate connate at the base. W. & A. Prodr. i. 49 ; Wight Ic. t. 6; Thwaites Enum. 401; Mast. in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 202 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 159. H. pruriens, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 51 - Fl. Ind. iii. 196 ; Wall. Cat. 1892 ; DC. Prodr. i. 448. H. racemosus, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 917. H. sidoides, W. & A. Prodr. i. 494. Western Peninsula, in the Carnatic and Mysore; Birma, Wallich; Ceylon. - DISTRIB. Tropical Africa. Stem covered with rigid pungent hairs. Leaves about 3 in. diam., roundish-cordate, slightly and acutely 3-5-lobed, serrate, hairy beneath; petiole as long or longer than the blade. Stipules subulate. Peduncles thickened below the flower, very hairy. Flowers 4 in. diam., yellow, with a dark centre. Bracteoles longer than the calyx. Sepals linear. Corolla convolute. Staminal-tube antheriterous all the way down. Capsule ovoid, beaked, clothed with pungent hairs. Seeds kidney-shaped. 16. H. panduraeformis, Burm. Fl. Ind. 151, t. 47, f. 2; annual or perennial. without prickles, densely clothed with sticky hairs, leaves cordate angular tomentose, peduncles very short, bracteoles 7-10 linear-spathulate, free. W. & A. Prodr. i. 50 ; Thwaites Enum. 26 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 20. H. tubulosus, Cav. Diss. iii. 161, t. 68, f. 2 ; Roxb. Hort. Beng. 51 ; Fl. Ind. iii. 196; DC. Prodr. i. 447 ; Wall. Cat. 1902 E, G ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 157. H. setosus, Wall. Cat. 1902 (not of Roxb.). H. velutinus, DC. Prodr. i. 452. Hotter parts of India, from the North-West provinces to Birma and Ceylon. - DISTRIB. Tropical Africa and Australia. Leaves tomentose, hispid, whitish beneath, slightly 5-lobed, upper narrow ; petiole about 2 in., shorter than the blade. Stipules linear, divided, deciduous. Peduncles 3/4 in., axillary or clustered at the ends of the branches. Bracteoles shorter than the calyx. Sepals lanceolate, connate below into a cup-shaped tube. Petals yellow with a purple centre or all purple. Filaments few. Capsule ovoid, very hairy. Seeds pubescent or glabrous. 17. H. vitifolius, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 450 ; annual or biennial, villous, leaves 3-5-lobed, bracteoles 8-12 free, capsule 5-winged. Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 200 ; Wall. Cat. 1899, 1, 2, 3, and E, F, G ; Cav. Diss. iii. 145, t. 58, f. 2 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 60; Thwaites Enum. 26; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 20; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 160. H. obtusifolius, Willd. ; DC. Prodr. Ic. ; Wall. Cat. 1899 D. H. truncatus, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 51 ; Flor. Ind. iii. 200. H. serratus. Wall. Cat. 1900, 1, 2. H. cuspidatus, Edgew. Cat. Banda Fl. 44. - Rheede Hort. Mal. vi. t. 46. page 339 Hotter parts of India, from the North-West provinces to Ceylon. - Distrib. Tropical Africa and Australia. Herbaceous. Leaves tomentose on both sides, cordate, roundish or angled, 3-5-lobed, lobes oblong lanceolate, coarsely serrate, lower 4 in. ; petiole 2 1/2 in. Peduncles solitary, axillary, 1-flowered, shorter than the petiole, jointed in the middle, often aggregated at the ends of the branches. Bracteoles linear, shorter than the bell-shaped 5 cleft calyx. Sepals lanceolate, 3-5-nerved, connate below the middle. Petals yellow with a purple spot, twice or thrice longer than the sepals. Anthers regularly arranged along the whole length of the staminal tube, Capsule beaked, hairy, shorter than the calyx, valves winged at the edge. Seeds tubercled. - H. truncatus, Roxb., is a variety with much smaller parts. 18. H. procerus, Wall. Cat. 2692 ; perennial, prickly, leaves glabrous deeply 5-7-parted, bracteoles 8-10 free linear covered with tawny tomentum, sepals lanceolate bristly, corolla large. BIRMA, Wallich. Prickles of stem conical, with a whitish base. Leaves 8 by 5 in., roundish, deeply 3-7-9-parted, lobes lanceolate, serrate, glabrous, midrib prickly, upper leaves 3-parted, uppermost lanceolate ; petiole 1-2 in., lower 4 in. Stipules 1/2 in., linear, pilose. Peduncles 1/2 in., aggregated at the ends of the branches and with the bracteoles and calyx clothed with tawny tomentum. Sepals 1/2 in. Corolla 6 in. diam., pink with a dark centre. Capsule ovoid, pointed, shorter than the sepals. Seeds black, tubercled. 19. H. cannabinus, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 450 ; annual or perennial, prickly, stem glabrous, lower leaves entire upper lobed, mid-nerve glandular beneath, peduncle very short, bracteoles 7-10 linear, shorter than the calyx, sepals glandular. Cav. Diss. iii. 148, t. 52. f. 1 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 208 ; Cor. PI. i. t. 190 ; Wall. Cat. 1898 ? ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 50 ; Thwaites Enum. 26 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 20. H. Wightianus, Wall. Cat. 2695 and 1898. Generally cultivated ; apparently wild East of the Northern Ghauts. - Distrib. Cultivated, in most tropical countries. Stem glabrous, prickly. Lower leaves cordate, upper deeply palmately lobed, lobes narrow, serrate ; petiole prickly, lower much longer than the blade. Stipules linear, pointed. Peduncles axillary, very short. Sepals bristly, lanceolate, connate below the middle, with a gland at the back of each. Corolla large, spreading, yellow with a crimson centre. Capsule globose, pointed, bristly. Seeds nearly glabrous. - All parts agreeably acid. The stems furnish fibre. - The specimen of H. Wightianus in Wallich's herbarium is imperfect, but it is doubtless referable to this species; its leaves are simple. 20. H. diversifolius, Jacq. Ic. PI. Rar. t. 551 ; perennial, stem pubescent covered with short stout conical prickles, leaves long-petioled scabrous roundish or angular 3-5-lobed, bracteoles 10 linear very bristly half the length of the calyx. Roxb. PI. Ind. iii. 208 ; DC. Prodr. i. 449 ? ; Bot. Reg. t. 381 ; Mast. in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 198. H. scaber, Wall. Cat. 1894 C, and 1897, 18982. BIRMA, Wallich. - Distrib. Tropical Africa and Australia. A tall herb or undershrub, with the branches, petioles and nerves of leaves armed with hard conical prickles. Leaves variable, usually cordate, roundish, slightly lobed, lobes acute, upper nearly entire, lanceolate. Peduncles very short bristly, axillary, racemose. Sepals linear-lanceolate, bristly not glandular. Corolla 3 or 4 times the size of the calyx. Capsule ovoid, pointed, hispid, ultimately glabrescent. Seeds smooth. - The specimens from Birma do not materially differ from those grown in the Calcutta garden. I refer to De Candolle's plant with doubt, as he gives as a synonym H.ficulneus of Cav., quite a different plant. 21. H. Gibsoni, Stocks mss. ; an undershrub, branches bristly or with minute prickles, leaves deeply palmately divided, peduncle longer than the page 340 leaves, bracteoles free linear prickly curving over the calyx. H. pentaphyllus, F. Muell. Fragm. Phyt. Aust. ix. 13; Mast. in Oliv. Flor. Trop. Afr. i. 198 (not of Roxb.).The Panjab, Deccan, Concan, and Sindh, Stocks, &c. - Distrib. Affghanistan, South tropical Africa. North Australia. Leaves 1-3 in., oblong-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous or with numerous forked hairs; petiole as long as the blade. Peduncles solitary, axillary, Bracteoles longer than the calyx. Sepals lanceolate, 5-nerved, connate below into a bell-shaped tube. Corolla twice the length of the bracts, yellow with a purple centre, or all purple. Staminal-tube half covered with anthers. Capsule ovoid, pointed ; valves setose. Seeds pilose. 22. H. punctatus, Dalzell in Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 20 (1861) ; annual, stellately pubescent and glutinous, leaves ovate more or less 3-lobed, peduncle as long as the petiole, bracteoles 8-10 linear, shorter than the calyx connate at the base, petals scarcely exceeding the sepals. H. laguneoides, Edgew. in Journ. Linn. Soc, vi. 199 (1862). SINDH, Stocks ; MOOLTAN, Edgeworth. A lax branching annual. Leaves distant, rounded ovate, acute, entire or 3-lobed, lobes oblong, sinuate-dentate ; petiole 1 3/4 in., shorter than the blades. Stipules minute, subulate. Peduncles 1-2 in., sub-panicled, jointed at the top. Calyx bell-shaped; sepals deltoid, lanceolate, connate below the middle. Petals rose-coloured. Capsule beaked. pilose, as long as the calyx. Seeds tubercled, black. - Yields good hemp (Dalzell). *** Bracteoles adnate to the base of the calyx. 23. H. Sabdariffa, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 453 ; annual, glabrous, unarmed, stem purplish, leaves entire or lobed glandular beneath, peduncles very short thickened at the .summit, bracteoles 8-12 linear adnate to the base of the calyx, sepals bristly. W. & A. Prodr. i. 52 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 158 ; Wall. Cat. 1909 ; Cav. Diss, iii p. 170 ; vi 351, t. 198, f. 1. ?H. sanguineus, Grif. Not. iv. 520. Generally cultivated in the hotter parts of India, and in Ceylon. - Distrib. Cultivated in the Tropics. Erect. Leaves polymorphous, midrib glandular beneath; petiole 2 in. Peduncle solitary, axillary, shorter than the petiole. Bracteoles and calyx accrescent. Sepals deltoid, acuminate, connate below the middle into a purplish fleshy cup. Corolla 2 1/2 in. diam., yellow. Capsule, ovoid, pointed, villous, shorter than the calyx. Seeds reniform, sub-glabrous. - The Rozelle of India, and Red Sorrell of the W. Indies. Sect. 6. Abelmoschus. Calyx elongate, spathaceous, circumsciss. * Bracteoles 4-6, broad, leafy. 24. H. ficulneus, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 448 : annual, prickly, leaves palmately 3-5-lobed lobes glabrous narrowed at the base, bracteoles 5-6 lanceolate villous fugacious, capsule ovoid. Wall. Cat. 2697 B. H. prostratus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 208. H. strictus, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 52 ; Flor. Ind. iii. 206. H. sinuatus. Cav. Diss. iii. t. 52, f. 2. Abelmoschus ficulneus, W. & A. Prodr. i. 53 ; Wight Ic. t. 154 ; Thwaites Enum. 27 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 152. Lagunea aculeata, Cav. Diss. iii. t. 71, f. 1 ; DC. Prodr. i. 474. Hotter parts of India, from the North-West PROVINCES and Panjab to Bengal, the CIRCAR.s, and Concan ("Native of the southern provinces of the Peninsula, naturalized elsewhere, W. & A. I.c."). Branches shining, covered with small sharp tubercles. Young leaves rounded-cordate, adult hispid, palmately lobed with wide sinuses, lobes unequally toothed ; petiole 2 1/2-4 in., as long as the leaves. Stipules subulate, lanceolate, caducous. Peduncles half the length of the petioles, the upper in a leafless raceme. Sepals 5, hispid, page 341 connate for almost their whole length. Corolla 1 in. diam., white with a rosy centre. Anthers equally distributed. Capsule tomentose, covered with viscid points when green. Seeds globose, sulcate, slightly pilose. - Roxburgh calls special attention to the excellence of the fibre of this plant. His H. prostratus is a form with procumbent branches.25. H. pungens, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50; Fl Ind. iii. 213; annual or perennial, bristly, petiole longer than the deeply-lobed leaves, lobes oblong acuminate toothed, bracteoles 4-5 persistent oblong-lanceolate acuminate, as long as the cuspidate hispid capsule. H. vestitus, Wall. Cat. 1924 partly. Bamia pungens, Wall. Cat. 1924. Tropical Himalaya, from Kumaon to Sikkim, alt. 2-5000 ft. ; Khasia Mts. Stem erect, branches ascending, bristly and with scattered black dots. Leaves 5-8 in., cordate roundish, deeply palmately 7-lobed, lobes oblong acuminate, toothed, upper ones 3-lobed ; petiole 8-10 in. Stipules broad lanceolate, upper linear-setaceous. Peduncles 1-2 in., racemose. Bracteoles 1 in., accrescent. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla yellow with a purple centre, 5 in. diam. Column antheriferous throughout. Capsule 3/4 in. H. Manihot L. ; DC. Prodr. i 448 ; annual, subglabrous, leaves deeply palmately-lobed, lobes linear-oblong coarsely toothed or lobulate, peduncles deflexed, bracteoles 4-6 persistent ovate-lanceolate. Wall. Cat. 1926; Cav. Diss. iii. 172, t. 63, f. 2. H. pentaphyllus, Roxb, Hort. Beng. 52 ; Flor. Ind. iii. 212 (not of F. Muell). Naturalized in Bengal ; introduced from China. A tall almost glabrous herb. Leaves 5-6 by 6-7 in. ; petiole nearly as long as the blade. Stipules lanceolate. Peduncles 1 1/2 in., ultimately drooping. Flowers 5 in. diam., yellow with a purple centre. Staminal-tube antheriferous all the way down. Capsule oblong, pointed, hispid (5-seeded, Roxh.). 26. H. tetraphyllus, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 52 ; Fl. Ind. iii, 211 ; annual hispid and slightly prickly, leaves cordate very deeply 5-7-lobed lobes lanceolate crenate-toothed, bracteoles persistent broadly ovate lanceolate equalling the cuspidate capsule. H. canaranus, Miq. PI. Hohenack exsicc. Bamia tetraphylla. Wall. Cat. 1925. Abelmoschus tetraphyllus, Grah. Col. Bomb. 14. A. Warreensis, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 123; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 19. Erebennus canaranus, Alefeld in OEst. Bot. Zeit. 1863, 14. Bengal, near Calcutta, Roxburgh; Concan, and Canara, Gibson, &c. Stem 4-6 ft. Leaves scabrous ; petiole 2 1/2 in. Stipules ovate-lanceolate. Peduncles 1 in., axillary, and clustered at the ends of the branches. Bracteoles 1/2-3/4 in., shorter than the calyx. Flowers 2 in. diam., yellow. Capsule ovate, 5-angled, hispid, 1 1/2 in. Seeds smooth. - Dalzell, I.c., says his A. Warreensis differs from A. tetraphyllus in the persistent not deciduous bracteoles, but in most of the specimens the bracteoles are persistent. There is great variation in foliage and pubescence. 27. H. angulosus, Mast. ; herbaceous, not prickly, leaf-lobes ovate acuminate, bracteoles fugacious, capsule ovoid pointed hispid as long as the calyx. Abelmoschus angulosus, W. & A. Prodr. i. 53 ; Wight. Ic. t 951 ; Ill, i. 65 ; Thwaites Enum. 26. Bamia angulosa, Wall. Cat. 1927 ; Hymenocalyx variabilis, Zenker ex Wight, III. p. 65. Western Peninsula ; Concan, Malabar, and Nilghirris Mts. ; Ceylon. Leaves about 4 in., pubescent above, tomentose below, cordate, palmately 5-lobed ; petiole 5-6 in. Peduncles not exceeding the petiole, densely hispid, hairs spreading. Bracteoles ovate. Calyx 1 1/2 in., ovate-lanceolate, hispid; sepals slightly cohering. Corolla 5 in. diam. Var. 1. grandiflorus, Thwaites Enum. 26 ; petioles scabrous not hispid, corolla yellow, seeds subpyriform. page 342 Var. 2. purpureus, Thwaites, I.c.; petiole covered with rigid spreading hairs, corolla purple, seeds globose. 28. H. hostilis, Wall. ms. ; annual, bristly, leaves large cordate angular palmately 5-lobed lobes dentate, bracteoles 5-6 ovate-lanceolate, capsule oblong-lanceolate setose. Bamia magnifica, Wall. Cat. 1919. BIRMA, Wallich. Erect, stem glabrescent. Leaves 10 by 8 in., lobes acute; petioles of lower leaves 10 in. Stipules ovate-lanceolate. Peduncle 2 in., dilated at apex. Bracteoles 1/4 as long as the capsule, shorter than the calyx. Flowers 6-8 in. diam. Capsule 2 in. long, cuspidate. ** Bracteoles generally more than 5, linear. 29. H. Abelmoschus, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 462 ; annual, hispid, leaves polymorphous base cordate hastate or sagittate with acute lobes, peduncles as long as the petioles, bracteoles 6-12 linear much shorter than the oblong-lanceolate setose glabrescent capsule. Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 202 ; Griff. Not. iv. 521. Abelmoschus moschatus, Moench ; W. & A. Prod. i. 53; Wight. Ic. t. 399 ; Wall. Cat. 1915, F, G, H, I, K, L ; Thwaites Enum. 27; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 151. H. flavescens, Cav. Diss. iii. t. 70, f. 2 ; DC. I.c. 454. H. spathaceus, Wall. Cat. 1913, 1913 A, 1915. H. ricinifolius, Wall. Cat. 1915. H. chinensis, Wall. Cat. 1616? H. sagittifolius, Kurz. in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1871, ii. p. 46 - Rheede Hort. Mal. ii. t. 38. Through the hotter parts of India. - Distrib. Cultivated in most tropical countries. Herbaceous, 2-3 ft. high. Leaves usually palmately 5-7-lobed, lobes spreading, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely toothed. Stipules linear. Peduncles 2 in., equaliing the petiole. Bracteoles 1/2-3/4 in. Calyx 1 1/4 in., oblong, 15-toothed. Corolla 4 in. diam., yellow with a crimson centre. Capsule 1-3 in. Seeds reniform, striate, musky. - Very variable. The following forms may be distinguished : - Var. 1. multiformis, Bamia Sp. Wall. Cat. 1917; lower leaves roundish-cordate, upper oblong-sagittate, uppermost linear-lanceolate. Birma. VAR. 2. betulifolius, Bamia Sp. Wall. Cat. 1918 ; leaves orbicular-cordate, bracteoles longer than in the type. 30. H. rugosus, Mast. ; annual, hispid, bristly, leaves cordate or hastate 5-lobed lobes lanceolate serrate, peduncles racemose, bracteoles 10 setaceous, capsule ovoid hairy. H. hirtus. Buch, ex Roxb. PI. Ind. iii. 203, not of others. Bamia rugosa, Wall. Cat. 1923. Abelmoschus rugosus, W. & A. Prodr. i. 53. Mysore, Hamilton ; Madura hills, Wight. Stem erect, hispid not aculeate. Leaves polymorphous, lower lobed, upper lanceolate, nearly entire ; petiole nearly as long as the leaves. Stipules subulate. Bracteoles half the length of the capsule. Flowers yellow with a red centre. Capsule 1 in., ovoid, 5-angled, hairy. Seeds numerous. - Perhaps not distinct from H. Abelmoschus. 31. H. cancellatus, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 51 ; Fl. Ind. iii. 201 ; annual, erect, very bristly, leaves cordate angled crenate, bracteoles 10-15 long filiform incurved hispid. Abelmoschus (Bamia) crinitus, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. i. 39, t. 44. A. racemosus. Wall. Cat. 1929 (not H. racemosus of Lindley). Bamia cancellata and B. fusiformis, Wall. Cat. 1920, 1921. North- West provinces, Falconer ; Kumaon, ascending to 4000 ft.; Nepal, Hamilton; Pegu. Root fusiform. Stem herbaceous, 2-3 ft. Leaves 4-6 by 3-5 in., cordate, roundish, obtusely 5-angled, crenate-toothed, sometimes lobed, upper sagittate ; petiole 4 in. Stipules linear. Peduncles much shorter than the petiole, racemose at the ends of the branches, each with 2 bracts at the base. Bracteoles linear-setaceous, 1 1/2 in. Flowers page 343 4-5 in. diam., yellow with a purple centre. Anthers scattered. Capsule 1 1/2 in., ovoid, furrowed. Seeds numerous, reniform. - The form called fusiformis has more deeply divided leaves than the type.H. ESCULENTUS, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 450 ; annual, hairy, not prickly, leaves cordate 3-5-lobed lobes oblong toothed scabrous, peduncle shorter than the petiole, bracteoles 8-10 deciduous equalling the calyx, capsule pyramidal. Cav. Diss, iii., t. 61, f. 2. H. longifolius, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 210 ; Wall. Cat. 2699 ; DC. Prodr. i. 450. Abelmoschus esculentus, W. & A. Prodr. i. 63 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 152. Cultivated throughout India, probably originally native. - Distrib. Naturalized or cultivated in all tropical countries. A tall herb covered with rough hairs. Leaves coarsely toothed ; petiole 6 in., more or less bristly. Stipules subulate. Peduncles about 1 in. Bracteoles 1 in., linear-subulate. Flowers yellow with a crimson centre. Staminal-tube antheriferous throughout. Fruit 6-10 by 1 in., pyramidal-oblong, glabrescent, cells 5-8-seeded. Seeds striate, hairy. - Variable. Roxburgh distinguishes the West Indian "Ochro," H. esculentus, from his H. longifolius, but does not specify in what the difference consists, and the plants are so variable that it is difficult to suppose the difference to be specific. The pods are used as pot herbs and for their demulcent properties. Sect. 7. Paritium. Trees. Bracteoles connate at the base. Capsule with false dissepiments. 32. H. tiliaceus, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 454; arboreous, leaves cordate roundish acute rarely lobed glabrous above hoary beneath. Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 192 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 153 ; Beddome Fl. Sylvat. Anal. Gen. t. 4. Paritium tiliaceum, W. & A. Prodr. i. 52 ; Wight Ic. t. 7 ; Wall. Cat. 1912 ; Thwaites Enum. 26 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 17 ; Griff. Notul. iv. 523. Coasts of both Peninsulas, BENGAL, and Ceylon. - Distrib. Tropics of both hemispheres, usually near the coast. A much-branched tree. Leaves 4-5 in. diam., leathery, roundish, crenulate, abruptly acuminate, 7-nerved, sometimes glandular beneath ; petiole 1-3 in. Stipides subulate, 1 in. Peduncles terminal with stipule-like deciduous bracts at the base. Bracteoles 7-10, linear-lanceolate, connate above the middle. Calyx 1 in., about the length of the bracteoles or longer. Sepals lanceolate, downy outside. Corolla 4 in. diam., campanulate with a crimson centre. Staminal-tube 1 1/2 in., antheriferous all the way down. Capsule shorter than the calyx, ovoid, pointed, spuriously 10-celled, 5-valved; valves pilose. Seeds reniform, thinly pilose. Var. 1. tortuosus, stem crooked, branches twisted, capsule as long as the calyx. Hibiscus tortuosus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 192; Wall. Cat. 1912 G, 1913 B ; - Rheede, Hort. Mal. i. t. 30. - In herbarium specimens I can find nothing to warrant the separation of this as a distinct species, the form of leaf and relative length of the bracteoles and capsule being subject to variation ; but in a native state and under cultivation they look very different. 33. H. floccosus, Mast., arboreous, leaves cordate angled thinly stellate-pilose on both surfaces, bracteoles connate into a bell-shaped 5-toothed tube less than half the length of the calyx. Mount Ophir, Malacca, Maingay. A tree. Young branches and outer surface of the calyx covered with rusty floccose, tomentum. Leaves 4-5 in. diam., obscurely 5-angled ; petiole shorter than the blade. Peduncles racemose, terminal ; pedicels stout, 1 1/2 in. long, jointed near the base ; bracteoles deltoid at the apex and somewhat, recurved. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, united for half their length. Corolla 3 in. diam., pink, twice the length of the calyx. Petals oblong-spathulate, venoso-striate, stellate-pilose on the outside. Staminal-tube pilose. Capsule oblong, truncate, shorter than the calyx, downy on the outside. Seeds cottony. - Allied to H.ferrugineus, DC., of Madagascar. page 344 H. tricuspis, Banks in Cav. Diss. iii. t, 55, f. 2 ; arboreous, leaves 3-lobed glandular beneath. DC. Prodr. i. 453; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 202; Wall. Cat. 1914 B. Paritium tricuspe, G. Don, Gen. Syst. i. 485; W. & A. Prodr. i. 52. Cultivated in North-West India and Bengal (introduced from the Society isles, Roxburgh). Tree, herbaceous portions covered with stellate white down. Leaves 4-5 by 3 in., glabrescent above, hoary-pubescent beneath, base cuneate or cordate, lobes lanceolate, slightly lobed; petiole 2 1/2-3 in. Stipules ovate. Peduncles terminal, racemose. Bracteoles deciduous, ovate, leafy, half the length of the linear-lanceolate sepals. Corolla yellow with a purple base. Capsule spuriously 10-celled. - Roxburgh describes calyx and epicalyx as ten-parted, but this is probably an error. H. Rosa sinensis, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 448 ; shrubby, leaves ovate acuminate nearly glabrous, peduncles axillary, as long or longer than the adjoining leaf, staminal tube exceeding the corolla. Cav. Diss. iii. t. 69, f. 2 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 194; Wall. Cat. 1890 B to F. ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 49 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 156. - Rheede, Hort. Mal. ii. t. 17, and vi. t. 43. Cultivated in gardens throughout India. Stem woody, branched, not prickly. Leaves entire at the base, coarsely toothed at the apex, Stipules ensiform. Bracteoles 6, 7, linear, half the length of the bell-shaped calyx. Sepals 3/4 in., lanceolate, connate below the middle. Corolla 3 in. diam., red. Capsule roundish, many-seeded (Loureiro). - There are numerous varieties differing in colour, duplication, &c. The flowers are used to black shoes. Roxburgh says it is wild in Hindostan, but I have seen no wild specimens. Wight and Arnott suggest that the plant shoidd be placed in section Bombicella, but the seeds are not known, and the habit is more that of the section Ketmia. There is a plant in herbaria from Griffith and others, to which the manuscript names of H. liliiflorus (not of DC), and of H. Arnotti (not of Gray), are attached. It appears identical with Wallich's 1890 D, described in Wall. Cat. I.c. as a hybrid plant introduced to the Calcutta garden from Mauritius and said to be a form of H. rosa sinensis. H. MUTABILIS, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 452 ; arborescent, leaves downy 5-angled, peduncles axillary nearly as long as the leaf, bracteoles 10 linear nearly distinct. Cav. Diss. iii. t. 62, f. 1 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 201 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 51 ; Wall. Cat. 1907, 1, 2, 3, D to G - Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 158. H. sestuans, Rottler in Herb. - Rheede Hort. Mal. vi. 38-42. Cultivated in gardens, native of China (Roxburgh). A small tree without prickles. Leaves 4 in. diam., cordate, toothed ; petiole 3 in. Peduncle 4-5 in., jointed near the top. Bracts shorter than the calyx. Flowers 3-4 in. diam. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, connate below the middle. Corolla white or pink on first opening in the morning, deep red by night. Capsule globose, flattened, hairy. Seeds reniform, hispid. - In Dr. Brandis' herbarium there is a specimen from Martaban, labelled H. venustus, Blume (Bijdr. 71), which differs from the Indian specimens of H. mutabilis in its more tomentose pubescence and hirsute seeds; Blume's plant, moreover, is said to have 5 bracteoles, but there are more than 5 in the Martaban plants. H. SYRIACUS, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 448 ; shrubby, leaves cuneiform ovate 3-lobed dentate, peduncle axillary as long as the petiole, bracteoles linear half the length of the calyx. Cav. Diss. iii. t. 69, f. 1 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 195; Wall. Cat. 1891 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 157. H. rhombifolius, Cav. Diss. t. 69, ex Roxb. Cultivated throughout India and in China. Branches destitute of prickles. Leaves 2 in., nearly or quite glabrous ; petiole short. Peduncle shorter than the petiole. Bracteoles 6-7, linear. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, longer than the bracteoles. Petals obovate, longer than the calyx. Anthers in whorls all the way up the column. Capsule oblong, obtuse, slightly hispid. Seeds pilose. page 345 13. THESPESIA, Corr. Tall trees or shrubs. Leaves entire or lobed. Inflorescence axillary. Bracteoles 5-8, arising from the thickened end of the peduncle, deciduous. Calyx truncate, minutely 5-toothed or 5-parted. Corolla convolute. Staminal-tube 5-toothed at the apex. Ovary 4-5-celled ; style club-shaped, 5-furrowed, entire or 5-toothed ; ovules few in each cell. Capsule loculicidal or scarcely dehiscent. Seeds glabrous or tomentose ; cotyledons conduplicate, black-dotted. - A genus of few species, natives of tropical Asia, Madagascar, and the islands of the Pacific. 1. T. Lampas, Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 19; subarboreous,- herbaceous portions downy, leaves palmately lobed. Hibiscus Lampas, Cav. Diss. iii. 154, t. 56, f. 2 ; DC. Prodr. i. 447 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 197 ; Wight Ic. t. 5 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 48 ; Wall. Cat. 1889, 1 to 4 & E to I. Thwaites Enum. 26 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 153. H. tetralocularis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 198. Azanza Lampas, Alefeld in Bot. Zeit. 1861, 297. H. gangeticus, Roxb. Ic. ined. and Heyne in Herb. Paritium gangeticum, Don, Gen. Syst. i. 485. Tropical Himalaya, alt. 1-4000 ft., from Kumaon eastwards ; Bengal, the Western Peninsula, Birma, and Ceylon. - Distrib. Java, East Tropical Africa. Arborescent, not prickly. Leaves 5 in. diam., cordate, 3-lobed, lobes spreading, acuminate, sparingly stellate, pilose above, tomentose beneath, midrib with a glandular pore at the base beneath ; petioles 2 1/2 in., downy. Stipules subulate. Peduncles axillary or terminal, panicled, 3-flowered, Bracteoles 4-8, subulate, deciduous. Calyx of 5 subulate sepals connate below the middle. Corolla campanulate, yellow with a crimson centre. Capsule ovoid, pointed, villous, 5- rarely 4-valved, valves hispid glabrescent. Seeds glabrescent. 2. T. populnea, Corr. in Ann. Mus. ix. p. 290 ; arboreous, herbaceous portions covered with peltate scales, leaves entire ovate acute or acuminate. Cav. Diss. iii. 152, t. 56, f. 1; DC. Prodr. i. 456; W. & A. Prodr. i. 54; Wight Ic. t. 8; Thwaites Enum. 27 ; Beddome Fl. Sylvat. t, 63; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 18 ; Wall Cat. 1888, 1, 2, & C to H. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 150. Hibiscus populneus, L. ; Roxb. Hort. Beng. 51 ; Flor. Ind. iii. 190. H. populneoides, Roxb. l.c. Malvaviscus populneus, Gaertn. Fruct. ii. 253, t. 135. Azanza acuminata, Alefeld Bot. Zeit. 1861, 299. - Rheede Hort. Mal. i. 29. Tropical shores of Bengal, Ceylon, and both Peninsulas. - Distrib. Tropical Asia, the Pacific islands, and Africa. A small tree. Leaves 3 in. diam., cordate, roundish, acuminate, quite entire, 5-7-nerved, with a glandular pore beneath between the nerves ; petiole 2 1/2 in. Peduncle axillary, shorter than the petiole. Bracteoles obsolete or 5, oblong-lanceolate, deciduous, as long as the cup-shaped 5-toothed calyx. Corolla 2-3 in. diam. Staminal-tube toothed at the top ; filaments ascending. Capsule 1 1/2 in., oblong, depressed, scaly, ultimately glabrescent. Seeds pilose or powdery on the surface. - The characters assigned by Roxburgh to Hibiscus populneoides are not sufficient, as on the same specimen acute and acuminate, glandular and glandless leaves may be seen, and the characters of the capsule appear equally invalid. Roxburgh describes the integument of the capsule in H. populneoides as double, " the exterior one, which is fragile and composed of five valves, opens from the apex spontaneously when ripe, exposing the inner lamina, which is remarkably strong, tough, reticulated with fibres and not opening without considerable force;" whereas in H. populneus the integument "is single, and can be easily broken by the pressure of the thumb and finger." page 346 14. GOSSYPIUM, Linn. Herbs shrubs or low trees. Leaves palmately lobed. Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, jointed. Flowers large, yellow with, or rarely without, a crimson centre, or all purplish. Bracteoles 3, large, leafy, cordate, sprinkled like the calyx with black glandular dots. Calyx cup-shaped, truncate or slightly 5-toothed. Petals convolute or spreading. Staminal-tube as in Hibiscus. Ovary 5-celled ; style clavate, 5-grooved at the apex with five stigmas ; ovules many in each cell. Capsule loculicidally 3-5-valved. Seeds densely clothed with woolly hairs ; cotyledons leafy, plicate, sprinkled with black dots. - DiSTRIB. Tropics of the Old and New World. The very numerous forms of this genus are distributed by cultivation throughout the hotter regions of the globe. Their synonymy is extremely complicated, and has baffled the attempts of many authors. Wight and Arnott greally added to the confusion by their attempts to reduce all the varieties to two species, G. album and G. nigrum. Speaking broadly, it is not difficult to recognise the following forms. G. Stocksii is wild in Sindh, and may be the primitive form of the cultivated states of G. herbaceum. 1. G. Stocksii, Mast. ; shrubby, branching, leaves palmately 3-5-lobed lobes glabrous oblong obtuse, bracteoles deeply laciuiate, segments linear lanceolate, cotton yellow adherent to the seeds and with no felted down beneath. Limestone rocks on the coasts of Sindh, truly wild, Stocks ; Dalzell. Branches straggling, diflfuse. Leaves small, rounded with five roundish or obtuse lobes. Flowers small, yellow. Capsule ovoid. Cotton not separable from the seed. - It seems probable that this may be the wild form of the plant cultivated as G. herbaceum, and therefore the parent type of all the forms of Indian cotton. Dalzell and Gibson (Bomb. Fl. 21) apparently confound Roxburgh's G. obtusifolium with this plant, which they say is found all over limestone rocks of the Sindh coast, though the description they give does not apply to this, but to the cultivated form of G. herbaceum just alluded to. Stocks, indeed, remarks, that in cultivation the leaves of this plant assume the appearance of those of G. herbaceum. Roxburgh's G. obtusifolium, which he says is a native of Ceylon, appears, moreover, from his drawing to be a form of G. herbaceum. Thwaites does not mention any species as native of Ceylon. G. HERBACEUM, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 456 ; annual or perennial, hairy or subglabrous, leaf-lobes broadly ovate acuminate, flowers yellow with a purple centre rarely wholly yellow or white or purple, petals spreading, bracteoles not divided below the middle, sometimes entire or nearly so, cotton white or brownish, adherent to the seeds, overlying a grey or greenish down. Roxb.Cor. Pl. iii. 269; Fl. Ind. iii. 184; Wight Ic. t. 9, 11 ; Royle lll. t. 23, f. 1 ; Wall. Cat. 1880; Cav. Diss. vi. 310, t. 164, f. 2 ; Parlatore Sp. di Cotoni, p. 31, t. 2; Mast. in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 212. G. indicum, Lam. Encycl. ii. 134; DC. Prodr. i. 456. G. album, W. & A. Prodr. i. 54. G. micranthum, DC. Prodr. I.c. (in part) ; Royle III. i. 49. - Rheede Hort. Mal i. t. 31. Cultivated ; furnishing the varieties of Indian cotton, such as Dacca and Berar. Erect, shrubby, or herbaceous, nearly glabrous or more or less hairy, and with a few scattered glandular points. Leaves cordate, 3-5- rarely 7-lobed, usually with a gland on the under surface of the midrib. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, entire or slightly toothed. Peduncles shorter than the petiole. Bracteoles equalling the capsule. Calyx truncate, or obsoletely crenulate, much shorter than the bracteoles. Petals obovate or cuneate. Capsule ovate, globose, mucronate, 3-5-valved. Seeds 5-7 in each cell, ovoid ; cotton white, rarely yellowish, overlying a greenish or greyish down. page 347 Var. 1. obtusifolium, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 183 (sp.) ; shrubby, much branched, leaves 3-5-lobed, lobes ovute entire, stipules falcate, bracteoles nearly entire, Wall. Cat. 1880, in part. China cotton, Roxb. I.c. 185? - This is the form found in Ava by Griffith, Journals, p. 147. Var. 2. hirsutum, L. (sp.) ; hairy or hispid, foliage of G. herbaceum, but leaf- lobes usually less rounded and more elongate, bracteoles deeply gashed as in G. barbadense, petals yellow without a crimson spot, cotton white with underlying greenish or grey down. G.hirsutum, L. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 187 ; DC. Prodr. i. 456; Wall. Cat. 1880, in part; Royle III. I, p. 100 ; Parlatore Sp. Cot. 42, tab. 5. - Yields Upland Georgian Cotton. Var. 3. religiosum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 185 (sp.) ; leaves hairy or subglabrous, with five triangular acute lobes, stipules cordate acuminate, bracteoles deeply laciniate, petals entirely yellow, seeds covered with firmly adherent short tawny down and long wool of the same colour. G. religiosum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 185 ; Cav. Diss. t. 164, f. 1 ; Wall. Cat. 1885, M; ? of Linnaeus and others. - Yields Nankeen Cotton. Var. vitifolium, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 186 (sp.), not of others ; sub-arboreous, dark purple and hairy, leaves 3-5-lobed, lobes triangular acuminate, capsules oblong, seeds clothed with firmly adhering short greenish-grey down under the long fine white wool, - I have not been able to identify this variety, but it is evidently a form of G. herbaceum. The G. vitifolium of Roxburgh's drawings is a different plant. G. BARBADENSE, Linn.; DC. Prodr. i. 456; herbaceous or shrubby, leaves nearly glabrous cordate 3-5-lobed lobes oblong acuminate, bracteoles very large deeply gashed, petals convolute, yellow with a crimson spot, capsule oval acuminate, seeds black, free or coherent, covered with readily separable white or brownish cotton. Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 187 ; Wight Ill. t. 28 A and B. G. nigrum (in part), W. & A. Prodr. i. 54 ; Wall. Cat. 1875, D, E, G, H ; Royle III. p. 100, Cult. of Cotton, t. 3 ; Parlatore Sp. Cot. 49, t. iii. ; Mast. in Oliv. Fl. Prop. Afr. i. 210. Cultivated ; yields the American varieties known as Barbadoes, Bourbon, Sea-island, New Orleans, &c., Cottons. A shrub or tall herb, herbaceous portions glabrescent, sprinkled with black dots, branches purplish. Leaves 1-glandular, deeply 3-5-lobed, lobes tapering, acuminate. Stipules linear-lanceolate. Peduncle thick, often glandular at the apex. Ovary ovoid, pitted, 3-5-celled. Var. acuminatum, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 51 ; Fl. Ind. iii. 186 (sp.) ; sub- arboreous, leaves 3-5-lobed, lobes oblong-lanceolate acuminate, flowers yellow with a crimson spot, petals spreading, seeds black covered with easily separable white wool and adhering firmly to each other. Wight Ill. t. 27 ; Royle III. i. p. 98 ; Cult. Cott. t. 3, f. 5. G. peruvianum, Cav.; DC. Prodr. i. 456. G. vitifolium. Lam. Encyl. ii. 135; Roxb. Ic. ined. not of Fl. Ind.; Cav. Diss t. 166; Wall. Cat. 1875, F. G. religiosum, Parlatore Sp. di Cott. 55, t. 4 (not of authors). - Yields the varieties known as Peruvian, Brazilian, Kidney Cotton, &c. The plant is usually larger in foliage, flower, and capsule than the other varieties. G. ARBOREUM, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 456 ; arborescent or shrubby, leaves nearly glabrous, deeply palmately 5-7-lobed lobes linear-oblong, flowers purple rarely white, bracteoles nearly entire, cotton not readily separable from the seed. Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 183 ; Wight Ic. t. 10 ; Royle III. 23, f. 2 ; Wall. Cat. 1875 J., 1881 ; Parlatore Sp. Cot. 24, t. 1; Mast. in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 211. G. nigrum, Ham. in W. & A. Prodr. i. 64, in part (excl. syn.). G. rubicundum, Roxb. Ic. ined. and in herb. - Rheede Hort. Mal. t. 31 1 Burm. Fl. Ind. 150. Plains of India, in gardens, but not generally cultivated ; Kashmir, Falconer. A shrub or low tree, rarely a herb; branches purple, pilose. Leaves 1-glandular, lobes mucronate, contracted at the base, often with a supplementary lobe in the sinus. Stipules ensiform. Bracteoles cordate, ovate, acute. Petals spreading. Staminal-tube antheriferous for its whole length. Capsule about 1 in., oblong-pointed. Seeds free, covered with white wool overlying a dense green down. page 348 15. KYDIA, Roxb. Trees with stellate pubescence. Leaves palminerved, usually lobed. Flowers panicled, polygamous. Bracteofes 4-6, leafy, connate at the base, accrescent and spreading in fruit. Sepals 5, connate below the middle. Petals 5, obcordate, oblique, longer than the calyx, adnate to the staminal tube. Staminal-tube divided about the middle into 5 divisions each bearing 3 reniform anthers which are imperfect in the female flower. Ovary 2-3-celled ; style 3-cleft, stigmas 3 peltate, imperfect in the male flower ; ovules 2 in each cell, ascending. Capsule subglobose, muticous, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds reniform, furrowed. - Distrib. Exclusively Indian. 1. K. calycina, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50; Cor. PI. iii. 11, t. 215; Fl. Ind. iii. 188 ; leaves downy beneath, bracteoles oblong downy. Wight Ic. t. 879-80; W. & A. Prodr. i. 70 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 24 ; Beddome Fl. Sylvat. t. 3; Wall. Cat, 1176. K. Roxburghiana, Wight Ic. iii. t. 881 ; Wall. Cat. 1177. K. fraterna, Roxb. Cor. PI. t. 216; Fl. Ind. iii. 189; W. & A. I.c. K. pulverulenta. Ham. in Wall. Cat. 1176. Tropical regions of the Himalaya, from Kumaon eastward, and throughout tho Western Ghats. Birma, Wallich. A tree. Leaves 4-5 by 3 in., rounded, cordate, palmately 7-nerved, more or less lobed, midlobe longest, glabrous above or with thinly scattered hairs, closely felted beneath ; petiole 1-2 in. Inflorescence much branched, many-flowered. Bracteoles 4-6, oblong-spathulate, nearly as long as the calyx, ultimately spreading. Flowers white or pink. Sepals ovate, acute. Petals exceeding the sepals, obcordate. Staminal-tube shorted than the petals, branches opposite to the sepals. - The size and proportion of the parts vary according to the sex of the flower. 2. K. glabrescens, Mast. ; leaves suborbicular slightly angled, bracteoles oblanceolate glabrous. Bhotan, Assam, and Malacca, Griffith (all the localities). A tree, herbaceous portions sparingly hairy. Leaves 4 by 3 1/2 in., palminerved, obscurely lobed, base wedge-shaped ; petiole 2 1/2 in. Panicle terminal ; bracteoles 4-5, spreading, accrescent, ultimately 1 in. Sepals lanceolate. Capsule tho size of a small pea, shorter than the incurved sepals, globose, pubescent. - I have only seen fruiting specimens. 15.* ADANSONIA, Linn. Tree with a short thick trunk and very widely spreading branches forming a mushroom-shaped head. Leaves pubescent beneath when young, glabrous digitate, deciduous. Flowers solitary, axillary, pendulous, long-peduncled. Calyx leathery, cup-shaped, 6-cleft, bibracteolate. Petals 5, exceeding the sepals, adnate below to the stamens. Staminal-tube cylindrical, dividing above into numerous filaments; anthers reniform, 1-celled. Ovary 5-10-celled ; style long, exserted, divided into as many stiginatic branches as there are cells to the ovary, stigmas radiating ; ovules many in each cell. Fruit oblong, woody, indehiscent ; with mealy pulp in the inside. Seeds reniform, testa thick, albumen thin, embryo curved, cotyledons contortuplicate. - Two species are known, one the Baobab, a native of Africa, not truly wild in India, and the other Australian. A. DIGITATA, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 478 ; Cav. Diss. v. 298, t. 15 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 61 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 164; Thwaites Enum. 28 ; Wall. Cat. 1836 ; Mast. in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 212. Cultivated in various parts of India and Ceylon. - Distrib. Tropical Africa. page 349 16. BOMBAX, Linn. Trees. Leaves digitate, deciduous. Peduncles axillary or subterminal, solitary or clustered, 1-flowered. Flowers appearing before the leaves. Bracteoles 0. Calyx leathery, cup-shaped, truncate or 3-7-lobed. Petals obovate. Stamens pentadelphous, bundles opposite the petals, and divided above into numerous filaments ; anthers reniform, 1-celled. Ovary 5-celled ; style clavate, stigmas 5 ; ovules many in each cell. Capsule loculicidally 5-valved, valves leathery, woolly within. Seeds woolly, testa thin, albumen scanty; cotyledons contortuplicate. - Distrib. A genus of about 10 species, mostly tropical American, one is tropical African. 1. B. malabaricum, DC. Prodr. i. 479; trunk and branches prickly, leaflets 5-7 quite entire cuspidate, base tapering, filaments ligulate half the length of the petals, capsule oblong obtuse. Wight III. t. 29; W. & A. Prodr. i. 61 ; Wall. Cat. 1840 ; Beddome Fl. Sylvat. t. 82. Salmalia malabarica. Schott. Meletem, 35 ; Thwaites Enum. 28 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 22 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 166. Bombax heptaphylla, Cav. Diss. v. p. 296 ; Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50 ; Cor. PI. iii. t. 247 ; Fl. Ind. iii. 167. B. Ceiba, Burm. Fl. Ind. 145 excl. syn. Gossampinus rubra, Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. 128. - Rheede Hort. Mal. iii. t. 52. Tropical Eastern Himalaya, and throughout the hotter forest regions of India, to BIRMA and Ceylon. - Distrib. Java, Sumatra. A large tree, covered with stout hard conical prickles ; branches spreading. Leaflets 6-12 in., glabrous ; petiole longer than the leaflets, secondary petioles 1 in. Stipules small, caducous. Flowers numerous, fascicled at or near the ends of the branches. Calyx 1 in., cup-shaped, smooth externally, silky within, margin slightly lobed, ultimately irregularly cleft, deciduous with the corolla and stamens. Corolla 6-7 in., red or white. Petals 5, oblong, recurved, fleshy, twice the length of the stamens. Staminal-tube short, filaments numerous, pluriseriate, 5 innermost forked at the top, each with an anther, 10 intermediate shorter, outer very numerons. Style longer than the stamens. Capsule 6-7 in., ovoid, downy, 5-valved, valves silky within. Seeds numerous, obovate, smooth. - Cotton tree. 2. B. insigne, Wall. PI. Asiat. Rar. i. 71, t. 79, 80 ; Cat. 1841 ; Kurz. in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1873, ii. 61 ; trunk without prickles, leaflets 7-9 obovate cuspidate acuminate glaucous beneath, filaments slender two-thirds the length of the petals. BIRMA, Pegu, and the Andaman islands. A tree, 20-30 ft. ; trunk marked with large leaf-scars. Leaflets 5 in. Flowers solitary, large, scattered on leafless branches. Peduncles 1/2 in., thick, club-shaped, jointed at the top. Flowers 10 in. diam. ; buds globose. Calyx 1 1/2 in., urceolate-globose, truncate or slightly two-lobed. Petals 5-6 in., linear-oblong, recurved, downy, scarlet within. Stamens many. Ovary ovoid. Stigma 5-lobed. Capsule 10 by 1 in., elongated, curved at the apex, glabrous. 17. ERIODENDRON, DC. Trees. Leaves digitate, deciduous. Flowers appearing before the leaves, tufted at the ends of the branches, or axillary, large white or rose coloured. Bracteoles 0. Calyx cup-shaped, truncate, or 3-5-fid. Petals oblong. Staminal bundles 5, opposite the petals connate at the base each bearing 2-3 sinuous or linear anthers. Ovary ovoid, 5-celled ; style cylindrical, dilated, stigma obscurely 5-lobed. Capsule oblong, coriaceous or woody, 5-celled, 5-valved, valves densely silky within. Seeds globose or obovoid. testa crustaceous, smooth with silky hairs, albumen scanty; cotyledons contortuplicate. - page 360 DISTRIB. A genus of about 3 species, most of them American, one occurs in tropical Africa.1. E. anfractuosum, DC. Prodr. i. 479 ; leaflets lanceolate cuspidate entire or serrulate towards the point glaucous beneath. Wall. Cat. 1839; W. & A. Prodr. i. 61 ; Wight Ic. t. 400 ; Griff. Not. iv. 533 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 22 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2. 166 ; Beddome Fl. Sylvat. Anal. Gen. t. 4. Bombax pentandrum, Linn. Sp. PI. 989 ; Cav. Diss. v. 293, t. 151 ; Roxb. Fl. ind. iii. 165. B. orientale, Spreng. Syst. iii. 124. Ceiba pentandra, Gaertn. Fruct. ii. 244, t. 133; Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. 126. Eriodendron orientale, Steud. Nomencl. 587 ; Thwaites Enum. 28. - Rheede Hort. Mal. iii. t. 49, 50 ; Rumph. Amb. i. t 80. Forests throughout the hotter parts of India and Ceylon. - Distrib. S. America. W. Indies, Trop. Africa ? A tall tree, trunk straight, tapering, prickly when young; branches horizontal, verticillate. Leaflets 5-8, 3-4 by 1 in ; petioles at least as long as or longer than the leaflets. Stipules small, caducous. Peduncles about 2 in., club-shaped, tufted, 1-flowered. Calyx 3/8 in., cup-shaped, 5-cleft, lobes roundish, glabrous on the outside, slightly downy within. Petals 5, oblong, connate at the base, downy externally, yellowish within, twice the length of the calyx. Filaments shorter than the petals. Ovary conical; Style as long as the stamens, declinate, dilated above the contracted base, stigma obscurely 5-lobed. Capsule oblong like a cucumber; septa membranous, tardily dehiscing. Seeds numerous, subpyriform, black, glabrous. - Roxburgh doubts whether the Indian species be the same as the West Indian, which latter is described with an irregular trunk, often ventricose or thicker above ; the shape of the fruit is also difterent. DC. I.c. makes 3 varieties - 1. Indicum, above described, with flowers yellowish within ; 2. Caribaeum, with rose coloured flowers ; 3. Africanum, to which no differential characters are assigned. In herbaria the specimens from the East and from the West do not appear to differ. Planchon, however (in herb.), has suggested that the name E. Rheedii be given to the Indian form. 18. CULLENIA, Wight. A tall tree. Leaves simple, scaly. Flowers fascicled in the axils of the leaves. Bracteoles 3-5, connate for nearly their whole length into a deciduous cylindric tube, clothed, like the calyx, with peltate scales. Sepals 5, connate for nearly their whole length into a deciduous cylindric tube. Petals 0. Staminal-tube 5-cleft, divisions linear, exserted, declinate ; anthers small, subglobose, 1-celled, clustered at intervals on the branches of the staminal-tube. Ovary 5-celled, style elongate, very hairy, stigma capitate ; ovules 2 in each cell, superposed. Fruit globose, densely clothed with spines, ultimately 5-valved. Seeds with a fleshy aril, albumen 0, cotyledons fleshy unequal. 1. C. excelsa, Wight Ic. 1761, 2 ; Beddome Flor. Sylvat., Anal. Gen. t. 4 ; Thwaites Enum. 28. Durio zeylanicus, Gardn. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. viii. Iyamally hills, Malabar, Wight; Ceylon ; common in the central provinces, alt. 2500 ft., Thwaites. Leaves elliptic, acuminate, bright shining green above, silvery and densely scaly beneath. Flowers densely packed on contracted branches, short pcduncled, pointed at the base. Fruit the size of a large orange. Seeds like a chestnut. 19. DURIO, Linn. Trees. Leaves entire, leathery, closely penninerved, scaly, rarely hairy beneath. Flowers in lateral cymes ; peduncles angular. Bracteoles 3, connate page 351 below into a cup, tips free, deciduous. Calyx bell-shaped, leathery, like the bracteoles densely scaly, 5-fid, lobes valvate oblong or rounded. Petals 5, contorted-imbricate, spathulate, longer than the sepals. Staminal-tube divided into 4-5 phalanges opposite the petals ; filaments many, bearing a globose head of sinuous 1-celled anthers, or a single annular 1-celled anther. Ovary scaly externally, 4-5-celled; styles connate, stigmas capitate ; ovules many and 2-seriate in each cell. Fruit very large, subglobose or oblong, spiny, indehiscent or loculicidally 5-valved. Seeds arillate; cotyledons fleshy, often connate. - Distrib. Malay Peninsula and islands ; species 3.1. D. Zibethinus, DC. Prodr. i. 480; leaves scaly beneath, flowers about 3 in. diam., staminal column tubular at the base only, anthers sinuous in globose heads. Koen. in Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 266, t. 14-16 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 399. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat, i. pt. 2, 167. Griff. Not. iv. 528 ; Ic. t. 596. - Rumph. Amb. i. 99, t. 29. Malacca, cultivated only? - Distrib. Malay islands. A tree. Leaves 6-7 by 2-2 1/2 in., base rounded, obovate- oblong, entire, feather-veined, leathery, shining above, scaly beneath, not hairy ; petiole about 1 in., thickened at the apex. Flowers in lateral trichotomous cymes ; peduncles angular, subulate. Bracteoles deciduous, half the length of the calyx. Calyx bell-shaped, leathery, densely clothed with large peltate scales, 5-lobed, lobes obtuse. Petals oblong, tapering at the base, longer than the calyx. Stamens longer than the petals. Ovary oblong, scaly. Fruit subglobose, very large, somewhat woody, densely muricate, indehiscent or tardily 5-valved, pulpy within. Seeds arillate. - The Durian is probably not indigenous in the Malay Peninsula. Wallace (Kew. Gard. Mis. viii. 228) states that two varieties, both small fruited, are indigenous in Borneo. 2. D. malaccensis, Planch, mss. ; leaves scaly beneath, flowers large (about 5 in. diam.), staminal column tubular for half its length, anthers sinuous in globose heads. Malacca, Griffith, Maingay ; Birma, Brandis. A tree, with the habit and foliage of D. Zibethinus, but with the flowers nearly twice the size. Petals twice the length of the sepals. Staminal-tube divided, about the middle only, into 5 phalanges. Ovary and fruit as in the preceding. - Perhaps the wild form of the Durian. 3. D. Oxleyanus, Griff. Notul. iv. 531 ; leaves glabrous above pubescent or hairy on the under surface, scaly on midrib only, flowers about 1 in. diam., stamens 4-5-adelphous, anthers annular solitary on the end of each filament. Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. A tree, with the habit and foliage of D. Zibethinus. Calyx ventricose. Petals oblong-spathulate, longer than the sepals. Staminal-phalanges 4 or 5, dividing about the middle into numerous filaments each bearing a solitary anther with a thickened black connective bordered by an annular cell. Ovary and fruit of D. Zibethinus, but smaller. - Referred by Planchon, in Herb. Kew, to Neesia, but erroneously. 20. BOSCHIA, Korth. Trees. Leaves simple entire, scaly beneath. Flowers small, axillary. Bracteoles 2-3, connate at the base, deciduous. Calyx deeply 4-5-parted. Petals linear-ligulate, entire or laciniate. Stamens many, some free, others irregularly coherent, outermost without anthers ; anthers oblong, 1-celled, opening by a terminal pore, solitary, or in groups of 2-6. Pollen globose 3-valved. Ovary 3-5-celled, style elongate ; ovules one or page 352 more in each cell, ascending. Fruit oblong, 3-5-celled, 3-5-valved, valves muricate, bright red. Seeds few, oblong black, with a fleshy orange-coloured, cup-shaped arillus extending over half their surface ; cotyledons amygdaloid; radicle next the hilum. - DISTRIB. Malay Peninsula and archipelago. Species 2.1. B. Griffithii, Mast.; leaves ovate oblong cuspidate penniveined scaly beneath, flowers solitary or 2-3 in short axillary cymes. Heteropyxis, Grif. Notul. iv. 524 ; Ic. Pl. As. t. 594. Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. A small tree, bark grey, wood reddish. Leaves 3-4 by 1 1/2-2 in., glabrous above, white and sparingly lepidote beneath ; petiole short. Stipules linear, caducous. Peduncle very short. Bracteoles 2-3, deciduous. Flowers 1/2 in. diam. Calyx 4-parted, segments ultimately reflexed. Petals linear-spathulate, variable in number, longer than the calyx. Anthers minute. Ovary covered with spines, each tipped by a peltate stelliform scale. Fruit about 2 in. Seed 3/4 in., solitary in each cell. 21. NEESIA, Blume. Trees. Branches marked with large leaf-scars. Leaves entire, feather-veined. Stipules leafy. Inflorescence of cymes produced from the stem in the axils of the fallen leaves. Bracteoles 3, connate into a campanulate tube, circumsciss and deciduous, covered, like the sepals, with peltate scales. Calyx, closed, ultimately dilated and cushion-shaped at the base, tubular, conical above, opening by a circular irregularly crenulate orifice at the top. Petals 5, free, imbricate. Stamens in 5 bundles, alternate with the petals, each dividing midway into numerous filaments, the terminal or central one of which bears a 2-lobed and the lateral filaments a 1-lobed extrorse anther opening lengthwise, connective thick ; staminodes 0, Ovary very shortly stalked, oblong, 5-celled ; style short ; stigma conic ; ovules numerous 2-seriate, horizontal, anatropous. Fruit ovoid, woody, muricate, loculicitlally 5-valved. Seeds albuminous ; aril ; cotyledons flat, leafy. (Fruit and seed after Blume.) - Distrib. Two species, a Javanese and Malaccan. 1. N. synandra, Mast. Penang, Maingay. A lofty tree, trunk stout. Leaves 9-12 by 4-5 in., cordate-oblong, obtuse, coriaceous, minutely puberulous ; petiole 2 in. Stipules oblong, 1-nerved, 1 1/2 in. Peduncle stout, angular. Fruit of Durian,( Maingay). - This differs from Blume's N. altissima in the form of the leaf and particularly in the stamens, which are described and figured by Blume as joined at the base only. Neesia Griffithii of herbaria, and upon which Bentham (Gen. PI. i. 213) partly constructed, as it would seem, the generic character, is a true Durio (D. Oxleyanus, Griff.). 22. COELOSTEGIA, Benth. A tall tree. Leaves simple, quite entire, scaly beneath. Flowers axillary, fascicled, subsessile. Bracteoles 3-4, scaly, combined below into a cupshaped tube. Sepals 5, lanceolate, much longer than the bracteoles, connate below the middle into a 5-lobed 5-pouched cup. Petals 5, free, attached to the base of the calyx and much smaller than it. Stamens in 5 bundles opposite to the sepals and adherent to their bases, included; anthers small, subglobose. Ovary partly immersed in the calyx-tube, 5-celled ; cells few-ovuled ; style filiform, stigma large capitate peltate 5-lobed. Fruit unknown. - The following is the only known species. page 353 1. C. Griffithii, Benth. in Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI, i. 213. Malacca, Griffith. Leaves 2 1/2-3 in., glabrous, acuminate, base rounded ; petiole 1/2 in. Flowers 1/4 in. diam., produced from the old wood, covered with scales. Order XXVII. STERCULIACEAE. (ByMaxwell T. Masters, F.E.S.) Herbs, shrubs (rarely climbing), or trees, herbaceous portions usually more or less pubescent. Bark usually abounding in mucilage, inner fibrous. Leaves alternate, simple, lobed or digitate, stipulate. Inflorescence axillary or terminal, usually cymose. Flowers regular, uni- or bisexual. Sepals 5, more or less connate, rarely completely so. Petals 5 or 0. Androecium columnar or tubular, of many stamens, or rarely stamens few, free ; anthers in heads, or in a single ring at the apex of the column, or dispersed on the outside of the tube, or arranged along the edge of a cup or tube, with intervening staminodes or sterile stamens ; anther-cells always 2, parallel or divergent. Ovary free, 2-5-celled, rarely of 1 carpel, sessile or stalked ; styles consolidated, or as many as the cells of the ovary. Ovules many or few, attached to the inner angle of the carpels, anatropous, ascending or horizontal, raphe ventral or lateral. Fruit dry or fleshy, dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds sometimes arillate, albuminous or exalbuminous ; cotyledons leafy, flat, folded or convolute, radicle pointing in various directions in different species. - DISTRIB. Abundant in the tropics of either hemisphere and in subtropical Africa and Australia. Genera 40-45 ; species between 500 and 600, largely represented in India and its islands, to which 2 or 3 genera and numerous species are peculiar. Tribe I. Sterculieae. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Petals 0. Androecium columnar or sessile ; anthers clustered or disposed in a ring. * Anthers numerous.
** Anthers 5, whorled ; fruit indehiscent.
Tribe II. Helictereae. Flowers hermaphrodite. Petals deciduous. Androecium columnar below, dilated above into a cup, on the margin of which are placed the anthers usually alternating with staminodes.
Tribe III. Eriolaeneae. Flowers hermaphrodite. Petals deciduous. Androecium tubular, conical, antheriferous for nearly its whole length ; staminodes 0.
Tribe IV. Dombeyeae. Flowers hermaphrodite. Petals flat, persistent. Androecium tubular, antheriferous at the margin ; anthers solitary or in groups, alternating with staminodes. page 354
Tribe V. Hermannieae. Flowers hermaphrodite. Petals marcescent, flat. Androecium tubular at the base only ; stamens 5, staminodes 0.
Tribe VI. Buettnerieae. Petals concave at the base. Androecium tubular ; anthers marginal, solitary or in groups between the staminodes. * Stamens 1-seriate, anthers 2-4 between each staminode.
** Stamens 1-seriate, anthers solitary between each staminode.
*** Stamens pluriseriate, petals orbicular without appendage.
1. STERCULIA, Linn. Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, palmately lobed or digitate. Inflorescence panicled, axillary or terminal. Flowers polygamous. Calyx tubular, 4-5-parted, often coloured. Petals 0. Staminal column bearing a head or ring of sessile, 2-celled anthers. Pistil sessile or stipitate, of 4-5 carpels opposite the sepals, each 2-many-ovuled ; styles connate at the base, stigmas as many as the carpels, free, radiating. Ripe carpels distinct, follicular, sessile or stipitate, woody or membranous. Seeds 1 or many, naked, sometimes arillate, sometimes winged ; albumen bipartite, flat or folded ; cotyledons flat, thin, adhering to the albumen, or thick and fleshy ; radicle near to or remote from the hilum. - Distrib. A genus of about 60 species, natives of the tropics of both hemispheres, but specially abundant in tropical Asia. Sect. I. Eusterculia, Endl, Follicle coriaceous or woody. Radicle remote from the hilum. * Leaves digitate. 1. S. foetida, L, ; DC. Prodr. i. 483 ; leaflets 7-9 elliptic-lanceolate adult glabrous beneath, calyx deeply 5-parted. Br. in Benn. Pl. Jav. Mar. 227 ; Cav. Diss. v. t. 141 ; Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50 ; Fl. Ind. iii. 155 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 63; Wall. Cat. 1137; Wight Ic. t. 181, 364 ; Thwaites Enum. 29 ; Miquel Flor. Ind. Bat. i. pt. ii, p. 112. - Rumph. Herb. Amb. iii. t. 107. Western Peninsula, in the Concan, Malabar ; Birma, Ceylon. - Distrib. East tropical Africa, Moluccas, North Australia. A tall tree. Branches whorled, horizontal. Leaves crowded at the ends of the branches; leaflets about 6 by 2 in., pubescent when young; petiole 8 in. ; stipules ensiform, caducous. Panicles erect, ∞-flowered, spreading (formed immediately under the young leaves of the present year, Roxb.), branches glabrous, ultimate pedicels shorter than the flower, jointed in the middle. Bracteoles minute. Calyx 1/2-3/4 in. diam., dull orange coloured, campanulate, deeply 5-parted ; lobes oblong-lanceolate, spreading, villous within, much longer than the tube. Anthers 12-15. Carpels 5, downy ; style curved. Follicles as large as the fist, woody, oblong, boat-shaped, shortly beaked, page 355 nearly glabrous. Seeds 10-15, the size of filberts, black, smooth ; albumen ; cotyledons thick, fleshy, 5-nerved, plumule developed. - The seeds are roasted and eaten as chestnuts.2. S. versicolor, Wall. PI. As. Rar. i. 48, t. 59 ; leaves peltate digitate, leaflets 5-7 oblong acuminate pubescent beneath, calyx-lobes inflexed connivent at the tips. Wall. Cat. 1129. Br. in Benn. PI. Jav. Rar. 227. BIRMA, on limestone rocks, by the banks of the Irrawaddy, near Segaen, Wallich. A tree 16 ft. Trunk thick, bark grey. Branches spreading. Leaflets 5-7 by 2-2 1/2 in., glabrous above, whitish-pubescent beneath; petiole 6-8 in., dilated at the apex. Panicles at the ends of the branches, erect, shorter than the petioles. Flowers ∞, small, fragrant, orange-yellow, pedicelled. Calyx 1/4 in., campanulate, segments oblong. Staminal column curved. Female fl. : ovary pedicelled, 5-furrowed, villous ; style short, villous, stigma subpeltate, 5-lobed, lobes obtuse. ** Leaves palmately lobed. 3. S. urens, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50 ; Cor. PI. i. 25, t. 24 ; Fl Ind. iii. 145 ; leaves 5-lobed velvety beneath, panicles erect, follicles armed with sharp bristles. W. & A. Prodr. i. 63 ; Wall. Cat. 1120 in part ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 23 ; Thwaites Enum. 29 ; Br. in Benn. PI. Jav. Rar. 227. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat i. pt. 2, 172. Cavallium urens, Schott & Endl. Melet. 33. North-West India, Assam, Behar, Eastern and Western Peninsulas, Ceylon. A soft-wooded tree, with white papery outer bark, inner fibrous. Trunk erect. Branches spreading, marked with large scars. Leaves about the ends of the branches, 9-12 in. long and broad, rounded, base cordate, lobes entire acuminate ; petiole 6-9 in. Panicle dense, terminal, &-flowered, glandular-pubescent. Flowers small, yellow, female mixed with many male. Calyx 1/4 in. diam., campanulate, 5-parted, lobes acute, spreading. Filaments 10. Follicles 5, oblong, radiating, yellow pubescent, with stinging hairs intermixed. Seeds 3-6, oblong, black. Yields a colloid gum, and the seeds are roasted and eaten. - In Wallich's herbarium, under number 1120 D, E, F (S. urens), are fragments of two or three species intermixed, with no indication of the proper letters pertaining to each, the leaves are digitate, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, there arc flowers of two species, and fruits which may be those of S. villosa. The name S. urens cannot be properly applied to any of these fragments. 4. S. villosa, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50 ; Fl. Ind. iii. 153 ; leaves 5-7-lobed velvety beneath and with spreading villi, panicles pendulous, follicles downy. Wall. Cat. 1136, 2, 3, D. ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 63 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 22 ; Br. in Benn. PI. Jav. Rar. 227. North-Western India, Bengal and Malabar, and the tropical Himalaya from Kumaon eastwards. A tree with white bark. Branches few, spreading, with large scars. Leaves 12-18 in. each way, glabrescent or thinly stellate-pilose above, base cordate, deeply palmately 5-7-lobed, lobes acuminate, sometimes 3-fid ; petiole as long as the leaf, expanded and very downy at the top ; stipules lanceolate, acuminate. Panicle 12-14 in., deflexed, much branched, rusty pubescent. Bracts filiform, caducous. Flower-buds globose. Flowers ∞, male and female mixed, the former most numerous. Calyx 1/2 in. diam., broadly campanulate, downy outside, pinkish within, 5-lobed, lobes spreading. Anthers 10. Ovary globose, style recurved. Follicles 1 1/2-2 in., oblong, spreading, rusty-villous. Seeds oblong, black ; albumen bipartite ; cotyledons thin. *** Leaves simple, not lobed, 1-nerved. t Calyx-lobes broad, spreading. 5. S. guttata, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50 ; Fl. Ind. iii. 148 ; leaves glabrous above pubescent beneath oblong-ovate acute or acuminate base rounded or subcordate, panicles sparingly branched. Wall. Cat. 1127, in part; page 356 W. & A. Prodr. i. 62 ; Wight. Ic. t. 487 ; Thwaites Enum. 29 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 23 ; Beddome Fl Sylvat. t. 105 ; Br. in Benn. PI. Jav. Rar. 229. S. cuneata, Heyne ms. in Wall. Cat 1127(3). S. alata, Wall. Cat. 1127 D, not of others. - Rheede Hort. Mal. iv. t. 61.Western Peninsula, Concan, Nilghiri Mts. ; Malabar; Eastern Peninsula, at Malacca and the Andaman Isles ; Ceylon, Ambagamowa district. A tree. Trunk straight. Bark cracked, ash-coloured, inner fibrous. Young shoots pubescent. Leaves 7-8 by 4 in., scabrid above, nerves stellate-pilose beneath ; petiole 2 in., thinly stellate pilose ; stipules ensiform, caducous. Panicle equalling the leaves, branches horizontal, rusty-tomentose ; ultimate pedicels shorter than the flowers. Bracts lanceolate. Flower-buds globose. Flowers chiefly male. Calyx 1/3 in., densely rusty-downy outside, glandular within, campanulate, 5 fid ; segments broadly ovate-acute, ultimately reflexed, covered with long hairs. Anthers 12. Ovary stalked, globose, 3-5-lobed. Style curved, stigma 3-5-lobed. Follicles 1-5, size of a small apple, each about 3 in., obovoid, covered with reddish down, smooth, pink within. Placentas villous. Seeds oblong ; testa black, brittle; between it and the second coat, which is brown and tough, is a soft white sebaceous substance, innermost coat thin, membranous; albumen amygdaloid ; cotyledons elliptic. Brown, I.c., makes two vars., α with oblong ovate acute leaves ; and β with obovate acuminate leaves and racemes much shorter than the leaves. - Cloth is made from the bark in Malabar. 6. S. Roxburghii, Wall. Cat. 1124; leaves glabrous oval or oblong-lanceolate suddenly acuminate base rounded, racemes erect shorter than the leaves. Wall. PI. As. Rar. 262 ; Br. in Benn. PI. Jav. Par. 229. S. lanceaefolia, Roxh. Hort. Beng. 50 ; Fl. Ind. iii. 150, not of Cav. S. ovalifolia, Wall. Cat. 1132. S. alata, Wall. Cat. 1125. in part. Temperate Himalaya, ascending in Sikkim 6000 ft., J. D. H. ; Silhet and ASSAM. A tree. Bark ashy. Leaves 4-8 by 1-3 in., lanceolate ; petiole 1/2-1 in., thickened at both ends; stipules subulate. Racemes 2 m., axillary, few-flowered, pedicels erecto-patent sparingly stellate-pilose. male fl. most numerous. Calyx 1/2 in. diam., scarlet, campanulate, 5-parted, segments oblong-lanceolate, spreading, longer than the tube. Follicles 1-5, 3 in., lanceolate, beaked, downy-scaberulous, pink. Seeds 4-8, black, ovoid, coats as in S. guttata (Roxb.), albumen scanty ; cotyledons thick. - Wallich's S. ovalifolia only differs in its oval leaves. 7. S. parvifolia, Wall. Cat. 1123; leaves glabrous lanceolate base tapering, racemes simple shorter than the leaves. Br. in Benn. PI. Jav. Rar. 229. Malacca and Penang, Porter, &c. A small tree. Branches glabrous, purplish, bark cracking, leaving whitish striae. Leaves 4-6 by 1 1/2 in.; petiole 2 in., thickened at the apex. Racemes axillary, shorter than the leaf. Flowers red. Follicles 2 in., downy, oblong. Seeds black. - Specimens imperfect. 8. S. striatiflora, Mast. ; leaves glabrous oblong-acute base tapering, panicle branched shorter than the leaves, calyx funnel-shaped striated. Birma, Griffith. A shrub. Leaves 8-18 by 4-6 in., leathery, arch-veined, midrib prominent ; petiole 1 in. ; stipules subulate. Branches of panicles erecto-patent, ultimate pedicels shorter than the flowers. Bracteoles minute. Calyx 1/2 in., glabrous, pink externally, longitudinally striated ; lobes linear, erecto-patent. - Imperfect specimens only seen. 9. S. macrophylla, Vent. Hort. Malm. ii. n. 91, in note; leaves glabrous above tomentose beneath suborbicular quite entire base deeply cordate, calyx-lobes triangular. Br. in Benn. PI. Jav. Rar. 230. page 357 Malacca, Maingay. - Distrib. Java. A large tree. Leaves 12-16 by 10-12 in., venation arched, secondary veins proceeding nearly to the margin before arching ; petiole downy, 6 in. Panicles deflexed, much branched, nearly equalling the leaves, ultimate pedicels capillary, shorter than the flowers, pubescent and hispid. Flower-buds minute, subglobose. Calyx 1/8 in., cup-shaped, stellate-hairy, 5 fid ; lobes triangular, erect, shorter than the tube. Follicle 2 in., downy, smooth within. 10. S. linguifolia, Mast. ; leaves glabrous oblong- obtuse base rounded 1-nerved, racemes slender pendulous shorter than the leaves, calyx-lobes linear subulate 3-4 times longer than the tube. Tavoy, Parish. A shrub, 6 ft. Leaves 7-8 by 2 in., coriaceous ; petiole 1 1/2 in. Flower-buds lanceolate. Calyx 3/4 in., salmon-coloured ; lobes slightly ciliated externally, free at the tips, much longer than the tube. - Imperfect specimens only seen. 11. S. pubescens, Mast. ; leaves glabrous above pubescent beneath oblong obtuse or abruptly acuminate base cordate, panicle erect, calyx campanulate lobes triangular acute. Malacca, Maingay. A tree, younger portions rusty-pubescent. Leaves 4-6 by 2-2 1/2 in., nerves stellate-hairy beneath; petiole 1 1/4 in., sulcate striated; stipules 1/4 in., subulate. Panicle much branched, as long or longer than the leaves ; ultimate pedicels jointed, pubescent, spreading. Calyx 1/4 in., segments hairy within, equalling the tube. Ovary globose, downy, style deciduous. 12. S. armata, Mast. ; leaves glabrous above downy beneath oblong acute base rounded nerves hispidulous, panicle erect, calyx broadly campanulate lobes ovate-lanceolate. Bhotan, Griffith. A tree. Bark grey, marked with very large cordiform scars. Leaves crowded at the ends of the branches, 5-6 by 2 in. ; petiole 3/4 in., rusty-hispid ; stipules 1/4-1/2 in., deltoid-lanceolate, striate. Panicle as long as or longer than the leaves, erect or ascending, many-flowered ; pedicels subpilose, as long as the flowers. Flower-buds oblong. Calyx 3/4 in. diam., pink, 5-fid ; lobes spreading, longer than the bell-shaped tube. Fruit not seen. tt Calyx-lobes narrow incurved, frequently cohering at the tips, gaping at the sides. 13. S. laevis, Wall. Cat. 1138 ; leaves lanceolate acuminate glabrous base tapering, panicles erect, nearly the length of the leaves, calyx subglobose, segments broadly lanceolate. Br. in Benn. PI. Jav. Rar. 230 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 174. S. coccinea, Jack Mal. Misc. i. 286, not of Roxb. Penang, Wallich; Malacca, Maingay; Pegu, Kurz. - Distrib. Java. A small tree. Leaves 6-7 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in. ; petiole 1 1/2-2 in., thickened at the apex. Peduncles very slender, ultimate pedicels spreading, as long as the flower. Bracteoles very minute, subulate. Flower-buds oblong. Flowers 1/2-3/4 in. ; calyx-lobes linear from a broad base, much longer than the tube, glabrous without, bearded within. Follicles 1 1/2 in., woody, downy externally, smooth and crimson within, tip beaked. Seeds small, oblong, black, shining. 14. S. coccinea, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50 ; Fl. Ind. iii. 151 ; leaves glabrous lanceolate abruptly acuminate base tapering, panicles lax drooping, calyx-segments deltoid below linear-lanceolate above 4-5 times longer than the tube. - Wall. Cat. 1122, C ; Br. in Benn. PI. Jav. Rar. 230. S. lanceolata, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 1122. page 358 Tropical Eastern Himalaya; Sikkim, 3-6000 ft., J. D. H.; Bhotan, Griffith; Assam, and the Khasia Mts. A small tree. Leaves 4-8 by 1-3 in., quite entire, sometimes with scanty stellate hairs beneath ; petiole 1 in., hairy, apex thickened ; stipules subulate. Panicles equalling the leaves, ultimate pedicels capillary, as long as the flowers. Bracteoles subulate. Flower-buds lanceolate from a broad base ; male flowers 1 1/2 in. diam., green externally, pink within. Sepals incurved, woolly tips coherent or free, sometimes spreading. Follicles 4-5 in., lanceolate, beaked, downy externally, crimson on both surfaces. Seeds 4-8, ovoid, smooth, albumen scanty, bipartite. - On some specimens dimorphic male fl. may be seen, the majority similar to those above described, others in which the sepals are united for the greater part of their length, forming a distended, somewhat fleshy, pink, accrescent bell shaped calyx, ultimately attaining a length of 2 in. This hypertrophy may be the result of insect or fungus growth. 15. S. nobilis, R. Br. in Benn. Fl. Jav. Rar. 231; leaves glabrous oblong acuminate, panicles pendulous, calyx-segments as long as the bellshaped tube linear incurved. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. part 2, 175. S. Balanghas, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 144, not of Willd. ; Wall. Cat. 1118, B, C, E. Southwellia nobilis, Salisb. Par. Lond. t. 69. Malabar, at Quilon, Wight; doubtful if wild. - Distrib. China and Sumatra. A tree ; bark brown. Leaves 2-12 by 2-6 in. ; petiole 1 in. Panicles lax, axillary, many-flowered ; ultimate pedicels filiform, glabrous, spreading horizontally. Flowerbuds fusiform. Male flowers 1/2 in. diam., fragrant, campanulate, hoary-tomentose outside, redl within. Staminal column slender, curved. Female flowers few. Ovary very hairy, stipitate, 5-lobed, style curved. Follicles woody, ovoid, beaked . Seeds few, testa dark chestnut, clammy, inner coat coriaceous, dull black; albumen 0; cotyledons thick. - Seeds eaten as chestnuts. 16. S. Balanghas, L.; Br. in Benn. Fl. Jav. Rar. 231, not of Roxb. ; leaves pubescent beneath oblong-ovate obtuse acuminate or lanceolate base rounded not cordate, panicle erect or nodding as long as the leaves, flowers globular, sepals as long as the hispid bell-shaped tube, stigmas long. Wall. Cat. 1118, D ; Wight, III. t 30 ; W. & A. Prodr, i. 62 ; Thwaites Enum. 29. - Rheede Hort. Mal. i. t. 49. Throughout the hotter parts of India and in Ceylon. A tree ; herbaceous portions rusty-tomentose. Leaves 5-6 by 3 in. ; petiole 1 1/2-2 in.; stipules subulate. Panicle stellate-hairy ; pedicels longer than the flowers. Flowerbuds ovate, obtuse. Calyx globose 1/4 in. diam., downy outside, hispid within, 5-cleft to the middle, segments connivent. Stigmas recurved, as long as the style. Follicles 3 in., woody, oblong acuminate, covered with rusty down. Seeds oblong, black. Var. 1. mollis; leaves elliptic-oblong, panicles nodding, pedicels capillary pilose, spreading. S. mollis, Wall. Cat. 1131, 1426, 1427; Br. in Benn. Pl. Jav. Rar. 231. - Bhotan and the Eastern Peninsula. More densely pubescent than the type, but otherwise hardly distinguishable. Var. 2. angustifolia; leaves narrow lanceolate, panicle spreading or ascending, pilose. S. angustifolia, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50; Fl. Ind. iii. 148; Wall. Cat. 1133; Br. in Benn. PL Jav. Rar. 231. - North-Western provinces, Nipal and Mergui. Roxburgh describes the panicle as pendulous : I always find it ascending in herbarium specimens. Var. 3. glabrescens ; leaves glabrescent beneath. Mergui, Griffith. 17. S. rubiginosa, Vent. Hort. Malm. ii. 91, in note; leaves oblong acute or abruptly acuminate glabrous above downy beneath base rounded stipules very long, panicle erect, calyx-lobes as long as the tube, stigmas short. Br. in Benn. PL Jav. Rar. 232; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat, i. pt. 2, 175. S. angustifolia. Jack Mal. Misc. i. ; Hook. Bot. Misc. i. 287. S. Jackiana, Wall. Cat 1134. page 359 BIRMA and the Eastern Peninsula. - Distrib. Java. A tree ; herbaceous portions rusty -villous. Leaves 8-10 by 2 1/2 in., nerves rusty-hispid beneath ; petiole 1/4-1/2 in., hispid ; stipules 1 in., subulate-lanceolate. Panicle scarcely equalling the leaves, laxly hispid, many-flowered ; ultimate pedicels spreading, scarcely exceeding the flowers. Flower-buds short, broadly ovate, acute. Calyx 1/4 in. long, subglobose, lobes linear-subulate, incurved or spreading, hispid. Follicles 2 in., lanceolate, beaked, downy externally, crimson inside. Seeds 4 in. long, black. 18. S. ensifolia, Mast. ; leaves lanceolate acute at both ends apex gradually acuminate stipules half the length of the petiole, panicles erect half the length of the leaves, calyx-lobes much exceeding the tube, stigmas short. Penang, Philips ; Mergui, Griffith. A tree. Leaves 8-10 by 2 1/2 in.", glabrous above, pubescent beneath, nerves rusty-hispid beneath; petiole 3/4-1 in., densely rusty-tomentose ; stipules filiform, half the length of the petioles. Panicle few- flowered ; ultimate pedicels shorter than the flower, rusty-tomentose. Flower-buds ovate-lanceolate. Calyx nearly 1/2 in. ; lobes linear-lanceolate, sparingly hispid at the edges. Ovary 5-lobed, hispid; style curved, stigma-lobes rounded, short, radiating. Follicles downy, curved, lanceolate, beaked. 19. S. parviflora, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50 ; Fl. Ind. iii. 147 ; leaves oblong-ovate acuminate glabrescent above slightly pubescent beneath base subcordate, panicles spreading as long as the leaves, calyx minute, tube urceolate 5-toothed teeth inflexed. Wall. Cat. 1121 ; Br. in Benn. Pl. Jav. Rar. 232. SILHET, Wallich; Malacca and Penang, Maingay, &c. A large tree. Leaves 4-6 by 2 1/2-4 in. ; petiole 1 1/2 in., apex thickened. Panicle stellate hairy ; ultimate pedicels as long as the calyx, capillary, pilose. Calyx 1/4 in., yellowish; tube longer than the 5, appressed, connivent lobes. Ovary globose, 5-lobed ; style short. Follicles 2 in., downy, oblong, beaked. Seeds oblong, black, albumen bipartite. 20. S. bicolor, Mast. ; leaves oblong-acute glabrescent above hoary tomentose beneath base rounded or subcordate midrib rusty subpilose beneath, calyx-lobes linear incurved as long as the campanulate tube. Malacca, Maingay. A tree 40-50 ft. Leaves 3-4 by 1 1/2 in., coriaceous, 1-nerved, entire ; petiole 1 1/2 in., striate. Panicle many-flowered, shorter than the leaves; branches spreading or deflexed, rusty-tomentose ; ultimate pedicels longer than the flowers. Calyx 1/4 in., 5-fid to the middle. 21. S. Maingayi, Mast. ; leaves obovate oblong abruptly acuminate glabrous base cordate, panicle erect or spreading equalling the leaves, calyx-lobes linear as long as the campanulate downy tube. Malacca, Maingay. A lofty tree. Leaves 8-9 by 3-4 in. ; petiole 3 in. Panicle erect, many-flowered ; pedicels spreading, pubescent, longer than the flowers. Flowers 1/4 in. long, urceolate-campanulate. Follicles 3-4 in., oblong, acuminate, downy externally, seeds 3/4 in. oblong, black ; albumen and cotyledons fleshy. Sect. II. Firmiana, Marsili; Br. in Benn. PI. Jav. Rar. 235 (gen.). Follicles membranous, opening long before maturity. Seeds two or more ; embryo transverse, radicle inferior. 22. S. colorata, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50; Cor. PI. i. 26, t. 25 ; Fl. Ind. iii. 146; leaves glabrescent roundish palmately lobed lobes acuminate, calyx tubular club-shaped covered with orange coloured down. Wall. Cat. page 360 1119, F. : Hook. Ic. PI. 143 : Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 23 ; W.& A. Prodr. i. 63. S. rubicunda, Wall. Cat. 1119, D, F, G. Firmiana colorata, Br. in Benn. PI. Jav. Rar. 235 ; Thwaites Enum. 29. Erythropsis Roxburghiana, Schott & Endl. Melet. Bot. 33.Eastern Bengal ; Pegu, the Western Peninsula, and Ceylon. A large tree ; trunk erect, bark ashy, branches spreading. Leaves 6-9 by 5-12 in., about the ends of the branches, base cordate, 3-lobed, lobes triangular acuminate ; petiole 4-9 in. ; stipules erect, lanceolate. Panicle terminal, coral-like, many-flowered ; pedicels covered with orange-red tomentum. Calyx 3/4 in., tube 4 times longer thnn the rounded rather obtuse lobes, orange-downy outside, pilose within; anthers 30, reniform. Styles recurved. Follicles 2-3 in., stipitate, glabrous, membranous. Seeds ovoid, smooth or wrinkled, of the size of a field bean. - Brown, I.c., admits 3 varieties: Var. 1, with furfuraceous calyx, tube nearly 4 times longer than the lobes. Var. 2 is S. fulgens, Wall. Var. 3 has calyx-lobes covered with loose spreading stellate hairs, tube scarcely three times longer than the lobes. 23. S. fulgens, Wall, Cat. 1136 ; leaves cordate angular obscurely lobed scabrid above pubescent beneath, calyx downy cylindric tubular curved. Wall. Cat. 11192. Firmiana colorata var. β, Br. in Benn. PI. Jav. Rar. 235 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat., i. pt. 2, 178. Tropical Western Himalaya ; Kumaon, alt. 2500 ft., Strach. & Wint.; Garwhal, Falconer ; Birma and the Eastern Peninsula. - Distrib. Java. A small tree. Leaves ample, 10 by 6 in., coriaceous; petiole pubescent, 12-18 in. Panicle erect, branches covered with rusty-stellate down, many-flowered. Flowers 1/2-3/4 in., produced before the leaves, covered with yellowish down. Calyx-lobes ovate, acute, 3-4 times shorter than the tube. Follicles stipitate. 24. S. linearicarpa, Mast. ; leaves glabrescent cordate suborbicular, panicle erect, peduncles thick compressed pilose, flowers dense, calyx tubular-campanulate pilose lobes ovate acute, follicles linear-lanceolate yellow downy. Malacca, Maingay. A tree. Leaves 6-12 in. each way, ample, coriaceous, entire, 7-nerved, nerves prominent beneath; petiele 3-8 in., apex thickened. Panicle terminal, erect, many-flowered, rusty-pubescent, as long as the leaves ; pedicels spreading, jointed. Flower-bbuds globose. Calyx 1/4-1/2 in., tube cylindric, limb rotate-campanulate ; lobes as long as the tube. Staminal column slender. Follicles 3-4 in. Sect.. III. Pterygota, Endl. (gen.). Follicles woody. Seeds many, winged at the apex, albuminous, radicle next the hilum. 25. S. alata, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50 ; PI Cor. iii. 84, t. 287 ; Fl. Ind. iii. 162 ; leaves cordate ovate acute glabrous, flowers nearly 1 in. floccose tomentose, wing of seed large spongy. Wall. Cat. 1125. Pterygota Roxburghii, Schott & Endl. Melet. P. alata, Br. in Benn. Pl. Jav. Rar. 234. S. coccinea, Wall. Cat. 1122 partly. S. Heynii, Beddome Flor. Sylvat t. 230. Silhet and Chittagong, Roxburgh; Western Peninsula ; Tinnevelly, Heyne. A large tree ; herbaceous portions covered with dense golden pubescence. Bark ash-coloured. Leaves 4-10 by 3-7 in,, clustered about the ends of the branches, submembranous, 7-nerved ; petiole 1-4 in ; stipules subulate. Panicles from the leafless axils, few-flowered, shorter than the leaves. Bracteoles caducous. Calyx campanulate, densely tomentose, deeply 5-parted, segments linear-lanceolate. Staminal column 3/4 the length of the calyx. female flowers : ovaries 5, sessile ; style recurved ; ovules numerous. Follicles 5, 5 in. diam , globose, depressed, woody, clothed with mealy pubescence outside, corky within. Seeds many, oblong, compressed, wing 2 in. and upwards by 1 1/2 in.; cotyledons not separable from the mealy albumen, radicle next the hilum. - page 361 Col. Beddome, who gives a good description and figure of this plant, suggests, with reason, that this is the true S. alata of Roxburgh. The latter author says there is no albumen, but this is an oversight.26. S. Thwaitesii, Mast. ; leaves glabrous oblong acute base rounded, male fl. 1/3-3/4 in., female nearly 1/2 in., wing of seed membranous scarcely spongy. Pterygota alata, Thwaites Enum. 29. Ceylon ; Banks of the Mahawelliganga, at Haragam, Thwaites. A tree. Leaves 4-5 by 2 in., glabrescent, coriaceous ; petiole 1-4 in. Panicles axillary, as long as the petiole. Flowers pubescent, Calyx divided half-way down ; lobes ovate, acute, as long as the bell-shaped tube. Staminal-column slender, 1/3 shorter than the calyx. Female fl. : ovaries 3, with staminodes at the base ; styles 3 ; ovules ∞ . Follicles 3 by 2 in., woody, oblong, obtuse. Seed obovate, wing terminal, oblong, truncate, twice the length of the seed. Sect. IV. Hildegardia, Endl. Follicles membranous, winged at the top, ultimately dehiscent Seeds albuminous, radicle next the hilum. 27. S. populifolia, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 60 ; Fl. Ind. iii. 148 ; leaves glabrous rounded cordate acuminate, carpels ovate ventricose terminated by a membranous oblique obtuse cultriform wing. Wall. PI. As. Rar. 1. 3, t. 3, Cat. 1128. S. populifolia, W. & A. Prodr. i. 62. Hildegardia populifolia, Br. in. Benn. Pl. Jav. Rar. 235. Western Peninsula ; Coromandel, Roxburgh. A tree. Bark smooth ; young branches like those of a poplar, angular. Leaves 3-4 by 4 in., 7-nerved ; petiole 2-6 in. Panicles axillary and terminal, shorter than the leaves ; branches angular, glabrous, spreading ; ultimate pedicels shorter than the flowers. Flower-buds oblong. Calyx-segments 1/4 in., free nearly to the base, linear-spathulate, downy externally. Ovary hispid, ovoid, tapering into a short style, stigma 5-lobed. Follicle solitary. Seeds oblong, 3/4 in. long. - De Candolle's var. acutiuscula (Prodr. i. 483) differs in its more acutely pointed leaves, but is scarcely separable even as a variety. Sect. V. Scaphium, Endl. Anthers 10-15. Stigmas lobed, subcapitate. Follicles large, leafy, boat-shaped, dilated at the base, opening long before maturity. Seed solitary, albuminous, radicle next the hilum. 28. S. scaphigera, Wall. Cat. 1130 ; leaves glabrous, oblong-lanceolate 1-nerved, calyx campanulate 5-parted lobes reflexed. Scaphium Wallichii, Br. in. Benn. PI. Jav. Rar. 236. Martaban, Wallich; Malacca, Maingay. A lofty tree. Leaves 12-14 by 6 in., coriaceous, base rounded; petiole 4-5 in., thickened at the top. Flowers panicled. Calyx 1/4 in., pilose. Male fl. : stamens 10-14 ; anthers pilose. Female fl. : ovary villous, on a long slender stalk, 2-celled, with a ring of sessile anthers at the base; style filiform, stigmas 2. Follicles at first pilose, ultimately 6-8 by 3-4 in., venoso-reticulate, 1-2-seeded. Seeds globose; cotyledons pale green. 29. S. affinis, Mast. ; leaves glabrous oblong base truncate 5-nerved, branches of panicle downy flattened or angular, flowers very small. Malacca, Maingay. A tree. Leaves 6-8 by 4-5 in., coriaceous, midrib striated beneath ; petiole 3-4 in., apex thickened, striated. Panicle erect, as long as the leaves ; peduncles thickly striated, angular, subpilose, spreading ; ultimate pedicels downy, densely crowded. Flower-buds ovoid. Flowers 1/4 in. Calyx-lobes ovate, longer than the funnel-shaped tube. Follicle a span long, falcate, leafy, glabrescent, shining within. Seed 3/4 in., solitary, oblong, black. page 362 Sect. VI. Pterocymbium, Br. in Benn. PI. Jav. Rar. 219 (gen). Flowers sub-hermaphrodite. Anthers 10. Styles coherent, stigmas recurved. Follicles 4-6, membranous, opening long before maturity. Seed solitary, albuminous ; radicle next the hilum. (Too nearly allied to Scaphium.) 30. S. campanulata, Wall. mss. ; leaves cordate ovate entire glabrous above pubescent beneath 5-nerved, panicles terminal, calyx turbinate-campanulate, seed glabrous. - Pterocymbium javanicum, Br. in Benn. PI. Jav. Rar. 219, t. 45; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 179. Pegu, Kurz. - Distrib. Java. A tree 50-60 ft. ; bark brownish. Leaves 4 by 3 1/2 in. ; petiole equalling or shorter than the leaves ; stipules 1/4 in., subulate, caducous. Panicles terminal, ascending, shorter than the leaf; pedicels jointed. Bracteoles caducous. Calyx smooth, coriaceous, divided half-way down ; lobes lanceolate. Staminal column pubescent below. Ovaries 5, sessile, gibbous at the apex ; styles short, cohering ; stigmas filiform, recurved; ovules 2, collateral, erect, anatropal. Follicles 5-6, or fewer by abortion, stipitate, glabrous. Seeds spherical, testa crustaceous, wrinkled, innermost coat membranous, between the two a woolly substance is interposed (Brown). 31. S. tubulata, Mast; leaves glabrous entire oblong abruptly acuminate, cymes terminal, calyx tubular-turbinate, follicles pilose 2 in., seeds pilose. Malacca, Maingay. A tree. Leaves 6 by 2 in., coriaceous, 1-nerved, base rounded ; petiole 1 in. Cymes panicled, as long as the leaves, flowers numerous. Calyx glabrous ; lobes spreading, ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the tube. Staminal column slender, pilose ; anthers in a ring, lobes parallel. Ovaries 5 ; styles inflexed, tips cohering. Follicles 5, 2-3 by 1 in., stipitate, oblong, acute, dilated at the base. Seed ovoid. 2. TARRIETIA, Blume. Tall trees. Leaves digitate or simple, glabrous or scaly. Flowers unisexual, panicled. Calyx tubular, small, 5-toothed. Petals 0, Staminal-column short, bearing a ring of 10-15 very densely clustered anthers, cells parallel. Ovary of 3-5 nearly free carpels opposite the sepals ; styles as many, short filiform, stigmatose within ; ovules 1 in each cell. Ripe carpels of stellately spreading samaras with long falcate wings. Seeds oblong ; albumen bipartible ; cotyledons flat ; radicle next the hilum. - Distrib. Known species 3 or 4, natives of Australia, Java, and the Malay Peninsula. 1. T. simplicifolia, Mast. ; leaves simple oblong quite entire apex retuse slightly 2-lobed with an intervening mucro, cymes panicled as long as the leaves. Malacca, Maingay. A tree. Leaves 6-7 by 3 in., coriaceous, glabrous, 1-nerved, feather-veined, nerves approximate ; petiole 2 in., striate, apex thickened. Cymes many flowered. Flowerbuds globose. Calyx clavate-campanulate, 5-toothed, dnwny externally. Male fl. : staminal column short; anthers annular, lobes parallel, globose. Female fl. : ovary 5-lobed, sessile ; stigmas spreading. Fruit samaroid, 3 in., oblong, obliquely spathulate, glabrous. 3. HERITIERA, Aiton. Trees. Leaves coriaceous, simple, scaly beneath. Flowers small, unisexual, in axillary panicles. Calyx 5-, rarely 4-6-toothed or cleft. Petals 0. page 363 Anthers in a ring at the top of the column, cells 2, parallel. Ovaries 5-6, almost free ; style short, stigmas 5 thick ; ovules solitary in each cell. Ripe carpels woody, indehiscent, keeled or winged. Albumen 0; cotyledons thick ; radicle next the hilum. - A genus of 4-5 species, natives of Tropical Asia, Africa and Australia.1. H. littoralis, Dryand. in DC. Prodr. i. 484; leaves oblong base rounded or subcordate, ripe carpels smooth outer margin winged inner keeled. W. & A. Prodr. i. 63 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 142 ; Thwaites Enum,. 28 ; Br. in Benn. PL Jav. Rar. 237 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, p. 179 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 22. H. Fomes, Wall. Cat. 1139, partly ; H. macrophylla, hort. Balanopteris Tothila, Gaertn. Fruct. ii. 94, t. 99. - Rheede Hort. Mal. vi. t. 21. Coasts of Bengal and of the Eastern and Western Peninsulas and Ceylon, extending inland as far as the Khasia hills and Cachar. - Distrib. Tropical coasts of the Old World. A tree. Leaves 5-8 by 2-4 in., coriaceous, white beneath, with flat scales ; petiole 1 1/2-3/4 in. ; stipules lanceolate, caducous. Male flowers small, in axillary much branched clusters, which are shorter than the leaves. Calyx nearly 1/4 in., urceolate, 6-toothed, downy. Column short. Anthers 5. Female flowers larger than the male. Calyx bell-shaped. Fruits 1-4 in., oblong, woody, smooth or tubercled. 2. H. Fomes, Buch. in Symes Ava Emb. t. 28, (1800) ; leaves broadly lanceolate acuminate tapering at the base 1-nerved, ripe carpels obovate flattened furrowed on the inner edge winged on the outer. Balanopteris minor, Gaertn. Fruct. ii. t. 98, f. 2. Heritiera minor, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50, Fl. Ind. iii. 142. Abundant in the Gangetic delta, extending inland to Silhet, and along the shores of the Eastern Peninsula. - Distrib. Borneo. A tree. Trunk straight, often deeply grooved. Leaves 4-6 by 2 in., ashy beneath and scaly ; petiole 1 in. ; panicles axillary, half the length of the leaves, crowded, much branched, rusty-pubescent. Flowers small, 1/8 in., orange-coloured, bell-shaped. - Much used for firewood in Calcutta. 3. H. Papilio, Beddome Flor. Sylvat. t. 218 ; leaves lanceolate 3-nerved silvery and scaly beneath, flowers monoecious, ripe carpels winged. Wall. Cat. 7836. Travancore and Southern Carnatic, at Caurtallum and Tinnevelly, Beddome. A lofty evergreen tree, all the young parts panicles and inflorescence clothed with a golden, soft, stellate tomentura. Leaves 3-5 by 1 1/2-2 in., young downy on the upper surface, ultimately coriaceous, glabrous and shining beneath, permanently silvery and with close-set scales ; petiole 3/4-4/5 in. ; stipules entire. Panicles axillary, much shorter than the leaves. Male fl. : calyx campanulate, 4-5-cleft. Staminal column slender, glabrous ; anthers 4-5. Female fl. : calyx 1/4 in., 5-6-cleft. Carpels 5-6, ultimately quite glabrous, with a pair of staminodes between each. Stigmas recurved. Ripe carpel samaroid, wing large, subdeltoid, membranous, like that of some butterflies (Beddome). H. attenuata, Wall. Cat. 1140; Br. in Benn. Pl. Jav. Rar. 237, is a species of Niota. (See Rutacece.) 4. REEVESIA, Lindl. Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple. Flowers numerous, white, in terminal much branched cymes. Calyx .campanulate or funnel-shaped, 5-fid. Petals clawed. Staminal-column adnate to the gynophore, bearing a globose head of 2-celled anthers, cells diverging, ultimately confluent. Ovary 5-lobed, page 364 5-celled ; stigma sessile, 5-lobed ; ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous, anatropous ; raphe turned away from the placenta. Capsule woody septicidally 5-valved. Seeds 1-2 superposed, ascending oblong, compressed, winged downwards, hilum lateral near the top ; albumen fleshy ; cotyledons flat, foliaceous, radicle inferior. - Distrib. 1 or 2 species, natives of Eastern Asia.1. R. Wallichii, Br. in Benn. Pl. Jav. Rar. 231 ad not. ; leaves thinly stellate hairy beneath oblong acuminate base rounded, calyx campanulate. Sterculia punduana, Wall. Cat. 2701.; Griff. Itin. Notes, 73. Eastern Tropical Himalaya ; Khasia Mts., alt. 3000-4000 ft. : Bhotan, Griffith ; Sikkim, J. D. H. A tree 50ft. Leaves 3 by 1 1/4 in., quite entire, 1-nerved, thinly stellate-hairy; petiole thickened at both ends ; stipules deciduous. Cymes panicled, dense, from the axils of the fallen leaves, ultimate pedicels as long as the flowers, jointed, 2-bracteolate. Flower-buds pyriform. Calyx 1/6 in., at first closed, afterwards 5-fid. Petals white, spathulate, clawed, exceeding the calyx. Staminal column slender, longer than the flower, with 5 very short terminal divisions, each bearing 3 extrorse anthers; connective thick. Carpels pubescent; style very short. Capsule 1 1/2-2 in., pendulous, woody, oblong, obtuse, 5-lobed, lobes keeled, septicidally dehiscent, ultimately separating through the dorsal suture also. Seeds pendulous. 2. R. pubescens, Mast. ; leaves pubescent beneath oblong acuminate base cordate, flowers panicled, calyx funnel-shaped. Eastern Tropical Himalaya; Sikkim, T. Anderson; Bhotan, Griffith. A tree ; branches thinly sprinkled with stellate hairs. Leaves 4-5 by 2-2 1/2 in., subcoriaceous, glabrescent above, pubescent beneath, nerves stellate hairy beneath ; petiole 1 in. Panicle terminal, many-flowered, peduncles, pedicels, and calyx pubescent, ultimate pedicels shorter than the flower. Calyx 1/3 in., infundibuliform, 5-lobed, lobes broadly ovate acute. Petals pink, linear-spathulate, twice the length of the calyx. Staminal column stout, 4 times longer than the calyx. Fruit not seen. - Difl'ers from P. Wallichli in its pubescent, cordate leaves, and larger flowers. 5. KLEINHOVIA, Linn. A tree. Leaves palminerved, ovate, acuminate, quite entire. Inflorescence terminal, lax, cymose. Bracteoles small, ensiform. Sepals deciduous. Petals 5, unequal, upper with longer claws, margins involute. Staminal column dilated above into a bell-shaped, 5-fid cup, divisions each with 3 extrorse 2-celled anthers, cells divergent. Ovary inserted in the staminal cup, 5-lobed, 5-celled; style slender, stigma 5-fid. Capsule membranous, inflated, pyriform, loculicidally 5-valved. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, tubercled ; albumen scanty or ; cotyledons convolute ; radicle next the hilum. - Distrib. One species only. 1. K. Hospita, L.; DC. Prodr. i 488; Wall. Cat. 1152; W. & A. Prodr. i. 64 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 141 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 23; Beddome Flor. Sylvat. Anal. Gen. t. 4; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 186 ; Mast. in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 226. Eastern and Western Peninsulas; Southern Concan, Nimmo ; (a doubtful native, Gibs, and Dalz.) ; Carnatic, Malacca and Singapore, Wallich, &c. Ceylon. - Distrib. Java, Philippines, East tropical Africa. Trunk straight ; bark smooth ; branches spreading. Leaves 6-12 by 2-3 in., 5-nerved, smooth on both surfaces ; petiole nearly as long as the blade ; stipules ensiform. Flowers rose-coloured. Petals 5, shorter than the lanceolate sepals. Seeds tubercled. page 365 6. HELICTERES, Linn. Trees or shrubs, more or less stellate-pubescent. Leaves simple. Flowers axillary, solitary or fascicled. Calyx tubular, 5-fid, often irregular. Petals 5, clawed, equal or unequal, the claws often with ear-shaped appendages. Staminal column adnate to the gynophore, 5-toothed or lobed at the apex ; anthers in groups at the top of the column between its teeth, 2-celled, cells divergent, sometimes confluent. Ovary at the top of the column, 5-lobed, 5-celled ; styles awl-shaped, more or less united, slightly thickened and stigmatose at the tips ; ovules many in each cell. Follicles spirally twisted or straight. Seeds tubercled ; albumen scanty ; cotyledons leafy, folded round the radicle which is next the hilum. - Distrib. About 30 species, natives of the tropics of both hemispheres, most abundant in America. Sect. I. Spirocarpaea. Ripe carpels spirally twisted. 1. H. Isora, L. : DC. Prodr. i. 475 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 143 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 60 ; Wall. Cat. 1179 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 22 ; Thwaites Enum. 28; Beddome Flor. Sylvat. Anal. Gen. t. 5; Wight Ic. t. 180; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 169. H. chrysocalyx, Miq. in Pl. Hohen. H. Roxburghii, G. Don Gen. Syst. i. 507. - Rheede Hort. Mal. vi. t. 30. Dry forests throughout Central and Western India, from Behar, as far West as Jamu, the Western Peninsula, and Ceylon. - Distrib. Java, North Australia. Arborescent or shrubby. Leaves 3 by 2 1/2 in., bifarious, obliquely cordate, roundish obovate, often lobed, shortly acuminate, serrate, scabrous above, pubescent beneath ; petiole 1/4 in., as long as the linear subulate stipules. Peduncles 2-3 together, in a short axillary cyme. Bracteoles small, subulate. Flowers 1 1/2 in. Calyx gibbous, laterally compressed, somewhat 2 -lipped. Petals reflexed, red at first, fading to lead colour, very unequal in size, 2 lower much the largest, claw winged. Staminodes 5 emarginate scales. Stamens 10; anthers ovate. Fruit cylindric, beaked, pubescent. Var. 1. tomentosa; under side of leaves tomentose, W. & A. I.c.; Wall. Cat. 1179 F. - The Western and Central forms are mostly of this variety. Var. 2. glahrescens ; under side of leaves nearly glabrous, W. & A. I.c. ; Wall. Cat. 1179 C partly, E partly. - Miquel's H. chrysocalyx is a large-flowered form of this variety, to which most of the Southern forms belong. Sect. II. Orthocarpaea. Ripe carpels straight, not spirally twisted. 2. H. angustifolia, L. ; DC Prodr. i. 476 ; leaves glabrous above cano-tomentose beneath, ripe carpels stellate-pilose sometimes mossy. Wall. Cat. 1180. H. lanceolata, DC. Prodr. i. 476. H. virgata, Wall, Cat. 1181. Oudemansia integerrima, Miq. PI. Jungh. i. 296; Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 170. O. integerrima var. β angustifolia, Hassk. Hort. Bog. i. 98 ; Miq. I.c. Mergui, Griffith; Malacca. - Distrib. Java, Siam, China. Shrubby, Leaves 3 by 1/2 in. ; base tapering, 3-nerved, entire or minutely serrulate ; petiole 1/4 in. Cymes racemose-fasciculate ; peduncles 1 in. Calyx 1/4 in. Petals linear, longer than the stamens, with two teeth at the base of the limb. Carpels 1/2 to 3/4 in.; oblong, obtuse, apiculate. - Varies in breadth of leaf and amount of pubescence. 3. H. elongata, Wall. Cat. 1845; leaves obliquely oblong-lanceolate serrate thinly stellate hairy above pubescent and stellate-hairy beneath, ripe carpels stellate-hairy or mossy. AVA, at Taong Dong ; Birma, Griffith, Wallich ; Eastern Bengal, Sikkim, alt. 1000 ft., J. D. H. - Distrib. Yunan. A diffuse, straggling shrub ; branches very slender, stellate hairy. Leaves 3 by 1 1/2 in. ; petiole 1/4-1/2 in. Cymes elongate, terminal, nearly as long as the leaves, many-flowered. page 366 Bracteoles setaceous. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-fid ; lobes deltoid-lanceolate, pubescent. Carpels 5, 1-1 1/2 in., oblong, beaked. - Varies in amount of pubescence, and m shagginess of capsule. The Himalayan forms have subglabrous leaves and very shaggy carpels.4. H. obtusa, Wall. Cat. 1184; leaves thickly stellate hairy above pubescent beneath oblong obtuse entire base rounded, cymes spicate, ripe carpels shaggy oblong obtuse. Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1873, ii. 62. Tavoy, Gomez; Mergui, Griffith; Moulmein, Lobb; Pequ, McLelland; Andaman Islds., Kurz. - Distrib. China. Shrubby, herbaceous portions ferruginous. Leaves 2 1/2-4 by 1 in., quite entire 3-nerved, petiole 1/2 in. Cymes not much exceeding the petiole ; pedicels with 3 minute setaceous bracteoles beneath the flower. Flower-buds ovoid. Flowers small, 1/4 in. Calyx cylindric campanulate. Ripe carpels scarcely 1 inch. 5. H. glabriuscula, Wall. Cat. 1185; leaves obliquely lanceolate base cordate thinly stellate-hairy serrulate, ripe carpels short stellate-hairy. ? H. spinulosa, Wall. Cat 1847. AVA, at Prome, Wallich; Birma, Griffith. Shrubby, diffuse ; branches very slender, virgate, purple, glabrescent. Leaves 4 1/4-4 by 1/2-1 1/4 in. ; petiole 1/4 in. ; stipules subulate, deciduous, as long as the petiole. Flowers spicate ; peduncles half the length of the leaf. Ripe carpels 1/2-3/4 in., oblong, beaked, stellate-hairy. - Flowers not examined. 6. H. spicata, Colebr. in Wall. Cat. 1845, B. 1182; leaves stellate-hairy above downy beneath oblong lanceolate acuminate, base obliquely subcordate, cymes elongated spike-like, ripe carpels long shaggy. H. vestita, Wall Cat. 1844. H. oblonga, Wall. Cat. 1183 partly. H. grewiaefolia, Wall. Cat. 1443. , H. hirsuta ?, Herb. Ham. in Wall Cat. 2686. From SIKKIM, Assam, and Ava, to Penang. - Distrib. Malayan Archipelago to China (cult.?). Shrubby. Leaves 2-6 by 1-2 in., varying in breadth from ovate-oblong to lanceolate, unequally serrate; petiole 1/4-3/4 in. ; stipules setaceous, as long as the petiole. Peduncles shorter than the leaves, 3-flowered ; pedicels shorter than the flower. Calyx nearly 1/2 in., bell-shaped, curved, distended at the base, downy. Ripe carpels 1 1/2-1 3/4 in. ; stalks exserted from the persistent calyx, oblong-lanceolate, beaked, very shaggy. - Variable. The following form is sufficiently distinct to be made a separate variety. Var. lanigera, pubescent, leaves thinly hairy with simple hairs above pubescent and stellate hairy beneath coarsely and irregularly toothed, ripe carpels oblong very densely shaggy. H. lanigera, Wall. Cat. 1846. The plant labelled in Wall. Cat. 2687 as H. longifolia and also as H. carthagenensis is apparently a form of this species with narrow leaves ; but it is too imperfect to be accurately determined. 7. H. plebeja, Kurz in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1870, ii. 67 ; shrubby, scabrous, leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate-oblong dentate, ripe carpels stellate-tomentose and muricate. Arracan, Kurz. Leaves 3-5 in., mostly petioled, base rounded, slightly hispidulous or subglabrous above, stellate-hispid and scabrous beneath, densely cano-tomentose when young. Cymes few-flowered. Flowers small, yellowish. Calyx 1/6-1/5 in., stellate -hairy. - Petals longer than the calyx (Kurz l.c.) 7. PTEROSPERMUM, Schreb. Trees or shrubs, scaly or stellate-tomentose. Leaves usually bifarious, leathery, oblique, simple or lobed, penninerved. Peduncles 1-3 axillary page 367 and terminal. Bracteoles entire, laciniate, persistent or caducous. Calyx of 5 more or less connate sepals. Petals 5, deciduous with the calyx. Staminal column short, bearing, opposite to the sepals, 3 linear 2-celled anthers between each pair of five antipetalous ligulate staminodes ; cells parallel ; connective apiculate. Ovary inserted within the top of the staminal column, 3-5-celled; style entire, stigma 5-furrowed ; ovules many in each cell. Capsule woody or coriaceous, terete or angled, loculicidally 5-valved. Seeds winged above, attached in two rows to the inner angle of the cells of the capsule ; albumen thin or ; cotyledons plaited or corrugated, radicle inferior. - Distrib. A genus of about 15 species, confined to tropical Asia.* Bracteoles linear, entire, very caducous. 1. P. Jackianum, Wall. Cat. 1164; leaves rusty-pubescent beneath oblong abruptly acuminate undulate entire base 1-nerved, flowers subsessile, capsule ovoid acute. - P. oblongum, Wall. Cat. 1165. Penang, Jack, Wallich, &c. A tree. Leaves 3-4 by 1 1/2-2 in., oblique, nerves stellate-hairy beneath ; petiole 1/4 in. ; stipules caducous. Flowers solitary, axillary, 1 3/4 in. diam. Bracteoles minute, linear-subulate. Flower-buds lanceolate, 5-ribbed. Sepals 2 in., linear-lanceolate, rusty-tomentose externally, villous within. Petals half the length of the sepals. Capsule 1 1/2 by 1 in., terete, shortly stalked, covered with flat scaly hairs, 5-celled. 2. P. suberifolium, Lam. Ill. t. 576, f . ii. not of Roxb. ; leaves creamy-pubescent beneath oblong abruptly acuminate coarsely toothed or somewhat lobed towards the apex base cuneate rounded or subcordate 4-nerved, capsule ovoid or obovoid-terete, seeds 4 in each cell. W. & A. Prodr. i. 68. ; Thwaites Enum. 30 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 24 ; Wight in Hook. Bot. Misc. iii. t. 26; Wall. Cat. 1166; 1172 in part. P. canescens, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50 ; Fl. Ind. iii. 1162. P. oblongum, Wall. Cat. 1165? Pentapetes suberifolia, L. ; Cav. Diss. iii. t. 43, f. 2. Western Peninsula ; Madras, Pondicherry, &c. ; Ava, at Amherst, Wallich; Ceylon, Thwaites. A small tree. Leaves 2-6 by 1-2 in,, coriaceous, glabrous above, nerves stellate-hairy not prominent ; petiole 1/2 in., rusty pilose. Peduncles axillary, twice as long as the petiole. Bracteoles very caducous. Flower-buds oblong. Flowers 1 1/4 in. diam., white, fragrant. Sepals oblong, revolute. Petals linear-oblong, obtuse, equalling the calyx. Cells of ovary 4-ovuled. Capsule 1-2 in., subangular, tapering to both ends, 4-5-valved, valves covered with dense fluffy pubescence. Seeds 2-4 in each cell. - The Amherst specimen (P. oblongum, Wall.) is imperfect, and may belong to another species, probably to P. Jackianum, according to a fruit preserved in the Kew Museum. 3. P. diversifolium, Blume Bijdr. 88 ; leaves hoary beneath obovate-oblong acuminate sinuate rarely peltate 3-5-lobed base cordate 1-nerved, capsule large subclavate-oblong 5-angled. P. acerifolium, Zoll. & Morr. Syst. Verz. 27, excl. syn. Willd. Malacca, Maingay ; Southern Carnatic, at Tinnevelly, Beddome. - Distrib. Java, Philippines. A tree. Leaves 6-8 by 2 1/2 in., coriaceous, veins arched, rusty-pilose; petiole 1 in. ; stipules entire. Peduncles shorter than the petioles. Flower-buds linear-oblong. Bracteoles entire, strap-shaped. Sepals 5-6 in., linear, rusty -tomentose outside, silky within. Ovary downy, shorter than the style. Capsule 8-10 in. ; woody, sulcate, tapering to the stalk. page 368 ** Bracteoles laciniate or palmately divided. 4. P. rubiginosum, Heyne in Wall. Cat. 1168, 1168 B; leaves rusty-pubescent beneath obliquely ovate-lanceolate entire base 4-nerved, capsule oblong beaked 5-angled 5-furrowed. W. & A. Prodr. i. 68 ; Beddome Flor. Sylvat. t. 106. Western Peninsula ; Canara at Tellicherry, Rottler ; Travancor at Quilon, Wight. A shrub ; branches slender, rod-like. Leaves 2 by 3/4 in., upper smaller, coriaceous, obliquely cordate, midrib with 2 nerves on one side and one on the other, basal lobe rounded, often overlapping the corresponding lobe of the adjoining leaf; petiole 1/4-1/2 in. ; stipules oblique, laciniate. Peduncles 1/2-3/4 in. Bracteoles caducous. Flower-buds oblong, downy. Flowers 1 3/4 in. diam. Sepals 1 in., linear, rusty-tomentose. Capsule 2 in., ultimately glabrous. 5. P. acerifolium, Willd. ; DC. Prodr. i. 500 ; leaves roundish or oblong simple or lobed entire or coarsely toothed palmately nerved base cordate often peltate, peduncles shorter than the petioles, capsule stipitate oblong angled sulcate glabrescent. Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50 ; Fl. Ind. iii. 158 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 69 ; Wight Ic. t. 63 ; Wall. Cat. 1170. P. aceroides, Wall. Cat. 1171 ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1873, ii. 62. Pentapetes acerifolia, Cav. Diss, iii. t. 44. From the N. West Himalaya, in Kumaon, alt. 4000 ft., to Chittagong, Tenasserim and the Concan. Both Roxburgh and Wight question it being a native either of Bengal or the Western Peninsula. - Distrib. Java (native?). A large tree; bark smooth, herbaceous portions floccose-pubescent. Leaves 10-14 by 6-12 in., polymorphous, palmately 7-12-nerved, adult glabrescent above, cano-pubescent beneath, nerves prominent beneath and stellate-hairy ; petioles like the midrib, striated, lower as long or longer than the blade ; stipules multifid, caducous. Flower-buds oblong, obtuse, 5-angled, rusty-tomentose outside. Bracteoles caducous. Flowers 5-6 in. diam., pure white, fragrant. Sepals linear-oblong, internally villous. Petals linear-oblong, somewhat cuneate, but little shorter than the calyx. Staminodes club-shaped. Ovary oblong, 5-angled, 5-celled, cells many-ovuled. Capsule 4-6 in. long, at first covered with a reddish fluffy crust, 5-celled, 5-valved. Seeds numerous in each cell, obliquely ovoid, compressed ; wing large, thin ; testa brown, smooth ; albumen scanty, mucilaginous; cotyledons thin, folded (Roxb.). - The flowers render water gelatinous. 6. P. semisagittatum, Ham. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 160; leaves oblong-lanceolate entire base very obliquely cordate or sagittate auricled on one side, bracteoles deeply laciniate, capsule elliptic-oblong terete. Wall. Cat. 1167. Chittagong, H. f. & T. ; Birma, Wallich, Griffith ; Tenasserim, at Martaban, Wallich. (Carnatic, probably cultivated.) A large tree. Bark ash-coloured, herbaceous portions very downy. Leaves 5-6 by 1 3/4 in., glabrescent above, hoary beneath, 5-7-nerved, auricle often as long as the petiole which is 1 in. ; stipules pinnatifid. Flowers terminal and axillary, generally solitary on short, rusty-tomentose, drooping peduncles, 5-6 in. diam., pure white. Bracteoles conspicuous. Flower-bbuds lanceolate. Sepals linear, tomentose outside, pubescent within. Petals obliquely obovate-cuneate, stellate-hairy externally. Staminodes as long as the style. Capsule woody, 2-3 by 1 1/2 in., covered with dense yellow fluffy down. Seeds about 10 in each cell, winged much as in P. acerifolium. - Dr. Brandis informs me that the geographical distribution of this species needs further enquiry. 7. P. lanceaefolium, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50; Fl. Ind. iii. 163 ; leaves lanceolate and 1-nerved acuminate base rounded, capsule ovoid acute, obscurely 5-angled. Wall. Cat. 1172. North-West Himalaya, Kumaon, Madden; Silhet, Roxhurgh; the Khasia Mts. ascending to 4000 ft. ; Tenasseuim at Tavoy, Wallich. page 369 A tree. Shoots slender, virgate, hoary. Leaves 3-6 by 1 1/2 in., glabrescent above, covered with whitish or cream-coloured tomentum beneath, nerves stellate-hairy ; petiole very short. Stipules 2-3-fid, subulate-lanceolate, as long as the petiole. Peduncles axillary, half the length of the leaves, dilated at the top. Flower-buds oblong, striated. Flowers 2-3 in. diam., sweet-scented, white. Sepals linear, rusty-pubescent, villous within. Petals obliquely cuneate, longer than the sepals. Capsule 3 by 1 1/2-2 in., elliptic, covered with light grey down. Seeds 2-4 in each cell. 8. P. reticulatum, W. & A. Prodr. i. 69 ; leaves pubescent beneath oblong entire or coarsely toothed towards the apex acuminate 3-nerved base cuneate, peduncles longer than the petioles, capsule oblong acute slightly angular furrowed, seeds 4 in each cell. Malabar ; on the Naggar hills, Wight. A tree. Leaves 4 by 1 1/2 in., coriaceous, whitish beneath, nerves prominent, rusty stellate-hairy ; petiole very short. Peduncles 3-flowered. Bracteoles 3-sect, segments linear. Flowers 1 1/4 in. diam. Sepals linear-lanceolate. Petals obovate oblong. Staminodes filiform. Ovary with about 6 ovules in each cell. Capsule 3 in., furfuraceous. 9. P. Heyneanum, Wall. Cat. 1169; leaves oblong acuminate coarsely toothed or lobed near the apex 4-5-nerved base cuneate subcordate rarely peltate, peduncles as long as the petiole, capsule oblong acute obscurely 6-angled scarcely furrowed, seeds 8-10 in each cell. W. & A. Prodr. i. 69 ; Wight Ic. t. 489. P. suberifolium, Willd. Sp. iii. 728 ; Bot. Mag. 1526 ; Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50; Fl. Ind. iii. 160. P. Lawianum, Nimmo in Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 246 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 24. Pentaglottis suberifolia, Wall. Cat. 1169, partIy. Velaga xylocarpa, Gaertn. Fruct. ii. 245, t. 133. Mountainous tracts throughout the Western Peninsula. A middle-sized tree, herbaceous portions rusty-tomentose. Leaves 4-6 by 2-3 1/2 in., variable in form and size, coriaceous, rarely lobed or peltate, whitish beneath, nerves prominent rusty-pilose ; petiole pubescent, 1/2 in. Stipules deciduous, ensiform. Bracteoles persistent, imbricate, deeply gashed. Flowers large, pure white, fragrant. Sepals 2 in., oblong, revolute, hairy outside. Petals obovate, spreading. Capsule 2 in., pointed at both ends, more or less deeply furrowed at the sides, at first densely furfuraceous, afterwards glabrescent. - The nervation of the leaves varies in different specimens, or even on the same ; when the leaves are entire the secondary nerves are arched, when coarsely toothed or lobed they are strictly feather- nerved the secondary nerves running out directly into the lobes. 10. P. glabrescens, W. & A. Prodr. i. 69 ; leaves obovate shortly and suddenly acuminate base cuneate cordate or subpeltate 5-nerved, stipules entire, peduncles as long as the petioles, capsule large oblong 5-angied beaked cells 10-12-seeded. Wall. Cat. 1169, partly. - Rheede Hort. Mal. vi. t. 58. Hills of the Western Peninsula ; the Concan, Malabar, and Coromandel. A tree. Leaves 6 by 3 1/2 in., coriaceous, glabrescent above, ashy pubescent beneath, nerves conspicuous, rusty-pilose ; petiole 1/4-1/2 in. Stipules ligulate, entire, half the length of the petiole. Bracteoles deciduous. Flower-buds ovoid, acute. Flowers 4 in. diam. Sepals linear-oblong, villous within. Petals oblong, nearly as long as the sepals. Capsule 5-6 in., stipitate, at first covered with floccose rusty tomentum, afterwards glabrous. - It is not quite certain that the flowers above described belong really to this species. Wight describes the stipules as palmate, but in his specimens they are entire. Probably it is not distinct from P. diversifolium, Bl. 11. P. obtusifolium, Wight ms.; leaves glabrescent above ashy tomentose beneath obovate oblong 1-nerved apex 2-lobed base cuneate, capsule oblong obtuse tubercled downy. Malabar, and the Carnatic; Courtallum, Wight. A tree. Leaves 3-4 by 2 1/2-3 in., coriaceous, slightly oblique, obscurely, and remotely page 370 toothed near the apex, feather-nerved ; petiole 1/4 in., downy. Peduncle longer than the petiole, jointed in the middle. Bracteoles and flowers not seen. Capsule 2 by 1 in., covered with squarish truncated tubercles. - Very distinct in its curiously tubercled fruit.8. ERIOLAENA, DC. Trees. Leaves simple or lobed, downy or stellate-tomentose beneath. Peduncles axillary, 1-many-flowered. Bracteoles 3-5, laciniate, or small and caducous. Calyx, at first spathaceous, ultimately 5-parted. Petals flat, with dilated tomentose claws. Staminal column short, bearing externally numerous linear-oblong 2-celled anthers, in many series, cells parallel. Staminodes 0. Ovary sessile, 5-10-celled ; style erect, stigmas 5-10 spreading ; ovules many in each cell. Capsule woody, loculicidal. Seeds winged above ; albumen thin, cotyledons plaited or contortuplicate, radicle next the hilum. - A genus of 7 or 8 exclusively Asiatic species. * Bracteoles deeply cut. 1. E. Wallichii, DC. Mem. Mus. x. t. 5 - leaves ovate or roundish acuminate 7-nerved base cordate, peduncles 1-flowered, bracteoles pinnatisect, sepals lanceolate, style pilose. Wall. Cat. 1174, C. Gumsia hirta, Ham. in Wall. Cat. p. 157, 1174, B. Nipal, Wallich. A shrub, herbaceous portions shaggy-tomentose. Leaves 4-8 by 6 in., crenate-serrate, pilose above, stellate-tomentose beneath ; petiole 1-2 in. Stipules nearly 1 in., leafy, lanceolate, with acute lobes. Peduncles villous, shorter than the leaf. Flowers 2 1/2 in. diam. Sepals lanceolate, floccose-tomentose outside, villous within. Petals orbicular, with a narrow hairy claw. Column glabrous. Fruit not seen. 2. E. Stocksii, Hook.fil. et Thoms. ms.; leaves roundish subacuminate 6-7-nerved base cordate, peduncles 3-flowered longer than the leaves, bracteoles bipinnatisect mossy, sepals cuspidate, style pilose. Western Peninsula ; Concan, Stocks. A shrub, bark purplish, herbaceous portions stellate-hairy. Leaves 4-5 by 3 in., crenate, stellate-hairy above, pubescent beneath ; petiole 2 in. Stipules subulate. Flower 1 1/2 in. diam. Seeds cuspidate, glandular at the base within. Petals spathulate. Ovary 10-lobed. Fruit not seen. 3. E. Hookeriana, W. & A. Prodr. i. 70 : leaves roundish acuminate serrate base cordate, peduncles many-flowered, bracteoles shorter than the calyx much cut pubescent, styles pubescent. - Beddome Flor. Sylvat. Anal. Gen. t. 5. WESTERN Peninsula; the Concan, Nilghiri, and Pulney Mts., Wight; Behar, alt. 1-4000 ft., J.D.H. A tree, herbaceous portions stellate-downy. Leaves 4 in. each way, thinly stellate-hairy or glabrescent above, rusty-tomentose beneath, nerves prominent beneath ; petiole 2 in. Peduncle longer than the petiole, stellate-hairy, at length glabrous. Flowers 2 in. diam. Sepals narrow-lanceolate. Capsule 1 in., ovoid, pointed, 10-valved; valves downy, tubercled or pitted, villous at the inner angle. 4. E. Candollei, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. i. 51, t. 64; Cat. 1175; leaves ovate acuminate base cordate lobes rounded, peduncles many-flowered, bracteoles pinnatifid pubescent, style glabrous. Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 24. Birma; Mountains of Prome, Wallich; Western Peninsula; Ram Ghat in the Concan, Dalzell. Bhotan ? Herb. Griffith. A tree, bark grey, herbaceous portions stellate-hairy. Leaves 5 by 4 in., upper smaller, palmately 5-7 -nerved, stellate-hairy above, grey-pubescent beneath, crenate- page 371 dentate; petiole 1 1/2-3 in. Flowers crowded, yellow, 1 1/2 in. Peduncles shorter than the leaves. Sepals lanceolate, glandular within at the base, slightly exceeding the bracteoles. Petals oblong, apex notched, claw thick, villous. Ovary ovoid; style glabrous, stigmas 8-10, revolute. Capsule 2 by 1 in., woody, ovoid, acute, beaked, 10-lobed, 10-valved; valves oblong, acute, keeled or rounded at the back, villous or rarely glabrous at the inner margin. Seeds ∞ imbricate ; embryo erect, cotyledons flat. - The Bhotan plant may, when fuller material is accessible, prove to be distinct.** Bracteoles entire, or nearly so (Jackia, Spreng. ; Schillera, Reich). 5. E. spectabilis, Planch. in Herb. Hook. ; leaves ovate acuminate base cordate, cymes many-flowered panicled, bracteoles a little below the flower linear entire rarely lobed, style pilose at the base. Wallichia spectabilis, DC. Mem. Mus. x. 104, t. 6, Microlaena spectabilis, Wall. Cat. 1173. Gumsia tiliacea, Wall. Cat. 1173 D. G. chloroxylon, Ham. in Wall. Cat. p. 157, 1173, E. Central Himalaya; Nipal, Wallich; Simla, Webb. A shrub or small tree, young shoots stellate-hairy. Leaves 3-4 by 1 1/2 in., unequally serrate, 7-9-nerved, scabrid above, ashy-pubescent beneath ; petiole 2 in. Stipules capillary. Peduncles longer than the leaves ; ultimate pedicels stellate-hairy, nearly as long as the flower. Flowers 2 in. diam., sulphur-coloured. Buds oblong. Calyx at first spathaceous, ultimately 5-parted ; sepals linear-lanceolate. Petals obovate-spathulate, claw thick, villous. Ovary ovoid, villous, &-celled; stigmas ∞. Capsule 1 1/2 in., woody, oblong ; valves obtuse, tubercled, villous at the inner angle. - Yields a fibre fit for rope-making. 6. E. quinquelocularis, Wight under Ic. t. 882 ; Ic. Index 36 ; leaves roundish toothed apex acute shortly acuminate base cordate, bracteoles a little distance from the flower minute caducous entire or lobed, style hairy stigma 5-10-lobed, Bedd. Fl. Sylvat. Anal. Gen. t. 5. Microchlaena quinquelocularis, W. & A. Prodr. i. 71. M. flavescens, Garcke in PI. Hohenack. No. 1533. Behar, alt. 1-4000 ft., J. D. H. ; Western Peninsula, Nilghiri mts., Gardner; Coimbator, Wight; Concan, Dalzell; Belgaum Ghats, Ritchie. A tree, herbaceous portions stellate-hairy. Leaves 2 1/2-3 in. each way, palmately 7-nerved, thinly stellate-hairy or glabrescent above, whitish and softly pubescent beneath ; petioles 2 in. Cymes at the end of the branches ; peduncles longer than the leaves, stellate-hairy ; pedicels shorter than the flower, jointed above the middle. Flower-buds ovate-oblong. Sepals 3/4 in., lanceolate, stellate-hairy, glandular at the base within. Petals equalling the sepals ; claw broad, pubescent. Column as long as the petals. Stigmas revolute. Capsule 1 1/4 in., oblong, pointed, 5-10-valved ; valves not tubercled, usually villous at the- inner angle. Seeds numerous. 9. PENTAPETES, Linn. Herbs. Leaves hastate-lanceolate. Flowers axillary. Bracteoles 3, caducous, subulate. Sepals 5, lanceolate, connate at the base. Petals 5. Stamens 20, connate at the base, 15 fertile in 5 groups (of 3 each) alternating with 5 staminodes, which are nearly as long as the petals ; anthers 2-celled, extrorse. Ovary sessile, 5-celled, cells many ovuled ; style entire, twisted and thickened upwards, stigmas 5 minute. Capsule loculicidally 5-valved. Seeds 8-12, 2-seriate in each cell, not winged; cotyledons plaited, 2 partite, radicle inferior. - A single species, widely distributed in tropical Asia. 1. P. phoenicea, Linn.; Roxb. Fl Ind. iii. 157 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 67 ; Wall. Cat. 1157, 2, 3, 4 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 190. Dombeya phoenicea, Cav. Diss. iii. t. 43, f. 1. - Rheede, Hort. Mal. x. t. 56. Throughout the hotter parts of India, from the Panjab to Birma and the Western Peninsula. page 372 A branched annual, 2-5 ft., glabrous or with a few scattered stellate hairs. Leaves 3-5 in., 1-nerved, crenate-serrate ; petiole 1 in. Stipules subulate. Peduncle simple, axillary, as long as or longer than the petiole, 1-2-flowered, jointed near the flower. Bracteoles half the length of the calyx. Flowers red, opening at noon and closing at the following dawn. Sepals stellate-hairy, with a few simple bristles. Petals obovate. Style short. Capsule subglobose, bristly, half the length of the persistent calyx. 10. MELHANIA, Forsk. Undershrubs. Leaves simple, downy. Peduncles axillary, 1 -flowered. Bracteoles 3-5, cordate, often longer than the sepals. Flowers yellow. Sepals 5, connate below. Petals 5 marcescent. Stamens 10, connate below into a very short tube, fertile filaments 5, alternating with as many ligulate staminodes ; anther-cells parallel. Ovary sessile, 5-celled, cells 1-many-ovuled ; styles 5, subulate, connate below, stigmatiferous on the inner face. Capsule loculicidally 5-valved Seeds albuminous ; cotyledons plicate, biparted, radicle inferior. - Distrib. Species 16 distributed over the hotter parts of Africa, Asia, and Australia. * Bracteoles linear. 1. M. incana, Heyne in Wall. Cat. 1200 ; leaves narrow elliptic-oblong serrulate, bracteoles linear-oblong shorter than the calyx, capsule subglobose shorter than the calyx. W. & A. Prodr. i. 68 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 191. Western Peninsula ; dry hills in the Carnatic and Mysore, Heyne, &c. Suffruticose, branches spreading. Leaves 1-2 by 1/3-1/2 in., linear-oblong, obtuse, base subcordate, tomentose beneath; peduncle 1-2-flowered, as long as the petiole, jointed in the middle. Flowers small. Sepals 1/4 in., lanceolate, acuminate. Petals obovate, longer than the sepals. Capsule hairy, shorter than the sepals. Seeds 2-4 in each cell, tubercled. 2. M. abyssinica, A. Rich. Fl. Abyss, i. 76, t. 18 ; leaves elliptic obtuse crenate-dentate pubescent above paler and tomentose beneath, bracteoles linear shorter than the calyx, capsule longer than the calyx. Mast. in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 231. Brotera ovata, Cav. Ic. v. 20, 433. Melhania ovata, Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 841, excl. syn. SINDH, Stocks. - DISTRIB. Cape de Verde islands, Abyssinia. Suffruticose, cano-tomentose, branches prostrate intricate spreading. Leaves 1 by 3/4 in., doubly -serrate ; petiole 1/2 in. Stipules 1/4 in., capillary. Peduncles axillary, as long as or longer than the petiole, 2-4-flowered. Flowers 3/4 in. diam. Bracteoles nearly as long as the lanceolate sepals. Petals obovate, shorter than the sepals. Style very short. Capsule slightly exceeding the persistent calyx. ** Bracteoles broad, at least at the base. 3. M. cannabina, Wight in Herb. Kew. ; leaves oblong obtuse crenulate base subcordate, bracteoles lanceolate equalling the lanceolate cuspidate sepals, capsule subgibbous shorter than the calyx. Western Peninsula ; in the Carnatic and Mysore, Wight, &c. A shrub, herbaceous portions cano-pubescent. Leaves 2 1/2-1 1/2 in., sub-3-nerved, paler beneath; petioles 1 1/4 in. Stipules fugacious. Cymes peduncled ; peduncles equalling the petioles; ultimate pedicels shorter than the flowers. Flowers 1/2 in. diam. Bracteoles striated. Capsule villous, the size of a large pea. Seeds numerous, angled, rugose. 4. M. Hamiltoniana, Wall. PI. Asiat. Rar. i. t. 77 ; leaves roundish-ovate subcordate obtuse unequally toothed, peduncles axillary twice the length of the petiole, bracteoles cordate-ovate longer than the calyx. page 373 Western Peninsula and Birma. A shrub, cano-tomentose, branches spreading. Leaves 2-3 in., pubescent on both surfaces, white beneath, 5-nerved ; petiole 1 in. Stipules setaceous, scarcely shorter than the petiole. Peduncles axillary and terminal, 3-flowered. Bracteoles recurved at the edges. Sepals lanceolate, cuspidate, villous. Petals yellow, obovate, oblique, longer than the sepals. Staminodes ligulate. Capsule ovoid, obscurely truncated at the top, villous, shorter than the calyx, 5-celled, cells many-seeded. Seeds oblong, somewhat 4-sided, truncated, tubercled. Var. 1. tomentosa ; leaves rounded or subcordate at the base densely tomentose obtuse, petals hardly exceeding the sepals. Pentapetes tomentosa, Wall. Cat. 1156. - Dry places on the banks of the Irawaddi, Wall. Var. 2. abutiloides, Arn. (sp.) ; leaves deeply cordate cano-tomentose more membranous acute or acuminate, petals much exceeding the sepals. Wight. Ic.t. 23. - Western Peninsula. 5. M. futteyporensis, Munro in Herb. Hook.; leaves oblong acuminate serrate base cordate, bracteoles equalling the calyx cordate-oblong acute margins recurved, sepals lanceolate cuspidate. M. Hamiltoniana, Munro, Hort. Agrens. 9 (not of Wall). North Western India, from the Indus Valley, alt. 2500 ft., Stewart, to Delhi, Falconer, and Bundelkhund, Edgeworth; Sindh, Stocks. . A cano-pubescent shrub. Leaves 3 by 2 in., petiole 1 in. Stipules setaceous. Peduncles axillary and terminal, 2-4-flowered, twice the length of the petiole. Flowers 1 in. diam. Capsule 1/2 in., oblong, villous, scarcely so long as the sepals. 6. M. tomentosa, Stocks in Herb. Hook. ; leaves oblong-lanceolate crenate-serrate, base rounded, peduncles terminal cymose, bracteoles oblong-lanceolate cuspidate shorter than the sepals. M. abutiloides, Aitch. Cat. Punj. PI. 23 partly, not of Arn. The Panjab, Aitchison; Sindh, Stocks. A cano-tomentose shrub. Leaves 2 by 1 1/2 in. ; thinly stellate-hairy above, paler and softly pubescent beneath ; petiole 3/4 in. Peduncles about the length of the leaves, 2-3-flowered. Bracteoles 1/2 in., margins not recurved. Sepals 3/4 in., oblong-cuspidate, tomentose. Capsule oblong, villous, shorter than the calyx. Seeds muricate, angled. - Nearly allied to M. futteyporensis, but with flowers about half the size. 7. M. Denhami, Br. in Denh. & Clapp. Voy. App. 233 ; leaves ovate-oblong crenate-serrate 5-nerved at the base, bracteoles cordate-reniform accrescent membranous. Mast. in Oliv. Trop. Afr. i. 230. M. bracteosa, Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 841. Brotera bracteosa, Guill. et Perr. Fl. Seneg. i. 80, t. 17. Cardiostegia Kotschyi, Presl. Epimel. Bot. 249. Hills of Sindh, Stocks. - Distrib. Beloochistan, Tropical Africa and Arabia. Suffruticose, cano-tomentose. Branches spreading. Leaves 1 1/2 in., elliptic, stellate-hairy above, hoary-pubescent beneath ; petiole 1/2-1 in. Stipules setaceous. Peduncles as long as the petiole, 3-flowered. Sepals ovate-lanceolate. Petals yellow. Capsule spheroid, downy, hardly as long as the calyx. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell. - The flowers open in the evening. 11. MELOCHIA. Linn. Herbs or undershrubs, more or less downy. Leaves simple. Flowers small, clustered or loosely panicled. Sepals 5, connate below. Petals 5, spathulate, marcescent. Stamens 5, opposite to the petals, connate below into a tube ; anthers extrorse, 2-lobed, lobes parallel. Ovary sessile, 5-celled ; cells opposite the petals, 2-ovuled ; styles 5, free or connate at the base. Capsule loculicidally 5-valved. Seeds ascending, albuminous; embryo straight, cotyledons flat, radicle next the hilum. - Distrib. Species about 50, natives of the warmer regions of both hemispheres. page 374 1. M. corchorifolia, Linn. ; Willd. Sp. Pl. iii. 604 ; leaves oblong-ovate serrate plaited base rounded or cordate, flowers in terminal or axillary heads, with bracteoles intermixed, capsule globose. Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 139 ; Thwaites Enum. 30 ; Wall Cat 1196 in part. M. truncata, Willd. Sp. Pl. iii 601. M. supina, L. Sp. Pl. 944. M. affinis, Wall. Cat. 1198. M. pauciflora, Wall.Cat. 1199. Riedleia corchorifolia, DC. Prodr. i. 491 ; W. & A. Prodr. i 66 ; Miq. Fl Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 188 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. FL 24. R. truncata W. & A. I.c. 66. R. supina, DC. Prodr. i. 491. R. concatenata, DC. Prodr. i. 492. Visenia corchorifolia, Spreng. Syst. iii. 30. V. concatenata, Spreng. Syst. iii. 30. V. supina, Spreng. Syst. iii. 31. Melochia concatenata. Wall. Cat. 1197. Sida cuneifolia, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50. - Rheede Hort. Mal. ix t. 73. Generally distributed in the hotter parts of India from Kumaon alt. 4000 ft. to Sikkim, Malacca and Ceylon. - Distrib. A widely diffused tropical weed. An erect branching herb or undershrub, thinly stellate-hairy. Leaves 1-3 in., variable in form, rarely obscurely lobed, subglabrous above, thinly stellate-hairy beneath, base 5-nerved ; petiole 1 in. Stipules subulate-lanceolate, shorter than the petiole. Sepals 4 in., lanceolate, acuminate. Petals obovate, white or pink, longer than the sepals. Cupsule the size of a small pea, globose, exceeding the persistent calyx. - Variable. Wallich's M. affinis has the branches of the cyme lengthened and spike-like vvith flowers on one side only as in the form called concatenata. 2. M. velutina, Beddome Fl. Sylvat. t. 5 ; leaves cordate suborbicular acuminate serrate, flowers in umbellate corymbs, capsule oblong 5-lobed, seeds winged. Visenia umbellata, Wight Ic. 509. V. tomentosa, Miq. Pl. Hohen. Exsicc. Riedleia tiliaifolia, DC. Prodr. i. 491 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. FL 24 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat, i. pt. 2, 188. Glossospermum velutinum, Wall. Cat. 1153. G. ? cordatum, Wall. Cat, 1165. Widely distributed through the hotter parts of India, from the N.W. Provinces to the CONCAN and Ava, but often cultivated only. - Distrib. Wild or cultivated in the Mauritius and Malay islands. A shrub or tree, herbaceous portions stellate-hairy. Leaves 4 by 3 in., thinly stellate-hairy or glabrescent above, downy beneath, base 5-7-nerved ; petiole 3 in. Stipules 1/4 in., leafy, roundish. Panicles many-flowered, lax, terminal and axillary. Flowers 1/4 in. diam., pink. Calyx campanulate, lobes 5, deltoid-ovate, connate to about the middle. Petals oblong, twice the length of the sepals. Stamens inserted with the petals on a lobed hypogynous disk, filaments flat. Ovary 5-celled ; styles 5, opposite the petals. Capsule 4 in., 5-lobed, bristly. Seed solitary in each cell, wing ascending. M. PYRAMIDATA, Linn, occurs as an introduced weed in India. 12. WALTHERIA, Linn. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves simple. Stipules narrow. Flowers small, in dense axillary or terminal clusters. Sepals 5, connate below into a bell-shaped tube. Petals 5, oblong-spathulate. Stamens 5, tubular below ; anthers 2-lobed, lobes parallel. Staminodes 0. Ovary sessile, 1-celled ; ovules 2, ascending ; style excentric, stigma club-shaped. Capsule 2-valved, 1-seeded. Seed ascending, albuminous; embryo straight, cotyledons flat, radicle next the hilum. - Distrib. About 15 species, one or two of which are tropical weeds, the remainder are natives of tropical America. 1. W. indica, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 493. W. & A. Prodr. i. 67; Thwaites Enum. 30 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 187 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 23 ; Wall. Cat. 1194. W. americana, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 492; W. elliptica, Cav. Diss.vi. 171; Wall. Cat. 1195. Melochia corchorifolia, Wall. Cat. 1196, H, not of others. page 375 Common in all the hotter parts of India, from Kumaon alt, 4000 ft. to Malacca and Ceylon. - Distrib. A widely diffused Tropical weed. Perennial, villous. Leaves 1-3 in., shortly petioled, cordate-ovate, oblong, obtuse, toothed, plaited. Flowers yellow, 1/4 in. Bracts narrow, villous. Sepals lanceolate, acuminate. Petals longer than the sepals, stalked. 13. ABROMA, Jacq. Trees or shrubs. Leaves cordate, ovate-oblong, serrulate, sometimes angled. Peduncles opposite the leaves, few-flowered. Sepals 5, connate near the base. Petals 5, purplish, concave below, prolonged above into a large spoon-shaped lamina. Staminal-cup of 5 fertile and as many sterile divisions, fertile filaments opposite the petals, 3-antheriferous ; anthers 2-lobed, lobes divergent. Staminodes longer than the fertile filaments, obtuse. Ovary sessile, pyramidal, 5-lobed ; cells many-ovuled ; styles 5. Capsule membranous, 5-angled, 5-winged, truncate at the apex, septicidally 5-valved, valves villous at the edges. Seeds numerous, albuminous ; embryo straight, cotyledons flat cordate, radicle next the hilum. - DISTRIB. 2 or 3 species, natives of Tropical Asia. 1. A. augusta, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. i 485; Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50 ; Fl. Ind. iii. 156 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 183 ; Beddome Flor. Sylvat. Anal. Gen. t. 5 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 65 ; Wall. Cat. 1142. A. angulata, Lam. Ill, 636. A. Wheeleri, Retz. Obs. v. 27 ; Willd. Sp. Pl. iii. 1425. A. fastuosum Gaertn. Fruct. i. 307, t. 64. Widely spread, native or cultivated, throughout the hotter parts of India from the North West Provinces to Sikkim, alt. 3000 ft. ; Khasia Mts. alt. 4000 ft., and Assam. - Distrib. Java, Philippines, China. A shrub, branches downy. Leaves 4-6 by 4-5 in. repand-denticulate, base 3-7-nerved, upper smaller, narrower, entire, glabrescent above, tomentose below ; petiole 1/2-1 in. Stipules linear, deciduous as long as the petiole. Peduncle 1 1/2 in., axillary. Flowers 2 in. diam. Sepals 1 in., lanceolate, free nearly to the base. Petals scarcely exceeding the sepals, imbricate in the bud, deciduous. Capsule 1 1/2 in., obpyramidal ultimately glabrous, thrice as long as the persistent calyx. - The bark yields good fibre. 14. GUAZUMA, Plum. A tree. Leaves simple, tomentose. Flowers in axillary cymes. Sepals 5, connate below the middle, at first spathaceous. Petals 5, concave at the base, prolonged at the apex into 2 narrow strap-shaped processes. Stamens 10, connate into a column which is tubular below, and consists above of 5 fertile, 3-antheriferous filaments opposite the petals, and 5 lanceolate staminodes opposite the sepals ; anthers 2-lobed, lobes divergent. Ovary sessile, 5-lobed, 5-celled ; styles more or less connate ; ovules numerous in each cell. Capsule oblong, woody, tubercled, resembling a mulberry. Seed albuminous ; embryo curved, cotyledons leafy folded, radicle next the hilum. - Distrib, A genus of 5 species, chiefly natives of Tropical America. 1. G. tomentosa, Kunth ; DC, Prodr. i. 485; Wight Ill. t. 31 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 64 ; Thwaites Enum.. 29 ; Beddome Fl. Sylvat. t. 107, Buboma tomentosa, Spreng. Syst. iii 385. G. ulmifolia. Wall. Cat. 1141 Diuroglossum rufescens, Turcz. in Flora 1853, 735. Generally distributed and frequently cultivated in the warmer parts of India and Ceylon, but perhaps only introduced. - DISTRIB. Java, Tropical America. A tree, herbaceous portions stellate-tomentose. Leaves 3-4 1/2 by 2 in., oblong-lanceolate, obliquely cordate, acuminate, serrate, scabrid, or glabrescent above, pubescent page 376 beneath, base 5-7-nerved ; petiole short. Flowers numerous, yellow, in terminal and axillary panicles, which are twice the length of the leaves. Flower-buds globose. Calyx 1 1/2 in, bell-shaped, stellate-hairy. Sepals ultimately reflexed. Petals exceeding the calyx. Anthers concealed in the hood of the petals. Capsule 1 in., oblong, obtuse, covered with obtuse black tubercles.15. BUETTNERIA, Linn. Herbs, trees or shrubs, often climbers, frequently prickly. Foliage various. Flowers minute, in repeatedly branched axillary or terminal umbellate cymes. Sepals 5, connate at the base. Petals 5, claw concave, limb with a long strap-shaped 2-fid appendage. Stamens 10, connate below into a membranous tube, bearing above 6 fertile stamens opposite the petals, and 5 staminodes opposite the sepals ; anthers 2-lobed, extrorse. Ovary sessile, 5-celled ; cells opposite the petals, 2-ovuled ; style entire or 5-fid. Capsule globose, spiny, septicidally 5-valved, valves breaking away from a central column, cells 1-seeded. Seed ascending, exalbuminous ; cotyledons folded around the superior radicle, plumule lobed. - Distrib. About 45 species, mostly natives of tropical America, a few are Asiatic, and one African. * Leaves usually longer than broad, generally simple. 1. B. herbacea, Roxb. Cor. PI. i. t. 29; Fl. Ind. i. 619; herbaceous, unarmed, leaves glabrous ovate acuminate toothed paler beneath; capsule covered with small subulate prickles. Wall. Cat. 1146; W. & A. Prodr. i. 65 ; Wight Ic. t. 488 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Fl. Bomb. 23. Commersonia herbacea, G. Don. Gen. Syst i. 523. Western Peninsula ; not uncommon in the Carnatic, Orissa, and Concan. Stem herbaceous, unarmed. Leaves 1 1/4-2 1/2 by 3/4 in., base cordate or rounded, 3-5-nerved, nerves not glandular ; petiole 1/6 in. Stipules linear, eoualling the petiole. Inflorescence longer than the adjoining leaf. Sepals linear-lanceolate, reflexed. Limb of petals subulate, as long as the sepals, puberulous. Fertile filaments very short ; staminodes ovate. Fruit the size of a pea, 5-lobed. 2. B. crenulata, Wall. Cat. 1150 : a tree, branches unarmed, leaves glabrous elliptic acuminate, capsule globose glabrous covered with long linear-lanceolate spines. B. polyacantha, Wall. Cat. 1151 ? B. catalpifolia, Wall. Cat. 1152? B. echinata, Wall. Cat. 1149? NIPAL, Wallich; Birma, at Attran and Saluen, Wallich; Pegu, McClelland. Leaves 4-5 by 2-3 in., coriaceous, leaves 5-7-nerved, rounded ; petiole 2 in., thickened at both ends. Peduncles short, thinly stellate-hairy, pedicels 1/2-3/4 in., jointed in the middle. Bracteoles equalling the pedicels, persistent, lanceolate. Flower-buds deltoid, 5-angular, pilose. Flowers 1/4 in. diam. Petals stalked, limb cordate with two rounded lobes, apex linear. Ovary ovoid, style short. Capsule 4 in. diam. - The above synonyms must be received with hesitation, the materials being too imperfect to allow of satisfactory determination. 3. B. Jackiana, Wall in Roxb. Fl. Ind. (ed. Carey) ii. 386 ; shrubby, unarmed, leaves elliptic acuminate scabrid above, stellate hairy beneath, nerves pilose, capsule globose covered with straight-subulate spines. Wall. Cat. 1147. Penang, Jack, &c. A climbing shrub ; herbaceous portions pilose and downy. Leaves 3-5 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., entire or minutely serrated, base rounded ; petiole 3/4 in. pilose. Panicles axillary, much shorter than the leaves, many -flowered ; pedicels capillary, stellate-hairy. Sepals 1/6 in., deltoid acuminate, spreading. Petals shorter than the sepals. Capsule 1 in. diam., glabrous, 5-lobed. Seeds black. page 377 4. B. elliptica, Mast. ; shrubby, unarmed, leaves pilose on both surfaces especially along the nerves elliptic- oblong shortly acuminate. Malacca, Maingay. A climbing shrub. Stem terete, downy. Leaves 5-6 by 3 in., base 5-nerved, rounded ; petiole 3 in., pilose. Peduncles axillary, shorter than the petiole ; pedicels 1/4-1/2 in., umbellate, thinly stellate-hairy. Flowers 1/8 in. diam. Petals shorter than the lanceolate sepals. Fruit not seen. 5. B. uncinata, Mast. ; shrubby, unarmed, leaves glabrescent elliptic-lanceolate acuminate, capsule covered with hooked gland-tipped barbed spines. Malacca, Maingay. Stem glabrous, scarred. Leaves 8-10 by 3 in., coriaceous, glabrous or with a few thin hairs along the midrib on the under surface, base rounded, 3-nerved ; petioles 2 1/2-3 in., thickened at both ends. Fruiting-peduncles half the length of the leaves. Capsule depressed, 3-celled, spheroidal, the size of a hazel nut. 6. B. Maingayi, Mast. ; shrubby, unarmed, leaves glabrous on both surfaces lanceolate acuminate, capsule globose obscurely 5-lobed studded with short subulate prickles. Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. A climbing shrub. Leaves 10 by 3 in., coriaceous, base rounded, 5-nerved ; petiole 2 in., thickened at both ends. Peduncles barely 1 in., spreading at right angles, and bearing an umbel of flowers; pedicels 1/4 in. Sepals 1/4 in., ovate-lanceolate. Petals shorter than the sepals, with a long linear appendage. Staminodes erect, oblong, obtuse, 2-fid. Style as long as the ovary. Fruiting peduncle as long as the petiole. Capsule 1 1/4 in. diam. ** Leaves more or less orbicular, or not much longer than broad, usually lobed. 7. B. aspera, Colebrooke in Roxb. Fl. Ind. (ed. Carey) ii. 383 and in Wall. Cat. 1144 ; a tree, unarmed, leaves glabrescent suborbicular or oblong shortly acuminate base cordate, capsule glabrous globose covered with stout curved prickles. B. grandifolia, DC. Prodr. i. 486. B. nepalensis, Turcz. in Bull. Mosc. 1858, 207. Nipal, Wallich; Sillet, Da Silva, Sikkim and the Khasia Mts., ascending to 4000 ft., J. D. H. & T. T. - DISTRIB. China. Tree. Leaves 4 by 2 1/2 in, and upwards, base 7-nerved ; petiole 2 in. and upwards. Peduncle pubescent, as long as the petioles ; pedicels umbellate, ultimate pedicels 1/2 in., jointed in the middle. Flower-buds ovoid. Flowers minute, downy, campanulate. Sepals deltoid. Capsule 1 1/2 in. 8. B. andamanensis, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1871, ii. 47 ; Flora, 1871, 277 ; shrubby, unarmed, leaves glabrescent palmately lobed, capsule globose glabrous covered with short subulate spines. Andaman Islds., Kurz; Tenasserim, at Martaban, Brandis ; and Moulmein, Lobb. A climbing shrub. Stem terete. Leaves 4-5 by 4 in., thinly stellate-hairy, glabrescent, ovate, shortly 3-5-lobed, lobes acute or acuminate, irregularly and coarsely toothed, base 5-7-nerved, deeply cordate, lobes rounded ; petiole 2-4 in. Stipules 1/2 in., subulate, deciduous. Cymes 2-3-chotomous. Peduncles slender. Capsule the size of a cherry. 9. B. pilosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 618 ; shrubby, unarmed, leaves pilose on both surfaces suborbicular palmately lobed, capsule globose downy, studded with subulate barbed prickles. Wall Cat. 1145. B. velutina, Wall. Cat. 1148, 1925. page 378 Eastern Bengal; Silhet, Da Silva; Assam and Khasia Mts., Griffith; Birma, Wallich, &c. ; Chittagong, H.f. & T. A climbing shrub. Branches hispid with spreading hairs, or thinly stellate-hairy. Leaves 4 in., shortly 3-lobed, lobes deltoid, entire or serrulate, 7-9-nerved, midrib glandular, base deeply cordate, lobes rounded, upper ovate-lanceolate ; petiole 1 1/2-4 in., densely rusty-tomentose. Stipules subulate. Inflorescence lax, much branched; peduncles longer than the petioles. Flowers minute, campanulate. Sepals lanceolate. Petals yellow, incurved, appendage orange. Capsule the size of a large cherry, globose. Seed ovate-oblong. 16. COMMERSONIA, Forsk. Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, oblique. Inflorescence cymose, terminal or axillary or leaf opposed. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, concave at the base, prolonged into a long strap-shaped appendage at the apex. Fertile stamem 5, opposite the petals ; anthers subglobose, 2-celled, cells diverging ; staminodes 5, opposite to the sepals, lanceolate. Carpels 5, opposite to the sepals, connate ; styles connate ; ovules 2-6. Capsule loculicidally 5-valved, covered with bristly hairs. Seeds ascending, albuminous, strophiolate ; cotyledons flat, radicle next the hilum. - Distrib. A genus of about 8 species, some of which are natives of the Malay peninsula and archipelago, others of Australia. 1. C. platyphylla, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 603, adnot ; leaves broadly ovate-lanceolate oblique stellate-hairy above hoary tomentose beneath. C. javensis, G. Don Gen. Syst. i. .523. C. echinata, Blume Bijdr. 86 ; Wall. Cat. 1143; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 519, not of Forst. C. echinata, var. β. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 182. Buettneria hypoleuca, Turcz. in Mosc. Bull. 1858, 207. Malacca, Penang, and Sincapore. - Distrib. Malay isles. A shrub or low tree. Younger branches softly downy. Leaves 6 by 4 in., obliquely subcordate, subacuminate, irregularly serrulate, nerves with reddish down beneath; petioles 1/2-3/4 in., downy. Stipules deciduous, herbaceous, palmately cut. Flowers numerous, rotate, 1/2 in. diam., in much branched terminal cymose corymbs; ultimate pedicels divaricate, hispid, as long as the flowers. Calyx-lobes ovate, as long as the tube. Petals 5, base concave, appendage linear. Stamens 5, opposite the petals, and concealed within their concavity; staminodes 5, lanceolate, opposite the sepals, as long as the petals. Ovary 5-celled, cells opposite the petals. Capsule globose, the size of a marble, covered with long filiform intricate ciliolated processes. Var. Leschenaultii ; leaves glabrescent equally serrate, peduncles opposite the leaves. The true C. echinata of Forst. has not yet been met with within the limits of this Flora, though it probably will be discovered in Malacca. It is distinguislmd from the preceding by its narrower lance- shaped leaves, glabrous on the upper surface. 17. LEPTONYCHIA, Turcz. Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple, entire. Flowers cymose axillary. Sepals 5, valvate, distinct nearly to the base. Petals 5, valvate, short, orbicular, concave. Androecium tubular below, filamentous above, filaments 3-seriate, outer series of 10-15 ligulate staminodes opposite the petals, middle of 10 fertile stamens also opposite the petals, innermost of 5 very short fleshy subulate staminodes opposite the sepals ; anthers linear-oblong, introrse, dehiscing at the sides longitudinally. Ovary sessile, 3-4-celled; placentas axile ; styles connate, stigmas capitellate ; ovules many in each cell, anatropous. Capsule 2-3-celled, or by abortion 1-celled, dehiscing septicidally or loculicidally, or both, simultaneously or irregularly. Seeds black, page 379 aril fleshy orange-coloured, albumen fleshy ; cotyledons flat leafy, radicle superior. - Distrib. A genus of 3 or 4 species, natives of both Peninsulas, the Archipelago, and also of west tropical Africa.1. L. acuminata, Mast. ; leaves oblong abruptly acuminate base tapering, outer staminodes 10, inner subulate not ciliate, capsule 2-valved valves ultimately dimidiate. Malacca, Maingay. A tree. Leaves 8 by 2 1/2 in., glabrous on both surfaces ; petiole 1/4-2 in. Flower-buds oblong, pointed, 5-sided. Flowers 1/2-3/4 in. diam. Sepals spreading, coriaceous, lanceolate, downy on both sides. Petals less than half the length of the sepals, erect, subcoriaceous, orbicular, concave, villous. Androecium tubular at the base, outer staminodes linear-ligulate, nearly as long as the sepals, fertile stamens intermediate, as long as the outer staminodes, and placed with them in pairs opposite the petals ; anthers adnate ; inner staminodes 5, very short, subulate fleshy, opposite the sepals. Ovary oblong, villous, 3-celled ; style terete, as long as the fertile filaments, stigma capitate obscurely lobed. Seed oblong, testa black shining smooth, aril fleshy orange-yellow tubular covering half the seed from the hilum upwards, albumen fleshy, embryo straight, cotyledons flat leafy base cordate, radicle superior away from the hilum. 2. L. glabra, Turcz. in Bull. Mosc. 1858, 222 ; leaves oblong-lanceolate abruptly acuminate base tapering subcordate, outer staminodes 15, inner staminodes ciliated, capsule 1-celled. Oudem. in Compt. Rend. Ac. Roy. Sc. Amsterd. 2 ser. ii. 8, cum, ic. and Walp. Ann. vii. 449. Grewia? caudata, Wall. Cat. 1099. G. heteroclita, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 590. Binnendykia trichostylis, Kurz in Nat. Tijdschrift Ned. Ind. ser. 3, iii. 164. Turraea trichostylis, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Supp. i. 502. Malacca, Maingay ; Penang, Wallich ; Moulmein, Lobb; Tenasserim, Heifer. - Distrib. Moluccas, Borneo, Java, Sumatra. A tree, Leaves 4-6 by 2 in., glabrous or thinly stellate-hairy, base 3-5-nerved, somewhat oblique ; petiole 1/2 in. Peduncles axillary, solitary, or in short few-flowering cymes. Buds oblong, club-shaped. Ovary oblong, obscurely 4-lobed. Capsule 1/2 in. depressed pyriform, coriaceous, rugose, shining and wrinkled within. Seed 1/3 in. - In the absence of perfect flowers on the Indian specimens it is not absolutely certain that they are specifically identical with those from Sumatra. 3. L. moacurroides, Beddome Fl. Sylvat. t. 114; leaves elliptic acuminate base rounded, outer staminodes 10, capsule tubercled. Carnatic and Mysore, Beddome ; Courtallum, Wight. A small Grewioid tree. Branches virgate. Leaves 3-4 by 1 3/4 in., glabrous on both surfaces, base 3-nerved ; petiole 1/4-1/2 in. Stipules lanceolate, caducous. Flowers in axillary cymes, half the length of the petioles. Sepals 1/8 in., linear-lanceolate, pubescent. Petals orbicular, half the length of the sepals, densely villous. Ovary 4-lobed ; style pubescent. Capsule 1/2-3/4 in., obovoid, verrucose, irregularly 2-valved. - The leaves and flowers of this species are smaller than those of the preceding. Order XXVIII. TILIACEAE. (By Maxwell T. Masters, F.R.S.) Trees, shrubs or herbs. Leaves alternate,, rarely opposite, simple or lobed. Stipules free, often caducous. Flowers usually cymose, cymes few-flowered, or large and many-flowered. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or unisexual. Sepals 3-5, free or connate, valvate. Petals as many as the sepals, rarely absent, imbricate or valvate. Stamens numerous, ,rarely definite, usually springing from a prolonged or dilated torus, free or page 380 sometimes 5-adelphous, filaments filiform ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary free, 2-10-celled ; styles columnar, or divided into as many divisions as there are cells to the ovary, stigmas usually distinct rarely confluent or sessile. Ovules attached to the inner angle of the cells of the ovary, if few in number often pendulous from the apex or ascending from the base, if more numerous disposed in 2 or more ranks, anatropous ; raphe ventral or lateral. Fruit fleshy or dry, dehiscent or indehiscent, 2-10 or by abortion 1-celled (cells sometimes divided by false partitions), carpels separable or always united. Seeds 1 or many, ascending, pendulous or transverse, with no arillus, testa leathery or crustaceous or pilose, albumen fleshy abundant or scanty rarely wanting ; embryo straight or slightly curved, cotyledons leafy rarely fleshy, radicle next the hilum. - Distrib. About 350 species some of which occur in all the great divisions of the World except the arctic and antarctic, but most abundantly in the tropics of either hemisphere. Some of the genera and many of the species are strictly Indian.Series A. Holopetalae. Petals glabrous or rarely downy, coloured, thin, unguiculate, entire or nearly so, imbricate or twisted in the bud. Anthers globose or oblong, opening by slits. Tribe I. Brownlowieae. Sepals combined below into a cup. Anthers globose, cells ultimately confluent at the top. * Staminodes 6.
** Staminodes 0.
Tribe II. Grewieae. Sepals distinct. Petals glandular at the base. Stamens springing from the apex of a raised torus. * Fruit destitute of prickles.
** Fruit prickly.
Tribe III. Tilieae. Sepals distinct. Petals not glandular. Stamens springing from a contracted torus.
Series B. Heteropetalae. Petals sepaloid, incised or 0, induplicate or imbricate, not twisted. Anthers linear, opening by a terminal pore.
page 381 1. BROWNLOWIA, Roxb. Trees. Pubescence stellate or scaly. Leaves entire, 3-5-nerved, feather-veined. Flowers numerous, small, in large terminal or axillary panicles. Calyx bell-shaped, irregularly 3-5-fid. Petals 5, without glands. Stamens many free, springing from a raised toras. Staminodes 5, within the stamens, opposite the petals and petaloid. Anthers subglobose. Ovary 6-celled, each cell 2-ovulate ; styles awl-shaped, slightly coherent ; ovules ascending. Carpels ultimately nearly free, 2-valved, 1 -seeded. Albumen ; cotyledons thick, fleshy. - Distrib. Three species confined to Tropical Asia. 1. B. elata, Roxb. Cor. PI. iii. 61, t. 265; leaves ovate acute base cordate 5-7-nerved undulate downy beneath, petiole long. Bot. Reg. t. 1472 ; Wall. Cat. 1178. Humea elata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 640. Chittagong to Tenasserim, Roxburgh, Griffith &c. - Distrib. Borneo. A lofty tree. Branches spreading. Leaves 4-12 by 3-8 in., glabrous, white beneath, sometimes peltate ; petiole 3-4 in. or longer, thickened at the apex. Panicles terminal, as large as the adjacent leaf, branches pubescent, ultimate pedicels longer than the flower. Flower-buds clavate-oblong. Flower 1/2 in., yellow. Calyx funnel-shaped, lobes ovate shorter than the tube. Petals oblong, spreading, tapering at the base, longer than the sepals. Filaments slender ; anther-lobes divergent at the base, confluent at the apex ; staminodes linear-lanceolate. Style as long as the petals. Follicle 1 1/2 in., by abortion solitary, obliquely ovate, woody, covered with fine ash-coloured pubescence. Seed solitary, rarely 2, albumen 0; embryo erect, cotyledons 2 nearly equal amygdaloid. 2. B. lanceolata, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. y. Suppl. ii. 57 ; leaves lanceolate-acuminate white and scaly beneath, petiole short, panicle much shorter than the leaves. SUNDERBUNDS, Griffith ; Tenasserim, at Moulmein, Parish. A tree. Leaves 4-6 by 1-2 in., glabrous; petiole 1/2 in., thickened at the apex. Panicles terminal and axillary, shorter than the leaves, peduncles longer than the petioles. Flower-buds ovoid. Calyx 1/3 in. diam., campanulate, lobes lanceolate equalling the tube. Petals 1/3 in., oblong base broad. Anthers small, didymous, lobes not widely divergent, connective thick ; staminodes petaloid. Ovary 4-lobed, cells 2-ovuled, style simple, stigma 4-lobed. Young fruit pyriform, truncate. 2. PENTACE, Hassk. Trees. Herbaceous portions pubescent or scaly, ultimately glabrous. Leaves entire, leathery, 3-5-nerved. Flowers numerous, small, in terminal panicles. Calyx bell-shaped, irregularly 3-5-fid. Petals 6, glandless. Stamens numerous, on a slightly raised torus, sometimes pentadelphous. Staminodes 5, opposite the sepals. Anthers subglobose, pollen globose 3-pored. Ovary 5-celled, cells 2-ovuled ; ovule pendulous, raphe next the placenta. Fruit dry indehiscent 3-5-winged, by abortion 1 -celled, 1-seeded. Seed solitary, albuminous. - Distrib. Three species, all Malayan. 1. P. burmannica, Kurz in Flora, 1871, 278 ; leaves elliptic ovate acute 3-5-nerved pubescent beneath, pedicels long, ovary globose 5-lobed, fruit oblong truncate 5-winged wings longer than broad. Martaban, Brandis ; Pegu, Kurz. A tree. Shoots pubescent. Leaves 4 by 2 1/2 in., oblong, rounded at the base, acuminate, glabrous, whitish beneath; petiole 1/2 in. Pedicels long, covered with tawny down. page 382 Calyx 1/6 in., pubescent, sepals lanceolate. Petals obovate-oblong, tapering at the base, slightly exceeding the sepals. Capsule 1 3/4 by 1 1/4 in., oblong-truncate, wings stellate-hairy.2. P. triptera, Mast. ; leaves 1-nerved, ovary 3-celled, fruit 3-winged wings obtuse rounded as broad as long. Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. A tree. Leaves 6 by 3 in., glabrous, white beneath, oblong-acute, rounded at the base, 1-nerved, feather-veined ; petiole 1 in. Panicle terminal. Sepals 1/6-1/4 in., oval-lanceolate, downy. Petals twice the length of the sepals, oblong-spathulate. Stamens in 5 parcels, one opposite each petal. Staminodes 5, linear-subulate, much shorter than the stamens, opposite the sepals. Ovary pubescent, globose. Styles shorter than the stamens. Capside 2/3 by 1 in. 3. PITYRANTHE, Thwaites. A tree. Leaves obovate. Panicles terminal. Flowers small, numerous. Calyx urceolate-campanulate, 3-4-lobed. Petals obovate, tapering at the base, glandless. Fertile stamens 15 in groups of 3 before the petals, filaments dilated. Staminodes 5, opposite the sepals. Anther-lobes divergent at the base. Ovary sessile, 5-celled, cells opposite the sepals, 1-2-ovuled, ovules pendulous ; styles conjoined, stigma minute 5-lobed. Fruit pyriform, loculicidally 5-valved, 1 -seeded by abortion. Seeds oblong, netted, pubescent. - DISTRIB. A single species, native of Ceylon. 1. P. verrucosa, Thwaites Enum. 29 ; Beddome Flor. Sylvat. 1. 109. Ceylon ; Balticaloa, Jaffna, Trincomalee, Thwaites. Leaves 2-6 by 1-3 in., shining on the upper surface, paler beneath, with stellate pubescence, crenate, base rounded 3-nerved ; petiole 1/2-3/4 in. Flowers 1/8 in. Flower-buds ovoid, acute. Calyx 1/6 in., lobes ovate acute as long as the tube. Petals and stamens twice the length of the sepals. Capsule 3/4-1 in. 4. CHARTACALYX, Maingay herb. A tree. Leaves alternate, simple, 1-nerved. Panicle terminal, few-flowered. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, lobes valvate accrescent coloured. Petals 0. Stamens numerous, free, springing from the top of a short gynophore ; anthers oblong, 2-celled, cells parallel dehiscing at the sides longitudinally. Staminodes 0. Ovary stalked, 5-celled ; placentas axile - styles consolidated stigmas 5 linear recurved ; ovules 2 in each cell, collateral, pendulous from near the apex of the placenta. Fruit not seen. - The following is the only known species. 1. C. accrescens, Mast.; leaves oblong acuminate entire base oblique. Malacca, Maingay. - Distrib. Borneo. Branches rigid, obliquely ascending. Leaves 2-4 by 3/4-1 1/2 in., coriaceous, glabrous above, rusty tomentose beneath, base rounded or tapering, 1-nerved, venation arched; petiole 1/3-1/2 in. Panicle stellate-hairy, pedicel 1 in., jointed near the base. Calyx 3/4 in., ultimately 2 in. diam., papery, pink, veins prominent. Filaments slender, stellate-hairy, half the length of the calyx. Ovary pilose, ovoid, obscurely 5-lobed. Styles cylindric, stellate-pilose, longer than the filaments, dividing at irregular heights into 2-5 stigmatic branches. - The cohesion between the styles is apparently but slight, hence they separate one from another at varying heights. page 383 5. BERRYA, Roxb. A tree. Leaves alternate, ovate, acuminate, glabrous, base cordate, 5-7-nerved. Panicles large, many-flowered, terminal and axillary. Calyx campanulate, irregularly 3-5-lobed. Petals 5, spathulate. Stamens many, inserted on a short torus ; anthers didymous, lobes divergent opening lengthwise. Staminodes 0. Ovary 3-4-lobed, cells, 4-ovuled; style consolidated, stigma lobed; ovules horizontal. Fruit loculicidally 3-4-valved, each valve 2-winged. Seeds pilose albumen fleshy ; cotyledons flat leafy, radicle superior next the hilum. - Distrib. The following is the only species. 1. B. ammonilla, Roxh. Hort. Beng. 42 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 639 ; Cor. PI. iii 264; leaves ovate base cordate palmately 5-7-nerved. Wall. Cat. 1068; W. & A. Prodr. i. 81 ; Wight III. t. 34 ; Thwaites Enum, 32 ; Beddome Flor. Sylvat, t. 58. Malabar, Travancore, Pegu, Martaban, Wallich &c. ; Ceylon. A large tree. Leaves 4-8 by 2 1/2-3 in. ; petiole 1 1/2 in. and upwards. Stipules ensiform. Pedicels 1 in., pubescent. Calyx 1/6 in., downy. Petals linear-oblong, twice the length of the calyx. Filaments half the length of the petals. Ovary ovate ; style short, stigma 3-cleft. Capsule 6-winged, rounded, wings netted, villose. Seeds 1-4 in each cell. Var. mollis ; petiole and under surface of leaves pubescent. Berrya mollis. Wall. Cat. 1186 ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1873, ii. 62. - Attran. - The wood is used for building, and is sometimes called Trincomalee wood. 6. GREWIA, Linn. Trees or shrubs more or less stellate-pubescent. Leaves entire, 1-9-nerved. Flowers axillary, few or more numerous and panicled. Sepals distinct. Petals 5, glandular at the base, sometimes 0. Stamens many on a raised torus. Staminodes 0. Ovary 2-4-celled, cells opposite the petals, 2-many-ovuled ; style subulate, stigma shortly lobed. Drupe fleshy or fibrous, entire, or 2-4-lobed ; stones 1-4, 1-2-seeded, with false partitions between the seeds. Seeds ascending, albumen fleshy or rarely ; cotyledons flat. - Distrib. A genus of about 60 species, for the most part confined to the hotter regions of the old world. Some of the Indian species are endemic, others common to tropical Africa, &c. The synonymy of some of the species is extremely involved, and the genus requires a complete re-examination. The structure of the drupes and seeds in particular requires fuller investigation than is possible in herbarium specimens which are often incomplete. Sect. I. Grewia proper. Flowers axillary or terminal. Fruit fleshy or crustaceous usually lobed.* Inflorescence usually terminal or extra-axillary. 1. G. columnaris, Sm. ; DC. Prodr. i. 510 ; shrubby, leaves scabrous oblong shortly acuminate glandular-serrate, cymes extra-axillary and terminal, flower-buds conical sulcate, drupes turbinate 4-lobed bristly. Wight Ic. t. 44 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 76 ; Thwaites Enum. 31 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 26. G. orientalis, Vahl Symb. i. 34, ex W. & A. I.c. G. pilosa, Wall. Cat. 1112 C, D, E, F, not of Lam. G. bracteata, Miq. PI. Hohen. G. obtusa, Wall. Cat. 1103, partly. G. carpinifolia, Wall. Cat. 1093. Western Peninsula, Bengal and Ceylon. - Distrib. Java, East tropical Africa. page 384 A shrub. Branches virgate, stellate-hairy. Leaves 2-3 by 1-1 1/2 in., coriaceous, glabrescent, base rounded, 3-nerved, secondary nerves arched ; petiole 1/6-1/4 in. Flowers white, in terminal corymbose cymes. Pedundes twice the length of the petiole, 3-5-flowered, pedicels supported by small subulate deciduous bracts. Sepals 1/3 in., linear, yellow, 3-nerved. Petals half the length of the calyx, ovate-lanceolate, entire. Torus short, villous. Ovary villous. Drupes 1/2 in. diam., purplish ; stones 4, 2-celled. 2. G. emarginata, W. & A. Prodr. i. 79 ; shrubby, leaves stellate-hairy above pubescent beneath roundish-obovate cordate gland-toothed, peduncles mostly terminal much longer than the petiole, flower-buds ovate-oblong not striated, drupes glabrescent, stones 4 1-2-seeded. G. carpinifolia, Roth Nov. Sp. 245, partly; Wall. Cat. 1093 B, partly. G. orientalis, Wall. Cat. 1093 B, G. G. involucrata, Wall. Cat. 1093, C. Western Peninsula ; Mysore, Courtallum, Pulney and Nilghiri Mts., Wight, &c. Leaves 2-2 1/2 by 1 3/4-2 in., base 3-nerved, secondary nerves not arched, petioles 4 in. Stipules subulate. Peduncle 1 1/2 in., 3-6-branched, pedicel 1/2-3/4 in. Bracts linear-subulate. Flowers 1 in. diam. Sepals linear-lanceolate. Petals linear-oblong, emarginate, shorter than the sepals. Torus elongate. Style clavate, stigma 4-lobed. Drupe the size of a large pea, yellowish, subglobose, turbinate, 4-lobed. 3. G. oppositifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 583 ; a tree, leaves scabrous above pubescent beneath broadly ovate-lanceolate acuminate, cymes umbellate opposite the leaves, drupes 1-4-lobed, stone 1-celled 1-seeded. Wight Ic. t. 82; Wall. Cat. 1101 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 204. Common and indigenous, wild in the N.W. Himalaya, from Jamu to Nipal, ascending to 7000 ft. ; also frequently cultivated. Bark ash-coloured. Herbaceous portions rough with stellate hairs. Leaves 3 by 1 1/2 in., distichous, crenate-serrate, lower serratures glandular, base rounded, 3-nerved, secondary nerves scarcely arched, tertiary veins parallel conspicuous ; petiole 1/3 in., pilose. Stipules caducous, linear lanceolate, longer than the petioles Peduncles opposite the leaf, sometimes terminal, rarely axillary, much longer than the petioles ; pedicels shorter than the peduncle, clavate, with small bracteoles at the base. Flower-buds cylindric, obovate-oblong, pilose sulcate-striate. Flowers yellowish. Sepals 3/4 in., linear, 3-nerved. Petals oblong, entire, half the length of the sepals. Torus hairy, scarcely longer than the glands. Ovary 2-ceIled, cells 2 ovuled, stigma 2-lobed. Drupe glabrescent, blackish, lobes the size of a small pea. - The leaves are used as fodder, the bark for cordage, and the wood for various purposes. 4. G. orientalis, Linn.; DC. Prodr. i. 510; shrubby, often scandent, leaves glabrescent elliptic-lanceolate acuminate, peduncles axillary and terminal twice the length of the petiole, petals lanceolate entire, drupe globose scarcely lobed. Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 586 ; Roth New. Sp. 242 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 76; Wall. Cat. 1100 A, B, D, E; Thwaites Enum. 31; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 26. G. obtusa. Wall. Cat. 1103, partly. G. rhamnifolia. Roth Nov. Sp. 244 ; Wall. Cat. 1100 C. G. ovalifolia, Wight in Wall. Cat. 1103 B, C. G. pilosa, Wall. Cat. 1112 partly. Southern Provinces of the Western Peninsula, Wight; Ceylon. Branches virgate, thinly stellate-hairy. Leaves 3-4 by 1-1 1/2 in., base tapering or slightly cordate, 3-nerved, arch-veined, veins with appressed simple hairs, margins serrulate ; petiole 4 in. Cymes umbellate ; pedicels shorter than the flowers, each with a small subulate bracteole at the base. Flower-buds ovoid, pilose, ribbed. Sepals nearly 1 in., linear, yellow, pubescent outside. Petals half as long as the sepals, lanceolate, entire. Torus hispid, short. Drupes yellow, wrinkled, the size of a small cherry, pilose ; stones 4, 2-3-celled. - The Ceylon specimens are referred with doubt to this species, as I have not seen the fruit. page 385 5. G. umbellata, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 42 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 591 ; shrubby, scandent, leaves glabrescent above thinly stellate-hairy beneath elliptic acuminate, cymes umbellate terminal and axillary, drupe 1-celled 1-seeded. Wight Ic. t. 83 ; Wall. Cat. 1084. G. pedicellata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 585 ; Wall Cat. 1084 B. Western Peninsula, Concan and Coromandel ; Eastern Peninsula, Malacca, Penang, and Sincapur, Maingay, Griffith, &c. - Distrib. Philippines, Sumatra. Branches virgate, thinly stellate-hairy. Leaves 5 by 2 in., base rounded, 3-nerved, veins not prominent, not arched; petiole 1/6-1/4 in. Peduncle longer than the petiole, pedicels divergent. Flower-buds narrow, oblong, pilose, striated. Sepals 1/2 in. Petals narrow, entire, shorter than the sepals, springing from the back of a thickened claw. Torus prolonged, terete, pilose. Drupe the size of a cherry, stellate-hairy, obscurely lobed, purplish. 6. G. heterotricha, Mast. ; arborescent, leaves scabrous elliptic acuminate crenate-serrate, peduncles opposite the leaves and terminal twice the length of the petiole, buds obovoid, torus elongate sulcate. Western Peninsula, in Kurg, G. Thomson. A shrub or small tree ? Young shoots stellate-hairy, ferruginous. Leaves 4 by 2 in., stellate-hairy; petiole 4 in., densely pilose, hairs simple, stipules subulate, equal to the petiole, with simple hairs. Peduncles 3-flowered, stellate-hairy, pedicels shorter than the flower. Bracts subulate. Flowers 1 in. diam. Sepals linear-oblong, 3-nerved. Petals lanceolate, half the length of the sepals. Torus and ovary clothed with simple hairs. Anthers glabrous. Stigma clavate, 5-lobed. - The only specimens known to me were gathered by collectors employed by G. Thomson, Esq., of Madras, about the year 1845. 7. G. populifolia, Vahl ; DC. Prodr. i. 511 ; shrubby, leaves glabrous unequally crenate-serrate, base roundish or cuneate, peduncle solitary or twin opposite the leaves, drupe 1-4-lobed, stones 1-4 1-2-celled ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 80 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 843 ; Wall. Cat. 1088 B ? C ? G. betulaefolia, Juss. in Ann. Mus. iv. 92, t. 2, f. 1; Roth Nov. Sp. 249. G. rigida. Ham. in Wall. Cat. 1088 D. Sindh, Stocks, Dalzell, &c. ; Panjab, Aitcheson, &c. ; Western Peninsula, Concan, Nilghiris, &c. - Distrib. Affghanistan, Arabia, Tropical Africa, Mauritius. A much and intricately branched shrub; herbaceous portions more or less stellate-hairy, ultimately glabrescent. Leaves 1/2-1 1/2 by 1 1/4 in., coriaceous, multiform, often cuneate-obovate, base 3-5-nerved ; secondary nerves obscure, not arched ; petiole 1/2 in. Peduncles longer than the petiole. Sepals 1/2-3/4 in., linear-oblong. Petals white, notched, shorter than the sepals. Torus short. Ovary hoary, ultimately glabrescent. Drupes yellowish, generally 2-lobed, lobes the size of a small pea, orange-red. - The acid fruit is eaten under the name of "Gingo." ** Inflorescence axillary very rarely extra-axillary. t Leaves hoary, at least beneath. 8. G. excelsa, Vahl ; DC. Prodr. i. 509; shrubby, leaves glabrous above hoary beneath ovate-oblong or lanceolate acuminate serrulate, peduncles 2-3 axillary much longer than the petiole, petals entire, drupe globose pubescent. Wall. Cat. 6307 A ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 586. G. Rothii, DC. Prodr. i. 509 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 78. G. bicolor, Roth Nov. Sp. 240, not of Juss. G. salvifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 587 ; Wall. Cat. 1091. Eastern Bengal, Assam, Sikkim, and Chittagong; Bundelkund, Edgeworth ; Coromandel, Roxburgh. - Distrib Tropical Africa. Leaves 4-5 by 1 1/2 in., finely serrulate, base rounded, 5-nerved, nerves arched transverse ones prominent, tip obtuse or acute ; petiole 1/3-1/4 in. Stipules linear-ligulate, page 386 longer than the petiole. Flowers 1/4-1/3 in. diam. Sepals linear. Petals oblong, half the length of the sepals. Drupe the size of a pea ; nuts 2-celled. - Possibly not specifically distinct from G. salvifolia, Heyne. The fruit is agreeable.9. G. salvifolia, Heyne in Roth Nov. Sj\ 239 ; leaves glabrescent hoary beneath entire or minutely serrate, peduncles 1-3 axillary clustered longer than the petiole, petals 2-fid, drupe 1-4-lobed. W. & A. Prodr. i. 77. G. bicolor, Juss. in Ann. Mus. iv. 90, t. 50, f. 2 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 844. G. araria, Wall. Cat. 6308? North West provinces from the JHELUM to Nipal, Hamilton, &c. ; Western Peninsula, Heyne, &c. - Distrib. Tropical Africa. A shrub or small tree ; bark grey, herbaceous portions covered with soft hoary pubescence. Leaves 2 1/2 by 1 1/2 in., base 3 nerved, transverse nerves indistinct; petiole 1/4 in. Stipules 1/3 in., subulate. Peduncles 2 in., pedicels 1/4 in. Buds ovate-oblong, striated. Sepals 1/4 in., linear, 3-nerved. Petals 1/6 in., obovate, 2-fid, limb yellow from the back of the thickened claw. Ovary pubescent ; style as long as the stamens. - Wight and Arnott describe the petals as entire, probably from confounding the present species with G. Rothii. 10. G. orbiculata, Rottl. in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. Berol. 1803, 205; shrubby, leaves cordate roundish elliptic or oblong pubescent on both surfaces hoary beneath minutely toothed, peduncles tufted longer than the petiole, flower-buds subglobose or oblong, drupes slightly 2-lobed, stones 1-2 2-celled. Roth Nov. Sp. 246 ; Wall. Cat. 1085 and p. 237, 1085 C. G. rotundifolia, Juss. in Ann. Mus. iv. 92, t. 50, f. 3 ; Wight Ic. t. 45 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 80 ; Wall. Cat. 1085. G. orbicularis, G. Don Gen. Syst. i. 550. G. variabilis. Wall. Cat. 1087. Western Peninsula ; Concan, Malabar, &c. A shrub; branches virgate. Leaves 1-2 1/2 by 1/2-1 1/2 in., subsessile, base often oblique, 5-nerved, nerves arched. Cymes umbellate ; peduncles pilose, 3-flowered ; pedicels shorter than the peduncles, divaricate. Bracteoles minute, pinnatifid. Buds ovoid oblong striated. Flowers yellow, 1/2 in. diam. Sepals linear. Petals notched, half the length of the sepals. Torus glabrescent, very short. Ovary villous. Drupe greyish, pilose. - The G. orbiculata, of Wall. Cat. 1085 D, may prove a distinct species. It has smaller flowers and very small glands to the petals. 11. G. tiliaefolia, Vahl Symb. i. 35 ; a tree, leaves hoary beneath oblique cordate, stipules leafy falcate acuminate, auricled, flower-buds oval-oblong, drupe 1-4-lobed small subglobose, stones 3-6-celled. W. & A. Prodr. i. 80; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 587 ; Wall. Cat. 1094 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 26; Beddome Fl. Sylvat. t. 108; Thwaites Enum. 32. G. arborea, Roth Sp. Nov. 247. G. variabilis. Wall. Cat 1087, partly. G. subinaequalis. Wall. Cat. 1087 E. Hot dry foretts throughout Western India, ascending to 4000 ft. in the Himalaya. Western Peninsula; Birma, Ceylon. - Disirib. East Tro])ical Africa. A moderate tree, branches purplish. Leaves 4 by 2 in., dentate, base 3-5-nerved, feather veined ; petiole 1/2-1 in., pubescent, thickened at the top. Peduncles 3-10, axillary, tufted, as long as, or longer than, the petiole Pedicels 3, divergent, shorter than the peduncle. Sepals 1/4-1/2 in., oblong. Petals oblong, emarginate, half the length of the sepals. Torus slender, glabrous. Drupe blackish, the size of a small pea - Fruit eaten by the natives. The stipules form the best distinguishing mark of this species. 12. G. asiatica, L. ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 79; arborescent, leaves roundish coarsely and irregularly toothed subacuminate oblique, stipules subulate ensiform, buds club-shaped, drupes subturbinate with 1 or 2 1-celled nuts. Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 586 ; Wall. Cat. 1089 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, i, 844 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 26. G. subinaequalis, DC. Prodr. i. 511 ; Wall. Cat. 1087 C. page 387 Generally cultivated in India, except in the Gangetic plains and E. Bengal ; said to be indigenous in the Salt Range, Poonah, and Oudh. Ceylon. A small tree, herbaceous portions covered with soft yellowish pubescence. Leaves 2-7 in., obliquely cordate, base 5-nerved, smaller nerves not arched, prominent beneath, transverse ones parallel ; petiole 1/2 in , thickened at the top. Stipules nearly as long as the petiole. Peduncles 2 or more, usually shorter, sometimes longer, than the petioles, dividing into 2 or more divergent pedicels. Bracts linear. Flowers 3/4 in. diam. Sepals oblong-lanceolate. Petals yellow, linear-oblong, half the length of the sepals. Drupe globose, 1-2-lobed, pilose, about the size of a pea. - A very variable plant, the following form is usually held to be distinct : - Var. vestita, Wall. Cat. 1105 (sp.); leaves obovate acuminate obscurely 3-lobed minutely serrate, cymes densely crowded, buds ovoid not striated. G. asiatica, Wall. Cat. 1089, partly. G. elastica, Royle Ill. t. 22. G. obtecta, Wall. Cat. 1114. - Tropical Himalaya, from Garwhal to Sikkim, Pegu. 13. G. sapida, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 590 ; shrubby, leaves subsessile ovate or orbicular doubiy-serrate pilose above pubescent beneath, stipules linear, peduncles 2-5-flowered, drupes subglobose slightly 4-lobed, stone 2-seeded. Wall. Cat. 1115. G. nana, Wall Cat. 1102. G. suffruticosa, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 1102 B, G. G. pumila, Ham. in Don Prodr. 227. Tropical Himalaya, from Garwhal to Bhotan, and Assam. A decumbent shrub ; stock woody, subterranean, sending up annually a number of herbaceous pubescent shoots, 12-14 in. Leaves 1 3/4 in. by 3 in., base 5-nerved, secondary nerves not arched ; petiole 1/4 in. Stipules linear-subulate, as long as the petiole. Peduncles 2-3, 1 in. ; pedicels divaricate, shorter than the petiole. Flower-buds oblong. Flowers yellow, 1/2 in. diam. Sepals oblong. Petals yellow, entire, half the length of the sepals. Torus glabrescent. Drupes the size of a pea, obscurely lobed. - The shoots are usually burnt by the jungle fires after flowering. Roxburgh describes the petals as 2-toothed, the stone as 1-3-seeded, and the leaves as scabrid. tt Leaves not hoary beneath. Drupe globose, rind crusiaceous. 14. G. scabrophylla, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 584 ; shrubby, leaves scabrous above pubescent beneath roundish ovate irregularly serrate, peduncles 1-4 axillary equalling the petiole 2-3-flowered, drupe globose tomentose with a crustaceous rind. G. sclerophylla. Wall. Cat. 1095 ; Wight Ic. t. 89. G. Carrea, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 1095 B. G. sulcata, Wall. Cat. 1096. G. pilosa, Wall. Cat. 1112, partly. G. obliqua, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 590? not of Juss. Tropical Himalaya; Garwhal, Falconer; Sikkim, alt. 2-300 ft., Hk.f.; Assam, Chittagong, and Ava, Wallich, &c. A small shrub, herbaceous portions pubescent. Leaves 3-6 by 4 in., often slightly lobed, base 3-5-nerved, secondary nerves not arched, prominent beneath ; petiole 1/2 in. Stipules subulate. Cymes umbellate, pedicels diverging, longer than the peduncles. Bracteoles linear-subulate, deciduous. Flower buds ovate-oblong, ribbed. Flowers 3/4 in. Sepals linear-lanceolate pubescent. Petals obovate, white, notched, half the length of the sepals or less. Torus short, hispid. Ovary hairy, 2-celled, cells 4-6-ovuled. Drupe the size of a large cherry, stellate-hairy ; stones 4, 1-celled, 1- seeded. 15. G. carpinifolia, Juss. in Ann. Mus. iv. 91, t. 51, f. 1; arborescent, leaves 3-nerved oval acute thinly stellate-hairy crenate-serrate, peduncles exceeding the short petiole, flower-buds elliptic dilated at the base, anthers smooth, drupe globose glabrescent. G. pilosa. Wall. Cat. 1112, partly. Western Peninsula, Pondicherry. - Distrib. Tropical Africa. page 388 A small tree. Leaves 3 by 1 1/2 in., glabrescent above, thinly stellate-hairy along the nerves beneath ; petiole 1/4 in. Peduncles 3-flowered, pedicels short. Flower-buds pilose. Sepals oblong-lanceolate. Petals oblong, half the length of the sepals. 16. G. pilosa, Lam. Dict iii. 43, excl. syn. ; shrubby, leaves subsessile scabrous cuneate-obovate or lanceolate, peduncles 1-3 as long as the petiole, drupe hairy 1-4-lobed. W. & A. Prodr, i. 78 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 26. G. carpinifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 587; Wall. Cat. p. 237, 1113 C, partly, not of Juss. ; Roth Nov. Sp. 245, partly. G. involucrata, Wight in Wall. Cat. 1093 C. G. commutata, DC. Prodr. i. 511. G. flavescens, Juss. in Ann. Mus. iv. 91 ; Wall. Cat. p. 237, 1113 D. G. bipartita. Wall. Cat. p. 237, 1113 B. G. scabrida. Wall. Cat. 1113. G. orientalis, Gaertn. Fruct. ii. t. 106? Central and Southern India ; from Guzebat to Behar, and southwards to Maisor. - DISTRIB. Tropical Africa. A small tree or shrub, herbaceous portions rough with stellate hairs. Leaves 2-4 by 1-1 1/2 in., scarcely acuminate, unequally serrate, softer beneath, base rounded or subcordate, 3-nerved, secondaries arched ; petiole very short, pilose. Stipules subulate, acuminate. Peduncles axillary, 1/4 in. ; pedicels as long as the peduncle. Flower-buds oblong, dilated at the base, constricted in the middle. Sepals linear. Petals linear, 2-fid, one-third shorter than the sepals. Torus glabrous, scarcely exceeding the glands. Anthers and style stellate-hairy. Stigma 4-parted. Ovules numerous. Drupe reddish-brown, the size of a large pea, mesocarp fibrous ; stones 1-4, 1-3-celled, pitted. - Very great confusion exists in books and herbaria as to the synonymy of this and some nearly allied species. Several distinct species are called G. pilosa in Wallich's herbarium, and the labels have in all probability been shifted ; moreover, it sometimes happens that two or three different plants are included under the same letter. 17. G. villosa, Willd. in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. Berol. 1803, 205 ; shrubby, leaves rugose above villous beneath suborbicular obliquely cordate serrate, serratures ciliate, peduncles very short, drupe 4-stoned rind crustaceous. DC. Prodr. i. 512 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 79 ; Wall. Cat. 6306; Dalz. & Gibs. Fl. Bomb. 25. G. corylifolia, Guill. & Perr. Fl. Seneg. i. 95, t. 20. G. orbiculata, G. Don Gen. Syst. i. 551, not of Rottler. Western and Southern India, from Sindh and the Panjab to Travancor. - DISTRIB. Cape de Verde Islands, Tropical Africa. Herbaceous portions covered with long soft hairs. Leaves 1-3 in., apex acuminate or rounded, base 5-nerved, nerves prominent villous, secondary nerves not arched; petiole 1/2-1 in. Stipules broad, leafy. Flowers nearly sessile, in close tufts, sometimes opposite the leaves. Bracts oblong. Sepals oblong, acute, villous. Petals dull yellow, oblong, notched, much shorter than the sepals. Drupe globose, coppery, pilose, the size of a cherry ; stones 4, 1-2-seeded. 00 Drupes fleshy didymous. 18. G. multiflora, Juss. in Ann. Mus. iv. 89, t. 47, f. 1 ; shrub or tree, leaves shortly petioled lanceolate glandular-serrate peduncles much exceeding the petiole 3-flowered, fiower-buds oblong-clavate, petals entire, drupes 2-lobed. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 200. G. sepiaria, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 42 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 589; Wall. Cat. 1104, partly. G. serrulata, DC. Prodr. i. 510. G. coriacea, Garcke in PI. Hohenack. exsicc. 1132. Eastern Bengal, Assam, the Sikkim Himalaya, and Khasia Mts., ascending to 4000 ft. ; Western Peninsula, Nilghiri Mts. ; Singapore. - Distrib. Malay Archipelago, East Tropical Africa. Branches slender, sparingly hairy. Leaves distichous, variable in shape and size, glabrescent, apex sometimes acuminate, base 3-nerved ; petiole very short, pilose. Stipules linear-subulate, as long as the petiole. Peduncles half the length of the page 389 leaves, pilose ; pedicels dilated upwards. Sepals 1/2 in., linear-oblong. Petals half the length of the sepals, entire. Drupe the size of a small pea, purplish, glabrescent; stones 1-seeded. - Doubtful if distinct from G. Iaevigata ; used as a hedge plant.19. G. laevigata, Vahl Symb. i. 34; arborescent, leaves shortly petioled glabrescent tapering to both ends acuminate serrate, peduncles much exceeding the petiole, fiower-buds oblong obtuse, drupe 2-lobed. W. & A. Prodr. i. 77; Wall. Cat. 1086 H ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 199. G. ovalifolia, Juss. in Ann. Mus. iv. 90. G. didyma, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 591 ; Wall. Cat. 1086, partly. G. disperma, Rottl. in Spreng. Syst. ii. 579. G. mollococca, Ham. in Wall. Cat. p. 237, 1086 F. G. Lalpeta, Ham. in Wall. Cat. p. 237, 1086 G. Eastern and Southern India, from Nipal, Sikkim, and the Khasia Mts., through both Peninsulas, Ava, and Martaban. - Distrib. Tropical Africa, Malay Islands, Australia. Herbaceous portions thinly stellate-hairy. Leaves 3 1/2-4 1/2 by 1 1/4-1 3/4 in., 3-nerved, nerves pilose beneath, secondaries arched ; petiole 1/2 in. Stipules linear-subulate. Buds ovoid-oblong, striated, as long as the petiole. Peduncles 2 or 3 together, 2-3-flowered. Bracts linear-subulate. Sepals 1/2-3/4 in., 3-nerved. Petals oblong-lanceolate, entire, yellow, half the length of the sepals. Torus glabrous, short. Style longer than the stamens. Drupe smooth, 1-4-lobed, the size of a small pea, black when ripe ; stones 1 -celled. - Closely allied to G. multiflora, but has larger flowers. 000 Drupes fleshy 1-4-lobed. 20. G. Ritchiei, Mast. ; arboreous, leaves glabrescent ovate-lanceolate glandular-serrate 3-nerved, peduncles cymose axillary and terminal, buds oblong subclavate, torus as long as the entire petals sulcate, drupe deeply 4-lobed. CONCAN, Stocks; Western Ghauts, Ritchie. Young branches stellate-hairy. Leaves 3 by 1 1/2 in., coriaceous, glabrous above, thinly stellate-hairy beneath, base rounded, smaller nerves arching, petiole pilose, 1/12-1/6 in. Peduncles half as long as the leaves, pedicels pilose. Sepals linear-oblong. Petals white, narrow-pointed, shorter than the sepals. Style exceeding the stamens. Drupe purplish, 1/2 in. diam. ; stones 1-seeded. - Allied to G. columnaris, but differs in the obIong buds, very long torus, and deeply lobed fruit. 21. G. bracteata, Roth Nov. Sp. 243; shrubby, leaves glabrescent scabrous beneath oval-lanceolate, peduncles equalling the short petioles, drupe 4-lobed, stones 2-3-celled. W. & A. Prodr. i. 76. G. obtusa, Wall. Cat. 1103, partly. Western Peninsula, in the Carnatic, Heyne; Ceylon. Leaves 3-4 by 1 1/2-1 3/4 in., somewhat oblique, serrate, base rounded, 3-nerved, secondaries arched, with straight hairs along the nerves beneath ; petiole 1/3 in. Peduncles solitary or twin, axillary, 3-flowered. Bracts broad, pilose, as long as the peduncle. Buds conical or ovoid, pilose, sulcate. Sepals linear, covered with golden down. Petals much shorter than the sepals, oblong, entire, recurved. Torus prolonged beyond the glands. Drupe shrivelled when dry, the size of a cherry, covered with yellow hairs. - Some specimens, labelled as from Assam, but probably from the Calcutta Bot. Gardens, are slightly more scabrous. 22. G. scabrida, Wall. Cat. 1113, partly ; shrubby, leaves pilose or glabrescent elliptic acute dentate, peduncles axillary cymose, much longer than the petiole, flower-buds cylindric-oblong ribbed, torus longer than the glands, drupe 4-lobed. Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1873, ii. 63. G. pilosa, Wall. Cat. 1112, partly. G. ferruginea, Hochst. in A. Rich. Fl. Abyss. i. 87 1 G. odorata, Blume ex Walp. Rep. i. 361. G. acuminata. Juss. in Ann. Mus. iv. 91, t. 48. page 390 Eastern Peninsula, from Tenasserim, Heifer, to Malacca. - Distrib. Malay Archipelago, West Tropical Airica, Abyssinia. A climbing shrub ? Branches rusty stellate-hairy. Leaves 4-6 by 2-2 1/2 in., base rounded, 3-nerved, transverse nerves prominent ; petiole 1/2 in., rusty tomentose. Stipules subulate-lanceolate. Peduncle 3-4 times Ionger than the petiole, floccose-tomentose. Sepals 3/4 in. and upwards, pilose. Petals oblong, entire or erose, less than half the length of the sepals, blade from the back of a thick glandular claw. Turns villous, angular, sulcate. Drupe glabrescent, the size of a cherry, purplish, mesocarp fibrous; stones 1 -seeded. - Variable in size of parts, and in quality of pubescence. 23. G. abutilifolia, Juss. in Ann. Mus. iv. 92 ; arboreous, leaves scabrous roundish base cordate or rounded irregularly toothed or lobed, peduncles clustered axillary half the length of the petiole, petals entire, drupe 1-4-lobed pubescent. W. & A. Prodr. i. 79 ; Wall. Cat. 1092 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 26. G. aspera, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 42 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 591 ; Wall. Cat. 1092 B, C, D. E. G. macrophylla, G. Don Gen. Syst. i. 549. G. asiatica, Wall. Cat. 1089, partly not of others. Western Peninsula, from the Circars and Kurg to Malabar. - Distrib. Java. A small tree, herbaceous portions scabrid, stellate-hairy. Leaves 3-4 by 2 1/2-3 in., thinly stellate-hairy on both surfaces, base 3-nerved, smaller nerves parallel, straight ; petiole 1/2 in. Cymes contracted, peduncles 3-4-flowered. Buds oblong, pilose. Flower 3/4 in. diam. Sepals 1/3 in., oblong. Petals much shorter than the sepals, oblong, entire. Ovary hispid ; style as long as the stamens. Drupes yellow, subglobose or turbinate, obscurely 4-lobed, the size of a large pea; stones 4 or fewer, 1-2-celled. 24. G. diplocarpa, Thwaites Enum. 31 ; shrubby, leaves oblong-lanceolate acuminate crenate-serrate, peduncles 3-flowered as long as the petiole, drupe 4-lobed pilose. Ceylon ; Matturatte and Oova, alt. 3000 ft., Thwaites. Herbaceous portions clothed with simple appressed rigid hairs. Branches purplish. Leaves 3-4 by 1 1/4-1 3/4 in., tapering at the base, glabrescent or sparingly pilose along the nerves, secondary nerves not arched; petiole 1/4-1/3 in., hairy. Stipules subulate, lanceolate. Peduncles axillary, pedicels shorter than the peduncle. Bracts subulate, as long as the pedicels. Buds cylindric-oblong. Sepals linear. Petals lanceolate, acute, half the length of the sepals, limb scarcely longer than the claw. Stigma 4-lobed. 25. G. microstemma, Wall. Cat. 1109; shrubby, leaves scabrous broadly lanceolate acuminate coarsely and unequally serrate, cymes tufted, buds oblong striated, drupe subglobose 1-4-lobed. Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1873, ii. 63. Pegu and Birma on the Irrawaddy, and at Prome, Wallich, Griffith, &c. Young shoots scabrous; branches terete, stellate hairy Leaves 5-7 by 2 1/4 in., base rounded, 3-nerved, secondary nerves not arched ; petiole 1/4 in., hairy. Stipules subulate-acuminate, as long as the petiole. Cymes axillary, many-flowered ; peduncles very short. Buds oblong, striated. Sepals 1/3 inch, linear, 1-nerved. Petals linear, subentire, shorter than the sepals. Torus glabrous, scarcely exceeding the claw of the petals. Drupe the size of a large pea, purplish, glabrescent. 26. G. humilis, Wall. Cat. 1110; shrubby, leaves downy ovate or roundish acute, petiole and peduncle very short, drupe turbinate obscurely lobed. G. pilosa, Wall. Cat. p. 237, 1112 G. G. retusifolia, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1872, ii. 294. AVA, on the Irrawaddy, Wallich ; Birma, Kurz. Branches downy. Leaves 1 1/2-2 by 1-2 in., 3-5-nerved, feather-veined, secondary nerves transverse parallel ; petiole very short. Stipules linear. Peduncle axillary, hairy, slightly longer than the petiole, dividing above into 2 or 3 short diverging pedicels. page 391 Ripe fruit wrinkled, glabrescent, on a very short hispid torus. - Near G. hirsuta, but differing in the broader leaves and smaller fruit.27. G. hirsuta, Vahl Symb. i. 34 ; shrubby, leaves glabrescent or pilose above densely tomentose beneath lanceolate acuminate, peduncles 1-3. drupe subglobose 4-lobed. W.& A. Prodr. i. 78 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. il 587 ; Wight Ic. t. 76 ; Thwaiies Enum. 31 ; Wall. Cat. p. 237, 1091 B. G. pilosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 588, not Lam. G. salvifolia, Wall. Cat. 1091, not of Roth. G. helicterifolia, Wall. Cat. 1090 C ; Thwaites Enum. 31. G. Roxburghii, G. Don Gen. Syst. i. 548, excl. syn. G. saxatilis. Ham. in Wall. Cat. 1091 E. G. Sulcoria, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 1090 D. G. longifolia. Ham. in Wall. Cat. 1090 E. Southern provinces of the Western Peninsula; Ceylon. Branches stellate-hairy. Leaves distichous, 2 1/2-3 by 1 1/4-1 1/2 in., base 3-nerved, oblique, rounded, irregularly serrate, wrinkled ; petiole 1/2 in., hairy, thickened at the top. Stipules linear, as long as the petiole. Peduncles 1-3, axillary, 2-4-flowered, pedicels very short. Flower-buds oblong, obtuse, pilose. Flower 1/2 in. diam., white, subsequently yellow. Sepals lanceolate. Petals oblong, entire, half as long as the sepals. Drupe glabrescent, the size of a small cherry ; stones 4, 2-celled. - Roxburgh's description of the stones of this plant being 1-celled is probably erroneous, as shown by Wight and Arnott. 28. G. polygama, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 42; Fl. Ind. ii. 588; shrubby, leaves almost sessile narrow velvety beneath, flowers polygamous, drupe 4-lobed. W. & A. Prodr. i. 78 under G hirsuta; Wall. Cat. p. 237, 1090 B ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 26. G. helicterifolia. Wall. Cat. 1090, partly ; Thwaites Enum. 31. G. viminea. Wall. Cat. 1111?. G. lanceolata, Herb. Heyne. G. lancifolia, Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 21. G. hirsuta, Wall. Cat. p. 237, 1090 C. G. angustifolia, Wall. Cat. 1106?. G. biloba, Wall. Cat. 1107 ?. ? G. lanceaefolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 586. North Western India and along the Himalaya, from the Salt Range to Nipal, ascending to 4000 ft. ; Concan, Pegu, Ceylon. - Distrib. North Australia. Herbaceous portions pubescent or thinly pilose ; branches spreading. Leaves distichous, 3-4 by 1/2-3/4 in., lanceolate, very acute, serrate, base 3-nerved, nerves not arched, secondary nerves transverse, parallel. Stipules subulate. Peduncles 1-5, axillary, about half the length of the leaf; pedicels 2-3, divergent, shorter than the peduncle. Male fl. Sepals 1/6-1/4 in. diam., linear, longer than the oblong entire petals. Stamens numerous. Hermaphrodite fl. Ovary very hairy, shortly stipitate. Drupe 4 in. diam., hairy, brownish; stones 4, 1-seeded. Sect. II. Omphacarpus. Inflorescence terminal, or terminal and axillary. Flowers involucrate. Drupe with a corky or fibrous rind. 29. G. fibrocarpa, Mast. ; arborescent, young shoots densely covered with brown hairs, leaves scabrous above pilose beneath, stipules laciniate, inflorescence terminal, drupe 1-celled globose tomentose outside fibrous within. Malacca, Maingay, Griffith. A tree; herbaceous portions tomentose. Leaves 5-7 by 1 3/4-2 1/2 in., somewhat oblique, minutely serrulate, base 3-5-nerved, nerves prominent, secondary distant ; petiole 1/3 in., densely hairy. Stipules nearly as long as the petiole, ovate, laciniate, concave. Flowers numerous, in terminal cymes ; peduncles longer than the petiole ; pedicels divergent. Bracts oblong, entire, 1/3-1/4 in. Sepals linear-oblong, very pilose, 1/4 in. Petals linear-oblong, half the length of the sepals. Torus as long as the glands of the petals. Drupe 1 by 3/4 in., stone 1-seeded. 30. G. globulifera, Mast. ; shrubby, herbaceous portions floccose tomentose, leaves glabrescent oblong acuminate entire, base rounded 3-nerved, liower-heads globose, drupe 1-celled, stone cartilaginous. page 392 Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. Leaves 8 by 3 in., glabrescent or thinly stellate-hairy, nerves prominent beneath, secondary nerves distant ; petiole 1 in., thickened at the end, tomentose. Stipules caducous. Inflorescence terminal, floccose-tomentose ; cymes half the length of the leaves, ultimate pedicels with 3 ovate entire bracts supporting as many flowers. Buds oblong. Sepals linear-oblong, 1/6 in., tomentose. Petals notched, dilated at the base, shorter than the sepals. Torus not much longer than the petaline glands. Drupe 1 in., furfuraceo-tomentose, crustaceous, fibrous in the middle ; stone 1-celled, 1-seeded. 31. G. calophylla, Kurz in Andaman Report, App. B, iii. ; shrubby, leaves glabrous ovate-lanceolate acuminate, base rounded, drupe 2-celled. Andaman isles, Kurz ; Malacca? Maingay. Leaves 6-7 by 3 in., coriaceous, entire, 3-nerved, secondary nerves distant ; petiole 1/6-1/4 in. Inflorescence terminal, pedicels articulate. Flower-buds cylindric, hoary, striated. Sepals linear-oblong. Petals shorter than the sepals. Drupe 3/4 by 1/2 in., obovate, tapering at the base into a stalk, coriaceous and glabrous externally, fibrous within ; stones 2, 1-celled. - Kurz suggests (Flora 1872, 397) that Inodaphnis lanceolata, Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. Supp. i. 357, from Sumatra is this plant. 32. G. latifolia, Mast. ; a tree, leaves glabrescent above stellate-hairy beneath oblong acuminate inequilateral entire tapering at the base sub-3-nerved, inflorescence terminal fulvo-tomentose, drupe 1-celled. Malacca, Maingay. Leaves 7-8 by 3 1/2 in. ; petiole 1/2 in., pilose. Inflorescence cymose, peduncles half the length of the leaves, pedicels divaricate. Drupe ovoid, 1 by 3/4 in., glabrous, rind yellow, crustaceous, middle coat fibrous; stone 1-celled, 1-or more-seeded. - I have not seen flowers of this species, which, however, appears quite distinct. 33. G. laurifolia, Hook. ms. ; shrubby, leaves glabrous oblong subacuminate mucronate entire, inflorescence pubescent terminal and axillary. Malacca and Penang, Maingay, Griffith, &c. - Distrib. Borneo. A shrub or tree? Branches terete, glabrous. Leaves 4-6 by 1 3/4 in., shining, base 3-nerved, secondary nerves very distant ; petiole 1 in. Cyme shorter than the leaves. Involucre of 3 ovate dentate bracts. Sepals 5, pubescent. Petals 5, or fewer by abortion, sometimes absent. Drupe 4 in., globose, yellow, 1-lobed by abortion, tapering below into a stalk of nearly equal length to itself, fibrous within ; stone 3-celled. Seed 1 by abortion. - Fruit agreeable subacid (Maingay). Sect. III. Microcos. Inflorescence terminal, in panicled cymes. Flowers involucrate. Drupe entire, fleshy (unknown in G. sinuata). 34. G. sinuata, Wall. Cat. 1108; shrubby, branches spreading glabrescent, leaves ovate obtuse sinuate, stipules entire as long as the very short petiole. Maktaban and Tenasserim, Wallich, Griffith, &c. Branches slender, rigid, widely spreading, thinly stellate-hairy when young. Leaves 2 by 1 in., glabrous, coriaceous, base rounded, scarcely 3-nerved, secondary nerves straight, apex obtusely acuminate ; petiole 1/6-1/12 in. Stipules subulate, as long as the petiole. Cymes at the ends of the branches. Buds obovoid, longer than the pedicels, hoary. Sepals oblong. Petals oblong, entire, half the length of the sepals. Torus as long as the glands. Fruit not seen. 35. G. Microcos, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 510; shrubby, leaves glabrescent ovate or obovate-lanceolate serrulate acuminate, stipules subulate-lanceolate. W. & A. Prodr. i. 81 ; Wall. Cat. 1098 ; Wight III. t. 33 ; Thwaites Enurn. 32 : Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 202 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 26. G. ulmifolia, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 42; Fl. Ind. ii. 691 ; Wall. Cat 1098, 1, 2,3, and page 393 p. 237, 1098 H ; Wight Ic. t. 84. G. affinis, Lindl. in Trans. Hort. Soc. vi. 265. G. begonifolia, Wall. Cat. 237, 1098 D. G. glabra, Jack. Mal. Misc. i. p. 14, ex Hook Bot. Misc. i. 282. Microcos paniculata, L. ex W. & A. Prodr. i. 81 ; Wall. Cat. p. 237, 1098 E, F. M. mala, Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. 549. M. Stauntoniana, G. Don Gen. Syst. i. 551. - Rheede Hort. Mal. i t. 56.Eastern Bengal ; Khasia Mts., ascending to 4000 ft.; Chittagong, Birma, and Martaban ; Western Peninsula, Mysore, &c. ; Ceylon. - Distrib. Java, China. Leaves distichous, 5-6 by 1 1/2 in., subcoriaceous, glabrous, or more or less stellate-hairy beneath, base 3-nerved ; petiole 1/3-1/4 in. Stipules entire, half the length of the leaves. Cymes terminal, peduncles pubescent, pedicels hispid divergent. Bracts subulate. Flowers 2 or 3 together within the bracts. Sepals oblong, pubescent. Petals oblong, entire or slightly emarginate, thrice shorter than the sepals. Drupe the size of a pea, purplish, glabrous ; stone hairy, 3-celled. VAR. rugosa; leaves bullate. G. rugosa, Wall. Cat. 1098 β. Arsis rugosa, Lour. Fl. Coch. 409. - Pegu. 36. G. paniculata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 591 ; shrubby, leaves pubescent beneath oblong acuminate serrulate base cuneate, petiole short, stipules 2-partite, drupes 1-4-lobed obovoid. Wall. Cat. 1097, partly ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 203. G. Blumei, Hassk. Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. xii. 130 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 203. Microcos tomentosa, Smith in Bees Cycl. G. amnis, Hassk. Cat. Hort. Bog. 207, not of Lindl. Malacca and Penang, Hunter, Wallich, Maingay. - Distrib. Java, Philippines, Siam. A tree ? or shrub. Leaves 6 by 2 1/2 in., base 5-nerved ; petiole 1/2 in., pilose. Stipules nearly equalling the petiole. Cymes terminal, half the length of the leaves, pedicels rusty-floccose. Bracts divided. Buds subglobose or turbinate. Sepals oblong. Petals entire, much shorter than the sepals. Fruiting-pedicels recurved. Drupe the size of a large pea, pilose ; stones 1-celled. In addition to the above species, Beddome mentions a G. umbellifera, Bedd., from South Canara, with the following imperfect description : "Leaves oblong-ovate, very suddenly pointed asperous, heads of flowers on long stalks axillary or supra-axillary." The same author describes in Linn. Trans, xxv. 210, a species which he calls G. acuminata (not of Juss.), but of which I have seen no specimen. It is described as a "small tree with glabrous shoots; leaves 4-6 by 2 in. oblong acuminate entire, petiole 1/4 in., stipules small subulate ; peduncles very short lateral or axillary 2-5-flowered bracteolate ; sepals covered with ash-coloured pubescence." 7. COLUMBIA, Pers. Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, usually oblique. Flowers clustered, clusters in terminal panicles. Sepals 5, distinct. Petals 5, glandular at the base. Stamens indefinite, free, springing from a raised torus. Ovary 3-5-celled, cells 2-4-ovuled ; style subulate, entire. Capsule roundish 3-5-winged, 3-5-coccous, cocci indehiscent 1-seeded. Seeds albuminous ; cotyledons flat. - Distrib. A genus of about 5 species, natives of Tropical Asia. 1. C. floribunda, Wall. in Voight Cat. Hort. Calc. 128 ; leaves scabrous above puberulous beneath oblong acute spinuloso-denticulate base cordate. Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1873, ii. 63. Glossospermum ? quinque-alatum, Wall. Cat. 1154 and 7841. Birma, at Taong Dong, Wallich ; Ava, Martaban, Kurz. A shrub ; younger portions scabrid, stellate-hairy. Leaves 5 by 3 in., 3-7-nerved, petiole 1 in., floccose-tomentose. Flowers small. Sepals 1/10 in., oblong, hoary externally. Petals oblong-spathulate, as long as or longer than the sepals. Style stellate-hairy. Fruit 3/4-1 in. diam., 3-winged, stellate-hairy, separating when ripe into 3-5 indehiscent 1-seeded cocci. page 394 2. C. merguensis, Planch, ms. ; leaves lanceolate acuminate serrate 1-3-nerved scabrous above puberulous beneath. Tenasserim, at Mergui, Griffith. Leaves 6-8 by 2 in. ; petiole 1/2 in. Fruit 1 1/2 in. diam., downy, 3-winged. - Imperfect specimens only seen. 8. ERINOCARPUS, Nimmo. A tree. Leaves long-petioled, roundish-cordate, toothed, 5-7-nerved, sometimes 3-lobed. Flowers large, yellow, in large terminal panicles. Sepals 5, distinct. Petals 5, clawed. Stamens numerous, springing from a raised torus, free, or slightly united at the base. Ovary 3-celled, cells 2-ovuled ; style filiform, stigma minute. Fruit indehiscent, woody, triangular, 3-winged, spiny, 1 -celled by abortion. Seed solitary, pendulous, albumen fleshy ; cotyledons ovate, flat. - The only species 1. E. Nimmoanus, Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 21 ; Beddome Flor. Sylvat. t. 110 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 27. Western Peninsula ; the Concan and Dekkan, Stocks, &c. Leaves 4 by 4 1/2 in., glabrous ; petiole 1-4 in. Stipules caducous. Bracts 6-8 in., tomentose, ovate- oblong, Flower-buds oblong. Flower 2/3 in. diam. Fruit 2 by 1 1/2 in. 9. TRIUMFETTA, Linn. Herbs or undershrubs, generally more or less covered with stellate hairs. Leaves serrate, simple or lobed. Flowers yellowish, in dense cymes. Sepals 5, oblong, concave. Petals 5. Stamens 5-35, springing from a fleshy, lobed, glandular torus. Ovary 2-5-celled, cells 2-ovuled ; style filiform, stigma 5-toothed. Capsule globose or oblong, spiny or bristly, indehiscent or 3-6-valved. Seeds 1-2 in each cell, pendulous, albuminous ; embryo straight, cotyledons flat. - Distrib. A genus of about 40 very variable species, mostly tropical weeds. * Fruit globose rarely ovoid. 1. T. tomentosa, Bojor in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. ii. xx. 103 ; herbaceous or suffruticose more or less downy, leaves variable, fruit globose covered with straight spines. Mast. in Oliv. Flor. Trop. Afr. i. 258. T. ovata, DC. Prodr. i. 507?. T. pilosa, Wall. Cat. 1080. T. pilosa. var. α, Thwaites Enum. 31. T. vestita, Wall. Cat. 1078, 1, 2. T. indica, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 237, 1078 D; W. & A. Prodr. i. 74 T. oblonga. Wall. in Don Prodr. 227. Eastern Bengal; Silhet, Wallich ; Simla, Govan; Assam, Griffith; Ceylon. - Distrib. Mauritius, Madagascar, East Tropical Africa, West Indies? Stem hispid. Leaves 4 by 8 in., thinly stellate-hairy above, pubescent beneath, ovate, acuminate, sometimes lobed, crenulate, base rounded, 5-7-nerved, upper obliquely lanceolate, serrate, 3-nerved ; petiole about 2 in. Stipules lanceolate. Flowers yellow, in interrupted spikes. Sepals apiculate, densely stellate-hairy. Stamens 5-7. Fruit the size ot a large pea, hispid, spines ciliate along the lower edge, glabrous along the upper, with a straight transparent bristle-point. - It is not quite certain that the African and Indian plants are specifically identical. Perhaps only a woolly state of T. pilosa. 2. T. pilosa, Roth Nov. Sp. 223; herbaceous, bristly, bristles bulbous at the base, lower leaves lobed upper ovate or ovate-lanceolate unequally toothed, fruit globose tomentose covered with long hooked spines which are glabrous along the upper hispid along the lower edge. W. & A. Prodr. i. 74. T. pilosa, var. β, Thwaites Enum. 31 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 25. page 395 T. tomentosa, Wall. Cat. 1078 C. T. glandulosa, Heyne herb. ; Wall. Cat. 1077, 5. T. polycarpa, Wall Cat. 1079. T. oblongata, Link. Enum. Pl. Hort. Ber. ii. 5 ; Wall. Cat. 1077, 1, 2, 3.Throughout Tropical India, from Nipal and Kumaon to Ava and Malacca, TRAVANOOR, and Ceylon. - Distrib. Abyssinia, West Tropical Africa. Upper leaves 3 1/2-4 by 2 1/4 in., lower 3-lobed, stellate-hairy on both sides; petiole 3/4 in., villous. Stipules subulate-aristate, shorter than the petiole. Peduncles shorter than the petiole. Flowers 3/4 in., yellow. Sepals linear, apiculate. Petals oblong-spathulate, scarcely shorter than the sepals, ciliate at the base. Stamens about 10. Fruit (including the spines) about the size of a cherry, 4-celled, 8-seeded. 3. T. glabra, Herb. Miss.; W. & A. Prodr. i. 75 ; suffruticose stem pubescent, leaves subcordate 3-lobed 7-nerved, fruit globose covered with hooked spines ciliated for nearly their whole length. Western Peninsula; Canara, at Balticalo, Rottler. Leaves 2 1/2 by 2 in., glabrous, lobes coarsely and irregularly toothed, slightly cuspidate. Flowers in terminal leafless clusters. Sepals apiculate. Petals oblong, glabrous at the base. Stamens 30-35 (W. & A.), filaments glabrous. Fruit slightly hairy. - Differs from T. semitriloba in the number of stamens and in the larger fruit. 4. T. rhomboidea, Jacq. ; DC. Prodr. i. 507 ; glabrous or pubescent, leaves polymorphous, fruit small globose or ovoid pubescent and with hooked spines. T. angulata, Lam. Dict. iii. 41 ; Wight Ic. t. 320 ; W.& A. Prodr. i 74; Thwaites Enum. 31; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 25; Wall. Cat. 1075, 2, C ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. pt. i. 197. T. angulata, β. acuminata. Wall. Cat. 1075 β. T. Bartramia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 463 ; Wall. Cat. 1075, D, E. T. trilocularis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 462; Wall. Cal. 1083. T. vestita, Wall. Cat. 1078, in part. Throughout tropical and subtropical India and Ceylon, ascending to 4000 ft. in the Himalaya. - Distrib. Malay Islands, China, Tropical Africa. Herbaceous or suffruticose. Leaves ovate rhomboid or cordate, 3-7-nerved, apex acute or somewhat 3-lobed, serrate, variable in amount and quality of pubescence. Flowers 1/4 in., yellow, in dense cymes. Pedicels short. Flower-buds oblong, club-shaped, apiculate. Sepals oblong, apiculate. Petals oblong, ciliate at the base. Stamens 8-15. Capsule the size of a small pea, albido-tomentose between the spines, spines hooked, glabrous or ciliated. - Some of the forms of this protean species are superficially so different that they may be mistaken for distinct species. On examination, however, of large suites of specimens from various localities, it will be found that the forms merge one into the other. The same variability occurs in Tropical Africa and elsewhere - see Flora of Trop. Afr. i. 257. 5. T. rotundifolia, Lam. Dict. iii. 421 ; leaves suborbiculate glabrescent above tomentose beneath, flowers in interrupted racemes, fruit globose pubescent, spines conical subulate hooked pubescent. W. & A. Prodr. i. 75; Roth Nov. Sp. 222 ; Wall. Cat. p. 237, 1076 B, C, D, E; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 196 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 25. T. suborbiculata, DC. Prodr. i. 506. T. orbiculata, Koenig in Roxb. Hort. Beng. 36. T. bilocularis, Wall. Cat. 1081. Western Peninsula and Central India, from Bandelkhand, Edgeworth, to Maisor, Pegu, Wallich. Suffruticose, roughish. Leaves 1 1/2 in., coriaceous, unequally serrate, lower serratures thickened, rugose and glabrescent above, cream-coloured and pubescent beneath ; petiole 1/2 &n.gt;"- Sepals apiculate, albido-tomentose. Petals oblong, ciliate at the base. Stamens 15-25. Fruit globose, the size of a pea, pubescent, spines dilated at the base. - Possibly only a form of T. rhomboidea, but having larger fruits and the spines wider at the base. page 396 6. T. semitriloba, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. i. 507 ; herbaceous or suffrutescent, pubescent villous or glabrescent, leaves variable, fruit globose prickly, prickles hooked shaggy or ciliated scarcely dilated at the base. Wall. Cat, 1075, partly. Tenasserim ; at Tavoy, Gomez. - Distrib. A tropical weed. Stem hispidulous. Leaves cordate-ovate, sub-3-lobed, coarsely and irregularly toothed, 5-7-nerved, downy, upper leaves smaller ovate-lanceolate ; petioles 2-4 in. Flowers in clusters along the sides of the branches. Buds oblong. Sepals apiculate. Petals ciliate at the base. Stamens 10-15. Fruit the size of a large pea, 4-6-valved, barbed. - A variable plant as to pubescence and form of leaf, and closely allied to T. rhomboidea, but differs in its larger fruit with bristly or shaggy spines. 7. T. annua, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. i 507 : annual, nearly glabrous, leaves ovate acuminate toothed, fruit glabrous globose covered with long hooked spines. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 196. T. polycarpa, Wall. Cat. 1079, partly. T. trichoclada, Link, ex DC. Prodr. i. 607; Wall. Cat. 1082. T. indica. Lam. Dict. iii. 420 ? Tropical Himalaya, from Simla to Sikkim ; the Khasia Mts., Assam, Concan, AVA, and Andaman Islands - Distrib. Malay Archipelago, Tropical Africa. Stem 1-2 ft., with a line of hairs along one side, shifting at each joint. Leaves 4-5 by 2-4 in. ; petiole long. Stipules subulate. Peduncles 1/2 in., extra-axillary, 3-flowered. Flowers about 1/4 in. Petals orange, nearly as long as the apiculate sepals. Stamens 10. Fruit the size of a large pea, glaucous, 4-celled ; spines glabrous. 8. T. cana, Blume Bijdr. i. 116; leaves ovate-oblong or lanceolate acuminate slightly cordate unequally toothed thinly stellate-hairy above densely beneath, peduncles extra-axillary, sepals tomentose, fruit globose, spines straight ciliated. The Khasia Mrs. and Chittagong, Hook. & Thoms.; Assam, Sincapore, G. Thomson - Distrib. Java, Hongkong. Stem hispid. Leaves 2 by 3/4 in. ; petiole 1 in. Flowers scarcely 1/6 in. Stamens 10-12. Fruit the size of a small pea; prickles hispid, with a slender transparent straight point. ** Fruit oblong. 9. T. neglecta, W. & A. Prodr. i. 75; annual, leaves roundish, stamens 5-10, fruit oblong indehiscent covered with hooked spines ciliated on the upper edge. Mast. in Oliv. Flor. Trop. Afr. i. 255. T. pentandra. Guill. & Perr, Fl. Seneg. i. 93, t, 19 ; Ham. in Wall. Cat. p. 237, 1075 F. T. pilosul , Thwaites Enum. 401. North Western India, Royle; Western Peninsula ; Ceylon, at Trincomalee. - Distrib. Abyssinia, Senegal. Slightly hairy, branched. Leaves subcordate, acuminate or slightly 3-lobed, serrate, hairy on both surfaces, especially beneath, upper lanceolate. Flowers small, 1/10 in., in lateral extra-axillary clusters. Sepals linear. Petals oblong, obtuse, glabrous below. Wight and Arnott, in Prodr. i. 75, describe as T. ? microphylla, a Peninsular plant known only in a malformed condition. Stems herbaceous, erect, branched, glabrous ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, not lobed, sharply serrate, glabrous; peduucles bearing 1-3 flowers, opposite ? to the leaves ; stamens 5-8. - It is perhaps a state of T. pilosa eaten down by the cattle or goats. 10. CORCHORUS, Linn. Herbs or undershrubs, more or less covered with stellate pubescence. Leaves simple. Peduncles axillary or opposite to the leaves, 1-2-flowered. page 397 Flowers small, yellow. Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, glandless. Stamens free, indefinite or rarely twice the number of the petals, springing from a short torus. Ovary 2-6-celled, style short, stigma cup-shaped. Capsule elongated, slender or subglobose, smooth or prickly, loculicidally 2-5-valved, sometimes with transverse partitions. Seeds numerous, albuminous, pendulous or horizontal ; embryo curved. - Distrib. A genus of about 35 species, for the most part widely dispersed throughout the tropics.* Capsule globose, not beaked. 1. C. capsularis, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 505 ; annual, capsules oblate subglobose 5-celled. Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 581 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 73; Wall Cat. 1071 ; 1071, B, C ; Wight Ic. 311 ; Thwaites Enum. 31 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 25 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 194. C. Marua, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 6311. - Rumph. Amb. v. t. 78, f. 1. Throughout the hotter parts of India ; cultivated in most tropical countries. Leaves 2-4 by 3/4-1 in., glabrescent, oblong, acuminate, coarsely toothed, base generally prolonged into tail-like appendages ; petiole 1 1/2 in. Stipules 1/4-1/3 in. Capsule wrinkled, muricate, 5-valved, valves without transverse septa. Sends few in each cell. - Yields the fibre known as Jute. ** Capsule elongated, beak entire. 2. C. olitorius, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 504 ; annual, capsule elongate glabrous 3-6-valved, valves with transverse partitions between the seeds, beak long erect. Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 581 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 73 ; Wall. Cat. 1072 ; 1, 2, 3, 4, D, E, F ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 845 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 25 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 195 ; Thwaites Enum. 31. C. decemangularis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 582 ; Wall. Cat. p. 237, 1072 G. Indigenous in many parts of India. - Generally distributed by cultivation in all tropical countries Leaves 2-4 by 1-2 in., nearly glabrous, ovate-lanceolate, 3-5-nerved, serrate, the two lower serratures prolonged into long sharp points ; petiole 1-2 in., pilose. Stipules shorter than the petiole. Peduncles 1-3-flowered ; shorter than the petiole. Sepals . shortly pointed. Petals yellow, spathulate. longer than the sepals. Capsule 2 in., cylindric, 10-ribbed. - Cultivated as a potherb, or for its fibre (Jute). The plant varies in stature, hairiness, &c. Arnott (in herb.) corrects an error into which he had fallen in the measurement of the pod, in the Prodromus, and which, as corrected, should read - "pods 10-12 times longer than broad." 3. C. trilocularis, L. ; DC. Prodr. i. 504; annual, capsule elongate 3- angled scabrous or aculeate, beak short erect, valves with transverse partitions. W. &. A. Prodr. i. 72; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 582; Wall. Cat. 1070 B; Wight in Wall. Cat. 1070 C ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 25. SINDH, Stocks; North-west Provinces, from Amballa to the Panjab ; Nilghirris Mts. - DISTRIB. Affghanistan, Tropical Africa. Leaves 1-4 by 1 in. elliptic-oblong or oblong lanceolate, crenato-serrate with or without basal lobes ; petiole very short, pilose. Peduncles 1-3-flowered, very short, opposite the leaves. Capsule 2-3 in., straight or curved, 3-4-angled, 3-4-valved, valves scabrous. - Of this species Wight and Arnott, I.e., make three varieties: α, leaves ovate oblong, capsules in pairs, 3-angled; β, leaves ovate-oblong, capsules solitary 4-angled ; γ, leaves oblong-lanceolate capsules in pairs 3-angled. To the latter belongs Wallich's 1070 B. It would appear, however, that these are mere individual variations. 4. C. urticaefolius, W. & A. Prodr. i. 73 ; annual, capsules terete or slightly 3-angled not exceeding one inch pilose beaked, beak erect entire, valves with transverse internal partitions. Thwaites Enum. 31. C. olitorius. page 398 Wall. Cat. 1072 F, partly. C. subscandens, Wall. Cat. 1074. C. aestuans, Hb. Madr. ; Wall. Cat. p. 237, 1074.Southern provinces of the Western Peninsula, Wight; Ava, Wallich; Ceylon, Trincomalee, Thwaites. - Distrib. Abyssinia. Leaves 2-3 by 1-1 3/4 in., thinly pilose, cordate, sometimes oblique, ovate acuminate, dentate (almost precisely as in Urtica dioica). Peduncles extra-axillary, 2-3-flowered. Capsule 1 in., bent downwards, hairy. - Closely allied to C. trilocularis but with a much shorter pod. 5. C. fascicularis, Lam.; DC: Prodr. i. 505 ; annual, capsule short subcylindric puberulous shortly beaked, valves nearly destitute of internal partitions. Roxb. Fl. lnd. ii. 582; Thwaites Enum. 401; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 24 ; Wall. Cat. 6312. C. linearis, Wall. Cat. 1070, partly. Throughout the hotter parts of India from Banda, Edgeworth, to Bengal, the Western Peninsula and Ceylon. - Distrib. Tropical Australia and Africa. Leaves 1-2 by 1/4-1/2 in., oblong lanceolate, serrated; petioles very short pilose. Peduncles opposite the leaves, 2-5 -flowered. Sepals 1/12 in. Stamens 5-10. Capsule 1/2-3/4 in., 3 or 4 together, each 3-4-valved, valves downy. 6. C. Antichorus, Roeusch. Nomencl. Bot. ed. iii. 158 ; woody, perennial, much branched, branches prostrate, capsule cylinrlric elongate beaked. Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 846; Mast. in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 263. Antichorus depressus, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. i. 504. Corchorus humilis, Munro Hort. Agrens. Appendix 35; Wight Ic. 1073; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 25. North Western India from Sindh, Stocks, and the Punjab, Vicary, to Agra, Munro. Western Peninsula, in Kattywar, Guzerat and the Deccan. - Distrib. Affghanistan, Aden, Tropical Africa, Cape de Verde Isles. Branches tortuous, imbricate, 6-7 in. Leaves 1/2-3/4 by 1/2 in., shortly petioled, roundish, plicate, crenate-serrate, base 3-nerved. Peduncles short, stout, opposite the leaves. Capsules 1/2-1 1/4 in., straight or curved, 4-valved. *** Capsule elongated, beak 3-fid spreading. 7. C. tridens, L.; DC. Prodr. i. 505; annual, capsule elongate cylindric terminated by 3 spreading points, valves without partitions. W. & A. Prodr. i. 73 ; Thwaites Enum. 401 ; Wall. Cat. 1073 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 845. C. Burmanni, DC. Prodr. i. 505. C. linearis, Wall. Cat. 1070. C. trilocularis, Burm. Fl. Ind. t. 37, f. 2. Generally distributed. - Distrib. Australia and Africa. Variable as to habit, pubescence and form of leaf. Leaves 1-3 by 1/2-1 in., linear-oblong or lanceolate; petiole 1/6-1/4 in. Peduncles 1-4-flowered. Capsule 1-2 in. - Of this species Wight and Arnott recognise three forms, viz. : - α, leaves lanceolate acuminate, Wall. Cat. 1073. β, leaves linear oblomg or linear-lanceolate, C. Burmannii DC. C. linearis, Wall. Cat. 1070, C. γ, leaves oblong or obovate cuneate at the base. - The three forms merge one into the other. 8. C. acutangulus, Lam. ; DC. Prodr. i. 505 ; annual, capsules elongate 6-angled 3 of tiie angles winged, beak 3-fid divisions spreading horizontally, valves with or without partitions. W. & A. Prodr. i. 73 ; Wall. Cat. 1069, 1074 D, E; Wight. Ic. t. 739; Thwaites Enum. 31; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 25; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 194. C. aestuans ? Ham. in Wall. Cat. p. 237, 1074 C. C. fuscus, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 42; Fl. Ind. ii. 582 ; Ham. in Wall. Cat. 1069. Throughout the hotter parts of India and Ceylon. - Distrib. Australia, Tropical Africa. West Indies. Leaves 1-3 by 3/4-1 in., more or less hairy, ovate and acute, or oblong and acuminate, serrate, with or without basal lobes ; petiole 1/6 in., hairy. Stipules linear-subulate, page 399 much shorter than the petiole. Peduncles opposite the leaves, 2-3-flowered. Capsule 1-1 1/2 in. - Wight and Arnott describe the septa between the seeds as nearly obsolete, but they are frequently well marked.DOUBTFUL SPECIES. C. PUMILUS, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 6310 (a plant cultivated in the Calcutta Garden), is too imperfect to be determined. It is probably a depauperated form of some common species. 11. PLAGIOPTERON, Griff. A climbing shrub. Leaves opposite and alternate, pubescent, entire. Flowers numerous, in peduncled panicles. Sepals 5. Petals 5, reflexed. Stamens numerous ; filaments clavate ; anthers 2-celled, cells divergent at the base. Ovary 3-celled ; styles consolidated, subulate ; ovules 2 in each cell, collateral Fruit subturbinate, woody, 3-celled, 3-winged at the summit. - DISTRIB. A solitary species. 1. P. fragrans, Griff. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 244, t. 13. Tenasserim, at Mergui, Griffith. Stellate-pubescent. Leaves 4 by 2 in., ovate-oblons:, cuspidate; petiole 1/4 in. Flowers small, fragrant. Petals 3-4 times longer than the sepals. Stamens longer than the petals, filaments capillary. Ovary pilose. Fruit 1 1/4 in. diam. - Griffith, who describes this plant from specimens growing in the Calcutta Garden, says that it is supposed to come from Silhet ; but I find specimens in his own Herbarium gathered hy himself in Mergui, probably at a subsequent date. 12. ECHINOCARPUS, Blume. Trees. Leaves simple, arch-veined. Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, solitary or tufted. Sepals 4, imbricate. Petals 4, gashed. Stamens numerous, free, springing from a thick disk ; anthers linear, opening by a terminal pore. Ovary 3-4-celled ; cells many-ovuled ; style subulate. Capsule coriaceous or woody, prickly or setose, 3-4- or by abortion, 1-celled. Seeds solitary few or many, pendulous, ovoid, testa bony shining, albumen fleshy ; cotyledons broad, flat. - Distrib. One species is Australian, another Javan, the remainder are Indian. 1. E. Murex, Benth. in Proc. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl. ii, p. 71 ; leaves oblong or sublanceolate acuminate glabrous on both surfaces, spines of the fruit dilated at the base. Khasia Mts. ; alt. 3-5000 ft , Hk. f. & T. Glabrous except the peduncles. Leaves 3-4 by 1 1/4 in. ; petiole 1 in. Peduncle 1 in. Flowers not seen, Capsule 1-1 1/2 in., ovoid, woody, 4-5-valved, valves downy, covered with long straight subulate spines. - Kurz (Journ. As. Soc. Beng, 1870, ii. 67), identifies E. Murex with Blume's E. Sigun, but in the absence of authentic specimens of the latter I hesitate to adopt his view seeing how far apart the Khasia Mountains and Java are, and that the species has been found in no intermediate station. Clos, moreover, describes E. Sigun as differing both in the foliage and spines of the capsules. 2. E. assamicus, Benth. I.c. 72 ; leaves elliptic-oblong abruptly acuminate, glabrous above thinly pubescent beneath, spines of the fruit subulate. Upper Assam, Griffith. A medium-sized tree. Leaves 9 by 4 in. ; petiole 2-3 in. Peduncles puberulous. Ovary ovoid, bristly ; style subulate. Fruit pendulous, 2 in. diam., globose, studded with long slender spines. page 400 3. E. sterculiaceus, Benth. Ioc. cit. 72 ; leaves ovate or obovate cuspidate downy beneath, spines of the fruit subulate. Eastern Himalaya; Bhotan, Griffith; Sikkim, at 2000 ft., Hk.f. A tree. Bark smooth. Leaves 8-10 by 4 in., base rounded or subcordate, minutely serrulate ; petiole 2 in. Peduncles tomentose, 1-1 1/2 in. Fruit globose, densely covered with very long subulate spines. 4. E. tomentosus, Benth.loc. cit. 72; leaves elliptic tomentose beneath, capsule covered with short bristles. Eastern Himalaya; Bhotan, Griffith; Sikkim, alt, 2-4000 ft., Hk.f. A lofty tree, younger portions tomentose. Leaves 6-8 by 3-4 in., coriaceous, acuminate, serrated, base rounded ; petiole 1 3/4 in., downy, thickened at the apex. Peduncles 1 1/2-2 in., tomentose, thickened at the apex. Flowers 1/2 in. diam. Sepals 5, ovate, pointed. Petals oblong, concave, 4-5-toothed at the apex. Anthers linear, apiculate, filaments pilose. Capsule 1 1/2 in., ovoid, woody, 4-5-valved, valves densely covered with short fine bristles. 5. E. dasycarpus, Benth. loc. cit. 72; leaves oblong or oblanceolate entire or serrulate glabrous on both surfaces, petals longer than the calyx, fruit covered with short dense ultimately deciduous spines. Eastern Himalaya; Bhotan, Griffith; Sikkim, alt. 4-6000 ft., Hk.f. A tree. Leaves 4-5 by 3 in., coriaceous, shortly acuminate, base tapering ; petiole 1 in., thickened at the apex. Peduncles 1 1/2-2 in., axillary or aggregated at the end of the branches. Flowers nearly 1 in, diam, Receptacle cushion-shaped, pitted. Sepals oval or orbicular. Petals broad, lobed. Anthers oblong, apiculate. Ovary 4-celled, style longer than the ovary. Capsule 1 in., subglobose, 4-5-valved, valves woody. Seeds 1/2 by 3/4 in., oval, black, smooth. - Variable in foliage and size of flower. 13. ELAEOCARPUS, Linn. Trees. Leaves simple. Flowers usually hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous, in axillary racemes. SepaIs 5, distinct. Petals 5, usually laciniate at the apex, rarely entire, springing from the outside of a cushion-shaped, often 5-lobed torus. Stamens usually indefinite, never less than 10, arising from the inside of the torus, and more or less aggregated into groups opposite the petals and alternating with the glands of the torus ; anthers innate, linear, opening by a terminal pore. Ovary sessile, 2-5-celled, cells 2-many-ovuled ; style columnar. Drupe with a single bony stone which is 3-5 or by abortion 1-celled. Seeds pendulous, 1 in each cell, albumen fleshy; cotyledons flat. - DISTRIB. About 50 species, most abundant in the hotter parts of India and the Indian archipelago. A few species are found in some of the South Sea islands. New Zealand, and Australia. Sect. I. Ganitrus. Ovary and drupe 5-celled. 1. E. Ganitrus, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 42; Fl. Ind. ii. 592; leaves glabrescent elliptic acute, stamens many anthers bearded, drupe globose. Wall. Cat. 2660 A to D ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 27. Ganitrus sphaerica, Gaertn. Fruct. ii. 271, t. 139 ; Wight Ic. i. 66. - Rumph. Amb. iii. t. 101. Native of various parts of India, Roxburgh; Nipal, and Chittagong, Wallich; Malacca, Coscan, on the higher Ghats, Dalz. & Gibs. - Distrib. Malay Archipelago, Roxburgh. A tree. Leaves 5-6 by 2 in., serrulate ; petiole 1/2-3/4 in. Stipules minute, subulate, caducous. Racemes from the old wood, drooping, shorter than the leaves. Flowerbuds ovoid-conical, elongate. Flowers 4 in. diam., white. Sepals lanceolate, acuminate, glabrescent, internally 1-ribbed. Petals glabrescent, oblong, laciniate halfway page 401 down. Stamens 35-40. Ovary spherical, albido-pilose ; style longer than the stamens. Drupe the size of a cherry, globose, purple ; stone tubercled, grooved, 5-celled, 6-seeded.2. E. parvifolius, Wall. Cat. 684 and 2662 A, B; leaves glabrous elliptic acute at both ends minutely serrulate, stamens 15-20, anthers beardless, drupe oblong. C. Mull. Anot. de fam. Elaeocarp. 24. Malacca, Mt. Ophir, Griffith, &c. ; Penang, Jack ; Singapore. - Distrib. Borneo. A small tree. Young shoots silky. Leaves 3-3 1/2 by 1 in. ; petiole 1/2-3/4 in. Pedicels and calyx villosulous. Flowers about 1/6 in. diam. Glands large, 2-lobed, opposite the sepals. Stamens in pairs between each gland, opposite the petals, and singly opposite the glands and sepals. Ovary 5-celled, cells opposite the petals. Drupe 3/4 in. and upwards, olive-shaped ; stone 5-celled. - In one of Wallich's specimens the drupe is globose. 3. E. nitidus, Jack Mal. Misc.; ex Hook. Bot. Misc. ii. 84; leaves ovate-lanceolate serrate, stamens 15, anthers beardless, drupe globose. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 208 ; Wall. Cat. 2670. Malacca and Penang, Jack, &c. - Distrib. Java. A tree. Leaves 4-6 by 2-2 1/2 in., base tapering; glabrous, petiole 1-3/4 in. Flowers 1/3 in. diam. Sepals linear, acute, thinly pilose. Stamens 15, 10 in pairs between the glands. Drupe globose; stone rugose, 5-celled, one cell only usually fertile. - Like E. robustus, but differing in the anthers and fruit. Sect. II. Dicera. Flowers bisexual. Anthers not, or scarcely prolonged at the apex (see also E. prunifolius and E. pedunculatus). Drupe 1-3-celled. * Anthers usually bearded, sometimes not (see E. robustus and E. lanceaefolius). 4. E. serratus, L. ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 82, not of Roxb. ; leaves elliptic obtuse or acuminate crenate-serrate, stamens 20-35, anther-valves sparingly bearded, drupe oblong, stone tubercled 1-celled 1-seeded. Wall. Cat. 2666 B, F, K, L ; Thwaites Enum. 32 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 208. E. Pirincara, Wall. Cat. 2664 partly, not of DC. E. integrifolius. Lam. III. t. 459; DC Prodr. i. 519. ? E. lacunosus, Wall. Cat. 6858, 9026. Tropical Himalaya ; Sikkim, 2-3000 ft., Hk.f., Nipal, Wallich; Eastern Bengal, and the Eastern and Western Peninsulas. - Distrib. Java. A tree. Leaves 4-5 by 2 1/2 in., glabrous, base tapering; petiole 1 1/2 in. Racemes scarcely so long as the leaves, ascending. Flower-buds ovoid-conical. Flowers 1/2 in. diam. Sepals ovate, speckled, glabrous. Petals laciniate halfway down, ciliate at the edges. Ovary villous, 3-celled. Drupe the size and form of a small olive, edible; stone oblong, pointed, tubercled, pitted, 1-celled. - In Lamarck's integrifolius the leaves are nearly entire. The plant called E. serratus in Roxburgh's unpublished drawings apparently belongs to this species, having a 1-celled stone, while the species so called in Roxburgh's Fl. Ind. ii. 596, is described as 3-celled. I have referred E. lacunosus, Wall., both to this species and to E. cuneatus with doubt. The specimens have leaves and fruit only, and are insufficient to determine to which species (if either) they really belong. 5. E. floribundus, Blume Bijdr. 120; leaves elliptic-oblong acuminate crenate-serrate base acute, peduncles spreading, stamens about 20, anthers bearded, drupe ovoid 1-celled 1-seeded. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 210. E. grossa, Wall. Cat. 2661. E. serratus, Roxb. ex Wall. Cat. 2666 A, B, partly. E. oblongus, Wall. Cat 2677 ; C Mull. Anot. de fam. Elaeocarp. 19, f. 30. E. Lobbianus, Turcz. in Mosc. Bull. 1858, 235. Eastern Bengal; Khasia Mts., alt, 3-4000 ft., and Chittagong; Assam, Griffith; Tenasserim, Helfer; Singapore; Birma, Kurz. - Distrib, Java. A tree. Leaves 4 by 2 1/2 in. and upwards, coriaceous, glabrous, acute at both ends, page 402 venation obscure ; petiole 1 3/4 in., thickened at the top. Flower 1/3 in. diam. Pedicels pilose. Sepals deltoid-lanceolate. Petals cuneate, cut halfway down, lobes fringed. Ovary 3-celled. Stone pitted.6. E. robustus, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 42 ; Fl. Ind. ii 597 ; leaves ovate-oblong acuminate serrate, flower-buds oblong-ovoid, stamens 50, anthers bearded rarely beardless, drupe ovoid 3-celled 1-seeded. Wight Ic. t. 64; ? Wall. Cat. 2664 A. E. ovalifolius, Wall. Cat. 2665 ; C. Mull Anot. de fam. Elaeocarp. 21 E. amygdalinus. Wall. Cat. 6857. E. serratus, Wall. Cat. 2666 C. E. oblonga, Wall. Cat. 2677 ? (specimen imperfect). E. aristatus, Wall. Cat. 2665 B. ? Wall. Cat. 9027 (a monstrous form, not in flower). From the Eastern Himalaya, Sikkim, alt. 2000 ft., and the Khasia Mts. to CHITTAGONG, Tenasserim, Malacca and Penang ; also in Canara and Ceylon. A tree or shrub? Young shoots pubescent. Leaves 6-8 by 2 1/2-3 in. and upwards, glabrous; petiole 1-2 in. Racemes shorter than the leaves. Flower-buds acute. flowers 1/2 in. diam. Anthers puberulous. Ovary downy. Drupe 1-1 1/2 in., rind hard crustaceous, yellow; stone furrowed deeply pitted. 7. E. cuneatus, Wight III. i. p. 83 ; leaves cuneate-obovate acuminate, stamens 30-40, anthers bearded, ovary 3-celled, drupe olive-shaped, stone 3-celled. ? E. serratus, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 42; Fl. Ind. ii. 296 ; Miq. in Herb. Hohenack. ; Thwaites Enum. 32. ? E. lacunosus, Wall. Cat. 6858, 9026. Eastern Himalaya; Sikkim; Chittagong; Silhet; Birma and Tenasserim; Western Peninsula, the Southern Provinces, Wight, Beddome ; Ceylon, Thwaites. A small tree. Leaves 3 by 1 1/2 in., glabrous, serrulate, petiole 1/2-3/4 in. Racemes shorter than the leaves. Buds conical. Petals speckled (in dried specimens), glabrous, ciliolate. Anthers usually bearded or not, on the same specimen. Drupe the size and form of an olive ; stone rugose, pitted, 3-celled. - The synonymy of this species is open to doubt. 8. E. lanceaefolius, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 42 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 598 ; leaves broad lanceolate serrulate, flower-buds ovate-lanceolate, stamens 15, drupe oblong-ovoid 1-celled. Wight Ic. i. 65. E. lanceolata, Wall. Cat. 2667, partly. Eastern Himalaya, Sikkim, alt. 5-6000 ft. ; Bhotan, Griffith; Khasia Mts., alt. 4-5000 ft., SILHET and Tenasserim, Wallich, Griffith, &c. ; Canara, Law. - DISTRIB. Java. A tree. Leaves 4-6 by 1 3/4-2 in., glabrous, base tapering ; petiole 1/2-1 in. Racemes nearly as long as the leaves ; pedicels slender. Flowers about 1/2 in. diam. Sepals glabrous, lanceolate. Petals ciliate at the edges, shorter than the sepals. Anthers sparingly or not at all bearded. Ovary 3-celled, downy. Drupe the size of a pigeon's egg. 9. E. Helferi, Kurz ms. ; leaves oblong-lanceolate crenate-serrate, flower-buds ovoid obtuse, anthers bearded. Tenasserim, Helfer ; Andamans, Kurz. A tree. Leaves 8-10 by 3 in., glabrous, base rounded; petiole 1-1 1/2 in. Raceme half the length of the leaves. Flowers 1/2 in. diam. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, downy. Petals wedge-shaped, laciniate halfway down, ciliate at the edges. Ovary globose, downy, 3-celled. - Apparently very nearly allied to E. robustus from which it differs in the shorter petioles, smaller flowers and more broadly ovoid buds. 10. E. sikkimensis, Mast.; leaves elliptic acuminate crenate-serrate, serratures mucronulate, flower-buds ovate-lanceolate, anthers bearded, drupe ellipsoid. Eastern Himalaya; Sikkim, alt, 5000 ft., Hk.f.; Assam, Griffith. A tree. Leaves 8 by 3 in., glabrous ; petiole 2 in. thickened at the apex. Racemes erect, half the length of the leaves; pedicels thinly pilose. Flowers about 1/2 in. diam. Sepals lanceolate, pilose. Petals cuneate, slightly silky at the back. Disk villous. page 403 Ovary 3-celled. Drupe 2 by 1 in., tubercled. - Differs from E. robustus in the narrow pointed flower-buds. It is open to doubt whether the fruit placed with it in the Kew Herb, belongs to this species.** Anthers usually beardless. 11. E. leptostachya, Wall. Cat, 2672 ; leaves glabrous lanceolate serrulate, peduncles erect, pedicels pilose, flower-buds rounded, anthers beardless. C. Mull. Anot. de fam. Elaeocarp. 23. Tenasserim, Helfer ; Penang, Wallich. A tree. Leaves 6-8 by 2-3 in., serrulate, base rounded; petiole 2-2 1/2 in,, thickened at the apex. Peduncles half the length of the leaves. Flowers 1/3 in. diam. Sepals pubescent. Petals cuneate, ciliate, tip laciniate. Ovary villous, 3-celled. - Very like E. robustus, but the anthers are not bearded. 12. E. lucidus, Roxb. Hort. Beng, 42; Fl. Ind, ii. 600; leaves glabrous lanceolate serrate, racemes as long as the leaves, flower-buds ovoid-conical, anthers beardless. Chittagong; Roxburgh, Griffith. A tree. Leaves 5 by 2 in., acute, serratures spiny, base rounded; petiole 1 in. Raceme erect, many-flowered, scarcely so long as the leaves. Flowers 3/4 in. diam. Sepals lanceolate. Petals laciniate halfway down. Anthers puberulous. Dish villous. Fruit not seen. - Differs from E. robustus in the beardless anthers as well as in the pointed buds and smaller flowers. 13. E. oblongus, Gaertn. ; W. & A. Prodr. 82 ; leaves glabrous elliptic acute or acuminate serrate, stamens 30-40, anther-valves beardless or bearded, drupe oblong, stone 1 -celled 1-seeded. Smith in Rees Cycl. ; DC. Prodr. i. 519 ; Wight Ic. t. 46 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 27 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 208. E. glandulosus. Wall. Cat. 6859 ; E. adenophyllus. Wall. Cat. 6860. E. Perim-Kara, DC. Prodr. i. 509 ; Wall. Cat. 2664 B, in part. E. serratus, Heyne in Wall. Cat. 2666. ? E. angustifolius, Wight III. p. 84. Tenasserim, at Moulmein, Lobb; Western Peninsula, from the Concan to Travancor. - Distrib. Moluccas, Borneo. A tree. Leaves 3-4 by 1 3/4-2 in., base wedge-shaped; petiole 3/4-1 in., glandular at the apex. Racemes from the axils of the fallen leaves. Flower-buds ovoid-conical. Petals ciliolate. Drupe 1 in. - Wight and Arnott make two vars. of this species - one var., α, with acute leaves and stout pedicels, the other var. β, with marked acuminate leaves and slender pedicels; the former has also larger flowers and more lanceolate sepals, the latter has smaller flowers and ovate acute sepals ; but the two forms seem to merge one into the other. The saccate glands seen on the under surface of the leaves in this and other species are possibly the result of insect agency. 14. E. polystachyus, Wall. Cat. 2671 ; leaves elliptic-oblong serrulate pubescent beneath, flower-buds subglobose, petals almost entire at the apex, stamens 40-50, anthers beardless, drupe 1 -celled. - C. Mull. Anot. de fam. Elaeocarp. 20, f. 13. Singapore, Wallich; Malacca, Maingay. A tree ; shoots, petioles, peduncles, pedicels and sepals pubescent. Leaves 4-8 by 3-4 in., base rounded; petiole 2 1/2 in., thickened at the apex. Peduncles scarcely exceeding the petioles, pedicels resupinate. Flowers 1/3 in. diam. Petals oblong. Stamens numerous. Glands of disk obsolete. Ovary 2-celled. Drupe 2/3 in., glabrous, crustaceous. 15. E. glabrescens, Mast. ; leaves at first covered with ferruginous down afterwards glabrescent lanceolate-acuminate, stamens 15-20, anthers beardless, drupe globose 1-celled. page 404 Malacca, Maingay. A tree; herbaceous portions downy. Leaves 3 by 1 1/2 in., acute at both ends, glabrescent, or with a few hairs beneath; petiole 1 1/2 in., with two glands at the apex. Peduncle as long or longer than the petiole, pedicels 1/6 in., hairy. Flowers 1/3 in. diam. Sepals ovate-lanceolate. Petals oblong. Anthers puberulous. Ovary 3-celled. Drupe the size of a cherry ; stone 1-celIed, 1-seeded. 16. E. stipularis, Blume Bijdr. 121 ; leaves elliptic-oblong acuminate serrulate pubescent beneath, stipules.ovate incised, drupe globose 1-celled. From BIRMA, Wallich, to Malacca, Maingay. - Distrib. Java, Borneo. A tree, herbaceous portions pubescent. Leaves 6 by 2 in. ; petiole 1 in. Racemes nearly as long as the leaves, pubescent, Flowers 1/2 in. diam. Buds ovoid. Sepals lanceolate, silky-pubescent. Disk 5-lobed. Anthers bearded or beardless, 15-20. Ovary downy, 5 celled. 17. E. amoenus, Thwaites Enum. 32 ; leaves glabrous lanceolate acuminate serrate, serratures aristulate, anthers beardless, drupe globose 1-celled. Beddome Flor. Sylvat. t. 111. Southern provinces of the Western Peninsula, Beddome; Ceylon, Central province, alt. 4000 ft., Thwaites. A tree. Leaves 2-4 by 3/4-2 in., glandular beneath ; petiole 1/3-2/3 in. Leaf-buds pilose. Racemes from the axils of the fallen leaves. Flower-buds ovate-lanceolate. Sepals lanceolate. Ovary 5-celled. Drupe the size of a large cherry ; stone 1-celled. 18. E. obovatus, Arn. in Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xviii. 323 (1836); leaves glabrous obovate, racemes longer than the leaves, anthers beardless, drupe globose 1-celled. Thwaites Enum. 32. E. coriaceus, Hook. Ic. Fl. t. 154 ; Wight III. i. 83 (1840). Ceylon, Newera Ellia, alt. 6-8000 ft. A shrub. Leaves 2 1/2-3 by 1 1/2-2 in., coriaceous, obtuse, serrulate, sometimes glandular, base cuneate ; petiole 1/2 in. Flowers 3/4 in. diam., drooping. Sepals lanceolate, tomentose. Stamens 15-25. Ovary minutely villous, 3-celled. Drupe spherical ; stone rugulose, tubercled. 19. E. montanus, Thwaites Enum. 32 ; leaves ovate-oblong or orbicular obtuse denticulate glandular beneath, anthers beardless, drupes spherical. Ceylon ; loftier parts of the island, alt. 6-8000 ft., Thwaites. A middle-sized tree. Leaves 2-3 1/2 by 1 3/4-2 in., coriaceous, younger ones pubescent beneath ; petiole 1/2-1 in. Racemes nearly as long as the leaves, pubescent. Flowers 1/3 in. diam. Sepals oblong. Petals silky, longer than the sepals. 20. E. subvillosus, Arn. in Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xviii. 323 (1836); leaves oval obtuse abruptly and shortly acuminate crenate-serrate glabrescent, bracts pectinate, anthers pubescent, drupe oblong 1-celled. - Thwaites Enum. 33. E. pubescens, Hook. Ic. PI. 155, (1837). Ceylon; Saffragam district, Thwaites; Malacca, Maingay - Distrib. Borneo. Arborescent; herbaceous portions densely pubescent, at length glabrescent. Leaves 4 by 2 1/2 in. ; petiole 1 1/2 in. Stipules subulate. Racemes downy, from the axils of the fallen leaves. flower-buds ovate, acute. Petals oblong, clawed, fimbriate at the apex. Stamens 15-25. Anthers densely pubescent. Ovary villous. Drupe olive-shaped ; stone tubercled, sharply pointed. Sect. III. Monocera, Jack (Gen.). Flowers bisexual. Anthers terminated by a long awn. Ovary 2-3- rarely 5-celled. Drupe 1-celled, 1-2-seeded. * Petals narrowed toward the base, dilated toward the apex. t Anther-tails erect. 21. E. tuberculatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 594 ; leaves glabrous above hairy along the nerves beneath obovate minutely serrate base cuneate, page 405 stamens 70-80, anther-tails erect. Wall. Cat. 2658 B, C ; Beddome Fl. Sylvat. t. 113. E. serrulatus, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 42. E. rugosus, Wall. Cat. 2658, A, B, not of Roxb. Monocera tuberculata, W. & A. Prodr. i. 83 ; Wight Ic. 62 ; Wight. III. t. 35 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 27. M. subintegerrima, Miq. in Herb. Hohenack.Pegu and Martaban, Wallich ; Southern provinces of the Western Peninsula, Wight, &c. - DISTRIB, Java. A tree. Leaves 6-12 by 3-4 in., glabrous or more or less downy beneath ; petiole 1 1/2-2 in., pilose or glabrescent, thickened at the apex. Racemes erect, more than twice the length of the petiole. Pedicels recurved, ultimately erect. Flower-buds lanceolate. Flower 1 in. diara. Sepals lanceolate, rusty-pubescent. Petals oblong-cuneate, deeply laciniate, sometimes bifid, silky on the outside. Stamens very numerous (70), filaments hairy or glabrous. Ovary 2-celled, cells 8-ovuled. Drupe 14-2 in., oval, smooth; stone 1-2-ceiled, coarsely tubercled furrowed. - To this species may possibly be referred E. grandifolius, Kurz, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1872, pt. ii. p. 294, of which leaves only exist in the Kew Herbarium. The leaves are larger than ordinary. The nuts of E. tuberculatus are worn by the Hindoos as a religious ornament. 22. E. aristatus, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 52 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 599 ; leaves glabrous cuneate-obovate, stamens 40-50, anther-tails erect. Monocera Roburghii, Wight Ic. i. 63. Elaeocarpus rugosus, Wall. Cat. 2659 A, partly, not of Roxb. Bhotan, Booth; Silhet, Wallich; Assam, Jenkins ; Concan, Stocks. A tree. Leaves 6-10 by 3 in., serrate, base tapering ; petiole 1 in. Racemes nearly as long as the leaves. Flower-buds lanceolate, ribbed. Sepals lanceolate, pubescent. Petals wedge-shaped, deeply fringed. Filaments glabrous. Ovary villous, 2-celIed, cells 10-12-ovuled. " Drupe the size shape and colour of a large olive ; stone oblong, pointed at both ends, rugose." - Roxb. 23. E. rugosus, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 42 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 596 ; leaves glabrescent shortly petioled or subsessile obovate-oblong serrate, peduncles downy, stamens 30, anther-tails erect, drupe yellow obovoid 1-2-celled, stone 2-edged tubercled. Wight Ic. t. 61. Chittagong, Roxburgh; Western Peninsula, Coorg, Nilghiri Mts., Wight, Gardner. A tree. Leaves 6-12 by 4 in. Racemes shorter than the leaves, spreading. Flowers 1 in. diam. Flower-buds elongate, conical. Sepals linear-lanceolate. Petals cuneate, silky, deeply laciniate. Ovary villous 2-celled, cells 8-ovuled. Stone oblong, pointed at both ends. - The flowers are generally smaller than those of E. aristatus. 24. E. Monocera, Cav. Ic. t. 501 ; leaves glabrous cuneate-obovate serrulate serratures apiculate, stamens 40-50, anther-tails erect very long. E. obtusus, Blume Bijdr. 123. ?E. venustus, Beddome Fl. Sylvat. t. 174. Monocera macrocera, Zoll. ex Walp. Ann. i 112. Assam, Griffith; ?Birma, Kurz; Malacca, Griffith; ? Southern provinces of the Western Peninsula, Beddome, - Distrib. Borneo, Sumatra, Philippines. A tree. Leaves 3-5 by 1 1/2-2 in., obtuse, acute or acuminate, often glandular beneath; petiole 1-1 1/2 in. Racemes shorter than the leaves, 3-7-flowered. Flower-buds ovoid, acute. Sepals lanceolate. Petals cuneate, lobed, pilose. Disk 10-lobed. Ovary pubescent, 2-celled. Drupe 1 1/2 in., ovoid ; stone tubercled, 1-celled. - Beddome's E venustus, Fl. Sylvat. t. 174, so closely resembles E. Monocera, that it may perhaps be considered as a variety of that species. It differs, however, especially in the ovate leaves having shorter petioles, glabrous sepals, and very short anther-tails. 25. E. punctatus, Wall. Cat. 2676 ; leaves small glabrous above densely felted beneath oval acute entire, anther-tails long erect, drupe ovoid. page 406 Singapore, Wallich. A tree. Leaves 2 by 1 in., with brownish pubescence beneath; petiole 1/6 in. Flower 1/2 in. diam. Sepals lanceolate. Petals oblong, silky. Drupe 1 1/2 in., scaly. I have seen only imperfect specimens of this, and have some doubt whether the foliage in Herb. Wallich. does not belong to some other genus (? Pterospermum). 26. E. acuminatus, Wall. Cat 2675 ; leaves glabrous lanceolate acuminate serrulate, racemes erect half the length of the leaves, flower buds fusiform lanceolate, stamens numerous, anther-tails short. Eastern Bengal; Assam, Silhet, and the Khasia, Wallich, &c. A tree. Leaves 6 by 1 3/4 in. ; petiole 3/4-1 in., lower ones much longer, thickened at the apex, flowers 1/2 in. diam. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, slightly villous. Petals silky outside, laciniate at the apex. Disk broad, lobed. Ovary subglabrous, 2-3-celled ; ovules numerous. 27. E. ferrugineus, Wight Ic. 206 (Monocera), not of Jack ; leaves oblong-oval entire downy beneath, stamens 20, anthers shortly awned, ovary 3-celled. - Beddome Flor. Sylv. t. 112. Western Peninsula, Nilghiri, Pulney, &c. Mts., Munro, &c. A tree. Young branches stout, covered with rusty down. Leaves 3-6 by 1 3/4-2 in., coriaceous, convex above, petiole 1-2 in., villous, thickened at the apex. Racemes downy, shorter than the leaves, crowded at the ends of the branches. Flowers 3/4 in. diam. Sepals lanceolate, downy. Petals silky, oblong, laciniate at the apex. Drupe 3/4 in., ovoid; stone 1 celled, 1-seeded. - The leaves are remarkably convex in all tne specimens. This differs from Jack's Monocera ferruginea (Hook. Bot. Misc. ii. 86), in the short petiole, and other characters. 28. E. cyanocarpa, Maingay mss. ; leaves glabrous lanceolate serrulate shortly petioled, racemes nearly as long as the leaves, buds elliptic-lanceolate, ovary 5-celled, drupe 3-celled. Malacca, Maingay. A tree. Leaves 5-6 by 1-3/4 in.; petiole 1/2 in. Flowers nearly 1/2 in. diam. Sepals lanceolate. Petals obovate, longer than the sepals, divided halfway down into linear-lanceolate very acute straight segments. Anthers puberulous. Ovary villous ; style much exceeding the stamens. Drupe the size of a large cherry, brignt blue ; stone rugose, woody, 3-celled. 29. E. bracteatus, Kurz in Flora 1871, p. 278; glabrous, leaves obovate-oblong, bracts leafy dentate, stamens numerous, ovary villous, stone rugose. Martaban, Kurz. A large tree. Leaves 5-6 in., pointed at both ends, repando-dentate ; petiole 1/2-1 in. Racemes axillary. Pedicels 1 in., glabrous; bracts 1/3-1 in., obovate, apparently persistent. Sepals 1/2 in., linear-lanceolate, silky outside, ciliate. Petals cuneate-oblong, bifid, lobes laciniate. Drupe the size of a plum. 30. E. ceylanicus, Arn. in Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xviii. 323; leaves glabrous long petioled broadly ovate acuminate, stamens numerous, anther-tails erect. Monocera Walkerii, Wight III. i. 84 ; Thwaites Enum. 33. Ceylon ; Saffragam District, alt. 5000 ft.. Walker, &c. A tree. Leaves 4-6 by 2 in., crenulate ; petiole 1-1 1/2 in. Racemes as long as the leaves ; pedicels slender, 1 1/2 in. Flower-buds lanceolate. Flowers secund, drooping. Sepals lanceolate. Petals densely hairy, sparingly fimbriate. Filaments pubescent. Ovary 2-celled ; stone tubercled, subcylindric. 31. E. glandulifer, Mast. ; leaves glabrous long-petioled ovate-lanceolate undulate crenate, stamens numerous, anthers hairy, ovary page 407 3-celled. Monocera glandulifera, Hook, ex Wight III. i. p. 84. Thwaites Enum. 33.Ceylon ; Central Provinces, 4-6000 ft., Gardner, &c. A tree. Leaves 4-5 by 2 in., glandular beneath; petiole 1 3/4 in. Racemes shorter than the leaves, many-flowered. Flower-buds ovoid. Flowers 2/3 in. diam., drooping. Petals oblong, pubescent. Ovary silky, 3-celled. Drupe olive-shaped; stone 2-celled. - Nearly allied to E. prunifolias and E. Munroii. The so-called saccate glands on the under surface of the leaf are possibly the result of insect agency. tt Anther-tails at length reflexed. 32. E. Munroii, Mast. ; leaves glabrous long-petioled ovate-lanceolate acuminate, stamens 20, anther-tails, at length reflexed, drupe olive-like. Monocera Munroii, Wight III. p. 84 ; Ic. t. 952. Western Peninsula; Nilghiri Mts., Wight; Concan, Stocks. A tree. Branches with prominent scars. Leaves 3 by 2 in., crenulate ; petiole 2 in. Racemes many-flowered, scarcely as long as the leaves. Flower-buds ovoid. Flowers 1/2 in. and upwards diam., drooping. Sepals lanceolate, acute. Anthers glabrous. Ovary 2-celled, on a raised torus. Drupe yellowish, shining, edible ; stone 1-celled. 33. E. apiculatus, Mast. ; leaves glabrous obovate acuminate minutely serrulate base cuneate, racemes half the length of the leaves, anther-tails reflexed, disk very small glabrescent, drupe oblong apiculate 2-celled. Malacca, Maingay. A tree, 50-60 ft. Stem very thick. Leaves 6 by 2 1/2 in. and upwards ; petiole 1/2 in., thickened at both ends. Peduncles puberulous, many-flowered ; pedicels about 1/2 in., articulate at the base, dilated at the apex. Flower 2/3 in. diam. Buds oblong, obtuse. Sepals linear-oblong, puberulous. Petals white, cuneate, 2-lobed, lobes fringed silky. Stamens numerous. Drupe 1 in., resembling the fruit of a Diospyros. ** Petals wide at the base, narrowed towards the apex. 34. E. prunifolius, Wall. Cat. 2669 ; leaves glabrous lanceolate long-petioled, petals nearly entire, stamens 20, anther-tails obsolete or short. C. Mull. Anot. de fam. Elaeocarp. 15. SILHET, Wallich; Khasia Mts., alt. 1-3000 ft., Griffith, &c. A tree. Leaves 3-5 by 1-1 1/2 in., often recurved; petiole 2 in. Racemes nearly as long as the leaves, loose ; pedicels glabrous. Flower buds ovoid. Sepals lanceolate. Petals deltoid, nearly entire, silky on both sides. Anthers glabrous. Ovary villous, 2-3-celled, cells 6-ovuled. Drupe 2/3-3/4 in., ovoid, 1-celled, 1-seeded. 35. E. paniculatus, Wall. Cat. 2663; leaves glabrous elliptic acuminate entire, petals nearly entire silky, stamens 50, anthers and ovary villous. C Mull. Anot. de fam. Elaeocarp. 12, Monoceras leucobotryum, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. i. 409 ; Monocera Griffithii, C. Mull. I.e. Malacca, Maingay ; Sincapore, Wallich. - Distrib. Banka. A tree. Leaves 6 by 2 in. and upwards, coriaceous, base rounded; petiole 2-3 in., thickened at the apex. Racemes subterminal, erect, nearly as long as the leaves. Flower-buds ovoid, acuminate. Flowers 1/2 in. diam. Sepals lanceolate, hoary, silky outside. Anther-tails reflexed. Drupe 1/2 in., ovoid ; stone tubercled. 36. E. Varunua, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 2666 G, H ; leaves glabrous elliptic acuminate serrulate, flower-buds ovate-lanceolate, anthers puberulous, ovary villous. ? E. Finlaysonianus, Wall. Cat. 6851. Tropical Himalaya, from Kumaon to Sikkim, alt. 1-2000 ft. Assam ; Silhet, Chittagong, and Malacca. A tree. Leaves 3-7 by 1 3/4-3 in., base rounded ; petiole 1 1/2-3 in. Racemes axillary, half the length of the leaves and upwards. Flower 1/2 in. diam. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, page 408 white, silky. Petals oblong fimbriate, downy outside. - The E. Finlaysonianus doubtfully referred to here is a native of Siam.37. E. pedunculatus, Wall. Cat. 2678 ; glabrous, leaves long-petioled oblong obtuse serrulate with apiculate serratures, racemes much shorter than the leaves, buds ovate -lanceolate, stamens few, anthers glabrous tails very short, ovary 2-celled glabrous. Malacca, Maingay; Singapore, Wallich. A tree. Leaves 3-4 by 1 1/4-1 1/2 in., tapering at the base ; petiole 3/4-1 in. thickened at the apex. Racemes, 2-3 in. long, many-flowered, from the axils of the fallen leaves. Pedicels downy. Flower-buds ovate-lanceolate. Flowers nodding. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, covered with white down. Petals oblong-lanceolate, silky on both sides, fringed at the apex. Anthers glabrous. Glands 10. Drupe 3/4 in., linear-oblong, glabrous, 1 -celled. 38. E. Griffithii, Mast.; leaves ovate-lanceolate acuminate glabrous, pedicels as long as the petioles, anthers hairy, ovary subglabrous. Monocera Griffithii, Wight III. i. p. 84, not of Mull. M. holopetala, Zoll. ex Walp. Ann. i. 113. M. trichanthera. Griff. Not. 518, t. 616, f. 3. Tenasserim, Helfer, Griffith ; Malacca, Griffith, &c. ; Sincapore, Maingay. - DISTRIB. Java. A small tree. Leaves 6 by 2 1/2 in., minutely serrulate, paler beneath ; petiole 2 1/2 in., thickened at the apex. Racemes longer than the leaves, erect. Flower-buds ovate lanceolate. Flower 1/2 in. diam. Sepals silky. Petals lanceolate, entire or slightly laciniate. Anther-tails reflexed. Drupe olive-shaped, purple, 1-celled; stone tubercled. 39. E. integra, Wall. Cat. 2668, and 2673; leaves long-petioled glabrous ovate-lanceolate, racemes shorter than the leaves, anthers glabrescent tails reflexed, ovary 2-celled. C. Mull. Anot. de fam. Eloeocarp. 14. Monocera petiolata, Jack Mal, Misc. ex Hook. Bot. Misc. ii. 86. Monoceras petiolatum, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 212. ?Elaeocarpus robustus, Wall. Cat. 2664 A. Malacca, Griffith, Maingay; Penang, Wallich; Tenasserim, Helfer; Silhet, Wallich. - DISTRIB. Sumatra, Borneo. A tree. Leaves 5-9 by 2-3 in., entire or minutely serrulate ; petiole 2-4 in. Eacemes erect, many-flowered, shorter than the leaves. Flower-buds glabrous externally, ovoid, abruptly acuminate. Flowers 1/2 in. diam. Sepals glabrous, lanceolate. Petals oblong-lanceolate, silky on both sides. Stamens 20-30. Drupe 3/4 in., smooth, olive-coloured; stone tubercled, 1-celled, 1-2-seeded. - Varies in the proportion of leaf and petiole. Sect. IV. Acronodia. Flowers polygamous. 40. E. Acronodia, Mast. ; leaves glabrous lanceolate, anthers beardless, ovary 2-celled. Acronodia punctata, Blume Bijdr. 123 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 213. Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. - Distrib. Java, Borneo. A tree. Leaves 2 1/2-3 by 3/4 in., acute at both ends, apiculate ; petiole 1/2 in. Racemes shorter than the leaves. Flowers 1/3 in. diam. Sepals 4-5, oblong, pointed, minutely villous. Petals 4-5, spathulate, laciniate at the apex. Male Stamens 15 ; anthers beardless, muticous. Pistil 0. Female Stamens as in the male, but smaller. Ovary ellipsoid, tubercled ; ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous, anatropal, raphe next the placenta. Drupe 1/3 in., oblong, obtuse, olive-coloured, smooth, by abortion 1-celled. Doubtful species. E. Chackroula, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 2674. Gualpara. Of this there is no specimen in Wallich's Herbarium. page 409 E. Jackianus, Wall. Cat. 2679, not found in Wallich's Herbarium. It is said to be a native of Sincapore, Jack. E. LONGIFOLIUS, Wall. Cat. 6682, from Ava, is indeterminable. It has very long, strap-shaped leaves, pilose along the nerves. E. MONOCEROIDES, Wight. Ill. i. p. 84. "Leaves glabrous elliptic. Racemes lax, few-flowered. Stamens indefinite, glabrous. Anthers pointed, beardless, shorter than the style." MONOCERA FERRUGINEA, Jack Mal. Misc. ex Hook. Bot. Misc. ii. 86. "Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, entire, under surface as also the peduncles and branchlets ferruginous villous, racemes axillary shorter than the leaves. - Leaves 6-7 in., entire, with revolute margins; petiole 2-2 1/2 in., downy. Drupe olive-shaped; nut rather smooth, 1 -seeded by abortion. Seed oblong, pointed, albumen conform, embryo inverse, cotyledons flat, radicle superior and much shorter than the cotyledons."- Jack states that he did not see the flowers. Note on Roydsia. At p. 180, it is stated that Roydsia parviflora, Griff., is a Tiliaceous plant ; this is an error. R. parviflora forms with R. floribunda, Planch. Mss. (Cuming, Philippine Island collection, n. 541), a subgenus of Roydsia, or a new genus closely allied to it, of which the fruit is unknown. These plants differ from Roydsia suaveolens and R. obtusifolia in the linear-oblong buds, strap-shaped perianth-segments, which are imbricate in two series, in the anthers being entire at the base, in the long stipes of the ovary, subulate style with 3 minute terminal stigmas, and in the few ovules in each cell. I would suggest the name of Alytostylis for this genus or subgenus, in allusion to the undivided style. The Philippine Island R. floribunda. Planch. Mss., has flowers nearly an inch in diameter, very many stamens, a very slender gynophore, which elongates after flowering, and oblong leaves, 7-9 inches long. There can be no doubt but that Roydsia should, as Griffith observes, form the type of a Natural Order intermediate between Bixineae and Capparideae. Both Roydsia and Alytostylis differ remarkably in habit from Tiliacece. 3. Roydsia (Alytostylis) parviflora, Griff. Notul. iv. 578; Ic. Plant. Asiat. t. 607, f. 1 ; leaves elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate acuminate, perianth-segments ligulate obtuse. BIRMA, in woods near the Serpentine Mines at Hookum, Griffith. A climbing shrub. Leaves 4-7 by 1 3/4-2 in., glabrous, rather membranous, pale yellow-green, nerves almost horizontal; petiole 1/3-1/2 in., slender. Racemes short, very pubescent, axillary, and forming small terminal panicles, rachis slender; pedicels shorter than the buds ; bracts subulate, caducous. Flowers 1/4 in. diam., inodorous, densely tomentose; buds oblong. Perianth divided nearly to the base into 6, biseriate, imbricate, obtuse, strap-shaped, densely pubescent segments, that are finally recurved, not much shorter than the stamens. Gynophore short in flower, slender. Stamens about 20, not much exceeding the perianth-segments ; anthers not 2-fid at the base. Ovary ovoid, densely pubescent, contracted into a stipes as long as itself, 3-celled ; style subulate, stigmas 3, minute ; ovules about 4 in each cell. Flowering specimens of R. obtusifolia, H, f, & T. (see p. 180), have been recently received from Kurz, collected in Pegu. The flower-buds are very small, globose, tomentose. Sepals 6, short, obtuse, apparently valvate, pubescent. Stamens about 18, exceeding the perianth. Ovary glabrous, on a tomentose gynophore ; styles 3, subulate, united at the base. - J. D. Hooker. Order XXIX. LINEAE. (By J. D. Hooker.) Herbs or shrubs. Leaves usually alternate, simple, entire, rarely crenate-serrate ; stipules lateral or intrapetiolar or 0, Inflorescence various. Flowers regular, bisexual. Sepals 6, rarely 4, free or connate below, imbricate. page 410 Petals as many, hypogynous or slightly perigynous, usually fugacious, often contorted. Stamens 4-5 with as many interposed staminodes, or 8-10, rarely more, filaments united at the base into a hypogynous or slightly perigynous ring, filiform ; anthers versatile, 2-celled, Glands 5, entire or 2-lobed, usually adnate to the staminal ring, or obsolete. Ovary entire, 3-5-celled ; styles 3-5, free or more or less connate, stigmas terminal ; ovules 1 or 2, inserted in the inner angle of the cells, anatropoas, pendulous. Fruit usually splitting into 3-5 cocci, rarely a drupe. Seeds 1-2 in each cell, testa sometimes winged, albumen fleshy or ; embryo nearly as long as the seed, straight, rarely incurved, cotyledons broad, radicle superior. - DISTRIB. All regions ; genera 14, species about 135.Tribe I. Eulineae. Petals contorted, fugacious. Perfect stamens as many as the petals. Capsule septicidal. - Herbs rarely shrubs.
Tribe II. Hugonieae. Petals contorted, fugacious. Perfect stamens 2-3 times as many as the petals. Fruit a drupe. - Usually scandent shrubs, with hooked woody tendrils formed of arrested branchlets.
Tribe III. Erythroxyleae. Petals imbricate, rarely contorted, with a scale on the inner face, at length deciduous. Perfect stamens twice as many as the petals. Fruit a drupe. - Shrubs or trees.
Tribe IV. Ixonantheae. Petals contorted, persistent. Stamens 2-3-4 times as many as the petals. Capsule septicidal.
1. LINUM, Linn. Herbs, rarely shrubby below. Leaves narrow, quite entire ; stipules 0, or replaced by glands. Sepals 5, quite entire. Petals 5, contorted, fugacious. Stamens 5, often alternating with minute staminodes. Glands opposite the petals, adnate to the staminal ring. Ovary 5-celled, cells 2-locellate, 2-ovuled ; styles usually free, stigmas various ; ovules 10, 1 in each locellus. Capsule 5-celled, septicidally splitting into 5 simple 2-seeded or 10 1-seeded cocci. Seeds compressed, albumen sparing ; embryo straight. - Species about 80, most of them Mediterranean. 1. L. usitatissimum, Linn. ; annual, stem cylindric erect simple below, leaves narrow sub-3-nerved, petals blue, styles quite free, stigmas linear-clavate, capsule scarcely exceeding the narrowly white-margined, acuminate sepals. Wall. Cat. 1504; Don Prodr. 217 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 110; Gibs. & Dalz. Bomb. Fl. Suppl. 16; DC. Prodr. 217 ; W. & A. Prodr. 134. L. trinervium, Roth Nov. Sp. 187. Cultivated chiefly for oil throughout India, up to 6000 ft., in the Himalaya. - Distrib. Westwards to the Atlantic. Stems 2-4 ft., often solitary, corymbosely branched above. Leaves linear or lanceolate, without stipular glands. Flowers 1 in. diam., in broad cymes. Sepals ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved, eglandular, margins ciliate or not. - The Indian plant has the page 411 ciliated axile margins of the carpels of L. humile, Mill., and the crenate petals (Roxb.) and smooth leaf-margins of L. usitatissimum, and is thus intermediate between these supposed species. Roth's specimens of trinervium (from Herb. Rottler) are from a garden ; they are very imperfect, but clearly L. usitatissimum.2. L. perenne, Linn. ; perennial, stems many from the roots, leaves all lanceolate or lower oblong obtuse and upper linear acute, petals blue entire, styles quite free, stigmas subcapitate, capsule much longer than the white-margined sepals. Western Tibet, alt. 9-13,000 ft., Hb. Royle, Munro, &c. ; Lahul, Jaeschke. - DISTRIB. Westwards to the Canaries. Stem 1-3 ft. high. Leaves 1/2-3/4 in., without stipular glands. Cymes few-flowered, racemose, flowers 1 in. broad. Sepals ovate or obovate, 3-5-nerved. Capsule as large as a pea, on a slender pedicel. Sepals with glandular margins. Var. Stocksianum, Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 865 ; more glaucous, cymes very few-flowered. L. Stocksianum, Boiss. Diagn. Ser. 2, i. 98. - Scarcely different from the type. 3. L. strictum, Linn. ; annual, leaves linear linear-oblong or lanceolate 1-nerved margins and keel scabrid, petals yellow, styles quite free stigmas capitate, capsule globose shorter than the long acuminate sepals. Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 852. Var. corymbulosum, Planch. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot., vii. 476 ; corymbs lax-flowered, pedicels longer than the calyx. L. corymbulosum, Reichb.; Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 852. The Punjab hills, &c., extending to Peshawur and Marri, Jacquemont, &c. Western Tibet, alt. 10,000 ft.. Falconer, &c. - Distrib. From Soongaria to N. Africa and Italy. A slender annual, perhaps at times biennial, usually corymbosely branched above, glabrous or sparingly pubescent. Leaves 1/4-1/2 in., acuminate, without stipular glands. Flowers 1/4-3/4 in. diam., shortly pedicelled, in corymbose cymes. Sepals with very long rigid green points, about equalling the pedicels, margins glandular. Capsule 1/4 in. diam., globose - Cultivated in Affghanistan for oil and fodder, and not for flax (Griffith, It. Notes, 313). 4. L. mysorense, Heyne in Wall. Cat. 1507 ; annual, stem corymboseiy branched above, leaves oblong or elliptic-oblong narrowed at the base obtuse or acute 3-nerved, petals yellow small but exceeding the calyx, styles connate below stigma capitate, capsule about equalling the ovate acute sepals. W. & A. Prodr. i. 134; Thwaites Enurn. 25 ; Benth. in Bot. Reg. under tab. 1326 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Flor. 16. L. humile, Heyne mss. L. trinervium, Herb. Hohenhack, not of Roth. Exposed hills of the Western Peninsula, from the Concan, Kandalla and the Deccan to the Nilghiris. Western Himalaya, Garwhal, alt., 3-5000 ft., Jacquemont, Royle, &c. Ceylon, alt. 4-6000 ft., Thwaites. A small slender glabrous herb, usually much corymbosely branched above. Leaves 1/3-2/3 in., variable in breadth and somewhat in form, without stipular glands. Flowers 1/4 in. diam , in panicled corymbs, the branches of which elongate as unilateral cymes in fruit. Sepals with white eglandular margins and short points. Filaments connate below, dilated above. Capsule 1/8 in. diam., globose. 2. REINWARDTIA, Dumort. Undershrubs. Leaves alternate, quite entire or crenate-serrate ; stipules minute, subulate, caducous. Flowers yellow, in axillary and terminal cymose fascicles, rarely solitary. Sepals 5, quite entire, lanceolate, acuminate. Petals 5, contorted, fugacious, much longer than the sepals. Stamens 5, page 412 hypogynous, connate below, alternating with as many interposed subulate staminodes. Glands 2-3, adnate to the staminal ring. Ovary 3-5-celled, cells 2-locellate ; styles 3-4, filiform, free or connate below, stigmas subcapitate ; ovules 1 in each locellus. Capsule globose, splitting into 6-8 cocci. Seeds reniform. - Distrib. The following are the only species.1. R. trigyna, Planch, in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot vii 522; leaves elliptic-obovate with the tip rounded or elliptic and subacute quite entire or minutely crenate-serrate, styles 3 free or connate at the base. R. indica, Dumort. Comm. Bot. 19. R. repens, Planch. I.c. 523. Linum trigynum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 110; Smith Exot. Bot. 31, t. 17; Bot, Mag. t. 1100; Wall. Cat. 1505; W. & A. Prodr. 134. L. repens, Don Prod r. 217. Macrolinum trigynum, Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. iii. 68. Kittelocharis trigyna, Alef. in Bot. Zeit. 1863, 282. Hilly parts of India, from the Punjab eastwards to Sikkim, ascending to 6000 ft. Behar, Assam, and CHITTAGONG, and southwards from the Bombay Ghats to the NILGHIRI HILLS. A tufted glabrous undershrub, 2-3 ft. high, with erect and prostrate rooting terete rather stout soft branches. Leaves 1-3 in., narrowed into slender petioles, usually rounded and mucronate at the tip, and then quite entire, but sometimes acute or even suddenly acuminate, and then minutely crenate-serrate. Flowers often 1 in. diam., but variable in number, size, length of pedicel, and of sepals, which are sometimes 2/3 in. long. Capsule shorter than the sepals, the size of a small pea. - If, as is probable, this and the following species are varieties of one, Dumortier s name of B. indica should be retained for both. 2. R. tetragyna, Planch, in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. vii. 523 ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate acuminate crenate-serrate, styles 3-4 united below. R. trigyna, Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Flor. 16. Linum tetragynum, Coleb. in Wall. Cat. 1506; Benth. in Bot. Reg. under tab. 1326. L. Cicanobum, Don Prodr. 217. In the same regions as R. trigyna, but usually in damper localities. Easily distinguished from the common type of E. trigyna by the much larger lanceolate leaves, and more numerous styles, but variable in the former respect, and I suspect that the two are varieties of one. - I have a note to the effect that 5 styles occur. 3. ANISADENIA, Wall. Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate or somewhat whorled at the top of the stem, coriaceous, serrate ; stipules intrapetiolar, striate. Flowers in terminal spike-like racemes, white or pink ; bracts minute, coriaceous, concave, grooved, caducous, pedicels at length reflexed. Sepals 5, lanceolate, coriaceous, strongly nerved, 3 outer with spreading gland-tipped bristles, 2 inner glandular. Petals 5, contorted, fugacious. Stamens 5, hypogynous, filaments connate below, alternating with interposed staminodes. Glands usually 3, adnate to the staminal tube, one very large. Ovary 3-celled; styles 3, stigmas terminal ; ovules 2, collateral in each cell. Capsule oblong, membranous, indehiscent ? 1-seeded. Seed oblong, testa adherent to the thin albumen ; embryo straight, green, cotyledons plano-convex. - Distrib. The following are the only species. 1. A. saxatilis, Wall. Cat. 1510; stem glabrous leafy at the summit, leaves 2-5-in. glabrous above sparingly pubescent or glabrous beneath. A. Khasyana, Griff. Notul. iv. 534 ; Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 593 (middle figure). Central and Eastern Temperate Himalaya ; Nipal, Sikkim, alt, 6-8000 ft., and the Khasia Mts., alt. 5-6000 ft. Stem curved at the base, ascending, rather stout, ofien 1 ft. long below the foliage, page 413 always simple, lower part often creeping. Leaves approximate, spreading, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, glaucous beneath, margin quite entire or obscurely waved or crisped. Raceme 2-5 in. long, quite simple. Flowers 1/4-1/3 diam., pink ; pedicel very short. Calyx 1/6 in. long.2. A. pubescens, Griff. Notul. iv. 535 ; Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 593 (right hand figure) ; stem pubescent leafy all the way up, leaves 1-1 1/2 in. with appressed hairs above silkily villous beneath. Khasia Mts., alt. 5-6000 ft., Griffith, &c. More slender than A. saxatilis, stem elongate, prostrate, often much-branched; branches including the racemes 6-15 in. Leaves alternate, whitish beneath, elliptic, acute at both ends, margin quite entire, sometimes undulate, nerves very oblique ; petiole 1/8-1/2 in. Raceme very slender, simple above, the lower peduncles 2-3-flowered, short, erect, and as well as the rachis tomentose. Calyx 1/4 in. long, gland-tipped hairs more robust than in A. saxatilis. Flowers 1/2 in. diam., white, much larger than in A. saxatilis. 4. HUGONIA, Linn. Climbing, often tomentose shrubs. Leaves alternate, serrate, stipulate. Inflorescence various ; flowers yellow, lower peduncles converted into spiral hooks. Sepals 5. Petals 5, contorted, fugacious. Stamens 10, hypogynous, with glandular swellings on the basal ring between the filaments, which are connate below. Ovary 5-celled ; styles 5, filiform, stigmas capitate ; ovules 2, collateral in each cell. Drupe globose. Seeds compressed, albuminous ; embryo straight or slightly curved, cotyledons flat. - DISTRIB. Tropical Asia and Africa ; species about 6. 1. H. Mystax, Linn. ; leaves elliptic-obovate or obovate-oblong obtuse or subacute quite entire reticulate on both surfaces. Wall. Cat. 1201 ; W. & A. Prodr. 72; Wight III. 79, t. 32; Planch. in Hook Lond. Journ. Bot. vii. 524; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Flor. 17. H. obovata, Ham. in Trans, Linn. Soc. xiv. 205. - Rheede Hort. Mal. ii. t. 19. Western Peninsula, from the Concan to Travancor. Ceylon. A rambling leafy shrub ; branches, tendrils, and sepals densely clothed with brown tomentum. Leaves crowded, 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., rather thin, nerves spreading; stipules subulate, undivided. Flowers 1-1 1/2 in. diam., terminal and in the upper axils, shortly pedicelled, yellow. Stamens alternately long and short. Fruit globose, shorter than the sepals. 2. H. ferruginea, W. & A. Prodr. 72 ; leaves elliptic long acuminate quite entire densely siikily villous beneath, veins arched not reticulate. Ceylon, hotter and drier parts of the island. A rambling or climbing shrub ; branches, tendrils, and sepals densely velvety. Leaves 2-5 by 1 1/2-2 in., rather coriaceous, finely silky above when young, glabrous when old, midrib and arched nerves strong ; stipules subulate. Flowers about half the size of those of H. Mystax. 5. ROUCHERIA, Planch. Erect or climbing trees or shrubs with revolute woody tendrils. Leaves quite entire or glandular-serrate, coriaceous, penninerved ; stipules minute, caducous. Flowers axillary, yellow, subsessile, or in excessively short fascicled spikes; pedicels bracteolate, Sepals 5. Petals 5, hypogynous, contorted, fugacious. Stamens 10, all fertile, filaments connate into a short tube below. Glands obsolete. Ovary 3-5-celled ; styles 3-5, filiform, stigmas cuneate, 2-lobed ; ovules 2, collateral. Drupe scarcely fleshy, subglobose ; stone 3-6-angled, bony, cells 1-2-seeded. Seeds compressed, pendulous ; albumen rather fleshy, embryo with foliaceous cotyledons and an elongate radicle. - Distrib. 3 or 4 species, one or more Malayan and Bornean, and 2 from Guiana. page 414 1. R. Griffithiana, Planch. in Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 143, vii. 527 ; leaves lanceolate or elliptic- or obovate-lanceolate obtusely caudate-acuminate crenate-serrate, drupe 1-celled 1-seeded. Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. - Distrib. Sumatra, Borneo. A climbing shrub, perfectly glabrous. Leaves 3-5 in., alternate, coriaceous, complicate, shining above, nerves few, arched; petiole 1/3 in., slender. Flowers 1/3 in. diam., 7-8 in a cluster ; pedicels very short, densely bracteate. Petals narrow, very fugacious. Drupe the size of a small pea. - There cannot be much doubt of this constituting the genus Sarcotheca, Blume, though he describes the calyx as ebracteate, the ovules as superposed, and the fruit as a bacciform capsule, dehiscing by 5 apical fissures. 6. ERYTHROXYLON, Linn. Shrubs or small trees, usually quite glabrous. Leaves alternate, quite entire, often subdistichous ; stipules intrapetiolar, often imbricating on short arrested leafless branches. Flowers axillary, small, white or pink, solitary or fascicled ; peduncles bracteolate, Sepals 5, rarely 6, free or connate. Petals 5, hypogynous, deciduous, with an erect double ligula on the inner face, imbricate. Stamens 10, rarely 12, filaments united into a glandular or eglandular tube. Ovary 3- rarely 4-celled ; styles 3, rarely 4, free or connate (connate in all Indian species), stigmas capitate; ovules 1, rarely 2 in each cell. Drupe 1-celled, 1-seeded. Seed with a thin testa, albumen variable in quantity or ; embryo straight, cotyledons planoconvex, radicle short. - Distrib. Species about 50, four-fifths of them American, and almost all tropical. The Indian species are not easy of discrimination. * Leaves glaucous brown beneath when dry. 1. E. monogynum, Roxb. Cor. Pl. i. t. 88 ; Flor. Ind. ii. 449 ; leaves 1-2 by 2/3-1 in. obovate or elliptic- or cuneate-obovate tip rounded hardly shining above pale glaucous brown beneath when dry, nerves oblique much reticulated, peduncles 1/4-1/3 in. E. indicum, Beddome Flor. sylvat. t. 81. Sethia indica, DC. Prodr. i. 576 ; Wall. Cat. 6848 ; W. & A. Prodr. 106; Wight III. t. 48. Hilly parts of the Western Peninsula, Rottler, &c. ; Ceylon, in hot dry parts of the Island. A shrub with pale bark. Leaves the smallest of the Indian species, always more or less cuneate-obovate, the primary nerves hardly distinguishable from the secondary, and these last not connected with an evident intramarginal one ; petiole sometimes 1/2 in. - The Ceylon specimens have larger leaves and longer pedicels. This is very closely aliied to, if not identical with, an Eastern African species. 2. E. Kunthianum, Wall. Cat. 6849 (Sethia ?) ; leaves 2 1/2-3 1/2 by 3/4-1 1/4 in. elliptic-lanceolate rarely elliptic-obovate acute or acuminate rarely obtuse or rounded at the tip opaque above pale glaucous-brown beneath when dry with a reddish midrib, nerves sub-horizontal very faint. ? E. Kunthianum, Kurz in Journ. Beng. Asiat. Soc. xli. pt. ii. 294. Eastern Bengal, and Khasia hills, alt. 3-5000 ft. ; ? Martaban, Kurz. A shrub, 3-6 ft. Leaves very faintly reticulate on both surfaces, the secondary nerves not collected into an obvious intramarginal nerve ; petiole very short. Drupe 1/2 in. long, slender, equalling the pedicel. - I have not seen Kurz's specimens. Var. ? Parishii; leaves smaller 1 1/2 in. acute pale with more prominent nerves. - Top of Thounggyun in Moulmein, Parish. 3. E. burmanicum, Griff. Notul. iv. 468 ; Ic. Plant. Asiat. t. 581, f. 3 (flower); a tree, leaves 1-2 1/2 by 3/4-1 1/4 in. obovate oblong or obovate very page 415 obtuse or emarginate glaucous beneath nerves horizontal faint not forming an intramarginal nerve, pedicels 1/4-1/3 in. solitary or geminate. E. sumatranum, Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. Suppl. i. 572. E. retusum, Bauer ex Teysm. & Binnend. in Tydschr. v. Naturch. Ver. Ned. Ind. xxviii. 71 (according to Kurz).Eastern Peninsula, Tenasserim, and Andaman Islds., Helfer; Mergui, Griffith; Malacca, Griffith, Maingay ; Penang, Phillips. - Distrib. Sumatra. Very near to E. Kunthianum, but with more obovate and more obtuse leaves ; it is further described as a tall tree, whilst the Khasia plant is a mere bush. The Penang and some Malaccan specimens have much smaller leaves than the Mergui ones. - I have seen no Sumatran specimens. ** Leaves not glaucous beneath, but more or less shining on both surfaces. 4. E. lanceolatum, Wight III. i. 136 (Sethia) ; leaves 2-4 by 3/4-in. elliptic-lanceolate obtuse shining on both surfaces nerves oblique, peduncles 1/4-3/4 in. very slender. Sethia lanceolata, Thwaites Enum. 54. S. erythroxyloides, Wight, I.c. Western Peninsula; Courtallum, Wight; Ceylon, banks of streams, Galagama district, alt. 2-3000 ft., Thwaites, &c. An erect branching: shrub. Leaves sometimes slightly contracted towards the base, nerves not connate into a distinct intramarginal one ; petiole 1/10-1/8 in. - Wight's var. obtusifolium and his S. erythoxyloides are hardly distinguishable ; the latter is a short-styled form, with alternately longer stamens ; another form with longer styles and shorter stamens occurs ; as is the case with the two following species ; - all are no doubt dimorphous. 5. E. lucidum, Moon Cat. Ceyl. PI. 36; leaves 2-3 by 3/4-1 in. elliptic-lanceolate obtusely caudate-acuminate opaque or shining above shining beneath nerves nearly horizontal, pedicels 1/10-1/4 in. Sethia acuminata, Arn. in Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xviii. 324; Wight III. i. 135; Thwaites Enum. 54. Ceylon ; Ambagamowa and Saffragam districts, alt. 1000 ft., Walker. This differs from E. lanceolatum in the long points to the comparatively broader leaves, which have furthermore horizontal nerves ; and in the short stout peduncles. Thwaites notices two forms of flower, one (stylosa) with the alternate stamens longer, and a shorter style ; the other (staminea) with equal stamens and a longer style. - The expressed juice of the fresh leaves is given by the Cinghalese as an anthelmintic to children. There is a very similar species to this, a variety of it, in Borneo. 6. E. obtusifolium, Thwaites Enum. 54 ; leaves 2-3 1/2 by 1 1/4-1 3/4 in. obovate-obtuse or broadly oblong tip rounded or obtusely pointed rather shining on both surfaces nerves rather oblique elevated, pedicels short stout. Ceylon; Central Provinces, alt. 2-4000 ft., Thwaites. I follow Thwaites in retaining this as a distinct species, though I can scarcely doubt its being a broad-leaved state of E. lanceolatum, its nerves are less oblique however. It occurs under the two forms of long stamens and short style and vice versa. Fruit in Thwaites's drawing 1/3 in. long, linear-oblong, straight, red. Thwaites refers to this the S. lanceolata, var. obtusifolia of Wight, which is, however, clearly a very trifling variety of S. lanceolatum. DOUBTFUL SPECIES. E. SIDEROXYLOIDES, Lamk. This is a Mauritian species, mentioned by Roxburgh (ii. 449) as having been sent from Ceylon to the Botanic Garden of Calcutta by General Macdowall, and as being also a native of Coromandel. As no description is given I cannot say to which of the above Roxburgh's Coromandel species it should be referred. page 416 7. IXONANTHES, Jack (Ixionanthes, Auct.) Glabrous trees, turning black in drying. Leaves alternate, entire or crenate-serrate, nerves reticulate ; stipules minute or 0. Flowers small, in axillary cymose dichotomous peduncled panicles. Sepals 5-6, shortly connate at the base. Petals 5-6, perigynous, contorted, persistent, hardened round the fruit. Stamens 10-20, inserted on the outside of a perigynous annular or cupular eglandular disk. Ovary free, 5-6-celled, cells sometimes 2-locellate ; style simple, stigma capitate lobed ; ovules two in each cell. Capsule coriaceous or woody, oblong or conic, septicidal, carpels opening inward. Seeds (according to Griffith) winged or crowned with a mitriform aril, albumen fleshy ; embryo lateral, cotyledons foliaceous, radicle superior. - DISTRIB. Species 6-8, all tropical Asiatic, and chiefly Malayan. 1. I. icosandra, Jack Mal. Misc. ex Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. l 154 - leaves obovate or obovate-oblong obtuse quite entire or crenate narrowed into a very short petiole, stamens 10-20, capsule 3/4 by 1/4 in. very narrow ovoid. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat i. pt. 2, 494. I. dodecandra, Griff. Plant. Cantor. 12. Gordonia ? peduncularis, Wall. Cat. 4409. Hypericinea dentata, Wall. Cat. 4832. Pierotia lucida, Blume Mus. Bot. i. 180. Brewstera crenata, Roem. Synops. i. 141. Macharisia icosandra. Planch. mss. - Griff. Notul. iv. 498 ; Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 589, f. 2. Penang, Wallich; Malacca, Griffith, Maingay ; Sincapore, Lobb. - Distrib. Sumatra. A small tree. Leaves 3-7 by 1 1/2-2 in., very variable, always narrowed into the petiole, which varies from 1/10-1/2 in., brown when dry, shining on both surfaces, margins thickened, nerves very slender almost horizontal, tip obtuse rounded or emarginate. Peduncles slender, straight, often e.xceeding the leaves. Flowers about 1/6 in. long. - Without authentic specimens the identity of this with Jack's plant cannot be verified. Though it differs from his description in the usually small leaves, and in the often fewer stamens, I have followed my predecessors in referring it to his I. icosandra. Jack describes the flowers as 5-6-merous. The pedicels appear to elongate very much as the bud advances, and up to the ripening of the fruit. Ihere are perhaps two varieties, one with peduncles shorter than the leaves, and longer pedicels. 2. I. cuneata, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. i. 484 ; leaves oblong-spathulate or obovate-oblong obtuse quite entire or crenate narrowed into a very short petiole, cymes peduncled, stamens about 10, capsule turgid 1/2-2/3 by 1/3 in. broadly ovoid. Malacca, Maingay. - Distrib. Sumatra. I retain this species with great doubt, the foliage and flowers appear to be identical with those of I. icosandra, but the capsule is very much broader for its length. I have seen two Sumatran specimens thus named by Miquel himself, of which one alone has these broad capsules ; the other appears to be in this as in every other respect, identical with I. icosandra. Miquel does not describe the capsule, and I hence do not know which he meant to be I. cuneata. 3. I. khasiana, Hook. f. ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate obtusely acuminate quite entire narrowed into a slender petiole, nerves very oblique, peduncles slender shorter than the leaves, cymes dense-flowered. Hypericinea pedunculosa. Wall. Cat. 4826. Khasia Mts., F. de Silva. Similar in habit to I. icosandra, but the leaves are of a totally different shape, much more membranous, and the flowers are twice as large. Leaves 3-4 1/2 in., membranous ; page 417 nerves numerous, oblique ; petiole 1/2-3/4 in. Peduncles shorter: than the leaves. Flowers 1/3 in. diam. Stamens 10.4. I. obovata, Hook. f. ; leaves broadly obovate rounded at the apex sinuate-crenate narrowed into a slender petiole nerves nearly horizontal, stamens 12 or more, capsule (unripe) 1/3 by 1/6 in, narrow ovoid. Eastern Peninsula ; Singapore, Lobb. A very distinct species, easily recognised by the broad flat obovate leaves, 2-4 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., with nearly horizontal nerves, the tip is rounded and often emarginate, and the margins have long very shallow crenatures. Peduncles very slender, equalling or exceeding the leaves ; cymes rather crowded. Flowers about the size of those of I. icosandra. 5. I. reticulata, Jack in Mal. Misc. ii. No. 7, 51; leaves elliptic-oblong obtuse quite entire scarcely narrowed into the slender petiole nerves arching much reticulated on both surfaces, peduncles very stout, stamens 10, capsule 1-1 1/2 by 2/3 in. ovoid, valves grooved at the back. Griffith Plant. Cantor 11. Hypericinea macrocarpa. Wall. Cat. 4833. Gordonia decandra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 573 ; Wall Cat. 4408. Eastern Peninsula; Malacca, Maingay ; Singapore, Wallich. - Distrib. Sumatra. Leaves, 3-5 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in.; petiole 1 in., very slender. Peduncles shorter than or equalling the leaves. Sepals in fruit 1/3 in. long, very thick. - Wallich's specimens have a shorter, more turgid capsule than Maingay's, and more shining leaves, with a decidedly recurved margin. This accords best with Jack's description of I. reticulata, though, as with I. icosandra, its identity cannot be satisfactorily ascertained. It differs in the leaves not having very thickened margins, and not being glaucous beneath. It approaches the I. chinensis, but the fruit is very much larger, and may be identified with a Bornean species, of which, however, I have seen no fruit. Order XXX. MALPIGHIACEAE. (By J. D. Hooker.) Trees or shrubs, often climbing. Leaves (in the Indian genera) opposite, quite entire ; stipules small or 0. Inflorescence axillary or terminal ; pedicels articulate, usually 2-bracteolate. Flowers middling sized or small, white or yellow, more rarely red yellow or blue, hermaphrodite, regular or irregular. Calyx usually 5-partite ; segments imbricate or valvate, 1 or more (never all) furnished with a large gland, rarely eglandular (Aspidopterys). Petals 5, clawed or not, often fimbriate, imbricate. Disk obscure. Stamens 10, hypogynous or subperigynous, equal or 1 or more much larger than the others, filaments free or connate below, anthers 2-lobed. Ovary 3-celled ; styles 1-3, straight or circinate, stigmas capitate or punctiform or lateral ; ovules solitary in each cell, micropyle superior, raphe ventral. Fruit (in the Asiatic genera) of one or more winged samaras. Seed exalbuminous; embryo straight or curved, radicle superior. - Distrib. A very large American Order, scantily represented in Africa and still more so in Asia ; genera about 50, species about 600. Styles 1 rarely 2.
Styles 3.
page 418 1. TRISTELLATEIA, Thouars. Woody -climbers. Leaves opposite or whorled ; petiole 1-2-glandular at the top ; stipules minute. Flowers yellow, in terminal or lateral racemes. Calyx 5-partite, eglandular, or with minute glands. Petals 5-clawed. Stamens 10, all perfect ; filaments rigid, truncate and articulate at the top ; anthers acute. Ovary 3-lobed; styles 1-3, slender, one or more reduced to small papillae. Ripe carpels 3, each with about 3 or more wings, the whole forming a stellate fruit. Seed obovoid, testa membranous ; cotyledons fleshy, hooked. - DISTRIB. About 8 species, natives of tropical Africa, Asia, and Australasia. 1. T. australasica, A. Rich. Sert. Astral. 38, t. 15; Benth. Flor. Austral, i. 286. Platynema laurifolium, W. & A. in Edin. New Phil. Journ. 1833, 179 ; Prodr. 107. Eastern ARCHIPELAGO ; Sincapore, Herb. Wight, &c. - DISTRIB. Eastwards to New Ireland. Glabrous. Leaves 2-4 in., ovate or elliptic, acute, membranous, quite entire; petiole 1- or eglandular. Racemes terminal, 4-6 in. Flowers 1 in. diam. ; pedicels opposite, minutely 2-bracteolate below the middle. Petals ovate-cordate, claw slender. Fruit 1/2 in. diam. ; carpel-wings coriaceous, spreading and recurved, linear oblong, vertically compressed. - Wight's specimens, stated in the Prodromus to be from Ceylon, were from Sincapore. 2. HIPTAGE, Gaertner. Climbing or suberect shrubs. Leaves opposite, quite entire, coriaceous, eglandular, or with a row of remote intramarginal glands beneath ; stipules 0. Racemes terminal or axillary, simple or compound ; peduncles erect, bracteate, articulate with the 2-bracteolate pedicels. Flowers white, fragrant, the 5th petal discoloured. Calyx 5-partite ; glands large, adnate to the pedicel. Petals 5, clawed, unequal, silky. Stamens 10, declinate, all fertile, one much the largest, filaments connate at the base. Ovary 3-lobed, lobes appendiculate ; styles 1-2 circinate, the others rudimentary, stigmas 1 or 2. Fruit of 1-3, 2-3-winged samaras. Seed subglobose ; cotyledons thick, unequal. - Distrib. Four species, all tropical Asiatic. 1. H. Madablota, Gaertn. Fruct. ii. 169, t. 116 ; branches stout, leaves 4-6 in. oblong or ovate-lanceolate acuminate or cordate-acuminate, racemes with densely appressed pubescence, flowers 3/4-1 in. diam., carpels with a central wing between the 2 lateral. DC Prodr. i. 583 ; W. & A. Prodr. 107; Wall. Cat. 1063; Wight Ill. t. 50; Molina Racemosa, Lamk. Dict. iv. 227; Cav. Diss. ix. t. 263. Gaertnera racemosa, Roxb. Cor. Pl. i. t. 18; Fl. Ind. ii. 368. Banisteria bengalensis, Linn. B. unicapsularis, Lamk. B. tetraptera, Sonnerat Voy. ii. t. 135. - Rheede Hort. Mal. vi. t. 59. Throughout the hotter parts of India, from Jamu and Sindh to Birma, Malacca, and Ceylon. - Distrib. China, Java. A tall climber, glabrous except the young parts and inflorescence, which are hoary or appressed-tomentose. Leaves 3-6 in., coriaceous, petioled, shining above. Racemes 1-6 in., axillary, usually forming a leafy panicle. Flower 1/2-3/4 in. diam., fragrant, white. Sepals obtuse. Petals twice as long, fimbriate, 5th petal yellow at the base. Wings of carpels oblong, coriaceous, inner 1-2 in. linear-oblong, outer narrower shorter spreading. - G. obtusifolia, DC, a native of China and Birma, differs chiefly in its smaller size. page 419 2. H. parvifolia, W.& A. Prodr, 107, excl. syn, ; branches and shoots elongate twiggy, leaves about 3 in. elliptic acute or acuminate glabrous, racemes with appressed pubescence, flowers 1/2 in. diam., carpels usually without the additional wing. Gaertnera laurifolia, Herb. Madr. ex Wall. Cat 7265. Western Peninsula; Mysore, Rottler; Courtallum, Wight; Ceylon, hot and dry parts of the Island, Gardner, &c. Smaller in all its parts than H. Madablota, and with usually two styles ; the pubescence of the inflorescence is appressed, in which respects it differs from H. sericea. 3. H. sericea, Hook. f. ; branchlets short slender, leaves about 2-3 in. elliptic or ovate acuminate glabrous, racemes short laxly soft tomentose or villous, flowers 1/3-1/2 in. diam., carpels with an intermediate ridge. H. parviflora, Wight. Cat. 358. Clerodendon sericeum. Wall. Cat. 1824. Eastern Peninsula; Penang, Wallich; Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. Branches and inflorescence clothed with soft brown villous pubescence. Leaves always small. Racemes axillary and terminal, short, dense-flowered ; pedicel much thickened from beneath the flower downwards. - The habitat of Ceylon given by Wight and Arnott is, no doubt, an error, originating with that respecting Tristellateia australasica. 4. H. acuminata, Wall. Cat. 1065 ; branches stout woody scabrid, leaves 3-4 in. lanceolate acuminate glabrous, racemes short dense clothed with thick brown tomentum, flowers 2/3 in. diam., fruit unknown. Khasia Mts , at Churra, alt. 4000 ft., Gomez, &c. A bushy dense shrub. Leaves coriaceous, usually caudate-acuminate : nerves very oblique, few, arched, reticulate on both surfaces ; petiole short, stout. Racemes much shorter than the leaves, sometimes corymbose. - A chain of very fine reticulate nerves borders the leaf beneath, in which are often (not always) remote deeply impressed points or glands. 5. H. candicans, Hook. f. ; branchlets slender and with the leaves beneath clothed with soft fine white cottony pubescence, leaves on young shoots 1-2 in. oblong or orbicular on old 4-5 in. elliptic-oblong, carpels with no intermediate ridge or wing. Flacourtiacea, Wall. Cat. 9020. BIRMA ; banks below Yenangheum, Wallich; sandy woods in the Kivakdwong, above Bamo, Griffith. A very distinct species, apparently scandent or sarmentose ; the shoots with small rounded leaves resemble the pinnate leaves of a Leguminous climber. The leaves are of a very pale colour, rather shining on the upper surface, and all obtuse or apiculate ; the nerves are indistinct. There are no flowers, and only imperfect fruits, which are pubescent. Excluded species. Hiptage, Wall. Cat. 9029, from Herb. Heyne, is Terminalia paniculata. 3. ASPIDOPTERYS, A. Juss. Shrubs, usually climbing. Leaves opposite, eglandular, quite entire; stipules 0. Flowers in simple or compound axillary and terminal panicles ; peduncles bracteate, jointed at the top, pedicels often minutely 2-bracteolate. Flowers small, yellow or white. Calyx short, 5-partite, eglandular. Petals 5, not clawed, spreading or reflexed, quite entire. Stamens 10, all perfect, filaments connate or distinct at the base. Ovary 3-lobed, lobes flattened at the back, sides winged ; styles 3, glabrous, stigmas capitate. Fruit of 1-3 samaras; nucleus sometimes crested or winged at the back, and page 420 surrounded with a broad oblong or orbicular wing. Seeds oblong, subterete ; embryo straight, cotyledons equal, radicle short. - Distrib. Species about 15 ; all tropical Asiatic.* Leaves glabrous beneath, or nearly so. 1. A. Roxburghiana, A. Juss. in Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. iii. 511 ; shoots usually glabrous, inflorescence rusty-tomentose, leaves ovate or elliptic-ovate acuminate, midrib beneath glabrous or pubescent, ovary hairy, samara linear-oblong, nucleus not dorsally winged or keeled. Hiraea indica, Roxb, Hort. Beng. 90 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 448 ; Cor. Pl. ii. 160 ; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. i. 13. Aspidopteris oxypbylla, A. Juss. l.c. 510. Hiraea oxyphylla, Wall. Cat. 7264 (a more slender form). SIKKIM HIMALAYA, MISHMI and Khasia Mts., alt. 1-5000 ft., Birma, Saluen river, Wallich; Western Peninsula, Carnatic, Orissa, and Concan. A slender climber. Leaves 3-4 in., variable in breadth, acute or rounded at the base, undersurface when very young slightly pubescfut, when old quite glabrous or the centre only; petiole 1/4-1/2 in., glabrous or pubescent. Panicles effuse, rusty-tomentose. Flowers 1/6 in. diam. Fruit variable, much narrower in the Peninsular than in the Bengal specimens. - I have given the Bombay habitat on the authority of the Bombay Flora. Var. 1. Samara 2 by 4 in. sides nearly parallel. - Western Peninsula. Var. 2. Samara 1 1/2-2 by 3/4-1 in. more elliptic-oblong often narrowed either above or below. A. glabriuscula, A. Juss. I.c. 511 ; Hiraea glabriuscula, Wall. Cat. p. 260, 6626 - Khasia Mts., Sikkim. Var. 3. Leaves more rounded, samara 1 1/4 by 1/2-2/3 in. - Assam. Jussieu describes the ovary of Var. 2 as glabrous, but it is clothed with deciduous hairs, as in all the vars. Wallich's Assam specimen under this name is referable to A. nutans. 2. A. concava, A. Juss. in Archiv. Mus. Hist. Nat. iii. 509 ; shoots glabrous, leaves ovate obtuse or obtusely-acuminate quite glabrous, buds rusty -tomentose, samaras orbicular very membranous transparent very concave, nucleus winged in the concavity. Hiraea concava, Wall. PI. As. Rar. i. 13; Cat. 1061 H. Merguensis, Wight IllIll. i. 139. Birma, at Martaban, Wallich; Tenasserim, at Mergui, Griffith. I have seen only imperfect specimens, Wallich's are in young bud only ; Griffith's in old fruit. Leaves 3-4 in. ; petiole quite glabrous. Fruit on very long capillary pedicels, 1-1 1/2 in. diam., beautifully hyaline with radiating veins. - I do not observe the plication of the leaves described by Jussieu, who suspected that this was Blume's elliptica; but that is described as having much larger samaras, with a dorsal crest 6-7 lines long. 3. A. canarensis, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. iii 37 ; glabrous almost throughout, shoots stout woody, leaves ovate or elliptic-lanceolate obtusely acuminate, inflorescence reduced to axillary fascicles, ovary glabrate, samara suborbicular very membranous, nucleus with a dorsal wing. A. glomerata, Wight I.c. t. 1986. Western Peninsula; Canara, Dalzell; Malabar and Mysore, Wight. Branchlets flexuous, hard, with furrowed bark. leaves 3-4 in., sometimes elliptic-obovate, base acute or rounded, rather coriaceous, pale ; petiole 1/3 in. Pedicels slender, 1/2 in., glabrous, bracteolate towards the base, crowded on very short, simple or divided, pubescent axillary peduncles that are clothed with minute bracts. Flowers 1/4 in. diam. Samaras 1 1/4-1 1/2 in. diam., margin even or lobed towards the apex. - A very remarkable and distinct species. page 421 ** Leaves hairy tomentose or pubescent beneath. 4. A. hirsuta, A. Juss. in Archiv. Mus. Nat. Hist. iii. 512, t. 17 ; clothed with long spreading flaccid hairs, leaves broadly obovate or oblong or orbicular-obovate abruptly acuminate cordate at the very base, ovary glabrous, samaras linear-oblong, nucleus without dorsal crest or wing. Hiraea hirsuta, Wall. PI. As. Rar. i. 13, t. 13 ; Cat. 1059. BIRMA, on the Taong dong and the Prome Mts., Wallich. Shoots very slender. Leaves 4-7 in., clothed on both surfaces with long soft hairs, membranous ; petiole 1/4 in. Inflorescence an open lax panicle, with regular opposite spreading branches ; bracts at the base of the branches 1/2-3/4 in., lanceolate ; branches with many opposite bracteoles above the middle. Flowers 1/3 in. diam., subumbellate, glabrous, white. Samaras 1 1/2-2 by 1/3-3/4 in., sides almost parallel. 5. A. cordata, A. Juss. in Archiv. Mus. Nat. Hist. iii. 513; shoots inflorescence and leaves beneath clothed with white appressed tomentum, leaves orbicular-cordate with a broad acumen, panicle effuse, ovary villous, samaras orbicular or nearly so, nucleus not winged or keeled. Hiraea cordata, Heyne in Wall. Cat. 1060; Wall. PI. As. Rar. i. 13. H. nutans, Wall. Cat. 1058, 2. Western Peninsula ; Concan, Canara, and Mysore. A slender climber. Leaves 5-8 in. diam., the younger ovate-cordate, all rather abruptly terminated by a broad acuminate tip, opaque, and sometimes pubescent above ; petiole 1-1 1/2 in. Inflorescence a lax pendulous panicle, sometimes rusty ; bracts at the branches filiform or 0, pedicels very variable. Flowers 1/4 in. diam. Samaras pale, 1-1 1/4 in. diam., sometimes slightly oblong. 6. A. nutans, Hook.f. (not of A. Juss.) ; young shoots and inflorescence tomentose, leaves ovate elliptic or orbicular with a broad based acumen base not cordate silkily pubescent beneath, panicle effuse, ovary villous, samaras oblong or suborbicular, nucleus not or rarely ridged or with a small wing at the base. A. Roxburghiana, A. Juss. in part. A. lanuginosa, A. Juss. I.c. 512. Hiraea nutans, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 447 (not of Wallich). H. indica, Wall. Cat. 1057 in part. H. lanuginosa. Wall. Cat. 1058. in part (a very villous-leaved form, from Nepal). NIPAL, Wallich; Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 2000 ft., J.D.H.; Eastern Bengal, Assam, and Chittagong, Roxburgh, &c. ; Birma, at Bhamo, T. Anderson. Very similar to A. cordata, but usually less tomentose, leaves even larger, attaining 10 in. diam., with often rusty tomentum on the nerves and rather thin long hairs between them ; upper surface reticulate and rather shining ; petiole of the larger leaves 2 in. Samaras 1 1/2 by 1 in,, usually oblong, sometimes almost orbicular. - Wallich says, under his H. indica (Cat. 1057), " An plus una species sub hac confusa ;" and so it is, from wanting fruit of any of his specimens ; five sheets thus named appertain to this species. Var. rotundifolia; leaves more villous beneath, samara with a small dorsal wing or crest. A. rotundifolia, A. Juss. I.c. 514 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 448. Hiraea orbiculata, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 90 ; Wall. Fl. As. Rar. ii. 13. - Chittagong, Roxburgh. 7. A. Wallichii, Hook.f.; shoots slender, inflorescence and leaves beneath densely clothed with appressed more or less silky white tomentum, leaves ovate acute or acuminate base subcordate, panicle graceful effuse pendulous, ovary densely hispid with long white deciduous hairs, samaras orbicular-oblong, nucleus without crest or wing. A. nutans, A. Juss. I.c. 513. Hiraea nutans, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. i. 13 ; Cat. 1056, 1, not of Roxburgh. H. lanuginosa, Wall. I.c. ; Cat. 1058 in part. page 422 Western Tropical Himalaya ; Garwhal and Kumaon, ascending to 4500 ft., Govan, &c. A tall climber; branches white. Leaves 4-7 in., base rounded, undersurface usually snow-white and silky, upper glabrous; petiole rarely 4 in. Panicle sometimes a foot long, white, lax, very graceful. Flowers 1/3 in. diam. ; pedicels rather stout, bracteoles most minute. Samaras 1 1/3-1 1/2 by 1-1 1/3 in., variable in shape, sometimes narrowed at one end or emarginate. - It is not clear to what plant Wallich meant the name lanuginosa to apply ; he has in his Herbarium two under that name, and both numbered 1058; of these, one from Govan, gathered, no doubt, in Kumaon, is identical with his own (not Roxburgh's) Hiraea nutans; the other, from Nipal, has a rusty tomeutose panicle, and is probably the true nutans of Roxburgh ; indeed he tickets it in mss. " prox nutanti, Roxb." As Wallich's and Jussieu's lanuginosa is certainly not the very local and beautiful species here described, I have dedicated the latter to Dr. Wallich. DOUBTFUL AND EXCLUDED SPECIES. Imperfect specimen in young fruit of a plant from Poneshee in Birma, collected by Dr. J. Anderson. Leaves orbicular, coriaceous, densely rusty tomentose beneath. Unripe samaras oblong, with a dorsally winged nucleus. - Perhaps A. tomentosa, Juss., Java. A Tenasserim or Andaman Island plant of Helfer, with orbicular leaves slightly cordate at the base, glabrous on both surfaces, except the costa beneath, which with the short petioles shoots and inflorescence are clothed with dense rusty tomentum. , Samaras membranous, orbicular, not concave, retuse at the top, nucleus with a prominent dorsal wing. - Perhaps a form of A. concava, Juss. HIRAEA FINLAYSONIANA, Wall. Cat. 7263, is a species of Nelitris. ORDER XXXI. ZYGOPHYLLEAE. (By M. P. Edgeworth, F.L.S., and J. D. Hooker.) Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees, branches usually articulate. Leaves opposite or alternate by suppression, stipulate, 2-3-foliolate or pinnate ; leaflets entire, not punctate ; stipules twin, persistent, sometimes spiny. Pedundes usually 1-2 in the axils of the stipules, ebracteate rarely 2-bracteate. Flowers hermaphrodite, regular or irregular, white, red or yellow, very rarely blue. Sepals 5, rarely 4, free or rarely connate at the base, imbricate, rarely valvate. petals 5-4, very rarely 0, hypogynous, free, imbricate or contorted, rarely valvate. Disk convex or depressed, rarely annular or 0, without glands. Stamens equal to or double or rarely three times as many as the petals, inserted at the base of the disk, often alternately longer, those opposite to the petals often connate at the base to the petals, filaments usually with a scale at the base or middle; anthers versatile, opening longitudinally. Ovary sessile or rarely stipitate on a short gynophore, furrowed angled or winged, 4-5- (rarely 2-12-) celled, cells very rarely with partial transverse septa, narrowing into a terminal angled or furrowed style ; stigma simple, rarely discoid or stigmas 5 ; ovules 2 or more, rarely 1, usually filiform, pendulous or ascending, raphe ventral with a superior micropyle. Fruit never berried, coriaceous or crustaceous, either of 2-10 free or united often spiny cocci, or capsular and septicidally dehiscent. Seeds usually pendulous, solitary, rarely twin or more, oblong or linear, the raphe adnate or free ; testa membranous crustaceous or thick and mucous; albumen scanty rarely ; embryo the length of the seed, green, straight or rarely curved, cotyledons oblong or linear thick or foliaceous, radicle very short, straight, superior.- page 423 DISTRlB. Genera, about 17, with 100 species, chiefly tropical and subtropical.* Seeds exalbuminous.
** Seeds albuminous.
(See Peganum in Rutacece.) 1. TRIBULUS, Linn. Branching prostrate herbs, usually silky. Leaves stipulate, opposite, usually unequal, abruptly pinnate. Flowers solitary, on pseudo-axillary peduncles, white or yellow. Sepals 5, deciduous (or persistent) imbricate. Petals 5, fugacious, patent, imbricate. Disk annular, 10-lobed ; stamens 10, inserted on the base of the disk, 5 longer opposite to the petals, 5 shorter with a little gland outside; filaments filiform, naked. Ovary sessile, hirsute, 5-12-lobed, 5-12-celled, cells opposite the petals ; style short, pyramidal or filiform, stigmas 5-12; ovules superposed. Fruit 6-angled, of 5-12 winged or spinous or tuberculate indebiscent cocci. Seeds obliquely pendulous, testa membranous ; embryo without albumen, cotyledons ovate, radicle short. - DISTRIB. A cosmopolitan genus of about 15 species. 1. T. cistoides, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. i. 703 ; perennial, flowers 1-2 in. diam., peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves, cocci 2-4-horned. Bengal, near Calcutta, Edgeworth ; Western Peninsula, Madras, Shuter, &c. ; Kilghiri Mts., Foulkes ; Tenasserim at Mergui, Wallich. - Distrib. Throughout the Tropics. Rootstock stout ; branches 1-2 ft., procumbent or ascending, and leaves usually more silky than in the following. Leaflets often 7-8 pairs, subequal ; stipules falcate, acuminate. Sepals 1/4-1/3 in., acuminate, silky. Petals obovate. Stigmatic lobes shorter than the diameter of the style. Cocci tubercled and hairy, with usually 2 spines. Seeds separated by transverse septa - Regarded as a large flowered form of T. terrestris by Oliver (Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 284). 2. T. terrestris, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. i. 703 ; annual or biennial, flowers 1/3-3/4 in. diam., peduncles shorter than the leaves, cocci with 2 long and 2 short spines. Dalz. & Gibs. Fl. Bomb. 45. T. lanuginosus, Linn. ; DC. I.c. ; W. & A. Prodr. 145 ; Wall. Cat 6854 ; Wight l.c. t. 98 ; III. i. 164 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 902. - Burm. Fl. Zeyl. 265, t. 106, f. 1. Throughout India, ascending to 11,000 ft. in Western Tibet; northern part of Ceylon. - Distrib. Throughout the warm regions of the globe. Prostrate, hirsute or silky hairy ; branches 1-2 ft. Leaflets 5-7 pairs, subequal, mucronate. Petals often not exceeding the calyx. Cocci very variable, glabrous or hairy, mucronate, much as in T. cistoides. Stigmatic lobes longer than the diameter of the style. 3. T. alatus, Delile ; DC. Prodr. i. 703; annual, flowers 1/3-1/2 in. diam., peduncles shorter than the leaves, cocci broadly winged. - Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 902. page 424 SINDH, Stocks, Vicary ; Panjab, at Multan, Edgeworth. - Distrib. Egypt, Arabia, Nubia. Hispid and villous ; branches procumbent or ascending. Leaflets 5 pairs, subacute ; stipules ovate, acute. Petals about equalling the .sepals. Stamens 5 or 10. Fruit broadly pyramidal, somewhat pointed ; cocci hirsute, 2-seeded, the spines confluent into toothed wings. - Fruit slightly bitter, eaten by the desert nomads in Multan. 2. SEETZENIA, Br. A small prostrate glaucous herb, woody at the base, glabrous or woolly. Leaves opposite, 3-foliolate ; leaflets obovate, apiculate. Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered. Flowers small. Sepals 5, linear-oblong, valvate, incurved at the top. Petals 0. Disk small, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on the disk, filaments filiform glabrous naked at the base ; anthers nearly globose. Ovary oblong-clavate, sessile, pentagonal, truncate, fleshy, 5-celled ; styles 5, short, spreading, stigmas small capitate ; ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous. Fruit ovoid, of 5 1-seeded cocci, separating from the persistent axis, with a narrow succulent exocarp on the back only, endocarp crustaceous. Seeds oval, compressed, testa thick with three skins, the outer membranous, the middle one cellular and mucous, the inner coriaceous, albumen thin ; cotyledons thickish. 1. S. orientalis, Dcne. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2, iii. 280, t. 7 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 916. SINDH, Stocks, Vicary, - Distrib. Arabia, N. and S. Africa. Branches long and slender, smooth cr papillose. Leaflets fleshy, 1/4-1/2 in. long, middle one obovate-cuneate, lateral oblique ; stipules triangular. Peduncle 1/6-1/2 in., more or less recurved at the tip, longer than the petiole. Fruit ellipsoid, ovoid or subglobose, 1/4-1/3 in. long, pendulous. Seeds fusiform, smooth. 3. ZYGOPHYLLUM. Linn. Small shrubs or prostrate herbs. Leaves opposite, 1- or 2-foliolate, fleshy ; stipules 2, often spiny. Peduncles 1- or 2-flowered, among the stipules. Flower white, or yellow with red or purple spots at the base. Calyx 4-5-partite, persistent or deciduous, imbricate. Petals 4-5. clawed, imbricate and contorted. Disk fleshy, angled, cup-shaped or concave. Stameus 8-10, inserted on the disk, longer than the petals, filaments filiform with a scale at the base ; anthers oblong. Ovary sessile upon the disk, 4-5-cornered, 4-5- (rarely 2-3-) celled, tapering into an angled style, stigma small ; ovules 2-∞, superposed, raphe free or adnate. Fruit capsular, 4-5-cornered or winged, indehiscent or septicidally dehiscent into 5 cocci, or loculicidally 5-valved, the endocarp sometimes separating. Seeds 1 or many in each cell, pendulous, testa crustaceous, albumen scanty; cotyledons oblong. - Distrib. Upwards of 50 species, natives of the Old World, and chiefly Cape and Australian. 1. Z. simplex, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. i. 705; annual, leaves simple cylindric. - Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 912. Sandy deserts; Sindh, Stocks, Vicary; Panjab, at Multan, Edgeworth. - Distrib. Arabia, tropical Africa. A prostrate glabrous slender much branched herb. Leaves small, sessile, fleshy, obtuse ; stipules lanceolate, acute. Peduncle as long as the obovate cucullate sepals. Petals spathulate. Scales 2-partite. Capsule deflexed, turbinate, rough, of page 425 5-compressed 2 -3-seeded cocci. Seeds fusiform, smooth. - The seeds are swept up by the nomad tribes of the Multan desert, and eaten under the name of Alathi.2. Z. coccineum, Linn.; DC. Prodr. i. 706; perennial, leaves 2-foliolate. Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 915. Rocky ground in Sindh, Stocks, Vicary. - Distrib. Syria, Arabia, Egypt. Stem shrubby below, with erect or ascending hoary at length glabrous branches. Leaves petioled; leaflets terete, grooved or semiterete, minutely powdery ; stipules triangular, scarious. Peduncle equalling the petiole. Sepals ovate, cucullate, fleshy, shorter than the spathulate white undulate petals. Scales lanceolate, entire or torn. Capsule erect, grooved, cylindiic-ovoid, truncate. Seeds small, ovoid, tubercled, acute, compressed. - The flowers open in the middle of the day. 4. FAGONIA, Linn. Branching woody herbs. Leaves opposite, 1-3-foliolate, entire, mucronate ; stipules usually spiny. Peduncle solitary from between the stipules. Sepals 5, deciduous, imbricate. Petals 5, closed, caducous, imbricate. Disk short, inconspicuous. Stamens 10, inserted on the disk, filaments filiform, naked ; anthers oblong. Ovary sessile, 5-cornered, 5-celled, tapering into a subulate style, stigma simple ; ovules 2, collateral at the base of each cell, pendulous from ascending funicles. Fruit 5-cornered, of 5 1-seeded cocci which dehisce along the ventral suture and separate from a horny endocarp. Seeds erect, compressed, broadly oblong, testa mucilaginous, albumen horny ; cotyledons broad, flat, ovate. - Distrib. Species variously estimated from 2 or 3 to 30, being very variable and difficult to define. 1. F. arabica, Linn.; DC. Prodr. i. 704; glandular, young branches terete striate, spines exceeding the linear leaflets. Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 907. F. mysorensis, Roth.; DC. I.c.; Wall. Cat. 6853; W. & A. Prodr. 145; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Flor. 45 ; Wight III. i. t. 64. F. cretica var. arabica, T. Anders. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl. i. 12 ; Oliver Fl. Trop. Afric. i. 287. Throughout North Western India, Sindh, the Panjab, and the southern provinces of the Western Peninsula. - Distrib. Westward to Egypt. A small green spiny undershrub, with erect branches, more or less glandular. Leaves 1-3-foliolate; leaflets elliptic or linear, acute; petiole often foliaceous. Flowers small, pale rose-coloured. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, half as long as the petals. Capsule pubescent, about as long as the recurved peduncle. Seeds punctulate. 2. F. Bruguieri, DC. Prodr. i. 704 ; glandular, young branches subtetragonous sides grooved, spines exceeding the ovate rather fleshy leaflets. Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 905. F. Echinella, Boiss. Diagn. ser. 1, viii. 123. F. cretica var. T. Anders, in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. SuppI. i. 12. North-West India ; Peshawur, Herb. Falconer, Stewart ; Chandnist, Edgeworth. - Distrib. Westward to Algeria. Similar to F. arabica, and like it referable by many authors to a variety of F. cretica. Internodes short; branches procumbent. Lower leaves 3-foliolate, the rest 1-foliolate; leaflets minute. - The form distinguished as Echinella by Boissier, has crowded decussate branches, and very short leaves. EXCLUDED SPECIES. Fagonia MONTANA, Miq. ; see Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 596, is Monetia tetracantha. page 426 Order XXXII. GERANIACEAE. (By M. P. Edgeworth, F.L.S., and J. D. Hooker.) Herbs, undershrubs, or rarely trees ; glabrous or more usually pubescent - and glandular. Leaves opposite or alternate, usually 2-stipulate. Peduncles usually solitary and axillary, 1- or more-flowered. Flowers umbelled cymose or racemose, usually showy, hermaphrodite, regular or irregular. Sepas 6, rarely 4 or 2, free or united to the middle, imbricate or rarely valvate, the posticous sometimes spurred. Petals as many as the sepals or fewer by suppression, or 0, hypogynous or subperigynous, variously imbricated, rarely contorted. Torus scarcely expanded into a disk with 5 glands alternating with the petals, or without glands, raised in the centre into a beak, rarely flat. Stamens as many as or double or treble the sepals, or fewer by suppression ; filaments filiform or dilated, or connate into a ring ; anthers 2-celled, cells parallel, opening lengthwise. Ovary 3-5-lobed, 3-5-celled, rarely 2-lobed, of 3-5 carpels united with the axis as far as the insertion of the ovules, sometimes lengthened into a beak-bearing style, or styles which are free or more or less united, stigmas capitate linear or ligulate ; ovules 1 or 2 or rarely more, horizontal or pendulous or ascending. Fruit capsular, 3-5-lobed, lobes 1-seeded otten separating from the axis septicidal or loculicidal rarely berried. Seeds pendulous or horizontal, albumen or scanty or fleshy - embryo straight or curved, cotyledons flat convex or variously folded foliaceous or thick or fleshy, radicle either short and near the hilum or longer and inflected or incumbent on the cotyledcms. - Distrib. Genera 20, with about 800 species, chiefly found in temperate climates. Besides the genera described below, Pelargonium (the garden so called Geranium) is cultivated throughout India, and one species of Natal (P. grossularioides, DC. ; Erodium nilagiricun, Schlecht. PI Ind. Or. exsicc. 1560), is naturalized in the Nilghiris. The genus is distinguished by the posticous sepal being produced into a spur which is adnate to the pedicel and by some of the filaments being antherless. Tribe 1. Geranieae. Leaves simple or compound. Flowers regular or nearly so. Sepals imbricate. Glands alternate with the petals. Antheriferous stamens as many or double or treble the number of petals.
Tribe 2. Oxalideae. Leaves compound. Flowers regular. Sepals imbricate. Glands 0. Stigmas capitate. Ovules 2 or more. * Herbs. Fruit capsular.
** Trees or shrubs. Fruit berried.
page 427 Tribe 3. Balsamineae. Leaves simple. Flowers irregular. Sepals usually coloured, the posticous spurred. Stamens 5, very short. Antliers subconnate.
1. BIEBERSTEINIA, Stephan. Perennial glandular herbs. Leaves stipulate, pinnatisect. Flowers regular, racemose or panicled. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, hypogynous, imbricate, alternating with 5 glands. Stamens 10, all bearing anthers, filaments united into a ring at the base. Ovary deeply 5-lobed, 5-celled ; styles distinct, arising from the bases of the lobes, connate into a capitate stigma ; ovules solitary in the cells, pendulous from below the top of the cell. Ripe carpels separating from a persistent 5-lobed axis, indehiscent, crustaceous, wrinkled. Seeds incurved on one side of the fleshy albumen ; embryo arched, cotyledons thick. - Distrib. Several species, natives of Asia, Siberia, Greece, the Altai Mountains, and Tibet. 1. B. emodi, Jaub. & Spach. IlI. PI. Or. ii. 109; leaves pinnatisect lobes pinnatifid, stipules adnate laciniate, bracts oblong or obovate lobed, petals entire. B. odora, Royle III. 153, t. 30, not of Stephan. Alpine Western Tibet and Kunawar alt. 14-17,000 ft., Jacquemont, &c. Glandular-pubescent. Rootstocks densely tufted, branched, tuberous, giving off crowns of leaves and short simple flowering stems a few inches high. Leaves linear, with many pairs of small broad irregularly lobed leaflets ; stem leaves small. Flowers racemose, 1/2 in. diam., yellow ; pedicels equalling the calyx, 2-bracteolate. Sepals elliptic-oblong, pubescent. Petals nearly orbicular. Filaments many . Styles slender. - The aspect, and in many respects the structure, of this plant is singularly Rosaceous, and like a Potentilla. 2. MONSONIA, Linn. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate, stipulate. Peduncles axillary, bracteate. Flowers solitary or umbelled. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, hypogynous, imbricate, alternate with 5 small glands. Stamens 15, all bearing anthers, shortly monadelphous, 5 of them opposite the petals. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled, beaked ; beak ending in the style, bearing 5 linear branches inwardly stigmatose ; ovules 2, superposed in each cell. Capsule with a very long beak of 5 1-seeded carpels ; carpels with 5 elastic tails which are bearded on the inner side, and separate from the beak. Seeds exalbuminous ; embryo incumbent on the convolutely folded cotyledons. - Distrib. South Africa; genera of about a dozen species, besides 4 or 5 North African species and the present. 1. M. senegalensis, Guill. & Perr. Fl. Senegamb. i. 131 ; viscid, leaves ovate or cordate, peduncles rarely 2-flowered, beak of carpels very long setose on the inner face. Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 898. M. Lawiana, Stocks in Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. vii. 19. M. Chumbalensis, Wight Ic. in text t. 1074. Erodium Chumbalense, Munro in text Wight Ic. t. 1074. ? Geranium Lawianum, Graham Cat. Bomb. Pl. Supplemental page. Sindh, Stocks; Upper Gangetic plain near Agra, Munro ; the Dekkan, common in dry pastures, Gibson, &c. - Distrib. Beluchistan, Arabia, and westwards to Senegambia and Namaqualand. page 428 A diffuse annual herb or undershrub ; branches pubescent and glandular. Leaves 3/4-1 1/2 in., long-petioled, obtuse or mucronate, repand-toothed, glabrate above, pilose and pubescent beneath ; stipules subulate. Peduncles long, sharply deflexed at the bracteoles. Sepals obovate, awned, densely pubescent with long hairs. Petals violet or pink, 3-veined, crumpled, scarcely exceeding the sepals. Filaments ciliate. Carpels acute, stipitate, obliquely truncate with 2-3 wrinkles at the top, roughly hairy ; beak 3 in. 2. M. heliotropioides, Cav. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 897 ; annual or perennial, leaves petioled ovate ovate-cordate or rhomboid minutely toothed, sometimes obscurely lobed hoary above villous beneath, petiole and scape clothed with very long white deciduous hairs, sepals silky or hoary mucronate. M. mallica, Edgw. in Jour. Linn. Soc. vi. 200. Panjab ; Moultan, Edgeworth ; beyond the Indus in Waziristan, Stewart; Sindh, in the Hill range, Vicary. - Distrib. Westwards to Egypt. A small white annual herb, or with a well-developed woody rootstock. Leaves 1/2-1 in. long, chiefly radical, very variable in shape, coriaceous, densely silky and villous beneath ; petiole longer than the blade. Scapes 2-8 in , erect, slender. Flowers 1/4-1/3 in. diam., umbelled. Sepals oblong, at length obovate and enlarged in fruit. Petals obovate-spathulate, not exceeding the sepals. Stamens 15, slightly 5-adelphous at the base. Fruit 3 in. ; carpels narrow, stipitate, hairy, keeled, with two transverse wrinkles at the top. - The Indian specimens are usually but not always annual, anil never so large as the Persian and Arabian specimens. The structure of the fruit is identical with that of Erodium stipaceum, but the stamens are very diiferent. 3. GERANIUM, Linn. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate, stipulate. Peduncles axillary, bracteate, 1-2-flowered, or pedicels umbelled. Flowers regular. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, hypogynous, imbricate, alternating with 5 glands. Stamens 10, usually all anther-bearing, rarely 5 without anthers, free or shortly monodelphous. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled, beaked ; styles 5, stigmatose longitudinally, ovules superposed. Capsule 5- lobed, 5-celled, cells 1-seeded, carpels usually dehiscent ventrally, often separating septifragally from the axis, their beaks elastically coiling upwards from the base to the apex of the axis. Seeds with scanty albumen or 0; embryo with the cotyledons induplicate or convolute incumbent. - DISTRIB. Species about 100, natives chiefly of cold temperate regions in the Northern Hemisphere ; they are very difficult of discrimination. Sect. 1. - Peduncles axillary and terminal, solitary, 2-flowered. Flower-buds oblong or ovoid, not pyramidal. Sepals not dilated or subcordate at the base. Carpels, with their beaks separating elastically from the axis, not wrinkled. - Rootstock stout, perennial. * Flowers large, an inch or upwards in diameter. t Petals reflexed. 1. G. refractum, Edgew. & Hook.f.; tall, stout, branched, glandular-hairy, leaves 5-7 partite segments obtuse deeply lobed and cut, stipules large, bracts linear very slender, sepals shortly awned, petals reflected, filaments nearly glabrous. SIKKIM Himalaya; Tungu, alt. 12-13,000 ft., J. D. H. Stems 2-4 feet, erect. Leaves 3 in. diam , shortly pubescent on both surfaces; lower petioles long; stipules 1/2 in., broadly oblong, ovate or obtuse. Peduncle and refracted pedicels long, clothed with spreading hairs. Sepals 1/2 in., membranous, page 429 glandular-hairy, margins broad, awn stout. Petals twice as long as the sepals, linear-oblong, obtuse, white, 5-nerved, villous on each side at the base. Filaments gradually narrowed upwards. Ovary tomentose. Fruit not seen. - A very curious species, allied to the N. American G. Richardsoni.tt Petals spreading. 2. G. pratense, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. i. 641 ; stout, erect, branched, hairs spreading, leaves orbicular 7-9-partite segments acute incised, stipules subulate-lanceolate, pedicels glandular-hairy, sepals long-awned, bracts subulate, filaments ciliate. Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 877. G. himalayense, Klotzsch in Reise Prinz. Waldem. 116, t. 122; Walp. Ann. vii. 485. Western temperate Himalaya ; Kashmir, Falconer ; Kulhara in Garwhal, alt. 10,500 ft., Strach. & Winter. ; Piti, alt. 7-8000 ft., T. Thomson ; Western Tibet ; Sakh river, alt. 14,000 ft., Strach. & Winter. - Distrib. N. Asia, and westwards to Europe. Stem 2-4 ft. high, usually stout, hairs on branches and petioles often reflexed. Leaves 2-3 in. diam., variously cut ; stipules usually small. Peduncles and refracted pedicels densely hairy and glandular; bracts small and slender. Flowers 1 1/2-2 in. diam., blue-purple. Petals entire or notched, ciliate at the base. Filaments gradually narrowed upwards. Carpels glandular-hairy. Seeds reticulate. 3. G. rectum, Trautv.; Walp. Ann. vii. 485 ; very slender, tall, subsimple, sparingly leafy and hairy, leaves opposite 5-angled 7-lobed to below the middle membranous segments rhomboid acute and acutely incised, stipules subulate-lanceolate, peduncles, very long and slenderly appressed-pubescent, bracts subulate, sepals long awned, filaments ciliate. Kashmir, Falconer ; in Baltal, T Thomson. - Distrib. Soongaria. Stem 2 feet, very slender, apparently ribbed, almost glabrous. Leaves 3-4 in. diam., membranous, sparingly pilose on both surfaces, radical petioles very long and slender. Peduncles sometimes 8 in. ; pedicels very variable ; bracts subulate. Flower 1 1/4 in. diam. Sepals membranous, glabrate, narrow-oblong with a stout awn. Petals obovate, retuse, ciliate at the very base. Filaments gradually narrowed upwards. Carpels (not seen in Indian specimens) smooth, appressed-pubescent. Seeds smooth. - Siberian (Alatau Mts.) specimens are described as having erect fruiting peduncles and presenting two varieties, one glabrous, the other villous with white hairs. It differs from O. nodosum in the stems not being swollen at the nodes and in the entire petals. Falconer's is a single rather doubtful specimen, mixed with G. Wallichianum. 4. G. aconitifolium, L'Herit.; DC. Prodr. i. 642; very slender, sparingly pubescent, much branched, leaves deeply 3-9-partite segments acute deeply laciniate or pinnatifid upper sessile, stipules small subulate, pedicels and long-awned sepals usually glandular hairy, filaments ciliate. Western Tibet, Falconer (Kew Distrib. 328). - Distrib. Alps of Switzerland and N. Italy. Stems slender, 1-2 ft., very sparingly hairy. Leaves 2-2 1/2 in. diam. ; segments narrow, acute or obtuse ; upper leaves sessile with the radiating lobes giving a peculiar appearance to the plant. Peduncles variable in length, pedicels usually clothed with spreading glandular hairs, but sometimes merely pubescent ; bracts subulate, very slender. Flowers smaller than in the other species of this group, 1-1 1/4 in. diam. Sepals rather broad. Petals obovate, rounded at the tip, glabrous. Filaments suddenly dilated at the base. Fruit 1 in., nearly glabrous. Seeds smooth, opaque. - Apparently the same as the European species, in which the peduncles and pedicel and calyx are eglandular, which is rarely the case in the Tibetan specimens. 5. G. collinum, M. Bieb. ; DC. Prodr. i. 642 ; stem usually short hoary or glandular pubescent, leaves orbicular 5-7-lobed to below the middle page 430 segments cuneate obtusely 3-5-lobed, stipules small ovate acute, pedicels appressed-pubescent or glandular-hairy, sepals shortly awned, filaments ciliate at the base. Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 874. G. multifidum, Don Prodr. 207. G. Donianum, Wall. Cat. 8565 ; Sweet Geran. sub tab. 338.Western Tibet, Zanskar, Piti, and Kunawer, alt. 12-14,000 ft, Jacquemont, &c.; Kashmir, Falconer; Nipal, Wallich; Garwhal, 9-11,000 ft., Edgeworth ; inner valleys of Sikkim Himalaya, J. D. H - Distrib. Affghanistan, Siberia, S. Russia. In its common Tibetan form this is a short hoary-pubescent or glandular species, with many subsimple flowering stems, 6-10 in. high, orbicular (not angled) leaves, with obtusely cut often slender lobes, slender peduncles and pedicels, and large flowers. - Affghanistan specimens are taller, more slender, and branched. 6 G. ? palustre, Linn.; DC. Prodr. i. 642; rather tall, pubescent or hairy, leaves pentagonal palmately 5-lobed lobes rhomboid acute pennatifidly incised, stipules subulate-lanceolate, peduncles long glandular-hairy, sepals awned, petals obovate rounded at the tip. Boiss. Fl. Orient, i, 874. G. grandiflorum, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 42. Kashmir, Falconer; Kumaon, at Mana, alt. 9-11,000 ft., Edgeworth. - Distrib. Siberia, Caucasus, Mid. and N. Europe. Very similar to large states of G. collinum, but the flowers are larger, nearly 2 in. diam., and leaves pentagonal in outline from their segments being more produced. The identification with G.palustre is doubtful. 7. G. Wallichianum, Sweet Geran. t. 90 ; DC. Prodr. i. 641 ; tall, robust, much branched, leaves 6-gonal deeply 3-5-lobed segments rhomboid acuminate incised, stipules very large broadly oblong or almost rounded obtuse, bracts large, pedicels long, sepals long-awned, filaments ciliate at the base. Wight Ic. t. 324; Wall. Cat. 8558; Don Prodr. 208. Temperate Himalaya, alt. 7-11,000 ft., from Nipal, Wallich, to Marri, Fleming. More or less pilose or villous with spreading or reflexed hairs, which are rarely glandular. Leaves 3-4 in. broad, segments acutely cut; stipules 1/2-1 in. long, very broad. Bracts usually 4, linear-oblong, 1/2 in. long, obtuse, acute or acuminate. Flowers 1 1/2-2 in. diam. Petals obovate, retuse. Filaments suddenly dilated at the base. Carpels pilose. Seeds smooth. - The very large solitary stipules best distinguish this species. 8. G. Grevilleanum, Wall. Cat. 8559; Pl. As. Rar. iii. t. 209; robust or slender, hairy and glandular, branched, leaves 5-gonal 5-7-lobed below the middle segments rhomboid acute or acuminate incised, stipules 2-fid or in pairs ovate acuminate, pedicels long slender, sepals long-awned, filaments villous with long hairs. G. eriostemon, Don Prodr. 208, not of Fischer. ? G. Lamberti, Sweet Geran. t. 338 G. Backhousianum, Regel. Descript. Plant. Nov. 1873, 32. Temperate Himalaya, alt. 8-11,000 ft . from Kumaon to Sikkim. A tall branched species, resembling G. Wallichianum, but distinguished by the bifid or bipartite stipules and very villous filaments ; it varies much in pubescence and glandular often reflexed hairs, being sometimes almost villous or velvety. Peduncles and pedicels slender, clothed with spreading glandular hairs ; bracts linear, slender. Flowers 1-1 1/2 in. diam. Petals obovate, tip rounded or retuse, hairy at the base, rosecoloured, or very pale with a purplish eye (in Sikkim specimens). Filaments gradually narrowed upwards. Carpels pilose. Seeds smooth. ** Flowers less than an inch in diameter (see also 14, G. rotundifolium). 9. G. nepalense, Sweet Geran. t. 12 ; slender, diffuse, much branched, hairy or villous, eglandular, leaves 5-gonal deeply 3-5-lobed or -partite upper sessile segments rhomboid incised, stipules subulate-lanceolate, peduncles slender 1-2-fid, sepals shortly awned almost equalling the entire page 431 petals. Don Prodr. 208. G. radicans, DC. Prodr. i. 639. G. pallidum and G. patens, Royle Herb. ; Wall Cat 8560, 8561. G. affine, W. & A. Prodr. 133 (not of Ledebom) Wight III. i. 153, t. 59 (colour of flower wrong ?). G. Arnottianum, Steud. Nomen. 677.Throughout the Temperate Himalayas, alt. 5-9000 ft. ; the Khasia, Nilghiri and PULNEY Mts., and in the higher parts of Ceylon. - Distrib. Yunan. Branches sometimes rooting (G. radicans, DC), more or less clothed with spreading or reflexed hairs. Leaves 1 1/2-2 1/2 in. diam., opposite, spreading. Peduncles usually slender, sometimes 1-flowered, very variable in length, spreading, reflexed after flowering. Flowers 1/3-2/3 in. diam., pink or purple. Sepals usually silky. Carpels hairy. Seeds shining, smooth. - We find no difference between the Himalayan and Peninsular specimens. The Javanese G. ardjunense, Zoll., may, from the description, prove to be this. 10. G. sibiricum, Linn. ; DC Prodr. i. 639 ; prostrate, slender, excessively branched, hoary, leaves 5-gonal 5-partite segments rhomboid acute acutely incised, stipules subulate, peduncles slender 1-2-flowered, sepals long-awned, equalling or exceeding the notched petals. Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 879. Western Tibet, Nubra and Ladak, alt. 10-12,000 ft. Thomson. - Distrib. Siberia, Dahuria, Caucasus, Germany. Very similar at first sight to G. nepalense, but more flaccid and branched, with the upper leaves all petioled, and shorter notched petals. - Thomson's specimens are the only Indian ones we have seen. Sect. 2. Pedicels crowded amongst the uppermost leaves, subumbellate. Flower-buds ovoid or oblong, not pyramidal. Carpels wrinkled, becoming detached from their beaks which coil upwards elastically. - Rootstock stout, perennial. 11. G. polyanthes, Edgew. & Hook.f.; sparingly hairy, slender, flowering-stems naked below, leaves orbicular-reniform 7-9-partite or lobed segments cuneate obtuse 3-7 -fid, pedicels short, sepals shortly awned, filaments ciliate. Wall. Cat. 8564. G. Donianum, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f.&T. not of Sweet. Temperate Himalaya, Kumaon, Blinhworth; Inner valleys of Sikkim, alt. 9-12,000 ft., in grassy places, J. D. Hooker. A very singular species, with subsimple stems 6-10 in. high, bearing clusters of flowers amongst the uppermost involucre-like leaves. Flowering- stems simple or umbellately branched about the middle. Leaves 1 1/2-2 in. diam., more or less pilose; petiole of radical very long, upper sessile and crowded under the pedicels ; stipules variable, ovate acuminate or subulate-lanceolate. Umbels 3-10-flowered; pedicels 1/4-1 in., glandular-hairy, as are the sepals. Flowers 1/2-3/4 in. diam., dark-purple. Fruit erect, 1 in. long. Carpels laterally compressed, keeled, strongly reticulate, glabrous ; beaks slender ; styles very short. Seeds smooth. Sect. 3. Peduncles 2- or more-flowered, crowded. Flower-buds ovoid or oblong, not pyramidal. Carpels smooth, their beaks remaining attached to the axis (not always in G. rotundifolium). * Rootstock perennial, flowers large. 12. G. Tuberaria, Camb. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 23, t 37; slender, erect, hairy and glandular, leaves orbicular-reniform 5-7-partite, segments pinnatifid, petiole very slender, peduncles 2-flowered terminal umbelled or fascicled very hairy and glandular, sepals obtuse awned or apiculate very hairy, petals retuse, filaments ciliate with very long hairs. Walp. Rep. 449. page 432 Temperate Western Himalayas, Kashmir, Jacquemont ; Kishtwar, alt. 8000 ft., T. Thomson. Rootstock tuberous. Flowering stems 12-18 m. high, slender, simple or subumbellately branched. Leaves 1 1/2-3 in. diam.. segments very spreading, radical on very long slender petioles; stipules variable. Inflorescence subumbelled, with an involucre of shortly petioled leaves : peduncles and pedicels erect, clothed with long spreading glandular hairs ; bracts leafy, pinnatitid. Flowers 1 in. diam. Sepals elliptic, small, obtuse, apiculate, narrowly margined. Petals large, obcordate, ciliate at the very base. Filaments very slender throughout their length. Fruit 1 1/4-1 1/2 in., erect, hairy ; carpels not wrinkled ; styles very short. Seeds smooth. - There is no trace of the beaks being separable from the axis, though the valves are removable. - A very curious species. ** Annual, flowers smally in axillary peduncles, fruiting pedicels deflexed. 13. G. pusillum, Linn. - DC. Prodr. i. 642 ; prostrate, very slender, much branched, pubescent, leaves reniform-orbicular deeply 5-9-lobed or partite segments cuneate 3-lobed, petals obcordate scarcely exceeding the mucronate sepals, carpels smooth, seeds smooth. Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 881. Western Temperate Himalaya; Kashmir, Falconer; Kishtwar, alt. 8000 ft., T. Thomson. - Distrib. Syria and throughout Europe. Very slender and much branched, leafy, slightly glandular above. Leaves 1/2-1 in. diam; stipules short. Flowers 1/4 in. diam., blue-purple, very small. Petals and Filaments ciliate at the base. Fruit 1/3 in, long. Carpels smooth, hairy. Seeds very minutely granulate. 14. G. rotundifolium, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. i. 643; suberect with very slender spreading branches, glandular-hairy, leaves reniform 7-fid segments broad obtusely lobulate, petals cuneate entire exceeding the calyx, carpels smooth, seeds deeply pitted. Boiss. Fl. Orient i. 880. G. potentilloides, Klotzsch in Reise Pr. Waldem. 123, t. 17. PANJAB at Peshawar, Vicary ; and Hooshiarpore, Aitcheson; Western Temperate Himalaya, alt. 6-9000 ft.; Kashmir, Falconer; .Tamu, Thomson; Garwhal, alt. 2000 ft., Strach. & Winter. - Distrib. Siberia and Eastward to Europe and N. Africa. Very slender. Leaves 1/2-1 1/2 in. diam. ; petioles very slender. Flowers 1/3 in. diam. Petals red, glabrous. Fruit 2/3 in. long. 15. G. molle, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. i. 643 ; stems rather stout diffuse or ascending softly villous and glandular, leaves orbicular palmately 7-9-fid, lobes cuneate obtusely lobulated, petals obcordate exceeding the sepals, carpels obliquely wrinkled, seeds smooth. Boiss. FI. Orient, i. 882. Temperate Western Himalaya; Kishtwar, 6-9000 ft., Thomson; Kumaon, alt. 1500 ft., Madden. - Distrib. Westward to Europe and N. Africa. A common European weed, possibly introduced into India, but also found in Affghanistan and Persia ; more robust than the two preceding species, readily distinguished by the wrinkled carpels, smooth seeds, purple petals ciliate at the base, and glabrous filaments. Sect. 4. Peduncles 2-flowered. Flower-buds pyramidal. Sepals broad or cordate at the base, acuminate, not abruptly awned. - Annual or biennial. 16. G. Robertianum, Linn.; DC. Prodr. i. 644; erect, much branched, pubescent or hairy, leaves triangular-oblong 5-foliolate or ternatisect segments incised or pinnatifid, peduncles slender, pedicels spreading, petals twice as long as the sepals clawed, carpels wrinkled page 433 keeled, seeds punctulate. Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 883. G. Lindleyanum, Royle III. 151, t. 27.Western Temperate Himalaya, alt. 6-8000 ft., from Kashmir, Falconer, to Garwhal, Strach. & Winter. - Distrib. Siberia, Asia Minor, the Caucasus, Europe. A reddish foetid rather succulent annual or biennial. Branches 6-18 in., brittle, leafy. Leaves 1-3 in. broad; petiole long ; stipules ovate. Flowers 1/2 in. diam., streaked with dark and light red. Petals narrow, claw glabrous. Fruit 3/4-1 in. ; beak of carpels separating upwards from the axis and attached to its apex by silky hairs. -"Herb. Robert." 17. G. lucidum, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. i. 644 ; annual, glabrous, shining, leaves orbicular 5-7-lobed lobes 5-fid cuneate, pedicels with a series of hairs, sepals long-awned shorter than the spathulate petals, carpels reticulate keeled nearly glabrous, seeds smooth. Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 884. G. laevigatum, Royle III. 150. Temperate Western Himalaya ; from Kishtwar to Kumaon, alt. 6-9000 ft. - Distrib. Siberia, Syria, the Caucasus, Europe, N. Africa. A suberect, much-branched, brittle herb, with usually bright red branches. Leaves 3/4-1 1/2 in. diam., lobes short broad; stipules acute. Peduncles longer than the petioles. Flowers 1/3-1/2 in. diam. Sepals wrinkled. Petals rose-red, claw glabrous. Fruit 1/2 in., glabrous, beak very slender; carpels small, separating both from their beak and the axis. 18. G. ocellatum, Camb. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 33, t. 38 ; annual, hoary-pubescent or hairy and glandular, excessively branched, prostrate, slender, leaves orbicular 5-7-lobed lobes cuneate 3-5-fid, petals large broadly obcordate much larger than the acuminate sepals, carpels corrugated, seeds smooth. Walp. Ann. i. 449. G. bicolor, and G. choorense, Royle III. 149, 150; Wall. Cat. 8562. Hills of the Panjab; temperate and subtropical Himalaya, alt. 1-6000 ft., from Kashwir and the Salt Range to E. Nipal ; Behar, on the top of Parusnath, Anderson. A small straggling species. Leaves 1/2-2 in. diam. Peduncles sometimes clustered, and subumbelled as in G. Tuberaria, at others axillary solitary and 1 -flowered. Flowers 3/4 in. diam., rose-coloured with a dark purple eye. Sepals rigid after flowering, wrinkled from pressure against the carpels. Fruit erect, 2/3 in. long ; carpels small, separating from the axis and beak, which latter eventually coils up elastically. Seeds shining, pale. - Found in E. Nipal (Tambur river), but not hitherto in Sikkim. Doubtful and unknown species. G. heterotrichon, Sm. ; Royle III. 150. G. pedunculatum, Royle, I.c. - Of this and the preceding species no information is given by Royle ; Smith has nowhere described a G. heterotrichon. 4. ERODIUM, L'Herit. Herbs, rarely undershrubs, with the branches swollen or jointed at the nodes. Leaves opposite, often alternately smaller, stipulate. Flowers usually regular, in axillary 1-flowered or umbelliferous peduncles. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, hypogynous, with alternating glands. Stamens 5, alternating with 5 staminodes. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled, long-beaked ; styles 5, stigmatose longitudinally ; ovules 2, superposed in each cell. Capsule 5-lobed 5-celled, cells 1-seeded ; carpels indehiscent, separating septifragally from the axis, their beaks elastically coiling upwards from the base to the apex of the axis, hairy on the inner surface, each with usually page 434 2 pits at the top below the beak. Seeds exalbuminous ; embryo incumbent on the induplicate or flexuous radicle. - Distrib. About 50 species, natives of temperate regions in the Old World, whence a few have escaped to the New, and to the Southern Hemisphere.* Beak of carpels ventrally clothed with rigid setae that disappear towards the tip. t Leaves 1-2-3-pinnatisect. 1. E. cicutarium, Leman ; DC. Prodr. i. 646; annual, leaves pinnatisect pinnules pinnatifid not decurrent, sepals mucronate, filaments glabrous not toothed. Boiss. Fl. Orient, i 890. ? E. himalayanum, Royle III. 150. Western India, from Sindh and the Panjab to Simla, ascending to 8000 ft. in Little Tibet, near Iskardo. - Distrib. Westward to Algeria and throughout Europe and temperate N. Asia; introduced elsewhere. Pubescent and glandular. Branches short or long, sometimes 2-3 ft. Leaves oblong, pinnules 7-11 pairs sessile ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, scarious. Peduncles many-flowered ; pedicels hoary; bracts small, connate, ovate, hyaline. Sepals 5-nerved, margined. Petals obovate, unequal, bearded at the base, purple, often spotted. Beak of carpels 5 times as long as the cell, scabrous outside, almost glabrous above, pits with a concentric fold. Seeds very smooth ; cotyledons 3-lobed. 2. E. ciconium, Willd. ; DC. Prodr. i. 646 ; annual, leaves pinnatisect pinnules pinnatitid decurrent, sepals awned, filaments ciliate not toothed. Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 891. Panjab, near Kohat in the Salt Range, Stewart. - Distrib. Westward to Syria, the Caucasus, and S. Europe. Pubescent and viscid. Branches stout, ascending. Leaves ovate, pinnules toothed; stipules ovate -lanceolate, long-acuminate, scarious. Peduncles longer than the leaves, 2-∞-flowered ; bracts scarious, mucronate, ciliate. Sepals ovate, membranous, with 3 glandular hairy nerves with long ciliae and a long rough awn. Petals purple, obovate. Carpels subulate at the base, glabrous, with white hairs and a glabrous scar at the tip, pits without a fold ; beak very long, scabrous outside, with brown hairs at the top and longer setae below. 3. E. Stephanianum, Willd. ; DC. Prodr. i. 645 ; annual, leaves 2-pinnatisect segments decurrent acutely toothed, sepals awned, filaments ciliate toothed on one side. Ledeb. Fl. Ross. i. 475 in part. Western Tibet, Ladak and Nubra, alt. 11-12,000 ft., Thomson. - Distrib. Siberia, China. Pubescent and pilose. Branches diffuse. Stipules cuneate, acute, ciliate. Peduncles 2-5-flowered ; bracts linear, reflexed, ciliate. Sepals ovate, 5-nerved, ciliate, awn long. Petals as long as the sepals, broadly ovate, nerved, ciliate at the base. Carpels hispid. Seeds glabrous, minutely aciculate. - The Siberian specimen in Herb. Kew. resembles the Tibetan, and does not accord with Ledebour's description as to the stamens, which, however, Chinese specimens do. tt Leaves not pinnatisect. 4. E. tibetanum, Edgew.; annual?, leaves 3-fid velvety beneath, sepals obovate obtuse not awned, carpels not pitted below the beak. Western Tibet, Falconer ; Ladak Valley below Hanle, alt. 12-15,000 ft., Thomson, Hay. Hoary, almost stemless. Leaves oblong-ovate, more or less inciso-crenate ; stipules cuneate, scarious, ciliate. Peduncles shorter than the leaves, 2- or more-flowered, bracts ciliate. Sepals pubescent, with a small knob in place of a mucro. Petals elliptic, page 435 exceeding the sepals. Ovary silky. Carpels brown, stipitate, with stiff white hairs, split on the back ; beak 3/4-1 in. long, 3-4 times the length of the cell, rough on the outer side, in the inner side with long brown hairs and a few setae, hairy to the tip. - This resembles E. chium and aegyptiacum, which differ in their mucronate sepals.5. E. malacoides, Willd. ; DC. Prodr. i. 648 ; anuual, leaves 3-fid or lacerate shortly pubescent, sepals awned, carpels pitted below the beak. Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 803. Panjab, Falconer; Indus Valley at Attok, Peshawur, and Hazara, Stewart. - DISTRIB. Westward to S. Europe and N. Africa. Softly hairy, hairs on the stem deflexed. Stems erect or diffuse, elongate, branched. Leaves ovate- oblong, acute or obtuse, shortly appressed-pubescent, lovver cordate; stipules large, scarious, acute or obtuse. Inflorescence glandular; peduncles 3-many-flowered; bracts ovate, scarious, ciliate. Sepals membranous, two outer 5-and three inner 3-nerved, awn hairy. Petals ciliate at the base, obovate, lilac; 9-nerved. Filaments glabrous, lanceolate. Staminodes linear. Ovary hairy. Carpels stipitate, 3-gonous, setose ; beak 4-5 times as long as the cell, with stiff brown hairs for 1/4 of its length ; pits with a deep fold. ** Beak of carpels plumose on the ventral face, with long soft cilia. 6. E. stipaceum, Edgew. ; hoary, annual, leaves oblong crenate-toothed lobed or unequally pinnatifid, sepala silkily hoary apiculate, filaments ciliate 5 inner the broadest, carpels slender hispid with transverse wrinkles at the tip of the valves, beak very long. WESTERN Tibet? Vigne (Herb. Falconer); Panjab beyond the Indus in Bannu Stewart. Root woody, but apparently annual ; branches straggling. Leaves 1/2-1 in., variable in shape, oblong or linear- oblong ; petiole slender. Peduncles several-flowered ; pedicels short. Flowers 1/3 in. diam. Sepals concave, strongly 3-nerved. Petals narrow-cuneate, equalling the sepals. Filaments subulate, ciliate, the inner series much the largest and broadest. Fruit 3-4 in., slender, erect; carpels slender, narrowed into a stipes, terete, transversely grooved at the base of the beak, covered with stiff hairs with swollen bases, beaks membranous, silky, hairs fulvous. - A very close ally of Monsonia heterotricha, notwithstanding the different stamens. DOUBTFUL AND EXCLUDED SPECIES. E. violaefolium, Turz. Mosc. Bull, xxxvi. i. 592. "Caespitos", diffuse, pilose, leaves petiolate cordate obtuse sinuate-lobate crenate, with scattered adpressed hairs, peduncles 3-5-flowered, calyx aristate, fruit densely hairy." - Western Peninsula, Perrotet. '' Root fibrous, stalk 4-5 in. long, arista not plumose when young." - Specimens not seen, only known from the above (? Monsonia senegalensis). E. NILAGIRICUM, Schlecht. Herb. Ind. Or. 1560, is an introduced Cape Pelargonium (P. grossularioides). 5. OXALIS, Linn. Acid herbs, rarely shrubby. Leaves radical or alternate, stipulate or exstipulate, compound, usually 3-foliolate. Flowers on axillary 1- or more-flowered peduncles, regular. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, hypogynous, contorted. Glands of the disk 0. Stamens 10, free or united at the base, all anther-bearing. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled ; styles 5, distinct, stigma terminal capitate 2-fid or laciniate ; ovules 1 or more in each cell. Capsule with loculicidal dehiscence, valves persistent to the axis. Seeds with an outer fleshy coat which bursts elastically, testa crustaceous, albumen fleshy; embryo straight. - Distrib. Species about 200, chiefly tropical and temperate S. American and S. African. page 436 1. O. corniculata, Linn. ; DC Prodr. i. 692 ; appressed-pubescent. diffuse, creeping, leaves 3-foIiolate, stipules adnate to the petiole, peduncles 2-∞-fid, petals yellow notched. Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 866 : Wall. Cat. 457 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 457 ; W. & A. Prodr. 142. O. repens, Thunb. ; Wight Ic. t. 18. O. pusilla, Salisb. ; Roxb. I.c. Throughout the warmer parts of India and Ceylon, ascending the Himalaya to 7000 ft. - DISTRIB Cosmopolitan. A very varinble weed, abundant in cultivated places. Leaves long-petioled ; leaflets obcordate. Flowers subumbellate. Sepals obtuse, bracts setaceous, Petals yellow, obcordate. Fruiting-pedicels depressed. Capsule tomentose, subcylindric, cells many-seeded. Seeds transversely ribbed. 2. O. Acetosella, Linn. ; DC. Prod. i. 700 : pilose, stemless, rootstock creeping scaly, leaves all radical 3-foliolate leaflets broadly obcordate, stipules large broad membranous, peduncles 1 -flowered, petals white. Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 806. Temperate Himalaya, from Kashmir, alt. 8000 ft., to Sikkim, alt. 8-12,000 ft. - Distrib. N. Asia, Europe, N. Africa, N. America. Petioles 3-6 in.; leaflets 1/3-2/3 in., obcordate, often purple beneath. Peduncle axillary, slender, 2-bracteolate about the middle. Flowers 1/2-3/4 in. diam. Sepals oblong. Petals obovate, white or pale-rose, veined with purple, erose, cohering above the claw. Capsule erect, cells 2-3-seeded. Seeds longitudinally ribbed. 3. O. Griffithii, Edgew. & Hook. f. ; pilose or villous, rootstock creeping, leaves all radical 3-foliolate leaflets triangular retuse, stipules small ovate-lanceolate, peduncles 1-flowered, petals white. Temperate Eastern Himalaya; Bhotan, Griffith ; Sikkim, in woods, alt. 8-10,000 ft. J. D. H. : Khasia Mts., alt. 5-7000 ft., H.f. & T. Very similar to O. Acetosella, but the whole plant more hairy, leaflets triangular, and stipules small. 6. BIOPHYTUM, De Cand. Annual rarely perennial herbs, with simple or branched stems. Leaves abruptly pinnate, fascicled or almost whorled at the top of the stem ; leaflets opposite, oblique ; petiole swollen at the base. Peduncles terminal ; pedicels umbelled. Flowers small, yellow, rarely purple. Sepals 5, lanceolate, acuminate. Petals 5. Stamens 10, filaments free, 5 outer smaller. Styles 5, stigmas notched at the apex or 2 fid. Capsule ovoid or oblong or subglobose, splitting loculicidally sometimes to the base into 5 spreading valves. Seeds as in Oxalis. - Distrib. Tropical Asia, Africa, and America. Species about 20 ; various species have sensitive leaves which, and the leaflets, close downwards. The flowers are dimorphous as regards the relative length of the styles and stamens. * Stem simple. Leaflets rounded or merely apiculate at the tip, the terminal pair usually the largest. 1. B. sensitivum, DC. Prodr. i. 600; leaflets 6-15 pairs oblong nearly straight except the terminal tip apiculate or not, peduncles long or short not clubbed at the top, flowers shortly pedicelled, sepals usually much exceeding the capsule, seeds with obliquely transverse tubercled ridges. Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 457 ; W. & A. Prodr. 162; Bot. Reg. xxxi. t. 68 ; Wall Cat. 4343 C, E. page 437 Throughout the hotter parts of India, ascending to 6000 ft. in the Himalaya, and CEYLON. - DISTRiB. Tropical Asia, Africa, and America. Stems long or short, slender or robust, hispidly pubescent. Leaves 1 1/2-5 in.; petiole hispidulous or merely ciliate ; leaflets very variable in size, 1/4-1/2 in., sometimes arched a little upwards, nearly equal at the base except the terminal one, which is obovate and oblique at the contracted base, nerves few or many rather oblique often waved. Peduncles very variable, 1/2-5 in., hispid, sometimes swollen at the tip ; bracts rigid, setaceous; pedicels usually shorter than the sepals, sometimes equalling them or a little longer. Sepals rigid, subulate-lanceolate, grooved, glandular and hispid. Petals usually twice as long as the sepals, yellow (sometimes purple?). Capsule elliptic, shining ; cells few-seeded. Seeds very variable, minute, with transverse oblique acute or obtuse ridges that are more or less broken up into tubercles. Var. 1. Candolleana ; leaflets 10-15 pairs, more or less strigose or appressed pilose on the upper surface, seeds both tubercled and grooved. B. Candolleanum, Wight Ill. i. 161, t. 62 ; Wall Cat. 4343 D. - Western Peninsula, and Ceylon. Var. 2. assamica ; leaves 3-7 in., leaflets 7-15 pairs glabrous, petiole and rachis nearly glabrous, seeds turbinate smooth acutely furrowed, flowers yellow. Wall. Cat. 4343 G. - Assam. Var. 3. nervifolilia; leaflets about 12 pairs glabrous, nerves few strong and waved beneath as in B. Apodiscias. B. nervifolium, Thwaites Enum. 64. - Bengal, Ceylon. Mr. Edgeworth, who has laboriously studied the Indian forms of this genus, distinguishes as species - 1, B. Candolleanum, described above ; 2, B. sesbanioides, Edgew. mss (Wall. Cat. 4343 A), with ciliate downy nerved leaflets, and (judging from dried specimens) purple flowers; 3, B. Cumingianum, Turcz. in Bull. Mosc. with 6-15 pairs of glabrous leaflets, and 4, B. poterioides, Edgew. mss. (Wall. Cat. 4343 B) which is stemless with 6-12 pairs of glabrous leaflets, strongly nerved beneath, purple petals and shining not tubercled seeds with forked furrows. 2. B. Apodiscias, Turcz. in Bull. Mosc. xxxvi. i. 599 (Aposcias by error) ; leaflets 5-7 pairs small shortly and reniformly obovoid widening towards the rounded tip, nerves beneath few strong horizontal waved, pedicels sessile, seeds with scattered tubercles. Oxalis sessilis, Hamilton in Wall. Cat. 4344. O. Petersii, Klotzsch in Peters Mossamb. Reis. Bot. t. 5. Bengal, at Monghir, Hamilton; Assam, Griffith; Khasia Mts., alt. 3-5000 ft., J. D. H. & T. T. ; Mysore and Carnatic, G. Thoms. Herb. Annual. Stem 1-2 in., slender. Leaves 1-1 1/2 in., crowded; leaflets rather coriaceous, pale, the lowest smallest orbicular-ovate, the middle ones truncate at the base, the terminal with a contracted oblique base and much arched midrib ; petiole puberulous. Flowers 1/6 in. long. Sepals exceeding the pedicels. - Probably only a state of B. sensitivum, approaching var. nervifolium, but distinguished by the small size, arched midrib of the leaflets, absence of peduncle, and simply tubercled seeds. 3. B. adiantoides, Wight mss. ; leaflets 12-25 pairs linear-oblong tip rounded very unequal at the base, midrib straight, peduncles slender, pedicels equalling the sepals. Tenasserim, at Mergui, Griffith. A very distinct and large species ; stem, petiole, rachis and peduncles tomentose and pilose. Leaflets 3/4 in. long, sides nearly straight, base obliquely truncate, lower edge short, upper long, sometimes produced into an obscure lobe at the anterior maigin. Peduncles slender, with a clubbed mass of bracts at the apex. Flowers imperfect. 4. B. Reinwardtii, Walp. Rep. i. 476 ; leaflets 10-20 pairs oblong tip rounded equal at the base glabrous, midrib straight, nerves slender oblique, peduncles slender, pedicels equalling or exceeding the small flowers, capsule almost equalling the small sepals. O. sensitiva, Zucc. in Munch. Denks. ix. 183, t. v. B. O. Reinwardtii, Zucc. in Munch. Abhand. i. 274. page 438 O. Metziana, Miq. in Herb. Hohenack. 144. O. gracilenta, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1870, ii. 68. O. sensitiva, Wall. Cat. 4343 F, R. - Rheede Hort. Mal. ix. 33, t. 19.Throughout the hotter parts of India, as far to the N.W.as Garwhal ; and in Ceylon. - DISTRIB. China, Java. But distinguished from B. sensitivum by the graceful habit, slender peduncles, and small flowers with the capsule not much overtopped by the sepals. The seeds vary in amount of furrowing and tubercles exactly as in B. sensitivum. The following three varieties are regarded as species by Mr. Edgeworth : - Var. 1. Reinwardtii proper ; seeds spirally furrowed. O. Reinwardtii, Zucc. in part. O. sensitiva, Linn. Herb, in part ; Wall. Cat. 4343 B 2. Var. 2. nervioides; seeds deeply furrowed and tubercled. Var. 3. Metziana; seeds turbinate 5-7 furrowed tuberculate. - To which should be added - Var. 4. gracilenta; seeds tubercled not furrowed. ** Stem usually branched in a proliferous manner. Leaflets usually cuspidate or acuminate ; the terminal pair generally shorter than the rest. 5. B. nudum, Arin Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. xviii. 326; stem tall simple or branched, leaflets 15-30 pairs linear-oblong obliquely abruptly cuspidate equal at the base, midrib straight, nerves close-set, pedicels equalling or exceeding the sepals, seeds tubercled not furrowed. Wight Ill. i. 161. Ceylon, Central Province, alt. 4-6000 ft. Apparently annual. Stem 6-18 in., sometimes as stout as a goose-quill, often umbellately branched. Leaves 2-3 in., rachis tomentose ; leaflets 1/3 in , glabrous, margins thickened, base truncate. Peduncles slender, pubescent ; pedicels pilose. Sepals 1/6 in., scarcely exceeding the globose capsule. 6. B. proliferum, Arn. in Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. xviii. 327; stem slender prostrate copiously dichotomously branched from a woody stock, leaves short, leaflets very small 5-10-pairs oblong obliquely cuspidate, midrib nearly straight, base equal, peduncles very short usually 1-flowered, seeds tubercled not furrowed. Wight III. i. 162. Ceylon, alt. 6000 ft., Walker, Gardner, &c. A remarkable species, easily recognised by its excessively branched prostrate habit, slender branches, minute leaflets, and solitary, rarely geminate flowers. Branches and peduncles pubescent. Leaves rarely 1 in., in whorls; leaflets 1 in. long, usually glabrous above ; nerves oblique, slender. Peduncles much shorter than the leaves and than the very slender pedicels. Sepals hairy, about as long as the leaflets. - I identify this with Arnott's plant on the faith of two specimens thus ticketed by himself in Wight's herbarium, though Arnott describes the umbel as 2-5-flowered. and the leaflets as pilose above, and does not allude to the remarkable smallness of the foliage; whence I suspect that he had both this and the following under his eye. 7. B. intermedium, Wight III. i. 162 ; branches very numerous from a stout woody rootstock slender dichotomously branched, leaflets 15-20 pairs linear-oblong abruptly cuspidate, midrib somewhat arched, base equal, peduncles usually exceeding the leaves several-flowered. Ceylon, Walker. A much larger plant than B. proliferum, of a very different habit, having long arching branches arising from a woody stock as thick as the finger. Leaves 2 in. long ; leaflets 1/4-1/3 in., glabrous or pilose above, margins sometimes ciliate, nerves close-set, oblique ; petiole ciliate with loig hairs. Flowers three times as large as in B. proliferum. - l have identified this by specimens in Wight's Herbaiium ; which contains a page 439 somewhat similar plant (described below as a variety) from the Pulney Mountains that differs in being apparently annual, and having more pilose foliage.? Var. 1. pulneyense ; annual, stem simple below subumbellately branched above, leaflets slightly hairy above. O. sensitivum, Herb. Wight Kew Distrib. 302. - Pulney Mts. Var. 2. verticillatum ; annual?, stem dichotomously branched, leaves and leaflets smaller often much ciliated on one or both surfaces. B. verticillatum, Wight III. i. 162. - B. sensitivum var. Heyneana, Wall. Cat. 4343 I. 8. B. polyphyllum, Munro in Wight III. i. 162 ; silky and villous, stem stout umbellately branched, leaves long very narrow flexuous, leaflets minute 30-50 pairs shortly falcate-oblong gradually and obliquely acuminate terminal pair much the smallest. NILGHIRI Mts., at Kundalis, Munro. An exceedingly curious and distinct species, remarkable for the slender, flexuous leaves, 2-3 in. long, and very minute crowded leaflets, 1/8 in. long, which are not abruptly cuspidate as in the preceding species ; rachis villous with long hairs. 6.* AVERRHOA, Linn. Trees. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, pinnate with a terminal leaflet ; leaflets subopposite. Flowers small, regular, in panicled axillary or ramal cymes. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, contorted. Glands 0. Stamens 10, united at the base, all perfect or 5 without anthers. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled, without a beak; styles 5, distinct, stigmas capitate ; ovules numerous in the cells. Berry oblong, 5-lobed. Seeds naked or arilled, albumen scanty, fleshy ; embryo straight. - Distrib. Three or four species, of which two are copiously cultivated in many hot countries, probably both natives of the New World, in which alone is a native species found. Very likely both were introduced by the Portuguese into India. A. Carambola, Linn.; DC. Prodr. i. 689; leaflets 2-5 pairs ovate or ovate-lanceolate acute glabrous and glaucous beneath, fruit with acutely angled lobes, seeds arillate. Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 450 ; W. & A. Prodr. 141 ; Brandis For. Flor. 45; Beddome Fl. Sylvat. 39. - Rheede Hort. Mal. iii. t. 43, 44. In gardens throughout the hotter parts of India as far north as Lahore. - Native country unknown. A small tree, densely branched. Leaflets 1 1/2-3 in. ; petiole stout, pubescent. Flowers chiefly axillary, variegated white and purple. Calyx glabrous, half as long as the petals. Stamens 10, 5 shorter without anthers, or sometimes 1 or 2 of these longer and antheriferous. Ovary pubescent. Fruit 3 in. long, yellow ; aril 2-lobed, lacerate. - Two varieties are known, sweet and sour. The former is eaten raw and cooked. Leaflets irritable to the touch. A. BILIMBI, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. i. 689 ; leaflets 5-17 pairs oblong or linear-lanceolate acuminate pubescent beneath, fruit with 5 rounded lobes, seeds not arillate. Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 451 ; W. & A. Prodr. 142; Brandis For. Fl. 46 ; Beddome Fl. Sylv. t. 117. - Rheede Hort. Mal. 3, t. 45. In gardens throughout the hotter parts of India, also naturalized as an escape. - Native country unknown. 7. CONNAROPSIS, Planch. Trees or shrubs. Leaves pinnately 1-3-foliolate ; leaflets coriaceous, quite entire, strongly nerved, triple-nerved at the base, margined. Flowers minute. page 440 regular, in terminal and axillary panicled cymes. Sepals 5, imbricate, connate at the base. Petals 5, imbricate. Giands 0. Stamens 10, filaments united at the base, the alternate shorter. Ovary 5-angled, 5-celled ; styles 5, subulate, stigmas apiculate ; ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit fleshy, 5-lobed. - DISTRIB. Three species, all from the Malayan archipelago.1. C. monophylla, Planch. in Herb. Hook. ; leaves 1 -foliolate, leaflets ovate obtusely acuminate shining above glaucous beneath, panicles puberulous of slender spiciform erect branches. Malacca, Griffith, Cuming, Maingay. A small round-headed tree. Leaflets 2-3 in,, quite entire; petiole 1/3 in., slender. Panicles 3-5 in. long. Sepals pubescent. Corolla suburceolate ; petals oblong, bloodred, tips subrecurved. Ovary pilose. Fruit obtusely angled, 5-furrowed ; endocarp fibrous, sending outwards fibres which reticulately divide the sarcocarp. Albumen copious; embryo green, radicle terete. (Descr. chiefly from Griffith's notes.) 2. C. Griffithii, Planch. in Herb. Hook.; leaves 3-foliolate ovate or elliptic-lanceolate long-acuminate opaque above, panicles short broad tomentose. Hook.f. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 166 (name only). Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. A small tree. Branches woody, bark black. Leaflets 2 1/2-3 1/2 in., pale, pubescent, as are their short petioles ; nerves remote ; petiole 3/4 in., that of the leaflets 1/4 in. Inflorescence ferruginous. Flowers usually all antheriferous. Stamens usually on the old wood, 1/2 in. long, brown purple. Fruit 2 in,, yeliow. - Kurz (Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1870, ii. 69), considers that this should bear the name of C. diversifolia, because it was first described as Rourea diversifolia by Miquel (Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 528), a view I cannot adopt, seeing that Miquel put it not only in a wrong genus, but in a wrong Natural Order, and that the trivial name diversifolia is not applicable. Moreover, I doubt C. Griffithil being the same with Miquel s plant, which latter has lucid leaves, whereas those of C. Griffithii are singularly opaque.- Fruit acid, eaten cooked, pickled or preserved with sugar. Leaves irritable to the touch. 8. IMPATIENS, Linn. (By J. D. Hooker.) Herbs, rarely shrubby at the base. Leaves opposite or alternate, in some whorled, in others all radical, simple, exstipulate, or with stipular glands at the base of the petiole. Flowers in scapes, or in axillary or terminal 1-2-many-flowered peduncles, irregular, resupinate. Sepals 3 rarely 5, imbricate ; 2 anterior when present minute ; 2 lateral small, flat, usually green ; posterior (anterior in flower) large, petaloid, produced into a hollow spur or sac. Petals 3 (or 5) ; anterior (outer in bud) large ; lateral 2-lobed (or 2 connate). Stamens 5, filaments short, broad ; anthers cohering. Disk 0. Ovary oblong, 5-ceIled ; stigma sessile, 5-toothed ; ovules many, 1-seriate in each cell. Capsule loculicidal ; valves 5, elastically springing away from a placentiferous axis. Seeds smooth or tubercled, glabrous or hairy, albumen 0, embryo straight. - Distrib. Mountains of trop. Asia and Africa, rare in temp. Europe, N. America, N. Asia, and S. Africa; species about 150. The species of Impatiens are difficult of determination, in a dried state especially ; and for Beddome's I am chiefly dependent on his published plates. Minute flowers fertilized in the bud occur in some species apart from the others. The following arrangement is that suggested by myself in the Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. iv. p. 106 (Dec. 1859), with the addition of the Peninsula species subsequently described by Beddome, and with the important change consequent on dividing the genus into two principal groups, a Himalayan, with slender terete or obovate capsules, and a chiefly Peninsular group, with the capsule short and swollen in the middle. To avoid verbiage I shall employ the same terms used in that arrangement, of Sepals fur the 2 page 441 lateral sepals (or 4 when present) ; Lip for the spurred sepal ; Standard for the petal next the axis; and Wings for the combined pairs of lateral petals.Conspectus of Sections. Series A. Capsule ellipsoid or oblong, short, (rarely 1/2 in.), turgid in the middle. Seeds rounded, often with a shining brittle or hairy testa. - Chiefly Peninsular, Ceylon and Khasian species. - Capsule slender in I. Kleinii, trilobata, and perhaps in a few other species of group iii. A I. - SCAPIGERAE. Root-stock tuberous, perennial. Leaves all radical. Scape slender ; flowers racemed. - All Western Peninsula and Ceylon. (Sp. 1-9.) A II. - Oppositifoliae. Annual. Leaves all opposite, or the upper rarely all whorled in threes (never alternate), usually acutely serrate. Pedicels solitary or fascicled. Seeds few, large, testa black glabrous. - The pedicels of I. Lawii, salicifolia, and others are sometimes arranged on a short peduncle. (Sp. 10-25.) A III. - Subverticillatae. Annual. Leaves all opposite or subopposite, or the lower alternate and upper opposite or whorled, rarely all alternate. Peduncles 1- or more-flowered. Seeds often villous or hairy. (Sp. 26-36.) A IV. - UNIFLORAE. Mostly annual. Leaves all alternate, usually rather distant. Flowers solitary or fascicled ; pedicels not crowded on a common peduncle. (Sp. 37-53.) A V. - LATERIFLORAE. Leavcs all alternate, rather distant, not all approximate or whorled. Peduncles axillary, 1-3 rarely 4-5-flowered ; flowers racemose (not umbelled). (Sp. 51-57.) A VI. - Epiphyticae. Succulent short stemmed epiphytes. Peduncles 1-2-flowered. Standard and wings very small ; lip very large, laterally compressed and saccate. - Western Peninsula. (Sp. 58-60.) A VII. - Umbellatae and Subcapitatae. Leaves all alternate, rarely opposite, often crowded at the end of the stem or branches and almost whorled. - Flowers in peduncled dense racemes or subumbelled corymbs; bracts often conspicuous. - Chiefly Western Peninsula and Khasia Mts. (Sp. 61-76.) A VIII. - Racemosae. Leaves usually crowded upwards, all alternate. Peduncles many, subterminal, elongate, at length exceeding the leaves, many-flowered. Flowers racemose, rarely whorled or fascicled. (Sp. 77-87.) Series B. Capsule elongate, linear or clavate, rarely shortly clavate Seeds oblong or obovoid, compressed ; testa usually rugulose, opaque, coriaceous, quite glabrous. - Chiefly Himalayan and Khasia Mts. species. (Capsule doubtful in I. tropaeolifolia, Griff.) B I. - Oppositifoliae and VERTICILLATAE. Leaves all opposite or whorled or a few alternate. - Stout, tall, succulent, annual species, with subumbelled, often purplish flowers on long peduncles. (Sp. 88-91.) B II. - UNIFLORAE. Leaves all alternate. Flowers solitary or rarely 2 together, on slender axillary pedicels. (Sp. 92-94.) B III. - AXILLIFLORAE. Leaves all alternate. Flowers in axillary 2-4-flowered peduncles, not umbelled or racemed. (Sp. 95-106.) page 442 B IV. - SUBUMBELLATAE. Leaves all alternate, very rarely opposite. Peduncles usually fascicled towards the top of the stem or branches, many-flowered. Flowers in interrupted racemes, subumbelled or whorled, often large purplish, small and yellow in I. radiata. (Sp. 107-111.) B V. - Racemose. Leaves alternate, very rarely opposite. Peduncles usually fascicled towards the top of the stem or branches. Flowers often small, in uninterrupted racemes, usually yellow. (Sp. 112-122.) A. Capsule short, trapezoid or ellipsoid. A I. - SCAPIGERAE. * Spur shorter than the flower or 0. Wings 3-lobed, except in I. orchioides. 1. I. Beddomei, Hook.f. ; quite glabrous, leaves orbicular or reniform-cordate, bracts obtuse or subacute, standard short broader than long, wing-lobes 3 subequal retuse, spur incurved clavate obtuse. I. scapiflora, W. & A. Prodr. 137 in part ; Wight III t. 967; H.f.H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 118 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Flor. 43, not of Heyne. Mountains of Malabar; near Dodabet, Coonnoor, and elsewhere in the Nilghiris, Wight. A foot high or less. Leaves 1-4 in. diam., fleshy, quite entire or obscurely crenate-serrate ; nerves flabellate. Racemes 1-4 in. ; bracts broadly ovate ; pedicels slender. Flowers 1/2 in. diani. ; sepals broadly and obliquely ovate; wings with three subequal short truncate retuse lobes; spur rather shorter than the flower. Capsule 1/3 in., elliptic. Seeds minute, granulate. - Being obliged to find a new name for this beautiful plant, I have selected that of Col. Beddome, who has made the Peninsular species his special study. 2. I. modesta, Wight in Madr. Journ. v. 13 ; Ic. t. 968; leaves ovate-cordate acute crenate-serrate sparsely hairy above, bracts with thickened tips, standard short broader than long, wings with 3 subequal obtuse lobes, spur recurved short obtuse. I. tenuis, Bedd. in Madr. Journ. ser. 2, iv. 69, t. 7, f. 12; Ic. Pl.Ind. Or. p. 31. Mountains of Malabar; Nilghiri, and Sivagherry hills, Wight. Anamallay hills, alt. 5-7000 ft., Bcddome. A foot high or less. Leaves 1-5 in. ; basal lobes tounded, with a rounded sinus on each side of the petiole. Scape very slender: raceme 1-2 in ; pedicels capillary; bracts much smaller and narrower than in Beddomei. Flowers 1/3 in. diam., pink ; sepals small. Capsule 1/6-1/4 in., elliptic, acute at both ends. Seeds minute. (Wings pubescent on the surface, Beddome.) 3. I. Stocksii, H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 119; very small, quite glabrous, leaves orbicular oblong or broad-ovate obtuse crenate base acute or rounded, bracts acute, standard orbicular, lip boat-shaped spurless. Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Flor. 42. Mountains of the Concan, Law, Stocks. Much the smallest of the Scapigerous section, 1-4 in. Leaves 1/2-3/4 in. diam., tip obtuse or rounded, nerves flabellate ; petiole as long or shorter than the blade; pedicels thick for the size of the plant; bracts small, ovate. Flowers few, 3-6. Sepals broadly ovate, obtuse; standard as broad as long, not very concave, obtuse, rather rhomboid; wings with three obtuse lobes, the lower rather the longest. Capsule 1/4 in., elliptic, turgid, acute. Seeds minute, linear-oblong. 4. I. crenata, Bedd. in Madr. Journ. ser. 2, iv. 69. t. 7, f. 10 ; Ic. PI. Ind. Or. p. 31 ; leaves orbicular-reniform or cordate crenate, scape very page 443 slender few-flowered, standard broader than long very concave, spur short obtuse. I. Akka, Beddome, I.c. 69, f. 11.Malabar, in the Anamallay and Akka Mts, alt. 5-8000 ft., Beddome. I have not seen this species, which Beddome describes as perhaps not distinct from I. Stocksii ; from which, however, it seems to diifer in the large flowers, long scapes, short pedicels, shape of the standard, and presence of a distinct spur, as well as in the habitat. Though originally described as different plants, Beddome subsequently united bis I. crenata and Akka, which according to his descriptions differ in the first having hairy nerves on the leaves above, short petioles, and a crenate standard ; both have hairy upper surfaces of the wings and large flowers (how large is not stated), pure white with a blue tuft of hairs in I. crenata. 5. I. orchioides, Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. p. 31, t. 151; leaves ovate-cordate obtuse acuminate very hairy above, bracts ovate, standard ovate, wings with two subulate tails, lip saccate spurless. Koondah Mts. in Malabar, near Avalanche Ghat, Beddome. Leaves 1 1/2-2 in., glabrous beneath, crenatures bristle-pointed; petiole very long. Scape 6-7-fiowered ; pedicels very slender. Flowers 1/3 in. diam., like those of a Liparis, reddish-brown ; sepals ovate ; standard obtuse, not vaulted ; wings with a dimidiate oblong blade produced into two pendulous tails longer than itself; lip acute. Capsule contracted at both ends. Seeds minute scrobiculate. - Description from Beddome, who describes the sepals as small, but figures them as remarkably large for the size of the plant. ** Spur longer than the flower. Wings 3-lobed (except in I. acaulis). 6. I. acaulis, Arn. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 325 ; glabrous, leaves orbicular ovate-cordate or oblong, base acute rounded or cordate (not deeply 2-lobed), standard obovate very concave, wings 2-partite terminal lobe largest, spur very slender. Thwaites Enum. 68 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Flor. 42 ; H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 118 ; Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. p. 31. I. scapiflora, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3587 ; W. & A. Prodr. 137, in part. I. bulbosa, Moon Cat. 18. I. gracilis, Bedd. in Madr. Journ. ser. 2, iv. 69, t. 7, f. 13. Mountains of the central province of Ceylon ; alt. 3-5000 ft., and of Malabar and the CONCAN ? Very variable in size and robustness, 2-12 in. high. Leaves 1-6 in. ; usually on slender petioles, more or less crenate. Scape stout, Racemes 1-4 in. ; bracts broad; pedicels stout, 1 in. Flowers 1/2-1 1/2 in. broad ; sepals broadly ovate ; standard short, broader upwards ; wings variable in the length and breadth of the segments, which are falcate and truncate ; spur very slender, variable in length. Capsule 1/4-1/3 in., ellipsoid, acute at both ends. - Thwaites suspects that the Ceylon plant cannot be scapiflora, because Wallich describes the spur as several inches long, but in some of our specimens it attains 3 inches. Wight and Arnott, in the Prodromus, apparently confound acaulis with the true I. scapifiora. There is so much diversity in the foliage of specimens which the 2-partite wing obliges me to refer to this species, that I cannot but repeat that this and the three following may prove to be forms of one. Some have the orbicular reniform leaves of I. scapiflora, others the ovate-cordate and pilose leaves of I. rivalis (notably Thwaites, No. 2595), others the elliptic leaves of I. rivalis, var. 2, and still others the oblong leaves with rounded sinus of I. Denisonii. The species of this group cannot be determined from dried specimens. Beddome (Ic. PI. Ind. Or. p. 31) states that I. acaulis and rivalis " could never be confounded except in dried specimens." 7. I. scapiflora, Heyne in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey., ii. 464 ; leaves orbicular cordate or reniform sinus usually deep and broad above tip rounded obscurely crenate serrate, standard large orbicular rhomboid, wings with 3 broad segments, spur very slender. page 444 Mountains of Malabar, Heyne ; Bababud, Herb. Rottler. A specimen of this plant in Rottler's Herbarium, labelled by himself " I. scapiflora, Heyne," may, I assume, be regarded as authentic for the plant discovered by the author of the species. It is certainly not the plant which bears this name in the Linnean Journal (see I. Beddomei), which has a short spur and 2-partite wings ; it entirely resembles round-leaved forms of I. acaulis, except in the 2-partite wings. The leaves are evidently fleshy, obscurely crenate, with radiating nerves ; the bracts thick, and scape and pedicels stout. Flowers 1 in. diam. ; segments of wings recurved-falcate linear, rather broad, tips rounded. 8. I. rivalis, Wight in Madr. Journ. v. 13, t. 8 ; Ic. t. 751 ; leaves ovate-cordate with an acute sinus or a rounded base or elliptic and acute at both ends crenate-serrate usually hairy above, standard broader than long vaulted, wings 3-partite, spur very long. H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 119. Mountains of the Concan, Canara, Malabar, and Travancor, alt. 5-8000 ft. Very variable in stature, 6-18 in. high. Leaves extremely variable in form and pubescence, feather-nerved, never orbicular-reniform with a broad sinus as in I. scapiflora and Denisonii. - Except by the wings I do not see how some specimens are to be distinguished from I. acaulis, but Beddome says they " never could be confounded except in dried examples;" he reduces his verrucosa to this species (Ic. PI. lnd. Or. p. 31). Var. 1. leaves 2-5 in. ovate-oblong hairy acute, base rounded or cordate. Wight Ic. t. 757. Var. 2. leaves 4-8 in. elliptic acute at both ends, petiole as long very stout. - Concan, Stocks. Var. 3. leaves 3-4 in. ovate -cordate, wings with a batch of warts on the upper surface. I. verrucosa, Bedd. in Madr. Journ. iv. 69, t. 7, f. 9. 9. I. Denisonii, Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. p. 30, t. 151 ; leaves ovate-cordate obtuse or acute crenate pilose above base deeply 2-lobed sinus broad, scape and pedicels very long and slender, standard broadly ovate vaulted, wings 3-partite bearded on the inner face, lateral segment with a filiform appendage enclosed in the long recurved spur. NILGHIRI Mts. ; abundant in the Sisparah ghat, alt. 4-5000 ft., Beddome. Apparently very near to I. rivalis, differing in the deeply 2-lobed base of the leaf, smaller flowers, (3/4 in. diam.) with much narrower and longer segments to the wings. and in the curious filiform appendages of the latter that descend into the spur as in I. racemosa, and which are no doubt concerned in the process of fertilization. I suspect that Herb. Wight. Kew Disirib. 310 is referable to this, not to I. acaulis. A II. - OPPOSITIFOLIAE. * Spur as long as the flower or longer. 10. I. chinensis, Linn.; glabrous, stem angled, leaves all opposite subsessile linear-oblong or obovate, stipules setaceous, sepals linear, standard orbicular, wings semi-obovate entire base auricled, spur very slender incurved. Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 42 ; H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 119. I. fasciculata, Lamk. Dict. i. 359; Wight Ic. t. 748; W. & A. Prodr. 138; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4631. I. heterophylla, Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 458 ; Cat. 4748. I. setacea, CoIeb. in Hook. Exot. Flor. t. 137. Balsamina fasciculata and B. chinensis, DC. Prodr, i. 686. - Rheede Hort. Mal. ix. t. 47. Bhotan, Griffith; mountains of the Western Peninsula, from the Concan to Travancor, alt. 5-8000 ft ; Khasia Mts., alt. 3-5000 ft. ; Birma, Wallich ; Tenasserim, Helfer; Malacca, Griffith. - Distrib. China. A very variable aud beautiful plant. Stem 4-16 in., erect from a rooting prostrate page 445 base. Leaves 1/2 to nearly 4 in., serrate, linear-oblong obovate or almost rounded, sharply serrate, acute or obtuse, base acute rounded or subcordate, glabrous or sparsely hairy, rather thick, glaucous beneath, basal serratures often setaceous ; stipules subulate, gland-tipped, recurved. Pedicels shorter or longer than the leaves, solitary or fascicled, fruiting defiexed. Flowers 1/2-1 in. diam., rose-purple or white ; perianth flat ; lip boat-shaped. Capsule 1/2-3/4 in., elliptic, turgid in the middle. Seeds many, shortly oblong, smooth, nearly black, shining. - -The Linnean type is a straight broadleaved form, but the narrow-leaved occurs in China.11. I. Griffithii, H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 120 ; lower leaves opposite petioled uppermost sessile whorled in threes, all narrow linear-lanceolate, sepals ovate-oblong acuminate, standard broad obcordate spurred behind, wings broadly 2-lobed, spur long filiform. Eastern Peninsula; Mounts Ophir and Gerai, &c., alt. 3000ft., near Malacca, Griffith, &c. A beautiful species, closely allied to I. chinensis, but very distinct in the foliage, all the leaves being narrowed at the base, and the upper in threes ; they are 1 1/2-4 in. long, rather thick, whitish beneath, glabrous and somewhat hairy on the upper surface, as is the stem sometimes, teeth remote, lower setaceous. Pedicels solitary, very rarely in pairs. Flowers 1 in. diam., perianth flat, rose-lilac. Capsule unripe, like that of I. chinensis. 12. I. Gardneriana, Wight Ic. t. 1050; nearly glabrous, stem creeping at the base, leaves whorled in threes sessile or shortly petioled ovate-oblong acute sharply serrate, sepals short, standard obovate apiculate dorsally winged, wings 2-lobed, lobes similar obovate retuse, lip boatshaped with a long slender spur. H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 121. Pastures below Sisparah in the western slopes of the Nilghiri Mts., Wight & Gardner. Stem procumbent at the base and rooting, simple, ascending. Leaves 1 1/2-2 in., distinctly petioled, very sharply seriate, ciliate towards the base. Pedancles longer than the leaves, filiform. Sepals ovate, acuminate ; wings very short and subequally 2-lobed, neither of the lobes clawed, the terminal rather the larger. Capsule oblong, small, pointed, glabrous. - I have seen no specimens of this plant ; that so named in Wight's Herbarium and distributed from it (No. 312) is an opposite-leaved species, with a very short spur, and wholly differently shaped wings. 13. I. setosa, H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 123; stem branched, leaves all opposite or uppermost whorled most of them long petioled elliptic-lanceolate acuminate distinctly serrulate, upper sessile with long cilia at the base, stipules of many setae, standard suborbicular with a dorsal wing, wings broad, spur very slender. Mountains of Malabar ; Agamalay, near Palaghautcherry, Wight ; Sisparah Ghat, alt. 3-4000 ft., Beddome. A tall erect branched annual, 1-2 ft. high ; stems below as stout as a goose-quill, quite glabrous, minutely dotted with black ; branches opposite. Leaves 2-4 in., the lower on petioles 1/2-1 in. ; petiole and both surfaces sparsely pubescent, margins at the base and stem at the upper nodes with long cilia. Pedicels quite glabrous, solitary or twin, slender, equalling the leaves. Flowers 1 in. diam, ; perianth rotate, violet -purple; sepals rather large, ciliate, apiculate ; standard suborbicular. with a broad dorsal wing ; wings broad, 3-Iobed ? ; spur curved upwards. Capsule (diseased) 1 in. long, terete, very slender. 14. I. Kleinii, W. & A. Prodr. 140; slender, branched, nearly glabrous, leaves all opposite usually petioled elliptic-lanceolate or oblong or obovate acute or acuminate distantly serrulate, pedicels glabrous, stipules of 2 glands or obsolete, flower small, sepals linear-subulate, standard small page 446 orbicular, wings with long claws broadly obovate almost entire, spur slender, capsule narrow. Wight Ic. t. 884 ; H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 122 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Flor. 43. I. tenella, Wall. Cat. 4746 B. Balsamina minor, DC. Prodr. i. 686. - Rheede Hort. Mal. ix. t. 50, 51.Mountains of the Western Peninsula, from the Concan southwards, common in the rains. A slender herb, rarely 1 ft. high; branches opposite, spreading. Leaves 1-2 1/2 in., very variable, glabrous or pilose above, glaucous beneath, rarely sessile, usually narrowed into a slender petiole. Pedicels slender, solitary or twin, reflexed in fruit. Flowers 1/3 in. diam., violet-purple ; spur hardly exceeding the flower or longer, more or less ascending. Capsule 1/2 in., ellipsoid-lanceolate. Seeds few, subglobose, black, shining. - The small flower, long spur, entire clawed wings, and small capsule with few globose seeds together best distinguish this variable plant. I never find the pedicel to have a line of pubescence as in I. tenella and inconspicua. 15. I. diversifolia, Wall. Cat. 4749 ; diffuse with ascending branches, quite glabrous, leaves all opposite faintly serrate lower shortly petioled elliptic or oblong obtuse, upper sessile linear-obiong or ligulate base cordate, sepals linear acuminate, standard small, wings broadly semi-obovate, spur long filiform. W. & A. Prodr. 139; H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc, iv. 121. I. heterophylla, Wall. Cat. 4748 B. I. Arnottiana, MiqMiq. in Herb. Hohenack. 275. Western Peninsula, from Canara to Malabar, Heyne, &c. ; Quilon, Wight; Bababoodan hills, Law. Stems very succulent, a foot or more long, rooting at the nodes. Leaves 1/2-3 in., the lower smallest and usually petioled, upper often dilated at the base, serratures rarely well defined, all very flaccid when dry; stipules obscure, glandular. Pedicels .solitary or twin, with a faint line of pubescence, usually longer than the leaf, deflexed in fruit. Flowers 3/4 in. diam. ; perianth rosy, rotate; spur ascending, sometimes thick, inflated, equalling or exceeding the flower. Capsule 1/3 in., ellipsoid, turgid. Seeds globose, dark brown, smooth, shining. - Copious specimens in Wight's Herbarium prove this to be a very variable plant, sometimes of considerable size, and not the small species it was assumed to be in the Linnean Journal. Some specimens, probably gathered in marshy places, have very thick succulent stems and large leaves, flaccid when dry, and others are very slender with leaves not 1/4 in. in breadth. 16. I. ligulata, Bedd. in Madr. Journ. ser. 2, iv. 67, t. 7, f. 6 ; Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. p. 30, t. 149 ; branched, erect, glabrous, leaves uniform subsessile linear-ligulate mucronate base cordate remotely serrate hispid above, stipules setaceous or 0, pedicels with a pubescent line, sepals linear-lanceolate, standard small, lateral wing-lobes broad almost hatchet-shaped, terminal very slender descending into the spur, spur as long as the flower stout incurved. Mountains of Travancor and Malabar, alt. 1-2500 ft , Beddome. Stem 1-2 ft. ; branches slender, spreading. Leaves 3-4 in., horizontal, very uniform in all the specimens, though probably the species occurs with broad and petioled lower leaves. Pedicels 1 or more, very slender, about half the length of the leaves. Flowers about 1 in., pink or white ; standard with a dorsal pubescent line ; spur undulate Capsule ellipsoid, swollen in the centre. Seeds about 12, glabrous, shining. - When dry it is difficult, except by the spur, to distinguish this from narrow-leaved states of I. inconspicua, tenella, and oppositifolia ; and, except from the breadth of the spur, from I. diversifolia, it being difficult to make out the curious structure of the 2 wing-lobes (that descend into the spur), except on fresh specimens. According to Beddome's figure it is the terminal lobes that are reduced to narrow ligulae and descend into the spur ; but as far as I can make out from dried specimens, it is the lateral lobes ; they are filiform, much longer and more slender than Beddome represents, and dilated at the apex. page 447 ** Spur shorter than the flower or 0. 17. I. tenella, Heyne in Wall. Cat. 4746 A ; small, slender, erect, glabrous, leaves all opposite sessile or shortly petioled ligulate oblong or lanceolate remotely serrate, stipules obscure or 0, pedicels with a line of pubescence, sepals linear acuminate, standard short, terminal lobe of wing clawed elongate lateral small, spur shorter than the flower, capsule clavate pointed few-seeded. W. & A. Prodr. 140 ; H.f.& T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 123. ?I. rosmarinifolia, Retz ; Wight Ic. t. 750. I. tenuicula, Steud. Nom. ed. 2, i. 804. Mountains of Malabar, Heyne; and the Concan, Jacquemont. Stem 4-10 in., simple or sparingly branched. Leaves 1-4 in., the upper or all nnrrow, sessile with a subcordate base, the lower (rarely all) usually narrow lanceolate and petioled. Pedicels 1-3, solitary or fascicled, capillary, erect horizontal or deflexed in fruit. Flowers about 1/3 in,, pink? Capsule glabrous, 1/3 in., straight, long- beaked. Seeds few, orbicular, compressed, shining, black. - A very obscure plant, probably a variety of I. Kleinii, intermediate between it and I. inconspicua. There is a specimen in Rottler's Herbaiium, marked I. longifiora, Heyne, from Bababud. Wight's I. rosmarinifolia ? has a very short spur. Var. brachycarpa ; spur very slender as long as the flower, capsule shorter 1/4 in. ellipsoid acute at both ends. Herb. Wight. - Cochin, Johnstone, Mysore, Lobb. Leaves 4 in. long, ligulate from a cordate sessile base in Cochin specimens. 18. I. inconspicua, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 4741 ; flaccid, glabrous, much branched from the base, leaves serrate lower ovate or oblong and petioled upper linear sessile or all ovate or all linear, stipules setaceous or 0, pedicels very slender shorter than the leaves with a line of pubescence, sepals linear-subulate, wings with a broadly rhomboid obovate clawed terminal lobe and small lateral lobe, lip saccate acuminate not spurred. W. & A. Prodr. 139 ; Wight Ic. t. 970 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 43. I. pusilla, Heyne in Wall. Cat. 4745 ; H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 122. I. filiformis, W. & A. Prodr. 140. I. mysorensis. Roth in Wall. Cat. 4743 in part. I. Perrotettii, Turcz in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1863, i. 694. Mountains of the Western Peninsula, from the Concan to Malabar ; common at 3-8000 ft. Stems 4-12 in., robust or slender, erect. Leaves 1/2-4 in., upper always narrowed and most remotely serrate, often very slender, glabrous or pubescent above, pale or glaucous beneath. Pedicels always with one line of pubescence, solitary or geminate, shorter than the leaf, deflexed in fruit. Sepals very long and narrow ; wings with a large rounded almost obovate clawed terminal lobe, and small linear lateral one. Capsule 1/3 in., turgid in the middle, acute at both ends. Seeds few, almost globose, but a little compressed, black shining. - Of this very variable plant there appear to be two extreme and totally distinct forms, but the Wallichian specimens, which are all under-sized, are so bad, that I cannot satisfactorily determine to which of them any of the synonyms quoted above should apply. One of these two forms is usually shorter, and has all the leaves 1/2-3/4 in., petioled, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, and sharply serrate ; it is the I. inconspicua of Wight's Icones, t. 970, I. tenella of Heyne, according to a specimen so named in Rottler's Herbarium, but certainly not Rottler's tenella. The other extreme form is much larger, with leaves 1 1/2-2 in., narrow-ligulate, remotely serrate, often rounded or subcordate at the base; this is the I. filiformis of Wight's Herbarium, but diflers from the description in Wight and Arnott in the pedicels not being confined to the uppermost leaves. I. mysorensis, Wall. Cat. 4743 B, is a very small state of inconspicua and not the true plant. I. ramosissima, Dalz., referred in the Journ. Linn. Soc. to I. tomentosa, Dalz., is another form, with a minute rudimentary spur. Between the extreme forms there are innumerable connecting links ; and I retain the name inconspicua, as the most applicable, the flowers being amongst the smallest of the genus. Beddome adopts the synonymy of the Prodromus for I. inconspicua, and says that he does not page 448 know I. tevella (Ic. PI. Ind. Or. p. 32). Upon the whole, I am disposed to separate the varieties as follows : -Var. 1. inconspicua proper ; stem 4-8 in. usually more robust, leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate petiolate strongly serrate, peduncles usually short. I. inconspicua, Wight Ic. t. 970. Var. 2. pusilla; smaller, lower leaves more or less petioled lanceolate and serrate, upper longer narrow subsessile remotely serrate. I. pusilla, Heyne in Wall. Cat. 4745. VAR. 3. filiformis; slender and much branched, leaves subeessile very long slender remotely senate the lower sometimes petioled and lanceolate. I. filiformis, W. & A. Prodr. 140 (a small few-flowered form). Var. 4. ramosissima ; robust, much branched, leaves uniform short sessile oblong obtuse at both ends, lip with a very minute spur. I. ramosissima, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 230. 19. I. oppositifolia, Linn.; erect, leaves .subsessile narrow-linear elongate remotely serrate, or the lower oblong or linear-oblong and petioled, stipules subulate, pedicels quite glabrous, sepals linear acuminate, wings with a broadly-obovate clawed terminal lobe and a small lateral one, lip conical ending in a short stout incurved spur. Wight Ic. t. 883 ; W. & A. prodr. 139 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 43 ; H.f & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 121. I. rosmarinifolia. Retz. Obs. v. 29; Arn. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 325. Balsamina rosmarinifolia and oppositifolia, DC. Prodr. i. 686. Mountains of Malabar, Canara, and the Concan, alt. 3-5000. Ceylon, abundant fn m the sea-level to 7000 ft., Thwaites. This is another plant so closey allied to I. tenella and inconspicua, that I do not see how they are always distinguishable, in a dried state at any rate, except by the spur and glabrous pedicels. Ceylon specimens are remarkably uniform, 12-18 in., erect, simple or sparingly branched, stipulate with very narrow leaves 1 1/2-3 in., flowers 1/2-3/4 in. long (from standard to tip of wings), and a short stout incurved spur; but Peninsular specimens have more often broadly oblong shortly-petioled leaves, sometimes rounded at the lip. Rottler's specimens are excessively slender and flaccid. The spur is tolerably uniform in all, being horned, and the peduncles invariably glabrous; the capsule and seed are quite like those of I. inconspicua. I had (in Linn. Journ.) referred to this Wight's figure of I. rosmarinifolia, t. 750, which I am now disposed to refer to I. tenella or inconspicua. 20. I. reticulata, Wall. PI. As. Rar. 19, t. 19; Cat. 4750; glabrous, stem erect from a creeping base fleshy simple or branched, leaves all opposite upper subsessile linear-oblong acute cuspidate-serrate base retuse, lower often shortly petioled, sepals narrow linear, standard ovate acute, wings clawed, claw with a hooked process (lateral lobe) on each margin, terminal lobe orbicular clawed, lip funnel-shaped narrowed into a short incurved spur. Pegu near Rangoon, Wallich ; Moulmein, Lobb. Stem 6-12 in. ; branches opposite or alternate, obscurely 4-angular. Leaves 1-1 1/2 in.; lower often narrow-obovate acute. Flowers 1/2 in. diam., rosy, nodding; fruiting peduncles deflexed. Capsule 1/3 in., ellipsoid, turgid in the middle, narrowed at both ends and beaked at the apex, glabrous. Seeds few, subglobose, testa black shining. - Very nearly allied to I. oppositifolia, with which I have confounded it in Journ. Linn. Soc. ; but the character of the 2 small lateral falcate recurved lateral lobes on each wing, is very remarkable. I describe them from Wallich's figure, and assume Lobb's plant to be the same, a point which can only be determined from living specimens. 21. I. Lawii, H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 122; erect, much branched, leaves short sessile or subsessile ovate or oblong subserrate sparsely scabrid above, stipules 0, pedicels with a line of hairs, sepals page 449 linear-lanceolate, standard orbicular cuspidate, wings with very broadly obovate subsessile terminal and small lateral lobes, lip boat-shaped spurless. Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Flor. 43.Bababoodan hills in Malabar, Law. Annual, 8-10 in. Stem rather stout, glabrous. Leaves 3/4-1 in., smaller upwards, acute, glabrous and pale beneath, the upper often cordate at the base. Pedicels about equalling the leaves, sharply deflexed in fruit. Flowers 3/4 in. diam. across the wings. Capsule 1/3 in., ellipsoid, acute at both ends. Seeds few, unripe, apparently as in I. Kleinii. - Very distinct from any of the preceding specimens of this section in the form of the wings. 22. I. Dalzellii, H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 123 ; erect, sparingly branched, quite glabrous, robust, leaves subsessile lower elliptic-lanceolate, upper ovate or oblong-lanceolate from a broad or cordate base spinulose-serrulate, stipules 0, sepals linear-lanceolate, standard suborbicular hooded winged at the back, terminal wing-lobe clawed, lip boat-shaped with a very short spur. Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 43. Mountains of the Concan, Dalzell. Stem stout, 10-18 in. high. Leaves 3-5 in., sometimes 1 1/2 in. broad, acuminate, basal serratures often with long cilia. Pedicels solitary or fascicled on a very short common peduncle, quite glabrous, shorter than the leaves, apparently not deflexed in fruit. Flowers about 1/2 in across, yellow (structure not well made out). Capsules nearly 1/2 in., ellipsoid. Seeds few, very large, broadly oblong, black, shining. - A very distinct species, which diflfers from all of this section in the often fascicled peduncles and very large seeds. 23. I. tomentosa, Heyne in Wall. Cat. 4751 ; more or less tomentose, leaves nearly uniform very shortly petioled elliptic- or oblong-ovate acute or obtuse serrulate hispid above glabrous or tomentose on the nerves beneath, sepals linear-lanceolate, standard oblong, wings with a broad sessile terminal and small lateral lobe, lip saccate. Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Flor. 43; Wight Ic. t. 749 ; H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 121 (excl. syn. of ramosissima) ; W. & A. Prodr. 139. I. rufescens, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 4747 ; W. & A. Prodr. 138 ; Wight Ic. t. 969. Mountains of Malabar and Travancor, alt. 3-7000 ft., common in swamps. Stem 4-8 in., usually simple, erect, more or less clothed with crisped rufescent hairs above, which also appear on the pedicels and often on the nerves of the leaf beneath. Leaves 1/2-1 in., short, uniform, obtuse or acute, more or less scabrid or tomentose above; nerves beneath few. Pedicels always solitary, longer or shorter than the leaf, deflexed in fruit. Flowers very variable in size, longest diameter (1/3-1/2 in.) through the lip because of its being so saccate, more or less pubescent ; wings short, terminal lobe rounded; lip obtusely conical. Capsule and seeds as in I. oppositifolia, &c. - Wight figures a short apical spur in I. rufescens, but I do not find it in any of the specimens, and I do not think that tomentosa and it are separable as permanent varieties. On the other hand, Wight's figure of I. rufescens differs so much from that of his I. tomentosa, that it seems best to rank these provisionally as varieties. Var. 1. tomentosa; flower 1/2 in. long from tip of lip to that of standard, wings with an oblong lateral lobe incumbent on a large terminal one, lip saccate with a short hooked spur. Wight I.c. Var. 2. rufescens ; flowers twice as long as in var. 1, lip shortly saccate spurless. Wight I.c. 24. I. concinna, H. f. ; small, glabrous, branches opposite, leaves uniform opposite subsessile ovate or ovate-cordate acute sharply serrate, nerves strong beneath, sepals dimidiate-lanceolate as Iong as the lip, standard orbicular spurred, wings 2-lobed, the terminal clawed dimidiate page 450 ovate, lip boat-shaped with a very short curved spur. I. Gardneriana, Wight Herb, not of the Icones.Mountains of Malabar, Wight. Annual, erect, 6-10 in., rather stout; branches opposite, ascending. Leaves 1/2-3/4 in., lower serratures almost setaceous ; stipules setaceous or obsolete. Pedicels rather shorter than the leaves. Flowers 1/3 in. diam., remarkable for the length of the sepals, apparently purple. Capsule erect, 1/3 in., acute at both ends, very turgid in the middle. Seeds very few and large, subcompressed, rather broader than long, testa black shining. - This has much the habit of I. tomentosa, but it is glabrous with ovate very acutely serrate leaves, and diiferent flowers. The pedicels show no disposition to be deflexed. 25. I. salicifolia, H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 124 ; erect, stout, tomentose, leaves shortly petioled lanceolate serrate all opposite or lower opposite upper whorled, peduncles solitary or fascicled on a common peduncle sometimes 2-flowered, stipules subulate or 0, flowers large, sepals subulate-lanceolate, standard obovate keeled, lip deeply saccate with a short stout hooked spur. Khasia Mts., alt. 3-4000 ft., Griffith, &c. Stem stout, 1-2 ft., with spreading opposite branches. Leaves 2-5 in., acuminate at both ends, membranous, tomentose or glabrate on both surfaces, serratures small, the basal long-ciliate. Inflorescence very variable, of slender 1-flowered pedicels that are solitary or fascicled or collected into a many-flowered axillary cyme, with subulate bracteoles. Flowers dark purple, nearly triangular in profile, and 2/3 in. from the tip of the spur to that of the standard. Capsule 2/3 in., elliptic-lanceolate. Seeds immature. - I. salicifolia, Turcz., published in the Moscow Bulletin in the year previous to this (in the Linnean Journal, 1860) is, I suspect, I. Balsamina. A III. - SUBVERTlCILLATAE. * Peduncles 1-flowered. See I. parvifolia in **. 26. I. latifolia, Linn. ; tall, stout, erect, branched, quite glabrous, leaves subopposite and whorled petioled ovate-lanceolate crenate, sepals ovate cuspidate, standard broad 2-lobed spurred behind, wings broad 2-lobed, lip boat-shaped, spur long slender straight or incurved. Wall. Cat. 4737 ; W. & A. Prodr. 138 in part; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 44; H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 124 (excl. some syn.) ; Miq. III. Flor. Arch. Ind. 93. I. cuspidata, W. & A. in Hook. Comp. Bot Mag. i. 321 ; Wight Ic. t. 741 ; Thwaites Enum. 65. Balsamina latifolia, DC Prodr. i. 686. - Rheede Hort. Mal. ix. t. 48. Mountains of the Western Peninsula, from Concan to Travancor, alt. 3-7000 ft. ; Ceylon, alt. 4-7000 ft. - Distrib. Java, fid. Miguel. A robust plant, annual? 2-3 ft. high; stem as thick as the finger below, branches alternate. Leaves membranous, 2-5 in., acuminate, base always acute, crenatures often setose. Flowers 1-1 3/4 in. diam,, pale purple, perianth rotate. Standard larger than the wings, which have a large retuse basal and narrower tenninal lobe ; lip green, as is the spur. Capsule 1 in., elliptic, turgid, quite glabrous. Seeds few, large, oblong, compressed; testa thick, opaque, reticulate. - A Nilghiri specimen of Gardner's has long cilia on the petiole and alternate leaves. Thwaites remarks the variability of the large lobes of fhe wings. I have not cited under this the I. latifolia of Bot. Mag. t. 5625, which has very alternate leaves, and must hence be referred to l. flaccida. These species are undistinguishable in herbarium specimens, though so different in the seeds. 27. I. Leschenaultii, Wall. Cat. 4739 ; almost shrubby, leafy, glaorous, leaves opposite and alternate spreading and recurved petioled ovate-lanceolate acuminate base acute crenate, sepals ovate acuminate, page 451 standard 2-lobed spurred at the back, wings 2-lobed, lip boat-shaped, spur slender incurved. W. & A. Prodr. 136; Wight Ic. t. 970, bis; H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 125. Balsamina Leschenaultii, DC. Prodr. i. 686.Mountains of Malabar and Travancor, alt, 3-7000 ft. A very near ally of I. latifolia, but I think distinct, especially in the excessively branched and leafy habit, much smaller, crowded, usually recurved leaves, and smaller flowers and capsules. De CandoUe is, no doubt, wrong in assigning Ceylon as a habitat, except, indeed, he took I. latifolia for this. Leschenault, its discoverer, collected in the Peninsula. 28. I. lucida, Heyne in Wall. Cat. 4738 ; nearly glabrous, flaccid, stem very slender, leaves chiefly opposite and whorled petioled ovate or ovate -lanceolate acuminate crenate, peduncles very slender, flowers small, sepals ovate acuminate, standard suborbicular beaked entire, wings 2-lobed, lip boat-shaped with a long incurved slender spur. I. latifolia, W. & A. Prodr. 138. Mountains of the Western Peninsula, from the Concan to Malabar. Numerous specimens of this from Law, Stocks, Wight and others, show it to be a very different species from I. latifolia, being much smaller in all its parts, 4-8 in. high, sparingly branched, very slender and flaccid ; with a small flower 1/3 in. diam., and a small entire orbicular standard. The crenatures of the leaf, which is sparsely hairy above, are rarely setigerous. A specimen in Rottler's Herbarium bears the name lucida, Heyne, and station Courtallum, spelled Kuttalam. This may be a form of I. flaccida, with the leaves sometimes opposite. ** Peduncles 2-∞ rarely 1-flowered. See I. fimbriata and janthina m A vii. 29. I. radicans, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 4763 ; pubescent, stem simple erect leafy, leaves opposite subsessile stipulate lanceolate acuminate serrate, peduncles horizontal, flowers 1-4 large, standard galeate, wings small, lip saccate obtuse, spur short hooked. H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 126. Khasia Mts., in marshes, alt. 4-6000 ft., Wallich, Griffith, &c. A beautiful species, 10-18 in., more or less crisply hairy on the stem and leaves above, rarely glabrate. Stem square. Leaves 1-3 in., sometimes ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, the serratures often ciliate, pale beneath ; stipules of 2 fascicles of soft gland-tipped setae. Peduncles slender, shorter than the leaves, with as many lanceolate bracteoles as there are pedicels. Flowers nearly 1 in. across and as deep, purple ; sepals very variable, dimidiate-ovate or lanceolate, straight or falcate ; standard with a dorsal conical obtuse horn or gibbosity ; wings 2-lobed ; lip very obtuse, longer than broad ; spur incurved. Capsule 3/4 in., glabrous, ellipsoid, turgid in the middle. Seeds oblong, compressed ; testa pale, membranous. 30. I. trilobata, Coleb. in Hook. Exot. Flor. ii. t. 1141 ; tall, alternately branched, almost glabrous, leaves opposite and alternate all or the lower only long-petioled lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate crenate -serrate stipulate, peduncles horizontal, flowers 2-5 large, sepals minute subsetaceous, standard obcordate, lip saccate obtuse or conical, spur long or short. Wall. Cat 4762 A, and 4763 (Pundua) ; H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 126. Tropical Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 2-4000 ft., and Khasia Mts., alt. 3-5000 ft. A very variable and, beautiful species, 1-2 ft. Leaves membranous, sparsely hairy above, lower 2-5 in, usually long-petioled elliptic-lanceolate long-acuminate crenate, the upper more often sessile lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, all often ciliate towards the base; stipules usually of large tufts of soft cilia. Peduncles very slender, shorter than the leaves; bracts minute or 0. Flowers 1/2-3/4 in. from base of lip to tip of standard, which is horned at the back, bright violet-purple ; wings 2-lobed, but not deeply, notched page 452 on the inner margin, lobes rounded-oblong, sometimes elongate ; lip very variable, sometimes conoid and produced into a slender curved spur, at others obtuse, abruptly spurred, or gibbous above the spur. Capsule and seeds as in (92) I. tripetala. - The figures in the Exotic Flora represent etiolated fluwers.31. I. flavida, H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 127; erect, quite glabrous, leaves opposite and 3-nately whorled all long-petioled ovate-lanceolate minutely serrulate, stipules obsolete, flowers 2-4-subumbelled yellow, bracts recurved, standard obovate, wings small, lip saccate obtuse, spur stout incurved. Wall. Cat. 4763 (with I. trilobata). Easterx Bengal; Silhet and Cachar, in woods, Wallich, &c. ; Mishmi Mts. and Upper Assam, Griffith. A branched annual, not easily distinguished in a dried state from states of I. trilobata, except by the leaves being more constantly quite glabrous above, the stipules being obsolete, and the leaves not ciliate towards the base. Peduncles often opposite and usually erect ; bracts apparently always recurved. Flowers 3/4 in. from the base of the lip to the tip of the standard, dirty gamboge-yellow ; spur thick, hooked; wings with 2 rounded lobes, the terminal purplish. 32. I. verticillata, Wight in Madr. Jour. v. 15 ; glabrous, erect, leaves opposite and in whorls of 3 and 6 short-petioled narrow-lanceolate, stipules subulate, flowers umbelled, wings broad 2-lobed, terminal lobe elongate, lip boat-shaped with along very slender spur. H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 129. Mountains of Malabar; in gravelly beds of streams, at Sivagherry, Wight ; Cochin, Johnstone. Herbaceous, diffuse ; stem 6-18 in., subsimple, naked below, swollen at the joints, terete. Leaves 4-6 in., usually 4-6 in a whorl, much narrowed at both ends, ciliate-serrate. Peduncles shorter than the leaves, 2-∞-flowered, bracts subulate. Flowers 2/3 in. diam., crimson, perianth subrotate ; standard suborbicular-oblong ; wings deeply 2-lobed, terminal lobe elongate, dimidiate-oblong ; lip boat-shaped ; spur 3/4-1 in., nearly straight or with an incurved tip, very slender indeed. Capsule erect or inclined (oblong obtusely 5-angled, Wight). 33. I. Goughii, Wight Ill. i. 160; Ic. t. 1603; small, slender, quite glabrous, leaves mostly opposite petioled ovate crenate-serrate, peduncles capillary viscid exceeding the leaves 4-6-flowered, flowers minute, standard obovate retuse, wings 2-lobed, lobes short truncate and retuse, lip boatshaped with a straight spur shorter than the flower. H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 130. I. pulniensis, Bedd. in Madr.Journ. iii. 176. I. anamallayensis, Bedd. in Madr. Journ N.S. iv. 68, t. 7, f . 8 ; Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. 30, t. 150. I. circaeoides, Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1863, i. 594. Mountains of Malabar and Travancor ; Nilghiri Mts. at Pycarrah, Gough; Anamallay and Pulney Mts. by streams, alt. 7-8000 ft., Beddome. A very slender glabrous simple or branched annual, 4-8 in. high, supporting itself amongst herbage (Wight). Leaves 1/2-2/3 in., petiole half as long or longer, subacute, base rounded, nerves few, serratures not ciliate ; stipules obsolete. Peduncles terminal, often numerous. Flowers 1/6-1/4 in. diam., 4-8, umbelled, pink ; bracts minute, setaceous ; sepals minute, falcate ; standard mucronate in the retuse apex ; wings with very variable lobes, the lower 2-lobed according to Beddome ; spur shorter than the flower. Capsule 1/10 in. erect, ellipsoid, acute at both ends. Seeds few, clothed with hairs. - Beddome (Ic. PI. lnd. Or. p. 32) identifies his I. viscosa with Goughii; but his specimens of I. anamallayensis are certainly identical with Goughii, and viscosa appears to me to be a different plant, with a long spur ; his figure of anamallayensis represents a coarser plant than his specimen, with very hairy upper surface of the leaves, which, however, he describes as having but few distant hairs: he further describes it in his Icones (not in the Madr. Jour.) as having a ligulate appendage to the wings, which is page 453 hidden in the spur. The wings are probably very variable : the drawing in Beddome's Icones does not resemble that in the Madr. Journal (and neither are like Wight's figure) ; there is a short subulate process on their inner margin, close above the spur, which may descend into it.34. I. viscosa, Bedd. in Madr. Journ. N.s. iv. 68, t. 7, f. 7 ; stem petioles and peduncles viscidly pubescent, leaves opposite long-petioled elliptic or ovate obtuse or acute subcrenate, peduncles exceeding the leaves 6-12-flowered, flowers minute umbelled, standard suborbicular, wings 2-lobed terminal lobe the largest clawed, lip conical, spur curved gibbous longer than the flower, seeds echinate. Anamallay hills in Malabar, alt. 3500 ft,, Beddome. Probably a variety of I. Goughii, from which it differs in the stem and branches and sometimes the leaves being viscid, the usually larger size, faint crenatures of the leaves, longer spur, and (according to Beddome) the echinate ripe seeds which are matted with hair when young. The wings are, as usual, very vaiiable, sometimes exactly as in Wight's figure of Goughii, and there is, as in that plant, a subulate process on their inner margin close to the base, which is hidden in the lip. 35. I. parvifolia, Bedd. in Madr. Journ. n.s. iv. 66, t. 7, f. 1; Ic. PI Ind. Or. 29, t. 142 ; glabrous, small, stem very slender branched, leaves alternate and opposite very small ovate coarsely crenate-serrate, peduncles axillary much longer than the leaves, flowers 3-5 very small racemose, standard suborbicular, wings with a large triangular terminal lobe, lip boat-shaped, spur short blunt, seeds villous. Malabar ; on rocks at the top of the Akka Mts., alt. 8-8600 ft., Beddome. Much the smallest known species. Stem 3-6 in., apparently prostrate. Leaves 1/6-1/3 in., opposite and alternate, sessile or petioled, the lower usually opposite and upper alternate. Peduncles very stout and long for the size of the plant, often 1-1 1/2 in., spreading, axillary, solitary ; bracts minute. Flowers 1/3 in. diam., pale pink with a crimson blotch on the wing; sepals falcate; standard small, vaulted; wings with a small upper and large terminal lobe ;.lip greenish. Capsule apparently as in I. Goughii. - Description taken chiefly from Beddome. In the Kew specimens the peduncles are almost always single-flowered. 36. I. circaeoides, Wall. Cat. 4772 ; small, glabrous, stem simple, leaves few opposite long-petioled broadly ovate subserrate, peduncle solitary filiform, flower subracemose, sepals orbicular acuminate, standard small, wings large, lip concave, spur very short. H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 130. Tenasserim, at Tavoy, Wallich ; Pegu, McClelland. Stem very slender and quite simple, 4-6 in. Leaves 2-4 pairs, 2 by 1 1/4-1 1/2, in., glabrous, with a few scattered hairs on both surfaces, glaucous beneath, acute, serratures subciliate, nerves many slender; petiole very slender; stipules obscure, glandular. Peduncle shorter than the leaf; bracts small, ovate ; pedicels short. Flowers about 1/5 in. diam., white ? ; sepals green ; terminal lobe of wing long-clawed, pendulous. Capsule short. - The above is an imperfect description, the specimens being very indifferent. A IV. - Uniflorae. * Spur much shorter than the flower or 0, sometimes longer in I. Balsamina, and I. leptopoda. 37. I. Balsamina, Linn. ; pubescent or glabrate, leaves petioled narrow-lanceolate acuminate deeply serrate, petiole glandular, flowers rose-coloured, sepals broad-ovate minute, standard orbicular retuse, wings very broad lateral lobe much rounded, terminal sessile very large, lip small conoid, spur short or long and slender incurved, capsule tomentose. page 454 W. & A. Prodr. 135 ; H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn, Soc. iv. 130; ? I. Lobbiana and salicifolia, Turcz. in Bull. Mosc. 1859, i. 270, 271.Throughout tropical and subtropical India and Ceylon. - Distrib. Malay Islands and China. The common garden Balsam is a very variable plant in habit, pubescence, size and colour of flower, breadth of leaf, shape of lip, and length of spur. Capsule 1/3-1/2 in., ellipsoid, narrowed at both ends, densely tomentose or woolly. Seeds globose ; testa black, opaque, tubercled. Var. 1. vulgaris; tall, leaves broadly lanceolate, flowers large, spur short. I. Balsamina, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 651; Wall. Cat. 4731. Balsamina hortensis, DC. Prodr. i. 685. - Rheede Hort. Mal. ix. t. 52. Var. 2. coccinea ; leaves narrow-lanceolate, flowers medium-sized, spur long and slender. I. Balsamina, Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 44. I. coccinea. Wall. Cat. 4732 ; Bot. Mag. 1256. l. cornuta, Linn.; Wall. Cat. 4733. I. longifolia, Wight in Wall. Cat. 4734. Balsamina coccinea and cornuta, DC. Prodr. i. 685-6. Var. 3. arcuata; diffusely branched, leaves small narrow-lanceolate, flowers small, spur long slender arcuate. I. arcuata. Wall Cat. 4785; W. & A. Prodr. 136. - Western Peninsula. Var. 4. macrantha; small, 4 in., leaves ovate-lanceolate, flower large, spur short. - Western Peninsula. Var. 5. micrantha; small, stem simple, leaves small ovate-lanceolate, flowers small, spur long slender. - Western Peninsula. Var. 6. rosea; tall, leaves linear-lanceolate, flowers rather small, lip saccate, spur short incurved. I. rosea, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1841, t. 27. - Western Himalaya. 38. I. scabriuscula, Heyne in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 404 ; short, erect, branched, tomentose, leaves petioled lanceolate or obovate serrate, peduncles short, sepals minute, standard orbicular winged, wings 2-Iobed, lip boat-shaped tomentose, spur 0. Wall. Cat. 4720, 4736, m part ; Arn. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 322 ; Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. 29, t. 144 ; H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 131. Mountains of Malabar, from the Southern Concan to Wynaad and Kurg, alt. 2-4000 ft. Usually much branched from the base, 4-10 in. high. Leaves uniform, 1-2 in. ; petiole hardly glandular, variable in length. Peduncles short, scabrid. Flowers 1/2 in. diam., pink ; sepals, lip, and standard usually very hairy. Capsule 1/3 in. long, ellipsoid, mucronate, villous. Seeds few, globose ; testa opaque, dark brown, tubercled. 39. I. glandulifera, Arn. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 322; almost shrubby, leaves subterminal 4-8 in. glabrous ovate or elliptic-lanceolate acuminate serrulate, petiole very long glandular, flowers fascicled axillary and sliortly pedicelled, sepals subulate, standard orbicular 2-lobud spurred behind, wings 2-lobed lateral lobe small rounded, terminal broad half-obovate pendulous, lip saccate hairy, spur short minute. Thwaites Enum. 66 ; H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 131. I. cornigera, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4623, not of Arnott. Central province of Ceylon, alt. 4-6000 ft. Stem 1-6 ft., very robust. Leaves glabrous on both surfaces, serratures very small ciliolate and setigerous ; petiole 1-3 in., usually with pedicelled glands. Flowers rose-coloured, 1 1/2 in. long; pedicels pubescent, short; standard with a large green spur behind ; lip sometimes conoid and almost glabrous ; spur involute. Capsule unknown. 40. I. macrophylla, Gardner in Bot. Mag. t. 4662 ; almost shrubby, stem very thick, leaves subterminal 6-16 in. usually pubescent beneath ovate or lanceolate acuminate serrate, petiole very long glandular, flowers mostly fascicled on the stem below the leaves shortly pedicelled, sepals page 455 minute, standard small elliptic acuminate with a long beak, wings very small 2-lobed included in the lip, lip saccate, spur short involute.- H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 132. I. glandulifera var. ? Arn. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. I 323.Mountains of Ceylon, alt. 5-7000 ft. Stem as thick as the thumb, 10-12 ft. high, naked below. Leaves very like those of I glandulifera, but even larger, and petioles as in it, with pedicelled glands. Flowers 3/4 in. long, orange-red, quite glabrous, with a remarkably small beaked standard and wings. Capsule 1/3 in , very turgid, straight, beaked, quite glabrous. Seeds not ripe. - A noble species in habit and foliage. 41. I. repens, Moon Cat. 18 ; glabrous, creeping, diffusely branched, leaves long-petioled ovate cordate or reniform, pedicels very long, standard orbicular spurred behind, wing-lobes short broad, lip subconoid, spur short incurved. Wight III i. 160, t. 61 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4404; H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 132. Southern and Central parts of Ceylon, at no great elevation. A slender creeping much branched and perfectly glabrous plant. Leaves 1/2-3/4 in. diam., acute; petiole 1 in. Flowers yellow, 3/4 in. diam. Capsule and seeds unknown. 42. I. leptopoda, Arn. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 321 ; erect, branched, quite glabrous, slender, leaves long-petioled ovate or lanceolate acuminate crenate-serrate, pedicels long axillary subsolitary, flowers small, standard obcordate spurred at the back, wings 2-lobed broad horizontal, lip boat-shaped, spur long or short. Thwaites Enum. 65 ; H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 132. I. brevicornu and I. gibbosa, Arn. I.c. Mountain woods of Ceylon, alt. 5-8000 ft. A flaccid variable herb, 1-3 ft. high ; stem often prostrate and rooting at the base, sometimes almost woody below. Leaves 1-3 in., membranous, sometimes ciliate towards the base, young usually puberulous, nerves many ; petiole very variable in length, sometimes with stipitate glands. Flowers about 1/2 in. diam.; pedicels very slender; perianth rotate, rosy ; sepals small, oblong-lanceolate ; lobes of wings subequal, flat ; spur sometimes 3/4 in., and very slender, at others reduced to a mere tubercle. Capsules 1/3-1/2 in., erect, ellipsoid, beaked. Seeds immature. 43. I. truncata, Thwaites Enum. 66; weak, slender, diffusely branched, leaves 1-1 1/2 in. petioled ovate or ovate-lanceolate acuminate serrate sparsely pubescent above, pedicels 1-3 slender bracteate and small, flowers pubescent, standard orbicular cuspidate, wings unequally 2-lobed spreading, lip conoid, spur short curved. H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 133. Mountain woods of Ceylon, alt. 4-6000 ft. Closely allied to I. leptopoda, and probably a variety of that plant, with diffuse stems and hairy leaves peduncle and flowers, but of which Thwaites enumerates a variety, subglabra, which is almost glabrous. Young capsules pilose, Thw. 44. I. pendula, Heyne in Wall. Cat. 4744 ; very small, erect, slender, branched, almost glabrous, leaves 1/4-1/2 in. petioled elliptic-ovate or subcordate acute remotely serrate, pedicels solitary fruiting deflexed, flowers minute glabrous, standard spurred at the back, lip concave not spurred. W. & A. Prodr. 137 ; H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 133. Mountains of Malabar, at Bababood, Heyne. The specimens of this do not suffice for a good description ; it is evidently closely , allied to I. inconspicua, tenella, and other species with minute flowers, opposite leaves and deflexed fruiting peduncles. Stem 4-6 in. ; branches with a faint line of pubescence page 456 on one side. Leaves with few nerves. Pedicels shorter than the leaves, minutely pubescent. Flowers 1/4 in. diam. Capsule 1/8 in., ellipsoid, beaked, glabrous.45. I. mysorensis, Roth Nov. Plant. Sp. 164; stem very slender glabrous, leaves alternate petioled lanceolate acuminate remotely serrulate, pedicels 1-2 axillary, flowers very small, sepals minute, standard suborbicular gibbous at the back, terminal lobe of wing largest, lip boat-shaped, spur short straight, capsule tomentose. Wall. Cat. 4743 C; W.& A. Prodr. 137 ; H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 133. Balsamina mysorensis, DC Prodr. i. 686. Mysore, Heyne. Stem 6-10 in. Leaves 1 1/2 in., quite glabrous. Pedicels half the length of the leaves or less. Flowers red, about 1/3 in. diam. ; spur about half the length of the lip, which is acuminate. Capsule unripe, 1/5 in. ellipsoid. - A very obscure plant, belonging apparently to the section with (18) I. inconspicua, but with leaves all alternate and a very tomentose capsule. Wight & Ainott, in the Prodromus quote Wight Cat. n. 979, under this species, but give no particulars, taking the description almost entirely from Roth. I find a good authentically named specimen in Rottler's Herbarium, communicated by Heyne himself in 1801, and marked mysorensis, nobis, in Rottler's handwriting. 46. I. Parishii, H. f.; glabrous, stem very thick and fleshy, leaves large long-petioled elliptic or ovate serrulate, pedicels solitary in the upper axils capillary, sepals very large orbicular-ovate, standard broadly orbicular, wings not lobed very obliquely trapezoid acute projecting forwards, lip small oblong concave with a basal gibbosity or very short spur. Tenasserim ; on limestone rocks, near Moulmein, Parish. The Rev. Mr. Parish describes this very curious species as a " biennial or perennial fleshy short-stemmed plant, 10-24 in. high, slightly branched, with large handsome flowers, which are single in the axils of the upper leaves;" and .suggests the names for it of laevis or laevicaulis, which, not being significant in so glabrous a genus, I have ventured to replace by that of its excellent discoverer. It is descnbed above partly from imperfect specimens communicated by himself and partly from his drawing. Stem as thick as the finger, short, smooth. Leaves 5-7 in., membranous, straight or oblique, base sometimes slightly cordate ; nerves many, arched ; petiole 2-3 in., slender, sometimes 2-glandular at the top. Flowers 2 in. long from tip of wing to that of standard, white with red streaks on the wings and lip ; sepals 1/2-3/4 in., concave, acute ; wings projecting forward, the lateral lobes not distinct from the terminal, turned upward and falcate, the rest of the lobe triangular with straight inner edges and acute apex; lip very small, horizontal, the spur a gibbosity, green. Capsule unknown. 47. I. capillipes, H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 135; very slender, glabrous, diffusely branched, leaves long-petioled lanceolate caudate-acuminate, crenate, pedicels 1-2 axillary capillary, flowers very small, sepals falcate, standard very long erect linear-oblong, wings short lobes rounded acuminate, lip saccate, base rounded with a short slender spur. Tenasserim ; Moulmein, on limestone rocks, Lobb, Parish. Stem 6-10 in., branches long. Leaves 2-5 in., very narrow, flaccid, many-nerved, narrowed into the slender naked petiole. Pedicels 1/4-1/2 in., extraordinarily slender. Flowers white ? 1/4 in. from the top of the standard to the base of the spur ; sepals linear, obtuse ; standard remarkably long, obtuse, concave ; wings lobed to the middle, lateral lobe much the largest, sides rounded, acute, tips of both lobes pointed downwards. Capsule 1/4 in., trapezoid, acuminate, contracted at the base, like that of (87) I. racemulosa. Seeds unripe. ** Spur longer than the flower. (See I. Balsamina and leptopoda in *.) 48. I. Munronii, Wight III. i. 160; Ic. t. 1049; softly hairy, stem hard page 457 flexuous branched, leaves towards the ends of the branches petioled elliptic acuminate serrulate, pedicels slender, sepals large as long as the wings, standard orbicular winged at the back, wings short 2-lobed to the middle, spur trumpet-shaped villous ending in a long stout incurved spur. H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 133. I. eriantha, Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1859, i. 270.Western Nilghiris, at Sisparah, alt. 5-7000 ft., in shady places. Suffruticose, 1-2 ft., stem terete, somewhat woody; branches spreading, nodose. Leaves 1 1/2-3 in., membranous, covered with soft scattered hairs on both surfaces, teeth small glandular, nerves faint; petiole 1/2-2 in., hairy. Pedicels 3/4-1 1/2 in., hairy. Flowers (white and red, Beddome) about 2/3 in. long; sepals very large, acuminate; wings and standard very small ; spur hirsute. Ovary hairy. Capsule hairy. Seeds glabrous, (Wight.) 49. I. dasysperma, Wight in Madr. Journ. v. 7. t. 2 ; Ic. t. 742 ; herbaceous, flaccid, erect, branched, leaves petioled elliptic or ovate acuminate crenate, petiole often glandular, pedicel usually solitary-slender, flowers rather small, sepals minute, standard obcordate, wings spreading deeply 2-lobed, lip boat-shaped, spur very long and slender. H.f. && T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 134. Malabar, in woods and plains, ascending to 3000 ft. Stem 1-2 ft., branches sometimes opposite. Leaves always alternate, 2-3 in., slightly hairy on the upper surface, glabrous beneath ; crenatures large, not setigerous ; petiole 1/2-2 in., sometimes with stipitate glands. Pedicels equalling or exceeding the petioles, very slender. Flowers 1/2-3/4 in. diam.; standard cuspidate ; wings very divergent ; lobes subequal, obovate, retuse ; spur incurved, exceeding the flower, very hairy. Capsule 1/3 in., very obliquely ovoid, turgid, glabrous, pointed at both ends. Seeds subglobose, hairy, numerous. 50. I. flaccida, Arn. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 322 ; slender, erect sparingly branched, glabrous, leaves petioled ovate or lanceolate crenate, sepals ovate, standard broad 2-lobed, spurred behind, wings broad 2-lobed, lip boat-shaped, spur long slender, capsule glabrous, seeds globose tubercled. Thwaites Enum. 65 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5276, and I. latifolia, t. 5625. I. bipartita, Arn. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 322 ¿ I. floribunda, Wight in Madr. Journ. v. 7. I. bifida, Thunb. Prodr. PI. Cap. 41. I. latifolia, Moon Cat. 18. Mountains of Malabar; forests of the Sivagherry hills, alt. 4000 ft., Wight; Ceylon, abundant to 3000 ft., Thwaites, &c. Stem 6-18 in., branched above. Leaves 2-5 in., membranous; petiole with stalked glands or naked. Pedicels solitary or several. Flowers rose-purple, 3/4-1 1/2 in. diam. ; wings very variable ; spur 1 1/2 in., very slender, sometimes 2-fid to the middle. Capsule 1/2 in., ellipsoid, acuminate, quite glabrous. Seeds numerous, opaque, tuberculate with pale papillae. - So similar in most characters to I. latifolia, that it is difficult to separate these species in the Herbaria. I.flaccida is, however, a smaller plant, more slender, with never opposite leaves, and has globose pubescent seeds, very different from those of I. latifolia. I have brought the alternate-leaved plants (I. latifolia, Bot. Mag. t. 5625, I. bipartita, Arn., I. floribunda, Wight, and I. bifida, Thunb.) to this, from I. latifolia, under which I had placed them before, because of their alternate leaves, though some or all may be alternate-leaved specimens of I. latifolia. The specimen of what I suppose to be this plant in the Linnean Herbarium has no name or habitat, and Thunberg has founded his I. bifida on it, because of its abnormally bifid spur, supposing it to have been a native of the Cape, where there is nothing at all like it. 51. I. violaeflora, H. f. ; very slender, erect, glabrous, simple or sparingly branched, leaves petioled very membranous elliptic-lanceolate page 458 acuminate crenate-serrulate, pedicels axillary solitary or few slender, sepals minute, standard broadly obcordate, wings 2-lobed spreading, lobes obovate lateral rounded terminal retuse or 2-lobed, lip boat-shaped, spur very long straight and slender, capsule puberulous. I. flaccida, var. β, H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 134.Tenasserim, at Moulmein, Lobb. Very similar to I. flaccida, but the lobes of the wings are longer and narrower, the standard is obcordate and not spurred behind, and the capsule is smaller and puberulous. 52. I. pulcherrima, Dalz. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot ii. 37 ; stout, succulent, erect, glabrous, leaves petioled ovate-lanceolate acuminate, pedicels 2-3 erect, sepals 2-fid minute, standard orbicular notched or spurred at the back, wings very broad 2-fid, lip boat-shaped or conoid, spur long stout curved, capsule glabrous, seeds large obovate rugose. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4615 ; H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 134 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Flor. 44. Warree jungle in the Southern Concan, Dalzell. Stem 1 1/2-2 ft., simple or branched. Leaves 3-5 in., flaccid, ciliate towards the base, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs above ; petiole 1-3 in., naked or with stipitate glands. Pedicels 2-3 in., slender, spreading. Flowers 1 1/2-2 in. diam., rose or violet-purple ; wings spreading, flat, variable in shape ; lip small ; spur 2 in., rather stout, incurved. Capsule 1/2 in., very turgid. Seeds 2-8, subcompressed, testa very thick. - A very fine species, allied to I. flaccida in the flowers, but the seeds are wholly different. 53. I. Henslowiana, Arn. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 322 ; perennial ?, stem very stout almost shrubby nodose scarred, leaves petioled ovate or lanceolate serrate acuminate hirsute, pedicels subsolitary erect, sepals large broad, standard orbicular or obovate, wings broad flat 2-pariite, segments 2-lobed, lip small, spur very long incurved slender, capsule glabrous or pilose. Thwaites Enum. 65 ; H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 135. I. albida, Wight in Madr. Journ. v. 7, t. 1 ; Ic. t. 743. Mountains of Malabar, clefts of rocks near Courtallum, alt. 2-7000 ft., Wight, &c. CEYLON, in the Central Province, alt. 4-6000 It., on rocks. Stem 8-16 in., as thick as the thumb, woody, sometimes so closely covered with scars as to be nodose, simple or branched. Leaves 3-5 in., crowded at the ends of the thick branches, serratures fine or coarse, both surfaces usually hirsute, sometimes glabrate ; petiole 1/2-3 in., naked or glandular. Pedicels 2-5 in., stout, glabrous or pubescent. Flowers 1-2 in. diam., white or pale pink ; sepals remarkably large, broadly ovate, acuminate ; standard winged at the back (in Wight's figure) ; wings with very broad, flat, semi-obovate lobes ; spur stout or slender, 1-1 1/2 in. Capsule 2/3-1 in., rather slender. Seeds not ripe. - The habit and large sepals and capsule are excellent characters of this plant. A v. - LATERlFLORAE. 54. I. bella, H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 138; diffuse, stem short densely pubescent creeping below, leaves broadly ovate or orbicular crenate, petiole slender, peduncle pubescent 1-2-flowered bracteate in the middle, flowers large yellow, sepals large ovate, standard orbicular-obovate gibbous or bluntly spurred at the back, terminal lobe of wing elongate obovate, lip conical saccate narrowed into a long incurved spur. Khasia Mts., in marshes at the Kala Pane, alt. 5000 ft., Griffith, &c. A small species, 6-10 in., growing in loose tufts ; stem rather stout, rooting much at the base, glandular and almost tomentose with crisped hairs. Leaves 1-3 in., sometimes page 459 lanceolate, obtuse acute or acuminate, many-nerved, often pubescent above ; petiole 1/4-3/4 in., pubescent, rarely glandular. Peduncle stout, usually from a subterminal axil, curved, pubescent, most often 1-flowered, with bracts in the middle; pedicel short. Flower 1 in. long without the spur, orange- or golden-yellow, beautifully streaked with purple. Capsule 1/2 in., ellipsoid, acute at both ends, turgid, pubescent. Seeds subglobose, papulose, puberulous, testa thick opaque. - A very distinct and beautiful little species.Var. major; more robust, leaves 3-4 in., flowers 1 3/4 in. red quite glabrous. - Khasia, alt. 5-6000 ft. 55. I. latiflora, Hook.f. & Thoms, in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 139 ; short, herbaceous, pubescent, leaves petioled elliptic-lanceolate caudate-acuminate crenate, peduncle erect stout 2-3-flowered, bracts ovate acuminate, flowers large, sepals broad, standard orbicular winged at the back, terminal lobe of wings large semi-ovate acute, lip boat-shaped, spur very long slender incurved. Subtropical forests of the Khasia Mts., alt. 3-4000 ft. ; ? Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 2-4000 ft. (specimens imperfect) ; Bhotan, at Duphla, Booth. Stem a foot high, branched or not, sometimes as thick as the little finger, remotely scarred. Leaves 3-7 in., sometimes narrowly lanceolate, glabrous except the nerves beneath, often ciliate towards the base, as is the puberulous petiole. Peduncle solitary, stout, erect, 3/43/4-1 in. ; bracts variable in position ; pedicels stout. Flowers 1-2 in. diam., pale rose or violet ; sepals acute ; lateral lobe of wings obovate, retuse, smaller than the usually acute terminal one, which is sometimes 1 in. long ; standard retuse ; spur 1-2 1/2 in., acute. Capsule immature, probably like that of I. pulchra. 56. I. pulchra, H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 139; glabrous, stem short stout simple, leaves petioled elliptic-lanceolate acuminate serrate, peduncles stout erect 1-2-flowered, bracts lanceolate, flowers large, sepals broad, standard winged at the back, wings broad, lip funnel-shaped narrowed into the stout hooked spur. Shaded woods in the subtropical and temperate regions of Eastern Nipal and the Khasia Mts., alt. 4-5000 ft. Stem 4-10 in., erect, nodose at the scars, rarely divided. Leaves 2-4 in., glabrous on both surfaces, rather coriaceous, not or rarely ciliate ; petiole stout, naked. Peduncles 1-2 in , few, stout, erect ; pedicels often as stout and as long. Flowers 2 in. long from the tip of the spur to that of the standard, pale rose-coloured or straw-coloured, streaked with red; sepals 1/2 in., green, acute; terminal lobe of wing semi-ovate obtuse ; lip very large ; spur sometimes spiral. Capsule 1/2-2/3 in., erect, narrowly ellipsoid-oblong, glabrous, subacute. Seeds many, immature, pubescent? 57. I. fruticosa, DC. Prodr. i. 687 ; shrubby, perennial, leaves elliptic acuminate many-nerved pubescent on both surfaces, petiole stout long, peduncles numerous 3-5-flowered, bracts linear, pedicels very long slender, flowers large, sepals broad, standard orbicular 2-lobed, wings lobed spreading, lip trumpet-shaped, spur very stout long curved. W. & A. Prodr. 137 ; Wight Ic. t. 966 ; Wall. Cat. 4762 ; H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 140. Mountains of Malabar and Travancor, common at 4-6000 ft. An erect much branched shrub, 8 ft. high ; branches glabrous, nodose at the scars. Leaves 3-5 in., sometimes almost silky beneath, ciliate and glandular towards the base, nerves stout; petiole 2-3 in., often villous, naked or glandular. Peduncles 1-2 in.; pedicels often much longer and exceeding the leaves. Flowers 1 1/2 in. broad; sepals acuminate; standard neither winged nor spurred; wing-lobes flat, subequal, divaricating, oblong; spur 1-1 1/2 in. Capsule erect, 1 in., ellipsoid, narrowed at both ends, beaked. Seeds many, unripe, large, opaque, obovoid; testa thick, pitted. page 460 A VI. - Epiphyticae. 58. I. Jerdoniae, Wight Ic. t. 1602 ; epiphytic, glabrous, stem tumid short stout prostrate, leaves few petioled elliptic acute serrate, peduncles short, pedicels 1-3 very long, bracts setaceous, sepals long lanceolate, standard small hooded, wings small 2-lobed, spur very large saccate ventricose wrinkled, spur short horn-like or 0. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4739; H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 141. Mountains of Malabar, on trees at Sisparah, the Brahmagherrie and Palghat hills, alt. 3-5000 ft, Wight, &c. Stem 3-6 in., green or purple-brown, often as thick as the finger, rooting. Leaves 2-3 in., deep green, with glandular cilia at the base and on the top of the stout petiole, nerves few. Peduncles 1-3 in , green, stout ; pedicels sometimes 4 in., red. Flowers 1 1/2-2 in. measured along the lip; sepals acuminate, green; standard yellow, orbicular, apiculate, narrowly winged at the back ; wings yellow, almost included in the lip, lobes rounded overlapping ; lip bright red, laterally compressed. - In flower closely allied to I. Walkeri. I have seen no specimen of Beddome's I. parasitica; his character of it accords with that of I. Jerdoniae in all but the green colour of the standard and sepals, and the moniliform stem. I shall therefore provisionally add it to this as a variety. Var. ; stem moniliform, standard with a foliaceous crest and wings green. - I. parasitica, Bedd. iv Madr. Jour. iv. t. 7, f. 2 ; Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. 28, t. 140. - Anamallay hills, alt. 6-7000 ft., Beddome. 59. I. auriculata, Wight in Madr. Journ. v. 8, t. 3; epiphytic, glabrous, stem short prostrate internodes very tumid, leaves petioled elliptic acute, peduncle short, pedicels 1-3 erect very long, bracts ovate, sepals very large obliquely oblong pendulous red, standard small hooded, wings very small 2-lobed, lip very large saccate wrinkled, spur short thick. Mountains of Malabar and Travancor, alt. 5000 ft., on branches of trees, Wight, &c. A smaller plant than I. Jerdoniae, with the internodes much swollen, sometimes as large as nuts, the stem appearing annulate in dried specimens. Leaves 1-2 in, obscurely crenulate, with but few glandular setas at the base. Pedicels 1-1 1/2 in. Flowers 1 in. measured along the lip ; sepals very remarkable, pendulous, acute, much exceeding the wings, and sometimes as long as the lip, scarlet; standard dark green ; wings dark purple, the segments cochleate and overlapping ; lip scarlet, laterally compressed ; spur very variable. Capsule unknown. - The sepals of this species are wholly different from any other in the genus, and hang down like a spaniel's ears. 60. I. viridiflora, Wight in Madr. Journ. v. 9 ; erect, glabrous, epiphytic, stem short extremely thick, branches few short nodose, leaves petioled elliptic acute crenate-serrate, peduncles short, pedicels 1-2 slender, sepals linear, standard orbicular 2-lobed back strongly keeled, lip saccate narrowed into a stout involute spur. Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. 29, t. 141. Mountains of Malabar; forming masses on the trunks of trees at the Sivagherry ghat, alt. 5000 ft., Wight. Stem often 1 in. diam.. fleshy. Leaves 1 1/2-2 in., sometimes obovate or lanceolate, with very few glandular cilia at the base, rather fleshy, crenatures large ; petiole stout. Peduncle 1/4-1/2 in., usually 2-flowered; bracts subulate. Flowers 1 in. measured along the lip, wholly green ; sepals reflexed or deflexed, acuminate ; standard small, deeply hooded ; wings fleshy, 2-lobed, lateral lobes hid under the standard, terminal oblong rounded ; lip wrinkled, laterally compressed. Capsule glabrous. page 461 A VII. - Umbellatae and Subcapitatae. (See I. Goughii, trilobata, and others in A III., I. Tangachae and others in A VIII.) * Spur very slender, as long as or exceeding the flower. 61. I. fimbriata, Hook. Exot. Flor. ii. t. 146 ; glabrous, stem erect subsimple, leaves opposite and alternate long-petioled ovate-lanceolate acuminate subserrulate, peduncle terminal long erect bearing at the top a subcapitate crowded raceme clothed with recurved ciliate bracts. I. bracteata, Coleb. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 459 ; Wall. Cat. 4760; H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 142. Marshes in the Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft., abundant. Stem 1-2 ft., simple or branched, succulent. Leaves 2-5 in., opposite alternate and whorled sometimes on the same specimen, flaccid, ciliate or not at the base ; petiole 1/4-2 in. ; stipules 0. Peduncle 2-6 in., strict, absolutely terminal in all the specimens, with sometimes an axillary one, naked ; raceme 1/2-2 in., oblong or globose, very dense and covered with crinite-green slender recurved bracts, which are 1/6-1/2 in. long, clothed with long pink hairs and conceal the bases of the capillary pedicels. Flowers rose-purple, 3/4 in. diam. ; sepals small, lanceolate ; standard small, ovate, with a recurved point ; lateral wing-lobes small, rounded, terminal semi-ovate large broad clawed ; lip boat-shaped ; spur 3/4 in., very long, slender, incurved. Capsule 1/3 in., ellipsoid, acute at both ends, turgid, glabrous. Seeds few, obovate, compressed, very hairy. - The Flora Exotica name having a year's priority over Colebrooke's, I am compelled to adopt it. 62. I. janthina, Thwaites Enum. 68; small, glabrous, stem simple 1-4-leaved, leaves opposite broad-elliptic or orbicular acuminate subserrate, peduncle terminal erect, flowers umbelled, bracts oblong, sepals broadly cordate, standard hooded, wings 2-lobed, lip saccate narrowed into the involute spur. H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 142. Ceylon ; Hinidoon and Pasdoon Corles, at no great elevation, Thwaites. Whole plant, 4-10 in. ; stem sometimes very thick and succulent. Leaves 2-5 in., base rounded or subacute, not ciliate, sometimes oblique, very membranous ; petiole 1/2-2 in. ; stipules 0. Peduncle erect, 3-5 in., very slender ; umbel terminal, 3-5-flowered, with sometimes a small lateral one; pedicels 1/2-1 in.; bracts broad, green, obtuse. Flowers 1/2-3/4 in diam., violet; standard not winged, very concave ; lateral lobe of wings rounded, obtuse, terminal acute. Capsule 1/3 in., ellipsoid, subacute, glabrous, many-seeded. - A very curious species, quite unlike any other, but allied to the preceding and following. 63. I. umbellata, Heyne in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 464; small, glabrous, stem simple stout leafy at the top, leaves crowded petioled broad-ovate or elliptic obtuse or acute crenate, peduncles subterminal erect 1-∞-flowered, sepals broad-ovate, standard orbicular, wings spreading lobes obtuse, lip small boat-shaped, spur long slender incurved. Wall. Cat. 4759 ; W. & A. Prodr. 137; Wight in Madr. Journ. v. 9, t. 4 ; Ic. t. 745 ; H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 143. Mountains of Malabar, in Tinnevelly near Courtallum only, Wight. Stem 4-8 in., very rarely branched, naked below. Leaves 1-2 in., sometimes orbicular, membranous, crenatures ciliate, base ciliate or not ; petiole very variable, 1/4-1 1/2 in. Peduncle and pedicels stout; bracts small, green. Flowers 3/4 in. diam.; standard not spurred ; wings with subequal lobes ; spur 1 in., graceful. Capsule 1/3 in., ellipsoid, turgid, glabrous. Seeds echinate (Wight). - Wight describes the root as tuberous, which is I think an error; it is fibrous and annual in his specimens. 64. I. subcordata, Arn. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 323 ; glabrous, stem prostrate and rooting at the base stout, leaves long-petioled ovate or page 462 lanceolate acute or acuminate crenate base rounded or cordate, peduncles short 4-8-flowered, flowers unibelled or shortly racemed, sepals large ovate, standard orbicular not spurred behind, terminal lobe of wings very large and broad, lip small, spur long slender incurved. Thwaites Enum. 67 ; H.f.& T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 144.Central province of Ceylon; alt. 3-6000 ft., Walker, &c. Stem 1-2 ft., stout, sometimes much ditfusely branched, smooth or scarred. Leaves very variable, 1-3 in.; crenatures large, ciliate or not; petioles 1/2-2 in., eglandular. Peduncles 2-4 in., axillary and subterminal ; bracts 1/4 in., ovate-lanceolate, acute. Flowers 1/2-3/4 in. diam., white with red sepals and standard ; spur 1/2-1 in., slender, incurved. Capsule 1/3 in., ellipsoid, beaked, glabrous. Seeds subglobose, hairy. 65. I. viscida, Wight in Madr. Journ. v. 12; Ic. t. 746; tall, slender, stem rigid angled rooting below hairy above, leaves petioled elliptic-lanceolate serrate firm, peduncles axillary very long viscid 3-∞-flowered, flowers umbelled or in short racemes, pedicels viscid, sepals suborbicular equalling the small standard, terminal lobe of wings large suborbicular, lip small boat-shaped, spur long strong incurved. H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 144. Pulney Mts. in the Southern Carnatic, alt. 5500 ft., in beds of rivers, Wight. Stem 2-3 ft., simple or sparingly branched, leafy all the way up, very rigid for the genus. Leaves 2-3 in., pubescent beneath on the midrib and numerous strong nerves, not ciliate, teeth glandular; petiole 1/2-1 1/2 in. Peduncles 2-4 in., rigid, erect, terete; bracts ovate-lanceolate ; pedicels short, often hairy. Flowers 2/3 in. diam., pink ; sepals acuminate, almost as large as the orbicular acuminate standard; wings with spreading lobes, lateral short falcate, terminal twice as large hatchet-shaped, tip rounded ; spur stout towards the base, slender on to the tip. Capsule 1/3 in., ellipsoid, beaked, ventricose, glabrous. Seeds numerous, globose, hairy. - Pedicels more or less hairy and viscid. 66. I. cordata, Wight in Madr. Journ. v. 10 ; glabrous, flaccid, stem prostrate and rooting below, leaves long-petioled ovate-cordate acuminate obscurely crenate, peduncle subterminal and axillary 3-4-flowered, flowers umbelled, pedicels glabrous, sepals large ovate acuminate, standard cuneate emarginate, lateral lobes of wings small incurved, terminal large broad spreading, lip boat-shaped, spur long slender incurved. Sivagherry Ghats, on the Malabar Mountains, Wight ; Anamallay Mts., alt. 3-5000 ft. ; Travancor, Beddome. Stem 6-12 in., apparently succulent. Leaves 2-3 in., very membranous, crenatures with minute cilia, base ciliate or not, nerves slender, with scattered hairs on both surfaces; petiole 1-3 in. Peduncles 2-4 in. ; bracts broadly ovate, 1/3 in., green ; pedicels short. Flowers 1 in. diam., lilac with a purple centre; sepals almost equalling the standard ; lateral lobes of wings fleshy, forming a vault over the stamens ; terminal almost orbicular ; spur 3/4 in. Capsule 1/3 in., ellipsoid, beaked, glabrous. Seeds unripe. 67. I. acuminata, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 4754 ; shrubby, glabrous, stem simple stout, leaves crowded upwards petioled lanceolate acuminate crenate, peduncles axillary stout, flowers umbelled or racemed, bracts broad, sepals large ovate-cordate, standard orbicular, wings 2-partite, lip boat-shaped narrowed into the slender incurved spur. H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 145. Wet rocks in the Khasia Mts., alt. 4-5000 ft. Root perennial? Stem 6-14 in., naked below, almost invariably simple. Leaves 3-5 in., often caudate-acuminate, rather thick, crenatures minutely setigerous, not ciliate at the base; petiole 1/2-1 in., naked. Peduncles 1-1 1/2 in. ; bracts 1/6-1/4 in., obtuse or acute, concave, green ; pedicels 1/2-1 in., erect. Flowers about 1 in. diam., pale red; page 463 sepals broad, very oblique, acuminate ; standard not winged or spurred ; lateral wing-lobes reniform, incumbent on the much larger triangular terminal one, lower margin of wing with an inflexed auricle ; lip almost conical. Capsule 1/3 in., short, erect, ellipsoid, subacute. Seeds many, minute, woolly.68. I. Hookeriana, Arn. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 324 ; shrubby, glabrous, stem and branches robust, leaves elliptic acute or acuminate crenate-serrate thick, petiole long with 2 large glands, flowers 4-6 subumbelled long pedicelled, sepals small lanceolate, standard transversely oblong spurred at the back, wing- lobes large broad rounded, lip small continuous with the long curved stout spur. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4704; Thwaites Enum. 66 ; H.f.& T. in Journ Linn. Soc, iv. 145. I. biglandulosa, Moon Cat. 18. Central Province of Ceylon, alt. 3-5000 ft. A shrub, 4-5 ft., with very stout stem and often scarred branches as thick as the finger. Leaves 4-8 in., crenatures with a bristle ; petiole 1-4 in., stout, with 2 large opposite glands above the middle (usually at the top). Peduncle 3-4 in., erect, very robust ; bracts small, caducous ; pedicels very slender. Flowers 2 in. diam., white or with the wings streaked with blood-red ; standard very large ; wings spreading, lateral lobes oblong, terminal much larger, notched towards the tip; spur and lip 1 1/2-2 1/2 in, Capsule 1/2-2/3 in., ellipsoid, beaked, glabrous, obtuse. Seeds many, young pubescent. - This, though closely allied to I. grandis, seems to differ in the much smaller sepals, as well as in the shape of the wings, lip, and spur. 69. I. grandis, Heyne in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 464 ; shrubby, glabrous, stem and branches robust, leaves elliptic acute or acuminate crenate-serrate thick, flowers 4-6 subumbelled long-pedicelled, sepals large broad-ovate, standard orbicular, lateral wing-lobes obovate terminal cuneate notched, lip saccate obtuse or prolonged into a very stout conoidal straight spur. Wight in Madr. Jour. v. 10, t. 5 ; W. & A. Prodr. 137 ; Arn. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 324; Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. 31, t. 153; H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 145. Mountains of Malabar and Tinnevelly, alt. 1-4000 ft., Wight, &c. Shrubby, 8 ft. high, habit, foliage, and inflorescence of I. biglandulosa, and with the same coloured flower, but the sepals are three times as large, the standard more orbicular, the wing-lobes much narrower, and the lip ends in a sac or very stout conoidal straight spur. ** Spur shorter than the flower or 0. (See I. grandis and biglandulosa in *). 70. I. campanulata, Wight in Madr. Jour. v. 11, t. 7 ; Ic. t. 744; herbaceous, robust, glabrous, sparingly branched, leaves long-petioled elliptic- or ovate-lanceolate crenate glaucous beneath, peduncle stout, flowers 3 umbelled, bracts very large deciduous, sepals very large and broad ovate, standard orbicular keeled at the back, wing-lobes small incurved, lip smooth boat-shaped, spur very short. H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 145. Mountains of the Southern Carnatic, alt. 5-7000 ft., in moist woods, Wight. Stem 4-5 ft., as thick as the finger. Leaves 3-6 in., membranous, crenatures ciliate, base usually 2-glandular ; petiole 1-2 in., eglandular. Peduncle 2-3 in., very stout, erect; bracts 1/2 in., ovate-lanceolate,- subfoliaceous ; pedicels short. Flowers campanulate, white and yellow speckled with purple ; sepals perhaps the largest of the genus, acuminate ; standard apiculate ; wings concave and pointing forwards, lateral lobe small, obovate, overlapping the larger hatchet-shaped protruded terminal one. Capsule 2/3 in., ellipsoid, pointed at both ends, glabrous. Seeds globose, echinulate. page 464 71. I. leucantha, Thwaites Enum. 67 ; glabrous, stem erect simple rarely forked, leaves in 1 whorl or fascicled rarely opposite shortly petioled lanceolate acuminate serrulate, peduncles several long erect, flowers in a short terminal raceme, bracts ovate-lanceolate, sepals ovate-oblong acute, standard hooded, lateral lobe of wings small lanceolate, terminal large 3-lobed, lip boat-shaped, spur short straight. Ceylon ; at Hinidoon and Kittool Galle, Thwaites. Stem 5-10 in., naked below, succulent. Leaves 6-10 in the fascicle, of unequal sizes, 3-6 in., serratures acute, base often ciliate ; petiole 1/4-1/2 in. Peduncles many, longer or shorter than the leaves, many-flowered ; pedicels capillary, spreading, 1/4-1 in. ; bracts green, concave. Flowers white, 1/2 in, diam. ; standard not winged ; wings with the lobes rounded ; spur 1/6 in. Capsules 1/3 in., unripe, erect, ellipsoid, glabrous, beaked. 72. I. linearis, Arn. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 323 ; stem short stout simple, leaves crowded upwards subsessile linear-lanceolate acute subserrate, peduncles solitary or 2 stout erect, flowers very shortly umbelled, bracts ovate, sepals short ovate, standard short spurred at the back, terminal lobe of wings large obovate clawed, lip concave, spur very short. H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 143. Adam's Peak, CEYLON, alt. 4-6000 ft., Walker, &c. Erect, glabrous ; stem stout, scarred. Leaves many, 1-3 in., all crowded at the top of tlie stem, rather thick, base not ciliate. Peduncle 1-2 in., very stout ; bracts 1/5 in., green, spreading, acuminate, concave ; pedicels slender, spreading. Flowers 1/2 in. diam. ; wings large; spur a mere point. Capsule 1/4 in., ellipsoid, very turgid, acuminate, glabrous. Seeds many, very small, pubescent. Var. petiolata; leaves rather broadly petioled with scattered short hairs on the upper surface. 73. I. appendiculata, Arn. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i, 323; small, glabrous or pubescent, stem slender, leaves solitary few or many petioled ovate ellii)tic or lanceolate acute serrulate, peduncles long solitary or few, flowers umbelled or very shortly racetned, bracts broad-ovate or lanceolate, sepals ovate or oblong, standard hooded, lateral lobe of wings lanceolate caudate, terminal large clawed 1/2-cordate, lip boat-shaped, spur very short. Thwaites Enum. 67. Southern and Central parts of Ceylon, alt. 2-5000 ft. Very variable, both in habit and foliage. Stem simple, rarely branched, naked below, usually leafy above, with the leaves 1-1 1/2 in. broad, long-petioled and almost glabrous above; other specimens have 4 similar but pubescent leaves in a whorl, others 1, 2, 3, or a few lanceolate acuminate leaves, 4 in. long. Leaves membranous, usually ciliate towards the base. Peduncle often solitary, subterminal and longer than the leaves, with an umbel or very short raceme of 4-8 flowers ; bracts 1/5 in., concave, acuminate, green ; pedicels slender, spreading. Flowers about 3/4 in. long, white or pale rose-colour; standard streaked transversely with red. - Thwaites describes the lateral lobes of wings as small lanceolate long-caudate, the terminal as larger 4-cordate and acuminate ; the spur is sometimes reduced to a mere point. Capsule 1/3 in., ellipsoid, turgid, beaked, many-seeded. Seeds immature, oblong, hairy ? 74. I. travancorica,Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. p. 29, 1. 142; small, stem simple stout leafy at the top, leaves crowded small petioled elliptic subacute crenate, peduncles 1-3 subterminal erect 2-4-flowered, bracts lanceolate, flowers umbelled small, sepals obliquely ovate, standard small concave, terminal lobe of wings large sessile, lip boat-shaped, spur short obtuse or 0. page 465 Mountains of Travancor; Myhendra and Aghasteer. alt. 4-5000 ft, Beddome. Stem strict, 6-8 in., naked below. Leaves 1/2 in., rather thick, ciliated in the crenatures ; petiole slender, often as long as the blade. Peduncles 1-2 in.; bracts green, subulate-lanceolate, spreading. Flowers 1/2 in. diam., white streaked with red, very membranous; sepals oblique, acuminate; lateral lobe of wings small. Capsule unknown. 75. I. uncinata, Wight in Madr. Journ. v. 11, t. 6; Ic. t. 747; slender, elect, glabrous, leaves long-petioled ovate or ovate-cordate crenate, peduncles slender 4-8-fld., flowers small subumbelled or shortly racemed, sepals very large obliquely ovate, standard small elliptic, wings divaricating, terminal lobe obovate falcate, lip subcampanulate, spur short, inflated hooked. H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 144. Mountains of the Southern Carnatic, in dense shaded jungles near Courtallum, alt. 2-3000 ft., Wight. Stem 6-10 in., sparingly branched, leafy. Leaves 2-4 in., very membranous, ciliate often at the base, crenatures large, minutely ciliate ; petiole 1-3 in., rather slender. Peduncle shorter than the leaves ; bracts small, rather persistent ; pedicels 1/2-1 in. Flowers 3/4 in. diam. ; sepals very large for the size of the plant ; standard pointed ; lateral wing-lobes oblong, pointed forward, terminal protruded, rather hatchet-shaped; lip shortly campanulate ; spur constricted at the insertion, inflated below it, with a more slender upcurved tip. Capsule 3 in., ellipsoid, beaked, turgid, glabrous. Seeds few, unripe, apparently orbicular and glabrous. 76. I. elegans, Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. p. 29, t. 145 ; stout, glabrous, stem erect stout simple or branched, leaves long-petioled ovate or ovatecordate acuminate crenate, peduncles slender axillary and terminal erect, flowers 3-5 umbelled or shortly racemed, bracts large ovate-lanceolate, sepals ovate, standard small orbicular- ovate, lateral wing-lobes small rounded arched over the stamens, terminal very large obliquely ovate acute, lip very small boat-shaped, spur 0. Anamallay hills, in Travancor, alt, 2500-5000 ft., common, Beddome. Stem 6-12 in., simple or branched, often rooting at the joints. Leaves 2-4 in., very membranous, crenatures minutely ciliate ; petiole 1-3 in. Peduncles 1-3 in. ; bracts 1/4 in., usually recurved, whorled ; pedicels capillary, spreading. Flowers 1 in. across the wings, pale rose colour with a purple eye, those from the highest localities the largest ; standard apiculate flat with a green dorsal ridge ; terminal wing-lobe sessile, tip obtuse entire, inner margin obscurely retuse towards the tip. Capsule 1/3 in., ellipsoid, beaked, turgid in the middle, glabrous. Seeds hairy, subglobose. - In many respects near I. cordata, in which the side lobes of the wings are also incurved. A VIII. - Racemosae. * Spur long and slender. 77. I. maculata, Wight in Madr. Journ. v. 12 ; tall, slender, branched, leaves long-petioled elliptic-lanceolate acuminate serrate hairy above and beneath, peduncles and very long lax racemes much exceeding the leaves, pedicels horizontal, sepals large broad, standard small, lateral lobes of wings minute terminal very large, lip conoid, spur very long slender. H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 149. Mountain streams in Malabar ; Sivaghery hills, alt.,4-7000 ft., Wight. Stem 5-6 ft. ; branches and petioles laxly hairy, or glabrate. Leaves 3-5 in., membranous, often 2-glandular at the base, serratures not tipped with a bristle ; petiole 1-2 in., sometimes with 2 or more long stipitate glands. Raceme and stiff peduncle together 6-12 in., quite erect ; bracts ovate, persistent ; pedicels 1 in. Flower nearly 1 in. long ; sepals and orbicular standard acuminate ; terminal wing-lobe suborbicular, lateral hid under the standard; spur twice as long as the flower, curved up. Capsule page 466 1/3 in., ellipsoid, beaked, glabrous. Seeds suborbiciilar, pustuular, and shortly hairy. - The glands of the leaf-base and petiole are sometimes spirally involute.78. I. elongata, Arn. in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 324; tall, stout, glabrous, simple or branched, leaves stout-petioled elliptic acuminate serrate thick, peduncles far exceeding the leaves very stout, racemes lax, pedicels horizontal, sepals rather large ovate, standard small, lateral lobes of wings small, terminal large, lip small, spur long very slender. Thwaites Enum. 67 ; H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 150. Adam's Peak in Ceylon, alt. 3-4000 ft. Apparently about 3 ft. high; stem woody below, straight or flexuons and scarred above. Leaves 2-3 in.; serratures gland-tapped. Peduncle very lax ; raceme 4-10 in., stout; bracts ovate, acuminate, persistent; pedicels 1-1 1/2 in., horizontal, thickened upwards. Flower 1 in. long, red ; sepals acuminate, the small dorsally spurred standard about equalling the lateral lobes of the wings : terminal lobe oblique ; spur 1 1/2 in., tip thickened. Capsule 1/3 in., ellipsoid, beaked, glabrous. 79. I. cornigera, Arn. in Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 323; quite glabrous, stem simple rather stout, leaves (rarely opposite) petioled elliptic-lanceolate acute or acuminate crenate, peduncles subterminal slender erect, racemes short lax, pedicels capillary, sepals small ovate, standard oblong acuminate, lateral wing-lobes minute, terminal subquadrate with a broad claw, spur long or short rather stout circinate at the tip. Thwaites Enum. 67 ; H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 150. Warmer parts of Ceylon, in damp woods. Stem 6-24 in , stout or slender, usually the former, often naked below and very leafy above. Leaves very variable, 3-6 in., sometimes variegated with white along the midrib, rarely serrate, crenatures ciliate ; petiole 1/4-1 in. Peduncles erect, longer or shorter than the leaves; raceme 1-2 in.; bracts small, ovate, acute; pedicels 1 in., horizontal. Flowers 1 in. long, yellow, variegated with green or pale rose ; standard concave, orbicular when spread out ; terminal lobe of wings with concave sides and broad oblique notched apex ; spur very variable, sometimes inflated below. Capsule 1/3 in., ellipsoid, turgid, beaked, glabrous. Seeds few, orbicular, compressed, shining. - The shining smooth compressed seeds ally this to I. Kleinii, &c. 80. I. Arnottii, Thwaites Enum. 67 ; quite glabrous, stem simple rather slender, leaves petioled elliptic-lanceolate acuminate crenulate sparsely hairy above, peduncles strict subterminal, flowers few and shortly racemed or subumbelled, sepals small cordate, standard small, lateral wing-lobes small, terminal large clawed semicircular, lip small, spur slender incurved. Central Province of Ceylon, alt. 1-3000 ft., rare, Thwaites. Very similar to I. cornigera, but more slender, racemes shorter or flowers sometimes umbelled, red-purple, tinged yellow in the centre, and with very differently shaped terniinal wing lobes which are notched at the apex on one side. - The base of the stem in this and its allies seems to form a perennial tuber. 81. I. phoenicea, Bedd. in Madr. Journ. iii. 175: Ic. PI. Ind.Or. p. 30, 1. 148; suffruticose, erect, glabrous, leaves petioled lanceolate, narrowed at both ends serrate, peduncles axillary as long as the leaves racemose, bracts cordate, raceme few-flowered, sepals ovate, standard broad ovate, wings small, lateral lobe cordate overlapping the much larger oblong terminal one, lip with spur trumpet-shaped incurved. Pulney hills in the Southern Carnatic, alt. 6-7000 ft., Beddome. Apparently a slender sparingly branched herb, quite glabrous. Leaves 3-4 in., membranous, serratures with rather long cilia ; petiole 1/2-1 in., naked. Peduncles axillary, page 467 slender, erect ; bracts 1/5 in., persistent ; pedicels 1/2-1 in., slender. Flowers 4-14, 1 in. long, campanulate, brilliant scarlet, yellow in the centre ; standard vaulted, dorsally winged ; tip of spur swollen. - Major Beddome regards this as allied to I. Walkeri, of Ceylon.82. I. Tangachee, Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. p. 30, t. 147 ; glabrous, stem stout short subprocumbent, leaves obscurely whorled subsessile narrowly elliptic-lanceolate acuminate serrate, peduncles exceeding the leaves very stout erect, flowers subumbelled or racemed, pedicels erect, sepals oblong, standard short broad, lateral wing-lobes truncate terminal broadly cuneate, lip small boat-shaped, spur slender incurved. Anamallay hills in Travancor, alt. 4000 ft. and upwards, in river-beds, Beddome ; Bolemputty, Wight. A short simple or forked herb, 6-10 in. Stem naked and rooting below. Leaves 2-3 in. ; glabrous on both surfaces, thick, nerves few slender. Peduncles very stout, 1 1/2-2 1/2 in.; bracts 1/5 in., coriaceous; pedicels 1/2-1 1/2 in., stout, thickened upwards. Flowers 4-8, 1-1 1/4 in., bright rose; spur stout, straight or hooked, terminal wing-lobe with a broadly truncate and erose apex ; spur 1 in., straight or incurved. Capsule 1/3 in., gibbous, glabrous. Seeds many, very small. 83. I. leptura, Hook. f. ; quite glabrous, branches slender, leaves long-petioled elliptic acuminate crenate membranous, peduncles axillary slender 2-3-fid, bracts deciduous, sepals broad ovate very oblique, standard small vaulted, lateral wing-lobes small rounded, terminal very large suborbicular, lip small saccate, spur long very slender incurved. Anamallay hills, in Malabar, alt. 4500-5500 ft., Beddome. Leaves 4-6 in., very membranous, with or without gland-tipped bristles at the base, crenatures ciliate; petiole 1-3 in., slender. Peduncles shorter than the leaves : bracts ovate, small ; pedicels 1/2-1 in. Flowers 1 in. across the broad flat wings ; standard quite small, not winged or spurred dorsally ; lateral wing-lobes very small, concave, overlapping the very large terminal ones which are quite entire ; spur 1-1 1/2 in,, flexuous, turned to one side. Capsule 1/3 in,, ellipsoid, beaked, turged in the middle, glabrous. Seeds many, orbicular, young pilose, probably large. - I have only fragments of this very distinct species, which is labelled I. cordata? by Major Beddome. ** Spur short, or 0. (See also I. cornigera). 84. I. Wightiana, Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. p. 30, t. 146 ; suffruticose, erect, glabrous, leaves long-petioled elliptic-lanceolate acuminate serrate, petiole with many stipitate glands, peduncles slender shorter than the leaves, bracts ovate, racemes lax, pedicels capillary, sepals small, standard small orbicular ovate apiculate, lateral wing-lobes small spreading, terminal very large long oblong obtuse, lip funnel-shaped, spur short incurved. Moist forests in the Anamallay hills, Travancor, alt. 3-4500 ft., Beddome. Leaves 5-6 in., with a few scattered hairs above on the nerves, membranous, lineolate between the nerves; petiole 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., slender. Peduncles flowering almost throughout their length; bracts very small; pedicels spreading in fruit. Flowers 1-1 1/4 in. long, white mottled with pink ; standard with a green dorsal ridge ; upper wing-lobe oblong, pointing forwards, terminal narrow, obtuse ; spur very short, hooked. Capsule 1/4 in., trapezoid, glabrous. Seeds about 5, globose, hairy. 85. I. Walkeri, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 324, t. 18; tall, erect, quite glabrous, leaves very long-petioled elliptic-lanceolate acuminate serrulate, peduncles stout erect, flowers 6-8, bracts broadly ovate, pedicels slender erect, sepals small ovate- cordate, wings small 2-partite, lip elongate serrate ventricose incurved laterally compressed, spur very short incurved. Bot. Mag. t. 5237. page 468 Central Provinces of Ceylon, alt. 4-6000 ft. Root tuberous, perennial. Stem 1-2 ft., stout, simple or branched. Leaves 1 1/2-4 in., thick, serratures ciliate, petiole 1/4-1 in. Peduncles stout, erect; racemes 4-8-flowered; bracts small, persistent ; pedicels slender, erect, spreading in fruit. Flowers 2/3-1 in., scarlet, rarely yellow ; sepals small, ovate ; standard very small, hooded ; wings very small, lateral lobes rounded, almost hidden under the standard ; terminal lobes orbicular protruded, notched on the inner margin towards the rounded end ; lip very large, walls undulate ; spur slender, hooked, swollen at the tip. Capsule 1/3 in., ellipsoid, gibbous, glabrous. Seeds unknown. 86. I. tavoyana, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 4773 ; short, quite glabrous, stem stout succulent, leaves petioled ovate acuminate subserrate base with long cilia, peduncles subterminal erect slender, flowers small in short racemes, bracts minute, pedicels spreading capillary, sepals narrow, standard small oblong concave spurred at the tip, terminal wing-lobes very long-clawed pendulous oblong?, lip boat-shaped with a gibbosity or short slender spur. H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 146. I. lineata, Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1859, i. 271. Tenasserim at Moulmein, Lobb. Annual. Stem 4-10 in., simple or branched. Leaves 2-3 in., very membranous, serratures ciliate, hairs at the base not glandular; petiole 1/2-1 in. Peduncles 1-3 in,, erect or spreading; raceme terminal, 8-14-flowered; bracts setaceous, persistent, pedicels 1/2-1 in. Flowers 1/2 in. long, white? with purple streaks on the lip , sepals variable in shape, usually linear ; standard with a green spur at the tip ; claw of wings 1/8 in. long, very narrow, strap-shaped, blade shorter than the claw, obovate-cuneate, with a callous auricle at the base ; lip large for the plant, very concave, acuminate ; spur sometimes as long as the lip, and turned up along its base. Capsule 1/4 in,; trapezoid, acutely beaked, glabrous. Seeds 2-3, oblong, compressed, opaque, glabrous. - An exceedingly curious species, the long slender claws of the wings are unique in the genus. The form of the wing itself, as described, I have not ascertained with sufficient confidence. 87. I. racemulosa, Wall. Cat. 7274 ; stem simple erect leafy, leaves long-petioled elliptic-ovate acute crenate-serrate, petiole eglandular, racemes flexuous axillary 6-8-flowered, bracts ovate, pedicels capillary, flowers 3/4 in., sepals obliquely ovate, standard small orbicular, terminal lobe of wings very large 1/2-orbicular violet, lip boat-shaped, spur incurved slender. H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 138. Khasia Mts., in marshes, alt. 4-5000 ft., Gomez, &c. ; Bhotan, Herb. Griffith. Stem 6-8 in., succulent, sometimes thick. Leaves 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., membranous, exstipulate. Racemes 1-2 in., horizontal ; pedicels scattered, spreading, 1/2 in. ; bracts 1/10 in., coriaceous, persistent, glandular at the tip. Flowers 2/3 in. across the wings, of a deep fine violet colour; standard not spurred at the back ; lateral lobes of wings small ; spur 1/2-3/4 in., obtuse, curved into a semicircle. Capsule short, 1/3 in., clavate, acute, glabrous. Seeds few, small. - A very beautiful plant, allied to none. B. Capsule linear. B I. - Oppositifolia and Verticillata. (See I. tripetala in B ii.) 88. I. Roylei, Walp. Rep. i. 475 ; tall, robust, branches quite glabrous, leaves usually opposite and whorled lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, stipules of seta, peduncles subterminal, flowers many umbelled or racemed, standard 2-lobed, wings broad, lip saccate very obtuse, spur short, capsule clavate beaked cernuous. H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 127. I. glandulifera, Royle III. 151, t. 28, f, 2 ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1840, t. 22 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4020. page 469 Temperate Western Himalaya ; common from Nipal to Marri, alt. 6-8000 ft. A handsome often gigantic species, 4-10 ft., with the stem as thick as the thumb, fleshy. Leaves very variable as to disposition, size, breadth, petiole, and cutting of the margin, base rounded or acute ; stipules of stout gland-tipped setae. Peduncles 2-5 in., stout, straight, erect ; bracts ovate lanceolate, acuminate. Flowers usually pale red-purple, sometimes white ; sepals 1/6-1/3 in., green. Capsule 1/2-3/4 in., clavate, or much narrowed towards the base, top abruptly beaked, glabrous, usually drooping, very turgid in the middle. Seeds large, broadly obovoid ; testa opaque, spongy. - Very closely allied to I. longicornu, sulcata, and Thomsoni. Edgeworth considers that I. Moschata differs specifically in its musky odour, habit, and more deeply serrated leaves. - Seeds eatable raw, tasting like nuts. Var. 1 ; leaves crenate-serrate, serratures glandular. Var. 2. moschata; leaves alternate and whorled, coarsely serrate, less glandular. I. moschata, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 38. Var. 3. Candida; uppermost leaves opposite or whorled, flowers white spotted with crimson. I. Candida, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1840, Misc. 85 ; 1841, t. 20. Var. 4. macrochila ; upper leaves alternate, terminal lobes of the wings longer dimidiate-ovate falcate. I. macrochila, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1840, t. 8. 89. I. Thomsoni, Hook f. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 128 ; tall, robust, branched, quite glabrous, leaves opposite below whorled or alternate above, petioled ovate acuminate coarsely serrate, stipules pulvinate, peduncles erect, flowers umbelled, sepals ovate-lanceolate, standard entire, wings 2-lobed, lip conical narrowed into the rather long spur, capsule narrowly clavate. Inner ranges of the Temperate Himalaya, Piti and Kunawur, alt. 9-10,000 ft., T. Thomson; Kumaon and Garwhal, alt. 12,000 ft., Strach. & Wint. ; Sikkim, alt. 12,000 ft., J. D. H. Probably a small state of I. Roylei or sulcata, 2-12 in. high, with flowers only half the size, a conical or trumpet-shaped lip narrowed into the spur, and a narrower capsule 1/2-1 in. long. It is only found in the interior and drier Himalayan ranges, and varies exceedingly in the size of all its parts. The flowers are pale and spotted. The stipules usually form a large glandular tubercle. 90. I. sulcata, Wall. Cat. 4764 in part ; stem stout erect grooved quite glabrous, leaves usually opposite and whorled elliptic- ovate or lanceolate coarsely crenate-serrate, stipules pulvinate, flowers many umbelled or racemed, standard 2-lobed, wings broad, lip saccate obtuse, spur short inflexed, capsule elongate horizontal. H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 129. I. gigantea, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 38. Temperate Himalaya, alt. 7-12,000 ft., from Marri to Sikkim. A gigantic annual herb, said to attain 15 ft. in height, but I never saw it more than 8 in Sikkim, with furrowed fistular stems, so like I. Roylei that I suspect it may prove to be a variety of that plant, differing in the more crenate leaves, stipules (a very variable character), and the longer narrow inclined capsules 1 in. long, which are but slightly clavate, and have similar large eatable seeds. It should also be compared with states of I. longicornu. The 4 lateral sepals are sometimes developed in Sikkim. Var. minor; smaller, lip conical. - Kunawur, alt. 8000 ft., T. Thomson. 91. I. amplexicaulis, Edgew, in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 37; tall, branched, quite glabrous, leaves sessile lower opposite oblong-lanceolate upper alternate ovate-lanceolate amplexicaul, all crenate-serrate, stipules pulvinate or obsolete, flowers umbelled or racemed, standard orbicular 2-lobed, wings 2-lobed, lip saccate acute or obtuse, spur short inflexed, capsule slender horizontal. H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 129. Western Temperate Himalaya, alt. 6-12,000 ft.; Kulu, Edgeworth; Simla, Lady Dalhousie ; Kumaox, Strach. & Wint. page 470 A very distinct species in foliage, and at once recognised by tho alternate amplexicaul upper leaves, but the lower leaves, habit, flowers and fruit differ little from I. sulcata and Thomsoni. The stem is 4-angled, peduncles short, flowers fewer and smaller, and the capsule is hardly clavate, 1-1 1/4 in. B II. - Uniflorae. (See also I. discolor, spirifer and serrata under B III., which are sometimes 1-flowered). 92. I. tripetala, Roxb. Fl. Ind. Ed. Carey, ii. 453 ; tall, glabrous, rarely pubescent, branched, stout, leaves large membranous long petioled opposite alternate or whorled ovate- or elliptic-lanceolate acuminate crenulate, pedicels slender solitary or fascicled, flowers large, sepals subulate falcate, standard obovate spurred at the back, wings small, lip deeply saccate, spur short abrupt incurved. I. multiflora, Wall Cat. 4742; H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 126. Tropical Himalaya, Sikkim, alt. 2-5000 ft., J. D. H.; Bhotan, Duphla Hills, Booth; Assam, Silhet, and Khasia Mts., alt. 0-3000 ft. Annual. Stem stout, succulent, 1 1/2-2 ft., swollen at the nodes, simple or with opposite branches. Leaves 2-8 in., exclusive of the petiole, which is often 5 in., membranous, acuminate, glabrous or sparsely pubescent above, nerves very numerous, lower crenatures often with bristles. Pedicels 1/2-1 in., glabrous, bracteate at the base when fascicled on a short peduncle. Flowers red or purple, 1 1/2 in. from the base of the lip to the tip of the standard, glabrous or pubescent; sepals very small for the size of the flower; standard galeate ; wings with two suborbicular lobes ; lip rounded at the base, suddenly narrowed into a spur. Capsule 1/2-3/4 in., ellipsoid, quite glabrous. Seeds many, pyriform, testa rough opaque. - Specimens of this might be referred to sections B. i. and B. iii., accoiding as the leaves are opposite or alternate, and the pedicels solitary or collected on a peduncle. 93. I. puberula, DC. Prodr. i. 684 ; slender, erect, leafy, pubescent, leaves petioled elliptic-lanceolate crenate acuminate eglandular, pedicels subterminal bracteate slender 1-flowered, flowers pubescent violet, sepals broad, standard orbicular notched dorsally winged, terminal lobe of wings broadly semi-obovate, lip conoidal, spur long slender incurved, capsule slender. Wall. Fl. As. Rar. ii. 83, t. 193 ; Cat. 4767 A ; H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 141. I. mollis, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. Ed. Carey, ii. 461. I. hispidula, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 4740. Temperate regions of the Sikkim and Nipal Himalaya, alt. 5-6000 ft. Stem 2-3 ft., sparingly branched, pubescent above. Leaves 1-3 in., membranous, usually pubescent on both surfaces ; petiole rather short; stipules 0. Pedicels 1-1 1/2 in., pubescent, usually confined to the uppermost axils ; bracts subulate, basal, or 0. Flower flat, 1 1/4-1 1/2 in. from the standard to the wings; sepals broad ovate acuminate; standard almost as large as the two wings, and, like them, of a deep violet colour; wings of 2 sessile lobes, lateral smaller rounded; lip rather small; spur 1/2 in. Capsule 1 in., glabrous. Seeds immature. - In the Linnean Journal I confounded with this under variety β, a Khasia plant which I now find should be referred to I. bella, leaving this a single-flowered species. The Sikkim specimens are larger leaved and more glabrous than the Nipalese. 94. I. arguta, H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 137 ; slender, erect,' glabrous or sparsely pubescent, leaves ovate or lanceolate sharply serrate, petiole usually glandular, peduncle very short 1-2-flowered, bracts setaceous twisted or 0, flower large, sepals ovate-cordate, standard orbicular spurred behind, terminal lobe of wings very long pendulous, lip elongate saccate, spur short stout incurved. page 471 Shaded woods of the Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 5-7000 ft., and Khasia Mts., alt. 3-6000 ft. ; Bhotan, at Duphla, Booth ; Birma, at Momyen, J. Anderson. Perhaps only a variety of I. spirifer, but a stronger growing plant, often much branched, leaves more strongly toothed, often ciliate at the base, petiole usually glandular, bracts, when present, very curiously twisted, lip deeper, and spur not spiral. Capsule 1 in., stout. Seeds orbicular, small, opaque, granulate. - I have found 4 lateral sepals on this species ; it was the commonest Darjeeliug one in 1848. B III. - AXILLIFLORAE. * Standard usually spurred at the back. 95. I. Jurpia, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 4761 ; tall, shrubby, branched, glabrous or pubescent, leaves long-petioled elliptic-lanceolate caudate-acuminate often oblique crenate, peduncles very long 1-3-flowered, flowers large, bracteoles and sepals minute, standard obcordate usually with a long dorsal spur, terminal lobe of wings obovate or oblong, lip very large saccate, spur short stout incurved. H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv, 140. Shaded woods of the temperate and subtropical Himalaya from Nipal to Bhotan ; Khasia Mts., alt. 3-5000 ft. Stem 5-8 ft., stout and woody below ; branches glabrous or pubescent. Leaves 3-10 in., very membranous, many-nerved, with scattered hairs above, often red beneath, often ciliate towards the base ; nerves numerous, slender ; petiole usually long and slender, often glandular. Peduncles 2-4 in., slender; bracts subulate; pedicels 1/2-1 in. Flowers nearly 2 in. from the spur to the tip of the standard, white or pale strawcoloured or orange-red ; standard with a spur sometimes 1/2 in. long, at others obsolete ; wings small, lateral lobes rounded, included, terminal exserted, twice as large, notched at the tip or not, with an inflexed auricle on the inner margin ; lip very large and broad, usually rounded at the base ; spur stout, obtuse. Capsule 1-1 1/2 in., narrow-linear, clavate, acute, glabrous. Seeds many, small, opaque, suborbicular, tubercled. - A splendid species, closely allied in flower to I. spirifer, arguta, and discolor. The peduncles are sometimes 9 in. long, and bear many alternate broad ovate small persistent thick bracts and no flowers. Amongst Cathcart's drawings of Darjeeling plants is a white-flowered species, probably a variety of this, with large bracts and a very short spur on the standard. 96. I. discolor, Wall. Cat. 4767; ? DC. Prodr. i. 687; slender, erect, branched, leaves petioled ovate or lanceolate acuminate crenate, peduncles short axillary 1-3-flowered, bracts broad ovate gland-tipped, flowers large, sepals rather large broadly ovate, standard orbicular spurred at the back, terminal lobe of wing large pendulous, lip very large deep conoidal narrowed into a short stout involute obtuse spur. H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 137. I. Hoffmeisteri, Klotzsch in Reise Pr; Waldem. Lot. 121, 1. 15 A. Temperate Nipal and Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 6-8000 ft. Glabrous, or pubescent on the leaves above. Stem 3-5 ft, decumbent and rooting at the base. Leaves membranous, crenatures coarse, with a bristle in the sinus ; nerves many ; petiole variable, naked. Peduncle and pedicels together 1-2 in., very slender, bracts 1/12 in. scattered. Flowers 1 1/2-2 in., violet-blue with a pink-purple veined very large lip ; standard small ; wings as in I. arguta and spirifer, which this much resembles in foliage and flowers, but differs wholly in the fruit. Capsule 2/3 in., slender, clavate and acuminate beyond the middle, the lower portion being seedless. Seeds unripe. - A very common Darjeeling species. De Candolle describes the flower as yellow, so I suspect that he has had I. urticafolia (or perhaps I. flavida) in his eye, with which species this has much in common ; in this the leaves are more uniform, less crowded upwards and less drawn out at the apex ; and the flowers are more uniformly lateral. 97. I. spirifer, H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 135 ; erect, glabrous, or sparsely pubescent, leaves long-petioled ovate-lanceolate caudate-acuminate page 472 coarsely crenate upper sessile, stipules setose, peduncles 1-2, sepals large ovate-cordate, standard orbicular spurred behind, terminal lobe of wings very long pendulous, lip subcampanulate, spur short spiral, capsule long slender.Temperate and subtropical woods of the Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 4-7000 ft. Stem 8-10 in., slender, sparingly branched. Leaves membranous, 1-3 in., narrowed into the slender cylindrical petiole, apiculate in the crenatures. Peduncles sometimes 2 and connate at the base, ebracteate, very slender, shorter or longer than the leaves. Flowers 1 1/2 in. from the spur to the tip of the apiculate standard : wings violet-purple, the terminal lobe sometimes 1 1/4 in. long, elliptic-oblong; lip deeply conoidal, inflated, narrowed into the spiral spur, pale rose-coloured streaked with purple. Capsule 1 in., very slender. Seeds small, globose, puberulous. - A lovely plant, closely allied to I. arguta, but the flowers are almost invariably solitary, and it wants the curious united bracts. 98. II. porrecta, Wall. Cat. 7275 ; slender, quite glabrous, stem simple creeping below, leaves petioled ovate or lanceolate acuminate serrulate 2-glandular near the base, peduncles 2-3-flowered, bracts setaceous gland-tipped, sepals ovate-lancetdate, standard orbicular spurred at the back, terminal lobe of wings elongate pendulous, lip large conoid deep narrowed into a rather long abruptly hooked spur. H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 138. Khasia Mts., Wallich; in marshes at Kala Panee, alt. 5-6000 ft., J. D. H. & T. T. Stem simple, 12-18 in, succulent. Leaves 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., membranous, many-nerved; petiole 1-1 1/2 in. PeduncIe with the pedicels shorter than the leaves. Flowers large, 1 1/2 in. long, pale yellow or straw-coloured, beautifully striated with red; standard and wings as in I. discolor, but the lip is very different, being almost triangular in profile, narrowed into a spur as long as itself. Capsule very immature, apparently not more than 1/2 in., acuminate. 90. I. scabrida, DC. Prodr i. 687 ; glabrous or pubescent, leaves ovate or lanceolate acuminate serrate, stipules of two large glands, peduncles short 2-6-flowered, bracts setaceous, sepals broad ovate-cordate, standard very large orbicular spurred behind, wings smaller, lip conoidal as long as the incurved spur. Wall. Cat. 4769 ; Wight Ic. t. 323 ; H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 136. I. tricornis, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1840, t. 9; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4051. I. cristata and I. calycina. Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind. Ed. Carey, ii. 456 and 463. I. Hamiltoniana, Don Prodr. 204. Shady woods of the temperate Himalaya, from Kunawar to Bhotan, alt. 6-10,000 ft. Robust, often much brancbed, 3-5 ft., rarely quite glabrous. Leaves 2-6 in., sessile or narrowed into the naked petiole. Flowers 1 in., golden-yellow, spotted with red, sometimes panicled, generally in several axils; peduncle 1-2 in., pedicels as long; standard cordate at the base, lateral lobe of wings short rounded, terminal much smaller, oblong. Capsule 1-2 in., slender, straight, ribbed, glabrous or puberulous. Seeds 1-seriate, oblong, scarcely tubercled. - De Candolle describes the spur as very Iong (longissimus), which is certainly not the case. I have no Sikkim specimen, but have a figure of the plant amongst Cathcart's drawings, which has 4 lateral sepals. 100. I. tropaeolifolia, Griff, mss. ; nearly glabrous, stem stout succulent branched, leaves petioled elliptic-obovate acuminate crenate-serrulate, peduncles succulent 2-3-flowered, flowers large yellow, sepals broad orbicular-ovate, standard orbicular thick green with a dorsal spur, wings very large clawed 2-lobed with an inflexed thickened auricle on the inner margin, lip funnel-shaped narrowed into a stout incurved spur. MISHMI Hills, Griffith. Annual, a foot high; stem diaphanous, flexuous. Leaves 2-3 1/2 in., rather thick, page 473 glabrous or sparsely puberulous above, white beneath, teeth with subspiral bristles, nerves slender; petiole 1/4-3/4 in. ; stipular glands obsolete or 0. Peduncles 1 1/2 in., apparently not stiff ; bracts small, caducous ; pedicels slender. Flower about 1 in. diam. ; sepals acuminate, green; standard very coriaceous or fleshy; wings 1 in. long, claw broad, dilating first into a rounded lateral lobe, which is followed by twice as large a rounded terminal lobe ; a curious incurved and thickend semilunar fold of the inner margin occurs opposite the union of the lobes ; lip large ; spur 1 in. long. Fruit unknown. - This fine species may belong to A v. in the short-fruited section.** Standard not spurred, but sometimes gibbous at the back. (See also 100. tropaeolifolia.) 101. I. laevigata, Wall. Cat. 4753 ; shrubby, erect, glabrous, leaves petioled elliptic- or obovate-lanceolate caudate-acuminate serrate, peduncles axillary very short stout, bracts large, flowers racemed and crowded or solitary yellow, sepals very large green orbicular, standard transversely oblong not spurred behind, wings short 2-lobed, lip funnel-shaped narrowed into a hooked spur of its own length or shorter. H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 146. Shaded woods in the Khasia Mts., alt. 3-5000 ft. Stem 4-6 ft., woody below, branched; branches nodose, sometimes puberulous. Leaves 4-6 in., membranous, often oblique at the base, serratures with a bristle; petiole 1/2-1 in., sometimes glandular. Peduncles 1/2-1 in., usually crowded in the upper axils, stout, 1-4-flowered; bracts broadly ovate-cordate, obtuse, sometimes 1/2 in.; pedicels short, stout. Flowers 1-1 1/2 in. long, pale yellow streaked with pink on the wings and lip ; sepals very large indeed, sometimes 1/2 in. long, acute, very oblique ; upper, wing-lobes short, oblong, obtuse, lower almost twice as large, oblong, unequally 2-lobed, notched ; lip and spur 3/4-1 in. 102. I. Cathcartii, Hook.f.; erect, shrubby, branched, glabrous, leaves petioled elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate acuminate crenate, peduncles axillary long stout, bracts small, flowers laxly racemed large, sepals very large coloured orbicular, standard orbicular gibbous or spurred behind, wings short 2-lobed, lip saccate with a short stout incurved spur. Shaded forests in the Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 3-5000 ft., J. D.H. A large ramous species, nearest allied to J. Iaevigata in foliage and habit, but differing in the long very stout peduncled racemes, 3-7 in. long, smaller bracts, larger pink flowers 2-2 1/2 in. long, with bright rose-coloured spur and standard; in the red (not green) sepals and more saccate lip. - As in I. Jurpia and other species the standard varies in being .spurred or only gibbous at the back. 103. I. serrata, Benth. in Wall. Cat. 4771 ; glabrous, erect, simple or sparingly branched, leaves sessile or shortly petioled ovate-lanceolate acuminate sharply serrate eglandular, stipules glandular or 0, pedicel very slender forked in the middle 2-flowered, bracts setaceous scattered, sepals large broad, standard oblong clawed, wings clawed narrow, lip oblique conoid, spur about equalling the flower. H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 136. Shaded woods in the temperate regions of Nipal, Wallich ; Sikkim, alt. 8-10,000 ft., and Bhotan, Griffith. Stem slender, 1-3 ft. Leaves membranous, narrowed gradually into the petiole. Flowers 2/3-1 1/2 in. long, yellow or white spotted with red ; sepals very variable, sometimes very large, and almost orbicular; standard and wings apparently remote from the length of their claws ; spur abrupt, recurved. Capsule 1-1 1/2 in., very slender. Seeds numerous, narrow obovoid, strongly tubercled. - Allied to I. scabrida, but smaller, more delicate, with ditferently shaped lip, spur, and sepals. 104. I. longipes, H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 150 ; quite glabrous, tall, branched, leaves distant shortly petioled elliptic-lanceolate caudate-acuminate page 474 crenate, peduncles solitary axillary very long slender arcuate, raceme terminal 3-5-flowered, bracts subulate caducous, flowers 1 in. yellow, sepals 2-4 small, standard orbicular apiculate, wings with a long narrow twisted terminal lobe, lip trumpet-shaped, spur slender hooked.Temperate Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 8-10,000 ft., J. D. H. A very distinct plant, 3-4 ft,, with scattered uniform leaves and long axillary subhorizontal peduncles, 2-5 in. long. Stipules 0. Stem subtetragonous. Leaves 3-5 in., membranous, rather falcate ; petiole 1/4-1/2 in. Flowers loosely racemed, pale yellow, unspotted ; buds rounded at the apex. Sepals sometimes 4, ovate-lanceolate ; lateral wing-lobe rounded, terminal 1 in., broadly subulate. Capsule not seen. - I have not cited any other habitat for this species but Sikkim ; the Kumaon plants cited in Journ. Linn. Soc. being imperfect. In the form of the flower it is most allied to I. laxiflora and its allies. 105. I. urticifolia, Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind. Ed. Carey, ii. 457 ; Cat. 4768 ; simple or sparingly branched, quite glabrous, leaves large lower long-petioled elliptic-ovate caudate-acuminate coarsely crenate, peduncles axillary and subterminal very slender arched 3-5-flowered, bracts persistent slender, flowers large purple or yellow, sepals obliquely ovate, standard orbicular, wings 2-lobed, lip shortly saccate, spur short incurved or hooked. I. urticifolia, vars. α and γ, H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 152. Temperate Himalaya, Nipal, Wallich; Sikkim, alt. 10-12,000 ft., J. D.H. Stem 2-3 ft., usually slender, and hardly branched. Leaves 4-6 in., upper sessile, membranous, tips long and quite entire; nerves many spreading, very slender; crenatures with subbasal bristles ; petiole 1-3 in. ; stipular glands sessile or pedicelled or 0. Peduncles 2-5 in., usually axillary, sometimes subterminal and clustered, always very slender, horizontal, and more or less arched ; divided, as it were, at the top into 3-5-filiform pedicels, which, as well as the bracts (nearly 1/4 in.), are very slender, and do not spread. Flowers yellow according to Wallich, white or pale purple with red streaks, in the Sikkim specimen, 3/4 in. diam. ; sepals oblique, long-pointed ; standard obscurely keeled ; wings with broad lateral lobes and elongate oblong terminal ones ; spur almost as broad as deep, apiculate, base contracted but rounded, spur stout, obtuse. Capsule 1 in., inclined, linear, acuminate, glabrous, Seeds unripe. - This resembles a good deal I. amphorata, but is distinguished by its long, arched, filiform, usually horizontal, peduncles, which do not bear a raceme, but as it were divide into pedicels, and by its long slender bracts. It is most nearly allied to I. longipes and I. cymbifera. Wallich's description of the flower is imperfect, and I am unable to examine the wings of the dried specimens. 106. I. cymbifera, Hook.f.; slender, branched, quite glabrous, leaves petioled elliptic-ovate or lanceolate caudate-acuminate sharply crenate-serrate, peduncles axillary and subterminal much shorter than the leaves filiform 1-4-flowered, bracts large caducous, flowers large lilac, sepals large orbicular-ovate, standard orbicular gibbous behind, lateral wing-lobes rounded, terminal elongate-oblong conniving, lip broadly and deeply boat-shaped rounded below, spur 0. I. urticifolia β, H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 152. Inner valleys of the Sikkim Himalaya ; Lachoong river, alt. 8-10,000 ft., J. D. H. Stem 2-3 ft., green with pale red-purple blotches; branches slender. Leaves 4-8 in., membranous, tip quite entire, crenatures or serratures very shallow, with a terminal or subterminal bristle ; nerves many, arched, slender ; petiole 1/2-3/4 in., winged ; stipular glands sessile. Peduncles 1 1/2-3 in., spreading, capillary; bracts 1/3 in,, boat shaped with long points; pedicels divaricating. Flowers 1-1 1/4 in. long, pale lilac spotted with red; sepals nearly as long as the standard, acuminate, green on one (the upper) side of the midrib, lilac on the other ; standard much vaulted, hardly, keeled ; terminal wing-lobes horizontal, obtuse, conniving and parallel; lip 2/3 in. long, ovoid in outline, apiculate, page 475 almost hemispherical below. Capsule 3/4-1 in., linear, cuspidate, torulose, glabrous. Seeds few, young obovoid acute at the hilum, opaque. - Most nearly allied to I. urticifolia, Wall., differing in the acute small serratures of the leaves, short peduncles, caducous broad bracts, and the curious concave boat-like spurless lip.B IV. - SUBUMBELLATAE. 107. I. bicornuta, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. Ed. Carey, ii. 460 ; Cat. 4765 ; tall, stout, quite glabrous, leaves petioled elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate crenate caudate-acuminate, racemes subterminal interrupted, pedicels whorled, bracts narrow persistent, flowers rather large, sepals small, standard orbicular, wings caudate, lip horned at the tip produced downwards into a broad conoid or oblong incurved sac, spur short hooked or incurved. I. longicornu, Wall. Cat. 4729 in part, not of Flor. Ind. I. longicornu, Wall. var. a ; H.f. & T. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 148. Central and Western Temperate Himalaya ; Nipal, Wallich; Garwhal, Strach. & Wint. A tall, leafy, much-branched annual ; stem stout, succulent. Leaves 3-6 in., membranous, with sometimes a few scattered hairs on the upper surface, crenate, bristles or basal ; petiole 1-3 in., often with prominent basal stipular glands. Pedundes 2-4 in., rather stout, erect; racemes many-flowered; bracts whorled, ovate, with long prominent glandular tips; pedicels 3/4-1 in., slender. Flowers 3/4-1 in. long from tip of lip to that of standard ; buds 2-horned by the spur and projecting glandular herbaceous end of the lip, which is large, broad, and remarkably incurved ; wings with small lateral lobes and narrow terminal ones. Capsule (according to Wallich) 1 1/2 in., cylindric, smooth, shining. Seeds 8-10, subcylindric. - Under Wallich's 4729 (I. longicornu) there is a fine specimen of this, together with one of I. sulcata, and another of I. ampliorata ? to neither of which does his character of the double-horned bud apply ; and as the said fine specimen accords with another called I. bicornuta, but without a Catalogue number, in Wallich's Herbarium, collected in Nipal in 1821, and with his description of that plant in Roxburgh's Flora Indica, I retain the name here. The specimen in his Herbarium bearing the Catalogue name of I. bicornuta, has the spur rather more like that of I. ampliorata, but it has not the broad sepals. The name longicornu in his Herbarium is inapplicable to any of the 3 plants in the sheet to which it is attached, and had best be suppressed ; and all the more because it is not his own I. longicornu published in Roxburgh (which is De Candolle's, and his own leptoceras). 108. I. amphorata, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 39; erect, branched, slender or robust, glabrous, leaves petioled elliptic acuminate-crenate with glandular stipules, racemes subterminal subumbellately interrupted, bracts broad persistent, flowers large, sepals small broadly cordate, standard orbicular dorsally keeled or crested, wings with short lobes, lip a large deep broad rarely conical obtuse sac with a short abrupt incurved spur, capsule linear. Western Temperate Himalaya, from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 5-8000 ft. The habit and foliage of this are quite those of I. bicornuta, but the petioles are more constantly 2-glandular at the base, with the glands either sessile or stipitate, the apex of the leaf is not so produced into an entire linear tail, the raceme is often hardly whorled or interrupted, the sepals are constantly cordate, and the lip is usually of a very different shape, being very large, subcylindric and saccate, rarely conoidal, and though at times apiculate, never having the strong callous green points which suggest the name of bicomuta for that plant. The flowers are, I believe, rose-coloured and yellow, with red veins ; the lip, often 3/4 in., is in one specimen from Simla, drawn out into a spur circinnate at the tip, and with the spur considerably over an inch long. The capsule is erect, 2/3-1 2/3 in., linear, acuminate, not at all clavate. Seeds few, large, page 476 oblong, compressed ; testa rugose. - The following varieties are distinguished as species by Mr. Edgeworth : -Var. 1. ampliorata proper; stipular glands pedicelled, standard crested, wings unequally hatchet-shaped, lip very obtuse, spur incurved, capsule subterete. I. amphorata, Edgeworth, I.c. I. longicornu, Wall. Cat. 4729, in part, I. umbrosa, Nob. in Linn. Soc. Journ. I. picta, Knowles & Wescott Floral Cabinet, t. 128 (according to a specimen in Herb. Lindley). VAR. 2. umbrosa; stipular glands sessile obtuse, pedicels glandular, lip gradually narrowed into the incurved spur, capsule subtorulose. I. umbrosa. Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 39. I. longicornu, var. α and δ, nob. I.c. I. bicolor, Royle III. 151, t. 28. I. Roylei, Klotzsch in Reise Pr. Wald. 121, t. 15 B. Var. 3. pallens ; stipular glands unequal ear-shaped, pedicels thickened eglandular, flowers smaller paler, lip gradually narrowed into a revolute spur. I. pallens, Edgew. I.c. 39. I. longicornu, var. pallens, Nob. I.c. 109. I. Edgeworthii, Hook.f.; tall, robust, branched, glabrous, leaves large petioled elliptic acuminate acutely serrate, peduncles subterminal fascicled, raceme short, interrupted, bracts large keeled persistent often whorled, flowers large yellow and red, sepals very large orbicular midrib crested, standard orbicular crested, lateral wing-lobes obliquely oblong, terminal oblong, lip funnel-shaped narrowed into an incurved spur. I. longicornu, var. γ cristata, Nob. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 148. Western Temperate Himalaya at Kundau and the Beas Valley in Kulu, Edgeworth. This resembles very closely I. bicornuta in habit, stature, and foliage, but the leaves are sharply serrate, the serratures tipped with glandular bristles, the sepals are very large, nearly 1/3 in, long, crested on the midiib, and the lip is broadly funnel-shaped, without the callous green points of that species. From I. umbrosa it differs in the same points (except the last). The stipular glands are tumid ; the bracts boat-shaped, with long stiff glandular points ; the flower 1 in. long from the tip of the standard to the spur; the sepals green, rest of the flower yellow streaked with red, except the broad crested midrib of the standard, which is green. Capsule and seeds as in I. amphorata. 110. I. mishmiensis, Hook.f.; quite glabrous, stem stout branched, leaves petioled elliptic-oblanceolate acuminate serrate, peduncles stout axillary, flowers large white in broken wliorls, bracts large whorled persistent, sepals large broad ovate, standard orbicular obtusely spurred at the back, terminal wing-lobes elongate, lip funnel-shaped narrowed into a short incurved spur. Mishmi Mts., Griffith. A stout apparently succulent plant, 4 ft. high. Leaves 6 in., crowded towards the ends of the branches, membranous, sometimes gland-tipped, nerves very slender ; petiole 1 1/2-2 in. ; stipular glands 0 or obsolete. Peduncles stout, shorter than the leaves ; bracts in., spreading, acuminate, concave, green ; pedicels 3/4-1 in. Flowers few, more or less umbelled, about 1 1/2 in. diam. ; sepals and standard flesh-coloured ; wings apparently clawed and 2-lobed, both lobes being narrow, the terminal larger, tinged with yellow, and with 2 yellow spots ; lip large ; spur about 1 in. Capsule unripe, 1-1 1/4 in., linear. 111. I. radiata, Hook.f.; tall, quite glabrous, much branched, leaves long-petioled elliptic-ovate or lanceolate acuminate crenate, peduncles fascicled towards the ends of the branches erect, pedicels very numerous more or less whorled, bracts persistent, flowers small yellow or purplish, sepals small, standard orbicular, terminal wing-lobe elongate, lip conical ending in a short straight spur. I. racemosa, H.f. & T. in Linn. Soc. Journ. iv. 147, not of De Candolle and Wallich. page 477 SIKKIM HIMALAYA, alt. 6-12,000 ft.; Khasia Mts., alt. 5-7000 ft. A large leafy species, 3-5 ft., with copious inflorescence. Leaves 3-5 in., often fascicled towards the top of the stem, crenatures large, bristles basal ; petiole 1/2-3 in., with two large stipuliform glands at the base. Peduncles 3-8 in , corymbosely crowded, strict, stiff, with 2-5 whorls of stiff spreading pedicels 4-2 in. long ; bracts whorled, 1/4-1/3 in., ovate, with long stout glandular points. Flowers 1/2 in. including the spur, yellow or purplish, bud rounded at the top ; sepals lanceolate, with long points like the bracts ; standard neither winged, keeled nor spurred ; spur straight with a swollen tip, much shorter than the pedicel. Capsule 3/4-1 in., strict, rarely inclined, usually in a line with the pedicel, linear, hardly at all clavate, glabrous. Seeds between obovoid and oblong, small and smooth or nearly so, apiculate at the hilum. - A very distinct plant, though in a dry state small specimens are indistinguishable from several of its allies in B. v. The Sikkim specimens have larger seeds than the Khasian. B V. - Racemosae. * Bracts deciduous ; spur long, slender. 112. I. insignis, DC. Prodr. i. 688; glabrous, stem simple robust, leaves sessile elliptic-lanceolate acuminate serrate thick, nerves many strong, peduncles subterminal usually numerous stout long erect, raceme terminal, bracts large caducous, flowers crowded red, sepals large, standard broadly oblong recurved, wings small 2-lobed, lobes short, lip conoidal tapering into a long curved spur. Wall. Plant. As. Rar. ii. 83, t. 194; Cat. 4766; H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 150. NIPAL, Wallich. Stem 1-2 ft., quite simple, very stout, hard, angled, swollen at the nodes, leafy. Leaves 2-5 in., almost coriaceous, serratures close-set, tipped with a stout bristle, midrib and nerves prominent, transverse nerves very distinct ; stipules of 2 glands. Peduncles often crowded at the top of the stem, 4-8 in., rigid ; bracts 1/4 in., boat-shaped, acute ; pedicels 1/4-3/4 in., erect in flower spreading in fruit. Flowers 1 1/2 in., dark rose ; sepals broad, acuminate ; standard neither keeled nor spurred ; lateral wing-lobes ovate, obtuse, termiiial longer, oblong; lip with a stout point or horn, gradually contracting below into the fiexuous spur, together 1 in. long. Capsule 1 in., narrow clavate, apiculate, glabrous, cernuous. - Specimens in the Wallichian Herbarium are labelled as from Silhet, but I suspect through some error. 113. I. leptoceras, DC. Prodr. i. 688 ; very robust, much branched, nodes close swollen, leaves sessile or petioled narrow lanceolate acuminate crenate-serrate, peduncles fascicled subterminal erect shorter than the leaves, flowers small (except the spur) crowded, bracts large boat-shaped with long points deciduous, buds rounded, sepals large obliquely ovate-cordate, wings 2-lobed with a short narrow claw, lip boat-shaped, spur very long slender. Wall. Cat. 4770. I. longicornu, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. Ed. Carey, ii. 462 ? Miquel III. Flor. Archip. Ind. 103. I. leptoceras var. a, H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 153. I. odorata, Don Prodr. 213. NIPAL, or Sheopore, Wallich. - Distrib. ? Java (Miquel). Stem 2-4 ft.? smooth, fleshy, as thick as the thumb below ; branches with decurrent lines from the petioles. Leaves 5-6 in., very long-acuminate, serratures incumbent, with basal bristles ; nerves not stout, and without transverse nervules ; petiole 1/4-1 in., with purplish stipular glands. Peduncles shorter than the leaves, stout, erect. Flowers yellow, fragrant, 1/3 in. diam. ; bracts large, 1/4-1/3 in., 3-nerved ; pedicels 1 in. Standard broader than long ; wings (I have given Wallich's description in the specific character) ; lip pointed, but not horned at the point ; spur ascending or straight. Capsule detached, those in the Wallichian Herbarium, and consequently possibly not of this species, are 1-1 1/4 in., very narrow, acuminate, glabrous. Seeds unripe, oblong. - I find nothing resembling Wallich's original specimens in any other collection, in point of robustness, page 478 short intevnodes (1 in.), swollen nodes, leafiness, very long narrow leaves, few flowers terminating the short peduncles, and great length of spur. Amongst his distributed specimens under this name, however, are I. racemosa, laxiflora ? and others. He has attached a mss, ticket of " I. longicornu, Wall." (along with the lithographed Catalogue ticket)- to the original specimen, thus identifying this plant with that he described in the Carey Edition of Roxburgh's Flora Indica. In that work Wallich says he has received the same plant from Western Nipal, gathered by Dr. Govan ; but there are no specimens of Govan 's in his Herbarium, and I suspect that laxijiora or racemosa is here alluded to, which he has distributed under the same number, and which De Candolle probably describes as var. a. I. leptoceras resembles I. insignis, but the leaves are longer, less coriaceous, and want the strong transverse nervules so well marked in that plant ; the peduncles are moreover much shorter, the flowers and sepals much smaller, the tip is not horned at the points, and the spur is far longer. De Candolle describes two varieties, α and β, with peduncles respectively longer and shorter than the leaves. The present plant is his β I suppose ; his α being probably I. laxiflora. I have, however, retained his name, as being in accordance with Wallich's determination.114. I. tuberculata, H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 155; erect, branched, quite glabrous, leaves shortly petioled elliptic acuminate crenate, peduncles erect and pedicels short, bracts minute caducous, flowers small purplish, sepals falcate, standard orbicular, wings exserted broad obtuse, lip boat-shaped with a very short spur, capsule short clavate tubercled. Temperate and Subalpine Sikkim Himalaya, alt 10-13,000 ft., J. D. H. Stem 2-3 ft., succulent. Leaves 2-4 in., more or less fascicled as if whorled at the ends of the branches, rather thick, bristles of the serratures basal, nerves many, diverging; petiole 1/4-1/2 in. ; stipular glands obscure or 0. Peduncles 1-1 1/2 in.; racemes not interrupted, 4-8 flowered ; pedicels 1/4-1/3 in. Flowers 1/3 in. diam. ; sepals much curved, very small ; standard orbicular, very concave, keeled at the back ; lateral wing-lobes orbicular, terminal produced (I think); lip apiculate; stem broad short. Capsule 1/2 in., erect or horizontal, 5-angled, valves with 2 series of pustules or tubercles; tip obtuse, with a curved spur or beak. Seeds 1/8 in., oblong, narrow, compressed ; testa spongy, wrinkled, brown. - A very well marked species, by the shortly petioled leaves with basal bristles in the crenatures, short peduncles and pedicels, peculiar capsules and large seeds. 115. I. stenantha, Hook.f.; tall, much branched, quite glabrous, leaves petioled elliptic-ovate or lanceolate acute or caudate-acuminate crenate, peduncles axillary and terminal, bracts caducous, flowers yellow, buds beaked at the rounded or subacute tip, sepals small narrow, standard recurved, lateral wing-lobes oblong, terminal narrow elongate acute or obtuse, lip trumpet-shaped horned at the very oblique mouth, narrowed into a long slender spur. SIKKIM Himalaya and E. Nipal, common, alt. 6-8000 ft. ; Khasia Mts., alt. 5-6000 ft., Griffith, &c. Usually tall, erect, much branched. Leaves 2-6 in., crenatures with basal or subbasal bristles ; petiole 1/2-3 in. ; stipular glands sessile or stipitate on the stem or petiole. Peduncles slender, shorter of longer than the leaf; racemes short; bracts Setaceous, caducous long before the expansion of the flower. Flowers yellow, often speckled with red; bud 1 in. long, with a long terminal green beak; sepals sometimes 4; standard orbicular or oblong ; wings with, sometimes a twisted acute terminal lobe nearly as long as the spur, which is sometimes clubbed at the tip. Capsule 1/2 in., narrow clavate, acuminate, glabrous. Seeds small, obovoid, compressed, opaque. - I long hesitated before separating this from I. angustiflora, but the constantly caducous bracts both in Sikkim and the Khasia Mountains seem to indicate an important diiference, which will no doubt be confirmed when the structure of the flower is better known. Var. 1 ; leaves large elliptic caudate-acuminate, terminal wing-lobes acute flat recurved or twisted. - Sikkim. page 479 ? Var. 2 ; leaves small obtuse or subacute, peduncles few longer than the leaves, terminal wing-lobe strap-shaped obtuse, flowers orange-yellow speckled with red, mouth of lip hardly horned. - I. Ieptoceras, var. β, H.f.& T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 153, Khasia Mts., at Myrung and Nonkrim - perhaps a different species. ** Bracts persistent ; spur long, slender. 116. I. racemosa, DC. Prodr. i. 688; erect, quite glabrous, slender, branched, leaves petioled elliptic-ovate or lanceolate acuminate crenate, peduncles lateral and subterminal slender erect, bracts persistent, flowers 1/3-1/2 in., sepals ovate, standard orbicular, wings with a filiform process descending into the spur, lip boat-shaped with a curved spur equalling the pedicel. I. racemosa. Wall. Cat. 4730 in part ; I. tingens, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 41 ; H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 151. I. micrantha, Don Prodr. 203. Temperate Himabya ; from Simla, alt. 5-7000 ft., to Sikkim, alt. 6-12,000 ft. Stem 2-3 ft. high, sometimes glandular above. Leaves 3-9 in., membranous, crenatures with a bristle in the sinus or near it; petiole 1/2-2 in., slender, naked or with 2 sessile or pedicelled stipular glands at the base. Racemes usually exceeding the leaves, not interrupted, lax, 6-10-flowered ; bracts ovate, with stout glandular points ; pedicels slender. Flowers small (1/2 in.), yellow; sepals very variable, ovate or oblong, with points like the bracts ; standard not spurred or winged ; wings narrow, pendulous, lateral lobes orbicular, terminal broadly strap-shaped, obtuse, with a basal rounded auricle externally, a slender almost filiform process, with a glandular tip, descends from the inner margin of each wing into the spur. Capsule 1/2-3/4 in., linear-clavate, acuminate, glabrous. Seeds large, oblong, compressed, rugose. - A caieful examination of those specimens of Wallich's I. racemosa that agree with De Candolle's description, prove its identity with Edgeworth's I. tingens, both having the curious filiform process of the wings concealed in the spur ; and this obliges me to alter the nomenclature adopted in the Linnean Journal, together with the description, as far as the Khasian specimens (which must be excluded) are concerned. I have failed to prove the existence of the said processes in the dried Sikkim specimens, which are in a very unsatisfactory state for an analysis of such delicacy as that of the spur ; but I think I detect their presence. The plant varies extremely in size of all its parts, but is always small-flowered. Some of Wallich's specimens have linear-lanceolate bracts. There are two sheets marked I. racemosa in Wall. Herb., and on both are specimens of this, and of what is either I. radiata or a small state of I. bicornuta. The plant distributed by Wallich to the Hookerian and Benthamian Herb., is that here described. Edgeworth (Trans. Linn. Soc.) describes the standard as keeled and crested, which I do not find to be the case in his specimen, which precisely accords with Wallich's. 117. I. laxiflora, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 40 ; tall, branched, quite glabrous, leaves petioled elliptic-lanceolate acuminate crenate, peduncles subterminal slender fascicled, bracts persistent lanceolate, pedicels slender, flower 1/2 in, yellowish, buds rounded at the end, sepals small, standard orbicular, lateral wing-lobes rounded or oblong terminal rounded or elongate, lip conical apiculate narrowed into a long usually curved spur. Temperate Himalaya, alt. 5-10,000 ft. from Simla to Sikkim; Khasia Mts., alt. 5-6000 ft. Stem 2-4 ft., slender. Leaves 3-5 in , membranous, crenatures rounded with basal orsubbasal bristles, nerves slender; petiole 1-3 in.; stipular glands various. Peduncles usually exceeding the leaves, slender ; bracts small, narrow; pedicels not whorled or fascicled, spreading. Flowers together with the spur, about 1 in. ; sepals usually small and narrowly ovate; standard not crested nor spurred at the back ; wings very variable (if the following varieties all belong to one species) ; lip without a stout callous tip ; spur straight or conical, tip often clubbed. Capsule 2/3-1 in., narrowly clavate, mucronate, page 480 glabrous. Seeds oblong, rugose, compressed, brown. - I have made this to include the common Himalayan Impatiens of the group with much larger flowers than racemosa, crenate leaves, rounded tips to the buds, a long slender spur, and persistent narrow bracts ; whether all the following varieties are referable to it cannot be determined from dried specimens. Edgeworth's specimens in Herb. Bentham are not in an examinable state. It diflers from I. leptoceras (to which I had referred various of the forms) in the broader shorter leaves, persistent bracts, and habit of growth ; from I. angustiflora, in the rounded buds and lip not ending in a beak ; and from I. stenantha by the same characters and persistent bracts.Var. 1. Edgeworthii ; stipular glands 3-4 on each side of the petiole sessile, standard mucronate at the back, lateral wing-lobes obovate erect spotted yellow, terminal flat lanceolate rosy or purple?, spur straight white spotted yellow and purple. - I. laxiflora, Edgew. I.c. Banks of streams at Sevaria, alt. 7-9000 ft. Kumaon, Strach. & Wint. (Imp. 19). Var. 2. Stracheyi; stipulary glands various, flowers yellow, lateral wing-lobes large rounded spreading, terminal short, narrower obtuse. - Simla, T. T. ; Birma, 7300 ft., Madden; Jagesur and Naintal, in Kumaon, Str. & Wint. (Imp. 3); Sikkira, at Choongtam, J. D. H. Var. 3. sikkimensis ; stipular glands several small or 0, standard green with purple spots, wings lilac spotted with purple, lip yellow-green. - Sikkim at Lachoong, alt. 9000 ft. Var. 4. Khasiana; stipular glands or sessile or pedicelled, flowers pale-yellow, Iateral wing-lobes small spreading- rounded, terminal with a very broad rounded basal-lobe on the outer margin and tongue-like obtuse apex. - Khasia, not common at Pomrang, Nunklow, Surureem and Molim. I. leptoceras var. a in part. H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 153. 118. I. paludosa, Hook.f.; small, sparingly leafy, quite glabrous, leaves shortly petioled elliptic-ovate or lanceolate acute or obtuse crenate-serrate, peduncles 1-2 much longer than the leaves 2-4 flowered, bracts broad boat-shaped, flowers yellow, buds rounded, sepals orbicular-ovate, standard orbicular, lateral wing-lobes small spreading rounded, terminal very large spreading lobed at the side obtuse, lip boat-shaped apiculate narrowed into a long slender incurved spur. I. leptoceras, var. ζ H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 153. KHASIA Mts. ; marshes near Nonkrim and Pomrang, alt. 5-6000 ft., J. D. H. & T. T. Stem 4-10 in., rather rigid. Leaves 1-2 in., rather distant, thickish, crenatures with basal bristles ; petiole 1/4-1/2 in. Peduncles 1-3 in., terminal and lateral ; bracts 1/6 in., spreading or reflexed. Flowers with the spur 1-1 1/4 in. ; sepals more than half as long as the keeled standard; terminal wing-lobes about 1/2 in. broad ; spur clubbed at the tip. Capsule 2/3 in., cylindric, apiculate, glabrous. Seeds minute, subobovate, pointed at the hilura, rough, opaque. - I was long disposed to rank this merely as a form of I. laxiflora, but besides that the habit is very different, the leaves are small, rather coriaceous, not long acuminate, the peduncles are few and few-flowered, the bracts very broad and boatshaped, with short stiff glandular points, the sepals are much longer and broader, and the capsule shorter. 119. I. angustiflora, Hook. f. ; simple or branched, quite glabrous, leaves petioled elliptic-ovate or lanceolate caudate-acuminate crenate, peduncles subterminal clustered slender erect, bracts small lanceolate persistent, flowers yellow narrow, buds acuminate, sepals small, standard orbicular or oblong, lateral wing-lobes small, terminal elongate, lip trumpet-shaped horned at the very oblique tip narrowed into a long slender curved spur. I. leptoceras η, θ, H.f. & T. iii Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 153. Khasia Mts., alt. 5-7000 ft., Lobb, &c. ; Bhotan, Griffith. Very similar to I. laxiflora, but at once distinguished by the narrow acute buds, due to the very oblique mouth of the lip, which ends in a green strong subulate process, page 481 whence the unexpanded flower has a remarkably narrow form with a beaked tip; in this respect it agrees with I. stenantha, which differs in the deciduous bracts. The wing-lobes vary much in breadth, and in var. 2 the terminal-lobes are inflexed, crossing one another ; in var. 1 the form of the wing-lobes cannot be determined ; stipular glands sessile or pedicelled or 0.Var. 1 ; stem slender, branched, leaves elliptic-ovate. - Surureem in woods. ? Bhotan. Var. 2 ; stem very robust shorter sometimes narrowly- winged above, leaves longer narrow-lanceolate. - Moflong. 120. I. micranthemum, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 40; quite glabrous, stem slender branched with scattered glands, somewhat winged by the decurrent petioles, leaves petioled elliptic-ovate acuminate crenate, peduncles subterminal fascicled and axillary very slender, bracts lanceolate persistent, flowers 1/2 in. white, sepals small narrow, standard orbicular, wings conniving, lateral lobes elliptic, terminal rounded, lip tubular narrowed into a slender straight spur. H.f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 154, under I. laxiflora. Temperate Western Himalaya; Simla, alt. 6-10,000 ft., Edgeworth, Thomson. A tall slender pale succulent plant, with difficulty distinguished in a dry state from I. laxiflora, except by the smaller flowers and straighter spur. Leaves 3-4 in., very rarely opposite, flaccid, with often 2 glands at the base of the blade, crenatures with basal bristles, upper subsessile ; stipular gland stipitate. Peduncles longer or shorter than the leaves ; racemes many-flowered ; pedicels 1/2-1 in., capillary. Flowers white ; standard with yellow and red spots. Capsule horizontal, 1/2-2/3 in., linear, apiculate, glabrous. Seeds oblong, rugulose. - I can find no valid characters in the description given whereby to separate I. elata ; both are probably forms of I. brachycentra, to which Edgeworth's var. β of I. micranthermim may be referable. Var. 1 ; bristles of crenatures basal, pedicels glandular. I. micranthemum, Edgew. I.c. Var. 2 ; bristles of crenatures subapical, pedicels glandular. I. elata, Edgew. l.c. 41. * Bracts persistent, spur short or 0. 121. I. brachycentra, Kar. & Kir. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1842, i. 179 ; erect, slender, branched, quite glabrous, leaves long-petioled elliptic acuminate crenate-serrate, peduncles fascicled at the top of the stem stout erect, racemes many-flowered, bracts minute persistent, flowers minute pale, sepals ovate obtuse concave, standard broadly obovate, wings rather long, lateral lobes rounded, terminal produced 2-lobed, lip boat-shaped with a very short straight conical spur. Western temperate Himalaya, alt. 7-10,000 ft., from Kunawur, Jacquemont, to Marri, Fleming. - Distrib. Soongaria. Annual, 1-2 ft. Stem usually naked below, not winged. Leaves 2-5 in., very membranous, teeth tipped with a bristle, nerves many, very slender ; petiole 1/2-1 in., slender, often with 2 sessile or stipitate stipular glands. Peduncles usually very numerous, 1-3 in., very slender, mostly subterminal, with a few reduced lateral ones in the lower axils ; bracts setaceous; pedicels capillary. Flowers 1/4 in., whitish ; sepals large for the size of the flower ; standard not keeled or spurred. Capsule 1/2-2/3 in., narrow clavate, acute, membranous, glabrous. Seeds few, oblong, pyriform, compressed, rugulose. The bristles of the teeth of this species are distinctly apical. - I. elata, Edgew. (Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 41) differs according to the description in the distinct spur, in being dotted with black glands, and having glandular tips to the pedicels. (See under I. micranthemum.) 122. I. depauperata, Hook. f.; low, slender, very much branched, quite glabrous, loaves small shortly petioled elliptic-ovate or lanceolate acmninate-crenate, racemes axillary few-flowered, bracts persistent, flowers page 482 minute yellow, sepals ovate, standard orbicular, wings short, lip boatshaped with a gibbosity or boss in place of a spur.Khasia Mts., alt. 5-6000 ft., at Surureem on walls, Griffith; at Molira, J. D. H. & T.T. Like a very small form of I. racemosa, but the flowers are not 1/8 in. diameter and are not spurred. I should have referred it to a reduced form of this plant with minute flowers arrested in development, had it occurred in the Himalaya, but the widely-sundered habitat obliges me to regard it as distinct. - Capsule 1/3 in., narrow-clavate, glabrous. Seeds small, obovate, compressed, pointed at the hilum. OF DOUBTFUL AFFINITY. 123. I. glauca, H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 155 ; tall, stout, erect, quite glabrous, very glaucous throughout, leaves long-petioled ovate-oblong or cordate coarsely crenate white beneath, peduncles axillary and terminal very long and stout, raceme not interrupted. Western temperate Himalaya, at Dwali in Kumaon, alt. 9500 ft., Strach. & Wint. Stem very stout, the base of the branch in the Herbarium, which is almost 2 feet long, being as thick as a swan's quill and much contracted, as if succulent when fresh. Leaves 2 in., very obtuse, quite white beneath, membranous, nerves few arched, crenatures with subterminal cilia or none ; petiole 1/2-3/4 in., with a large scutellate gland at the outer base, which is also present at an analogous position on the peduncle. Peduncles many, 5 in., erect or ascending, the upper fascicled (as if branched) ; raceme terminal, 6-8-flowered ; bracts caducous ; pedicels stout, 2/3 in., fruiting ones spreading, much thickened at the lip. Capsule 1 1/2 in., inclined, linear-clavate, glabrous. Seeds several, large, oblong, rugulose. - Of this very singular species I have seen but one mutilated flowerless specimen ; it is wholly covered with a glaucous secretion of the epidermis, very much as in Rubus biflorus ; the long-petioled leaves not narrowed into the petiole, with coarse crenatures, resemble those of I. Noli-me-tangere ; it is evidently a tall much-branched plant. [The following species has been published by Major Beddome in a number of the Icones, which did not reach England until after Part II. had appeared.] 33 bis. I. Ballardi, Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. 44, t. 192; slender, rooting below, nearly glabrous, leaves alternate and opposite petioled ovate serrate, base with glandular cilia, peduncles slender axillary and terminal much exceeding the leaves, flowers subumbellate, sepals ovate-subulate, standard orbicular concave, wings dimidiate-lanceolate acute spreading, the lobes separated by a notch only, lip boat-shaped with a very short straight spur which is inflated in the middle and subulate at the tip. Mountains of Travancor, near Permeede, at 2-3500 ft., Beddome. A slender herb, 1-1 1/2 ft. Stem glabrous. Leaves 1-2 in, nerves 3 or 4 on each side, slightly hairy above, glabrous beneath ; petiole 1/4-2/3 in. Peduncles 2-3 1/2 in., subglabrous, 5-8-flowered ; pedicels slender, bracts minute. Flower 3/4 in. long; standard obscurely keeled, spur as long as the wings. Capsule ovoid, swollen, subglabrous, 7-10-seeded Seeds with weak hairs. - Description taken from Beddome's' characters and plate quoted above, where it is stated that it is allied to I. Goughii, but has much larger flowers and differently shaped petals. DOUBTFUL SPECIES. I. SEMIVERTICILLATA, Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1863, i. 594. Annual, erect, glabrous, branched ; leaves opposite and often 3-nately whorled, lower long petioled, upper sessile, attenuate at both ends, repand crenate, with a bristle between the crenatures; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, as long as the leaf, lower solitary, upper fascicled ; page 483 spur exceeding the flower; capsule cylindric, often incurved. - Nilghiri Mts., Perrotet, n, 187.I. CLAVICORNU, Turcz. I.c. 1859, i. 271. The description will apply to any of the long-spurred species of group A 1. I. DEBILIS, Turcz. I.c. 1859, i. 271, may be I. tenella or any of its allies. I. ASSAMENSIS, Griff. Not. Pl. Asiat. iv. 459, t. 576, f. 1. It is impossible to say what plant is meant here. The description answers best to I. stenantha in its habit, very long peduncles, small flowers, and glabrous foliage, &c. ; but the figure cited is that of a very robust and very pubescent plant (like I. scabrida), with an immense flower, totally differing from the description in every respect. - Banks of the Burrampoota in sandy places near Dibong Mookh, Griffith. I. MALAYENSIS, Griff, l.c. 457, t. 576, f. 2. From the imperfect description this is probably one of the forms of I. Balsamina. - Mergui, Griffith. I. ? From Ramgunga in Kumaon, alt. 7200 ft., Strach. & Wint. - Resembles I. Iaxiflora, Edgew., but has very broad green sepals. I. ? Baltal in Kashmir, T. Thomson; and Marri, Fleming. - Probably a form of I. amphorata or I. bicornuta. I. ? Marri, Fleming. - Probably a form of laxiflora, but the leaves are sharply serrate and buds larger. I. ? Khagump, Griffith (? Khagumpa in Bhotan). - A suffruticose species with the habit of I. Iaevigata, but flowers twice as large, and the very large standard herbaceous and crested ; wings apparently rounded ; lip large, deeply boat-shaped ; spur stout, clubbed at the tip. 9. HYDROCERA, Blume. A glabrous erect marsh herb. Leaves narrow, alternate. Flowers in short axillary 1-2-flowered peduncles, irregular. Sepals 5, coloured, imbricate; 2 outer lateral, flat; posticous one produced into a short holluw spur. Petals 5, the anticous outer, very large, concave. Disk-glands 0. Stamens 5, filaments short flat ; anthers slightly cohering around the pistil. Ovary 5-celled ; stigmas 5 sessile ; ovules 2-3 in each cell. Drupe baccate, stone bony truncate 5-celled, cells 1-seeded. Seeds curved, corrugated, albumen ; cotyledons plano-convex, thickish, radicle short superior. - DISTRIB. One tropical Asiatic species. 1. H. triflora, W. & A. Prodr. i. 140; H. f. & T. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv 156. H. angustifolia, Blume Bijd. 241. Impatiens triflora, Linn. DC. Prodr. i. 687 ; Wall Cat. 4756. I. ? natans, Willd. ; DC Prodr. 1. 687 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 652; Wall. Cat. 4755. Tytonia natans, G. Don, Gen. Syst. i. 749 ; Burm. Fl. Zeyl. t. 16 (inaccurate). Throughout Bengal, the Eastern and Western Peninsula, Ceylon and Birma, in marshes. - Distrib. Java. Annual. Stem, floating, fistular, flexuous, rooting at the nodes, often many yards long; branches 1-2 ft., erect, 5-angled, as thick as the finger. Leaves 1-5 in., linear-lanceolate, serrate, sessile ; stipular glands 2. Peduncles short, usually 3-flowered ; bracts oblong. Flowers 1 in. diam., variegated red, white, and yellow. Drupe subglobose, as large as a cherry, smooth, red, succulent. Order XXXIII. RUTACEAE. (By J. D. Hooker.) Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, abounding in pellucid glands filled with essential oil (except Feganum). Leaves opposite or alternate, simple or compound, exstipulate. Flowers in axillary or terminal cymes or panicles, (racemed in Dictamnus), never spiked, usually bisexual and regular in the lndian species (except Dictamnus). Calyx of 4-5 small lobes or sepals. Petals 4-5, hypogynous (in the Indian genera), valvate or imbricate. Stamens 4-5 or 8 or 10, rarely more (Citrus, AEgle), or 6 (Boenninghausenia), filaments usually free, hypogynous ; anthers 2-celled, opening inwards. Disk within the stamens, crenate or lobed, sometimes large or long. Ovary of 4-5 free or connate carpels ; styles as many, free or variously united, stigmas terminal, entire or lobed ; ovules usually 2 in each cell. Fruit a capsule, berry or drupe, or of 1-4 capsular cocci. Seeds usually solitary in the cells, testa various, albumen fleshy or 0 ; embryo straight or curved, radicle superior. - Distrib. Tropical and extratropical plants ; many are S. African and Australian. Genera 83, and about 650 species. Tribe I. Ruteae. Herbs; rarely shrubby. Flowers hermaphrodite. Disk thick. Ovary deeply 3-5-lobed ; styles basilar or ventral, free or united ; cells 3- or more ovuled. Fruit capsular. Albumen fleshy ; embryo usually curved. * Flowers regular.
** Flowers irregular.
Tribe II. Zanthoxyleae. Shrubs or trees. Flowers usually polygamous. Disk free, rarely 0. Ovary deeply 2-5-lobed ; styles basilar or ventral, more or less free ; cells 2-ovuled. Fruit-carpels capsular.
Tribe III. Toddalieae. Shrubs or trees. Flowers usually polygamous. Disk free. Ovary entire ; style single ; cells 1-2-ovuled. Fruit syncarpous. Seed albuminous ; cotyledons usually flat.
Tribe IV. Aurantieae. Shrubs or trees. Flowers hermaphrodite. Petals and stamens free or connate. Ovary entire ; style simple; cells 1-∞-ovuled. Berry usually pulpy. Seed exalbuminous. * Ovules solitary or twin in each cell.
page 485 Unarmed. Leaves pinnate. Style jointed on the top of the ovary, deciduous.
Armed (except some species of Limonia). Leaves 3-8-foliolate.
Unarmed or armed. Leaves 1-foliolate.
** Ovules many in each cell.
1. RUTA, Linn. Strong-smelling herbs, sometimes shrubby below. Leaves alternate, simple or compound. Flowers in terminal corymbs, cymes, or panicles, greenish or yellow. Calyx short, 4-5-partite or -lobed, persistent. Petals 4-5, concave, often toothed or ciliate, imbricate. Stamens 8-10, inserted round the base of a thick 8-10-glandular or pitted disk, the alternate shorter. Ovary 3-5-lobed and -celled ; style central, basilar ; ovules pendulous from the axis of the cells. Capsule 4-5-lobed, lobes indehiscent, or dehiscing at the apex. Seeds angled, testa pitted, albumen fleshy ; embryo slightly curved, cotyledons sometimes 2-partite, - Distrib. About 40 species, chiefly Mediterranean and W. Asiatic. SUBGEN, 1. Ruta proper. Flowers 4-merous. Petals usually toothed or laciniate. Filaments glabrous. Ovules many. Leaves pinnate or decompound. R. GRAVEOLENS, Linn.; var. angustifolia ; leaves petioled triangular-ovate decompound, segments various, corymbs spreading, bracts lanceolate, sepals triangular acute, petals ciliate, capsule obtuse shortly pedicelled. R. angustifolia, Pars. ; W. & A. Prodr. 146. R. chalepensis, Wall. Cat. 7113. Cultivated in India. - Distrib. Westward to the Canaries. One or more forms of the common Rue are cultivated in India, and hence introduced into Botanical works. Wallich says of the plant described as R. angustifolia, Pers., by W. & A., that it is from a Mr. Stevenson's garden at Tranquebar. SUBGEN. 2. Haplophyllum. Flowers 5-merous. Petals quite entire. Filaments pilose. Ovules few or many. Leaves simple or 3-sect. 1. R. tuberculata, Forsk. ; stem erect or ascending glabrous, branchlets and inflorescence puberulous and glandular, leaves oblong linear-oblong or somewhat spathulate pubescent. Boiss. Flor. Orient. i. 939. Boogta hills in Sindh, Vicary. - Distrib. Westward to Egypt and Algeria. Stem terete, woody, branched, minutely glandular. Leaves scattered, 1/2-1 in., page 486 coriaceous, pustular and pubescent, nerveless. Cymes dichotomously branched, divisions pubescent and glandular. Flowers 1/4 in. diam., the centre one of each cymule sessile, the others shortly pedicelled. Sepals very short broad, obtuse. Petals fimbriate. - The specimens are not in a good state, but I believe them to be referable to this species.DOUBTFUL SPECIES. RUTA (Haplophyllum), sp., Aitchison (Cat. Punjab and Sindh Pl. 30) from Peshawur (Stewart) is undeterminable. 2. BOENNINGHAUSENIA, Reichb. A perennial-rooted herb. Leaves alternate, 2-pinnate, leaflets quite entire. Flowers in compound terminal leafy panicled cymes, white, pedicels slender. Calyx 4-5-lobed, persistent. Petals 4-5, obovate-oblong, imbricate. Stamens 6-8, inserted at the base of an urceolate disk, filaments filiform, the alternate shorter ; anthers oblong. Ovary long-stipitate,3-5-lobed, narrowed below, lobes 1-celled distant ; styles 3-5, ventral, connate, stigma simple ; ovules 6-8 in each cell, pendulous from the middle of the axis. Fruit of 6-8 free membranous ventrally dehiscing few-seeded carpels. Seeds reniform, testa black granulate, albumen fleshy ; embryo arcuate. 1. B. albiflora, Reich. Conspect. 197. Ruta albiflora, Hook. Exot. Flor. t. 79 ; Wall. Cat. 1203. R. japonica, Sieb. Temperate Himalaya, from Marri to Sikkim, alt. 4-8000 ft. ; Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft. - Distrib. Japan. A slender erect branching perennial-rooted herb, 1-2 ft., glabrous or somewhat pubescent. Leaves 2-3 pinnate ; petiole slender; leaflets 1/4-3/4 in., obovate or obcordate, glaucous beneath, membranous, the terminal largest, petioled. Cymes leafy, many-flowered. Flowers 1/4-1/2 in. diam., inclined or nodding, pure white. Calyx very small. Petals oblong, obtuse. Pedicel of ovary variable in length. Fruit 1/4-1/3 in. diam. 3. PEGANUM, Linn. Branching glabrous or pubescent perennial-rooted herbs. Leaves alternate, entire or multifid, not glandular ; stipules setaceous. Flowers solitary, in subterminal leaf-opposed peduncles, white. Sepals 4-5, often foliaceous and pinnatifid, persistent. Petals 4-5, subequal, imbricate. Stamens 12-15, inserted at the base of the disk, some anther-less ; filaments dilated below ; anthers linear. Ovary globose, deeply 2-3-lobed ; styles basal, twisted, 2-3-keeled above, the keels stigmatose; ovules many in each cell, inserted in the inner angle. Fruit globose, 3-4-celled, dry and 3-valved or fleshy and indehiscent, cells many-seeded. Seeds angled, testa spongy, rough, albumen fleshy ; embryo curved. - Distrib. Species 4, natives of the Mediterranean, W. Asia, and Mexico. This genus is perhaps better placed in Zygophyllece. 1. P. Harmala, Linn.; glabrous, stem dichotomously and corymbosely branched, leaves multifid, segments linear acute, petals elliptic-oblong, fruit capsular. Wall. Cat. 1204; Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 917 ; W. & A.Prodr. 146; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 45. North- West India, from Sindh, the Panjab, and the Kashmir plain to Delhi and Agra; the Western Deccan. - Distrib. Soongaria, Arabia, N. Africa, and westward to Hungary and Spain. A bush, 1-3 ft. high, much branched and densely foliaged. Stem stout, flexuous. page 487 Leaves 2-3 in., green, pinnatifidly cut into linear very narrow acute spreading lobes. Flowers 1/2-3/4 in. diam., solitary in the axils of the branches, sessile or pedicelled. Calyx-lobes very narrow, much exceeding the corolla, persistent. Capsule globose, 1/3 in. diam., and less.4. DICTAMNUS, Linn. A strong-smelling herb, shrubby below, clothed with pustular glands. Leaves alternate, unequally pinnate ; leaflets opposite, ovate or ovatelanceolate, serrulate. Flowers large, white or rose-coloured, in terminal racemes, pedicels bracteate. Calyx 5-partite, deciduous. Petals 5, 4 upper in pairs ascending, lower declinate. Stamens 10, inserted at the base of a thick annular disk, filaments long slender somewhat thickened and very glandular below the slender tip ; anthers subglobose. Ovary shortly stipitate, deeply 5 lobed, 5-celled, hispid ; style filiform, declinate, stigma terminal ; ovules 3-4 in each cell, inserted on the ventral suture. Fruit of 5 compressed broad truncate long-beaked elastically 2-valved 2-3-seeded hispid carftels; endocarp horny, separable. Seeds subglobose, testa thin black shining, albumen fleshy ; cotyledons thick, radicle short. 1. D. albus, Linn. D. Fraxinella, Pers. ; DC. Prodr. i. 712 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, i, 920. D. himalayanus, Royle Ill. 156, t. 29. Temperate Western Himalaya, from Kashmir to Kunawur (and according to Royle, Junnotie in Garwhal), alt. 6-8000 ft. - Distrib. Japan, Siberia, Dahuria, and westward to France and Spain. Stem stout but not woody, branched. Leaves 1 ft. and upwards ; petiole very stout, angular, margined; leaflets 2-3 1/2 in., sessile, dark green, base wedge-shaped, nerves slender. Racemes 1 ft. and upwards, stout, strict, erect. Flowers 1 1/2 in. Iong, erect ; pedicels 1-3 in., glandular, bracteate at the base and bracteolate usually above the middle. Sepals small, lanceolate. Petals elliptic-lanceolate, glandular on the back. Stamens equalling the petals. Capsule 1 in. diam. 5. EVODIA, Forst. Trees or shrubs, unarmed. Leaves opposite, simple or 1-3-foliolate or imparipinnate, quite entire. Flowers small, in panicled axillary cymes, unisexual. Sepals 4-5, imbricate. Petals 4-5, sessile, valvate or slightly imbricate. Stamens 4-5, inserted at the base of the disk, filaments subulate ; anthers oblong. Ovary deeply 4-lobed, 4-celled ; style basilar, stigma 4-lobed, ovules 2 in each cell, collateral or superposed. Fruit of 4 coriaceous 3-valved 1-seeded cocci, endocarp horny elastically separable 2-lobed. Seeds oblong, testa bony or crustaceous shining, hilum linear, albumen fleshy ; embryo straight, cotyledons ovate. - Distrtb. About 22 species, natives of tropical Asia, the Pacific, the E, African Islands, and Australia. * Leaves 3-foliolate. 1. E. Roxburghiana, Benth. Fl. Hongk. 59 ; leaves quite glabrous throughout, cymes very broad bracteate finely pubescent, flowers densely crowded, filaments glabrous, ovary densely pubescent. E. triphylla, Bedd. Flor. Sylvat ; Anal. Gen. xli. t. vi. f. 2. E. Marambong, Miquel Ann. Mus. Bot. iii. 244. Fagara triphylla, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 416 (? of Linn). F. Lunur-ankenda, Gaertn. Carp. i. 334, t. 68, f. 9. Xanthoxylon triphyllum, Wight Ic. t. 204; Ill. i. 169; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 36; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Flor. 45. X. Roxburghianum, Cham. in Linnaea v. 68. X. zeylanicum, DC. Prodr. i. 728. X. nilagiricum, Miquel Herb. Hohenack. page 488 X. Marambong, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 533. Schmidelia integerrima, Wall. Cat. 8065.Khasia Mts., alt. 4000 ft., H. f. & T. Throughout the Mountains of the Western Peninsula ; in the Eastern Peninsula, from Tenasserim to Malaya and Penang, &c., Ceylon. - Distrib. Sumatra, Java. A small tree with soft wood ; branches opposite. Leaves usually large, spreading ; petiole 2-5 in. terete; leaflets 2-5 in., very shortly petioled, obovate, oblong or oblanceolate, tip rounded or acuminate or apiculate, nerves almost horizontal very slender not at all prominent, costa perfectly glabrous on both surfaces. Cymes very variable, length and breadth of peduncle, more or less finely pubescent ; branches opposite and alternate, bracts minute. Flowers usually densely crowded, 1/10-1/8 in. diam., yellow-green, very shortly pedicelled. Calyx minute. Petals slightly imbricate. Capsules usually 2, about the size of a pepper-corn, coriaceous, rugose. Seed splendent, blue-black. There is some doubt as to the name which this species should bear, consequent upon the obscurity of Evodia triphylla, DC., founded on the Philippine Islands Fagara triphylla of Lamk. (Evodia Lamarckiana, Benth. Flor. Hongk. 59). Lamarck (Dict. ii. 447) identifies his Philippine Isld. plant with Rumph's Ampacus angustifolius (Herb. Amb. ii. 88, t, 62), with which also Bentham's Hongkong specimens agree. Roxburgh, on the other hand, identifies a Penang plant, cultivated in the Calcutta Gardens, with Rumph's Ampacus angustifolius, and describes its capsules as the size of a field-bean. This character of capsule does not agree with any Indian species known to me. Roxburgh's characters agree in all but this, with a common Malay plant. As Wight refers an identical Nilghiri plant to Roxburgh's, I have preferred to retain for it the name Roxhurghiana, given to it by Chamisso, to distinguish it from the true triphylla of Lamarck, which has very small few-flowered cymes and smaller capsules. Bentham (I.c.) observes that Lamarck's plant is a native of India, and quotes Wight's Icones ; but this is a mistake, for Wight's figure represents a poor specimen of this, which is a common Nilghiri plant. Wight gives Jussieu as the authority for X. triphyllum, both in his " Icones" and "Illustrations;" but this is an error. Wallich's Schmidelia integerrima is clearly a very large-leaved form from Penang ; it has neither flower nor fruit; the terminal leaflet is 12 by 5 in. 2. E. triphylla, DC. Prodr. i. 724 ; leaves quite glabrous, nerves slender, cymes small hardly bracteate, branches and pedicels very slender finely pubescent, filaments glabrous, ovary hairy. E. Lamarckiana, Benth. Fl. Hongk. 59. E. gracilis, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1871, ii. 48. Fagara triphylla, Lamk. Dict. ii. 447. Xanthoxylum Lamarckianum, Cham. in Linnaea v. 58. X. pteleaefolium, Champ. in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 330. Lepta triphylla, Lour. Fl. Cochin. 82. Tenasserim, at Moolmein, alt. 6000 ft.. Parish; north of Moulmein, Helfer; Birma, Brandis. - Distrib. Philippine Islds., Japan, China, Borneo. This, though a very distinct-looking plant from E. Roxburghiana, is not easily characterized, except by comparison. It is smaller, more slender, with shortly- peduncled cymes, 1-3 in. long, hairy, more slender branches and pedicels, the flowers are smaller and paler, and the capsules much smaller, about 1/8 in. diam. The Tenasserim specimens have elliptic-lanceolate leaves, but in other countries they vary from obovate to elliptic-lanceolate. As in E. Roxburghiana the costa above is perfectly glabrous. 3. E. robusta, Hook.f. ; leaflets elliptic obtuse or obtusely-acuminate shining, nerves very prominent beneath, costa glabrous above puberulous beneath, cymes broad brachiate their branches very robust. Penang, Phillips ; Sincapore, Maingay (278 Kew Distrib). A much mure robust plant than E. triphylla. Branchlets compressed, as thick as a swan's quill, hoary. Petiole 4 in., terete, as thick as a crow-quill; leaflets 6-8 in., terminal subobovate, lateral elliptic, coriaceous, midrib and arching nerves very strong indeed. Cymes 5 in. diam. and upwards. Flowers and fruit as in Roxburghiana, of which this may be a variety ; but it differs remarkably from the Sincapore and Malacca page 489 specimens of that plant, and is the only trifoliolate species known to me with shining upper surfaces to the leaves. - This differs from Miquel's description of the Sumatran Zanthoxylon Euneuron (Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 532) in its glabrous capsules, in the leaves not pale and silvery beneath, and in the fruiting cyme not being pyramidal.4. E. latifolia, DC. Prodr. i. 724; branchlets petioles leaves beneath and midrib above tomentose, leaflets large, nerves strong, cymes pubescent and brachiate or pyramidal, capsules glabrous. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 672; Ann. Mus. Bot. iii. 244. Zanthoxylum Rumphianum, Cham. in Linnaea v. 58. Malacca, Griffith; (Kew Distrib. 1176) ; Maingay (Kew Distrib. 111). - Distrib. Malayan Archipelago. Branchlets as thick as the little finger, obtusely 4-angled. Petiole 4-6 in., as thick as a goosequill or less; leaflets 6-10 in, broad, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, glabrous above except the costa, finely pubescent beneath. Cymes more pyramidal than in I. Roxhurghiana ; flowers and capsules quite the same. Var. ? branches more slender, leaves more membranous puberulous on the costa above and nerves beneath only not on either surface. - Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. This resembles Miquel's description and plate of E. accedens (Ann. Mus. Bot. iii. 242, t. 6), except in the much smaller flowers, which wholly resemble those of E. latifolia. 5. E. glabra, Blume Bijd. 245 ; glabrous, leaflets large 5-7 in. dark green above paler beneath with very strong nerves, cymes large brachiate glabrous. Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 672 ; Ann. Mus. Bot. iii. 243. Penang, Phillips. - Distrib. Java. This closely resembles E. robusta, but the leaflets are not shining above, are of a dark green colour when dry, and are sometimes suddenly acuminate. My specimens, which arc in male flower only, have branchlets as thick as the little finger and pyramidal bracteate densely-flowered cymes ; they precisely resemble a flowerless specimen of E. glabra from the Leyden Herbarium, which is, I presume, authentic, though the leaflets are abruptly acuminate, which ia contrary to Miquel's description. ** Leaves 1- rarely 3-foliolate. 6. E. viticina, Wall. Cat. 1219 ; quite glabrous, leaves 1-3-foliolate, petiole acutely margined, leaflets lanceolate acuminate, cymes small usually shorter than the petiole few-flowered. Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1873, ii. 64. Tenasserim ; at Tavoy, Gomez, Helfer. Branches slender, alternate, 2-edged, and whole plant dull green when dried. Petiole 1/4-1 1/2 in., with 2 acute edges bounding a median groove in front; leaflets 1 1/2-4 1/2 in., pale beneath ; nerves very slender, horizontal. Cymes 6-10-flowered, erect, almost glabrous ; peduncle glabrous, angled. Flowers minute, fascicled, 4-merous ; pedicel very short, slender. Fruit 1/3 in. diam., of 4 nearly smooth rather compressed carpels. 7. E. pedunculosa, Hook. f. ; leaves 1-foliolate, petiole 1/2-cylindric, leaflet obovate abruptly narrowed at the obtuse point quite glabrous, cymes trichotomous pubescent terminating long slender peduncles. Singapore, Lobb. I have seen but one specimen of this very distinct plant. Branches smooth, cylindric, glabrous. Leaves 4-5 in. ; petiole rather stout, 1/2-1 in., edges acute, not thickened at the top ; leaflet coriaceous, quite entire, cuneate at the base, copiously minutely punctate, costa stout, nerves many slender spreading. Peduncles in opposite axils, stout, 1-4 in., pubescent towards the top where they branch into small trichotomous pubescent cymes. Flowers (male buds only) .shortly pedicelled, bracts minute, buds 1/12 in. diam. Sepals rounded, acute. Petals broad-ovate, acute, valvate, glabrous. Stamens 4, filaments short ; anthers broad, acute. Disk tumid. Ovaries 4, imperfect, immersed in the disk. page 490 *** Leaves pinnate. 8. E. fraxinifolia, Hook.f. ; leaves quite glabrous throughout, leaflets 3-5-pairs, cymes broad brachiate pubescent, branches stout, flowers 4-5-merous, fruit glabrous. Tetradium trichotomum, Lour. Fl. Coch. 91 ; DC. Prodr. ii. 88. Rhus fraxinifolium, Don Prodr. 248. Philagonia fraxinifolia, Hook. Ic. PI. t. 710 ; Wall. Cat. 8521 ? P. sambucina, Blume Bijd. 250. P. procera, DC. Prodr. ii. 90. Subtropical Himalaya from Nipal to Sikkim, alt. 4-7000 ft. ; Khasia Mts., alt. 3-5000 ft. - DISTRIB. Java? Cochinchina. A small much branched densely leafy tree, smelling strongly of Caraway when braised. Branchlets thick, terete. Leaves 8-12 in., spreading, bright green ; petiole cylindric; leaflets 4-9 in., shortly petioled, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, straight or falcate, quite entire or crenulate, base rounded often oblique, nerves spreading, slender, terminal leaflet often long- petioled. Cymes on short stout compressed peduncles, axillary and terminal, clothed with fine close-set pubescence ; bracts minute. Flowers shortly pedicelled, white, male nearly 1/2 in. diam. Sepals small, obtuse. Petals imbricate, pubescent within. Stamens exceeding the petals, filaments somewhat hairy; anthers broad. Ovary glabrous; style short, stigma capitate. Fruit 4 in. diam., red; carpels not separating to the base, very coriaceous. Seed broadly elliptic, slightlv compressed ; testa dark brown, shining. - I can hardly doubt this being the Philagonia sambucina of Blume (P. procera, DC, published in the same year) ; but having seen no Java specimen I retain the name of fraxinifolia. It is the plant alluded to under Evodia in the " Genera Plantarum" as E. Roxburghiana. 9. E. meliaefolia, Benth. Fl. Hongk. 58; petioles pilose, leaflets 3-5 pairs glabrous, cymes broad brachiate pilose-pubescent, branches very slender, flowers 4-5-merous. E. glauca, Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. iii. 23. Boymia glabrifolia. Champ. in. Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 330. Megabotrya meliaefolia, Hance in Walp. Ann. ii. 259. ASSAM, Masters (in Herb. Griffith). A much more slender plant than E. fraxinifolia, with spreading soft hairs on the rachis of the leaf and on the more slenler partial petioles, very slender spreading branches of the cyme, which is 8 inches broad, fewer sparser flowers, the male 1/4 in. diam., shorter more slender filaments, and more oblong anthers. The leaflets are 3-4 in., more oblique at the base, and usually more acuminate. 10. E. rutaecarpa, Hook.f. & Thoms. Herb. Ind. Or. ; clothed throughout with soft velvety pubescence, cymes brachiate, branches very stout, fruit pustular. Boymia rutaecarpa, Juss. according to Sieb. & Zucc. Fl. Japon. i. 50, t. 21. Inner valleys of the Temperate region of the Sikkim Hlmalaya, alt. 7-10,000 ft., J.D.H. - DISTRIB. Japan. A small densely-foliaged green tree, inodorous. Leaves 1-1 1/2 ft.; petiole terete, stout ; leaflets about 5 pair, subsessile, oblong-acute, usually rounded and oblique at the base, margin quite entire, under surface woolly, nerves faint. Cymes 3-4 in. diam., terminal ; peduncles very short stout and as well as the pedicels and calyx tomentose. Flower about 1/3 in. diam. Petals nearly glabrous externally, pubescent within. Stamens not much exceeding the petals, filaments hairy ; anthers very large, ovate, 2-lobed at the base. Fruit 4 in diam. ; carpels 4, opening at the apex. 6. TETRACTOMIA, Hook. f. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, petioled, 1-foliolate, coriaceous, quite entire, punctate. Flowers small, in axillary branched cymes. Calyx small, 4-partite. Petals 4, triangular-ovate, acute, persistent, valvate. page 491 Disk broad, glandular, flattish or pulvinate, obtusely 4-angled. Stamens 8, 4 perfect alternate with the petals, 4 smaller with imperfect anthers (or 0) opposite the petals and partially adnate to them at the base ; filaments subulate, flattened at the base; anthers 2-lobed, dorsifixed. Ovary immersed in the centre of the disk, 4-celled, with 4 free projecting lobes ; styles 4, free at the base, connate above, stigma capitate obscurely 4-lobed ; ovules 2, collateral in each cell. Fruit of 4 coriaceous laterally compressed oblong 2-seeded carpels, splitting ventrally, the horny endocarp partially separating. Seeds inserted towards the base of the carpels (nucleus small with a large oblong obtuse membranous wing, embryo unknown). - Distrib. Three species, natives of the Malayan Peninsula and Borneo.A very singular genus, which I find in no Indian Herbarium but Maingay's, who gathered both species in 1867-8, and describes H. majus in his Mss, as a Diosmea, no doubt because of the staminodes, and the leaves as alternate, in which he is certainly mistaken. One of these two is, however, the Melicope tetrandra of Roxburgh, from Penang. It is nearly allied to Evodia, differing in the staminodes, valvate petals and seeds. A third species (H. Beccarii, Hook, f.) from Borneo was discovered by Dr. Beccari at Sarawak (No. 1880), it has obovate leaves and small trichotomous glabrous cymes. I have described the seeds as I found them in H. majus (which are imperfect), but Roxburgh describes them in his Melicope tetrandra as oblong and immersed in a yellow fleshy aril. I have no seeds of this species, but the structure of the capsule is precisely as in H. majus. 1. T. majus, Hook. f. ; leaflets 8 in. obovate rounded at the tip, cymes glabrous or nearly so. Malacca, Maingay (Kew distrib. 290). A tree ; branchlets stout, woody, as thick as the finger, covered with rough brown bark. Leaves apparently crowded on the branchlets ; petiole 2-2 1/2 in., stout, terete, slightly swollen at the base and apex ; leaflets very coriaceous, quite entire, narrowed at the base, pale when dry with obscure darker spots, nerves numerous slender spreading, smooth above, beneath with minute prominent gland-dots crowned with microscopic hairs ; nervules reticulate, obscure, most visible on the upper surface (Maingay). Cymes 4-6 in. diam., opposite, glabrous or minutely pubescent, branches stout spreading alternate, branchlets opposite; bracts minute, persistent. Flowers 1/4 in. diam., pedicel led, ebracteolate, glabrous. Filaments exceeding the petals and style. Ripe carpels unequally 1/2 in. long, obtusely keeled at the back. Seeds nearly as long as the carpel ; nucleus basal, oblique, very much smaller than the oblong wing. 2. T. Roxburghii, Hook. f. ; leaflets 3-5 in. elliptic or cuneate-obovate obtusely acuminate, cymes pubescent. Melicope tetrandra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 257. Penang, Roxb. ; Singapore, Maingay (Kew distrib. 278, 2). Differs, from H. majus conspicuously in size, the branchlets not being thicker than a goose-quill, and the flowers 1/8 in. diam., and ripe carpels 1/4 in. long. In texture and nervation the leaflets are identical ; the cymes of this are laxly clothed with a furfuraceous pubescence. 7. MELICOPE, Forst. Shrubs. Leaves opposite (in the Indian species) 1-3-foliolate, pellucid-punctate. Flowers small, in axillary cymes or panicles. Calyx 4-lobed or 4-partite. Petals 4, sessile, spreading, valvate or imbricate. Disk large, entire or 8-lobed or obsolete. Stamens 8, inserted at the base of the disk, those opposite the petals shorter, filaments subulate or flattened ; anthers oblong or cordate. Ovary 4-celled, deeply 4-lobed ; style basilar or styles 4, subterminal, more or less combined, stigma capitate 4-lobed; ovules 2 in each page 493 cell, collateral or superposed. Fruit of 4 free spreading coriaceous carpels dehiscing on the inner face ; endocarp more or less separating. Seeds oblong, funicle sometimes elongate, testa black brittle shining, albumen fleshy and oily ; embryo with large oblong cotyledons and a short superior radicle. - Distrib, Chiefly Polynesian ; species about 15.1. M. indica, Wight Ic. t. 1051; glabrous, leaves 1-foliolate, leaflets elliptic or obovate acute, flowers 3-5 terminating long slender decurved peduncles. Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. Anal. Gen. xl. t. vi. f. i. NILGHIRI Mts., in woods near the Avalanches, Wight, Gardner. A shrub or small tree ; branches slender. Leaves glabrous ; petiole 1/2-1 1/2 in., terete ; leaflet 3-4 in,, glabrous, shining, narrowed towards the base, nerves very slender. Peduncles 2-4 in., slender, often 3-flowered. Flowers 1/3 in. diam., on short stout pubescent pedicels. Calyx divided nearly to the base into 4 orbicular coriaceous obtuse lobes. Petals valvate, ovate, acute, glabrous, thick, longer than the stamens. Disk obsolete. Ovary-lobes villous, free at the apex ; styles free below ; ovules subcollateral. Ripe carpels 4, 1/3 in. long, turgid, apiculate, 1-seeded, veined. Seed oblong. 2. M. ? Helferi, Hook. f. ; quite glabrous, leaves 1-foliolate, petiole short stout, leaflet obovate-lanceolate obtuse, panicle rather longer than th.e petiole few-flowered, petals valvate. Tenasserim or Andaman Islds., Helfer. Dioecious ? Branches rather stout, bark wrinkled ; whole plant yellowish when dried. Petiole 1/4-1 in., not acutely margined; leaflet 4-8 in., membranous, nerves horizontal, very slender. Cymes 1-3 in., panicled, suberect ; peduncle rather stout, quite glabrous ; branches 1/4-1/2 in., few. Flowers (male) small, fascicled ; pedicels short, stout. Petals valvate, longer than the stamens. Disk 8-lobed. Fruit not seen. 8. ZANTHOXYLUM, Linn. Shrubs or trees, often armed with stout prickles. Leaves alternate, 3-foliolate or unequally pinnate ; leaflets opposite or alternate, entire or crenate, often oblique, punctate. Flowers small, in axillary or terminal peduncled broad or narrow cymes, white, pink, or greenish, often unisexual. Calyx 3-8-fid, rarely 0. Petals 3-5, rarely 0, imbricate or induplicate-valvate. Disk small or obscure. Stamens 3-5, hypogynous or reduced to scales in the female. Ovary rudimentary in the male, in the female of 1-5 oblique 1-celled carpels ; styles sublateral, free or connate above, stigma capitate ; ovules 2 in each cell, usually collateral Fruit of 1-5 globose coriaceous or fleshy 1-seeded carpels, dehiscing ventrally, endocarp horny, separating or not. Seed oblong and compressed or globose, often hanging out of the carpel, hilum broad, testa bony or crustaceous blue or black shining, albumen fleshy; embryo axile, straight or curved, cotyledons flat, radicle very .short. - Distrib. About 80 species, all tropical and subtropical. Sect. 1. Cymes axillary, or axillary and terminal ; branches alternate. * Leaves 3-foliolate, petiole not winged, flowers polypetalous. 1. Z. ovalifolium, Wt. III. i. 169; quite glabrous, unarmed or with short straight prickles, leaflets elliptic-oblong or obovate crenulate tip obtuse emarginate. Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. Anal. Gen. xlii. t. vi. f. 3 ; Wall. Cat. 7469. Z. lucidum. Wall. Cat. 1212. Toddalia mitis, Miq. in Herb. Hohenack. 466. Limonia leptostachya, Jack according to Herb. Griffith. Western Peninsula, in Canara, Kurg and the Nilghiri Mts., and near Madras; KHASIA Mts. ; Assam and Mishmi Mts. ; Singapore, Wallich. page 493 A shrub? Leaflets 3-4 in., coriaceous, subsessile, petioles not armed. Cymes in slender panicles, quite glabrous. Flowers 1/8-1/6 in. diam,, 4-5-merous. Petals valvate. Ripe carpels solitary, the size of a pea, smooth. - Wight makes 2 species of this, which I cannot distinguish except as varieties. The Khasian and Assam specimens have rather longer leaves than the Madras ones. Var. 1. ovalifolium ; unarmed. Z. ovalifolium, Wight, I.c. Var. 2. sepiarium; armed with short straight prickles. Z. sepiarium, Wt. Ill. i. 169. ** Leaves 5-∞- foliolate, petiole winged, flowers apetalous, wood with a broad septate pith. 2. Z. alatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 768; leaflets 2-6 pairs lanceolate glabrous beneath, petiole and rachis usually broadly winged, nerves very indistinct, flowers in sparse panicles 2-6 inches long glabrous or pubescent. Wall. Cat. 1209 in part ; Brandis For. Flor. 47; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. Anal. Gen. xlii, Z. hostile, Wail. Cat. 1210, in part. Hot valleys of the Subtropical Himalaya, ascending to 6000 ft. from Jamu to Bhotan ; Khasia Mts., alt. 2-3000 ft. A shrub or small tree, with dense foliage and pungent aromatic taste and smell ; prickles often vertically flattened on the trunk and branches, the older with a corky base. Leaves 1 1/2-9 in. (in Khasia specimen) ; petiole glabrous, narrowly winged, with 2 stipular prickles at the base ; leaflets 3/4-4 in., narrow, usually elliptic-lanceolaie, rarely ovate, obtusely acuminate. Panicles loose, sparingly branched. Flowers 1/8-1/6 in. diam. Calyx 6-8-lobed, lobes subacute. Stamens 6-8. Ripe carpels 1/6-1/5 in. diam., usually solitary, laxly panicled, broadly ovoid, pale red, tubercled. - Young leaflets have often the costa prickly beneath, and usually few large scattered glands. The wood is hard and used for tooth cleaning, and the carpels as a condiment. 3. Z. acanthopodium, DC. Prodr. ii. 727; branchlets glabrous or tomentose, leaflets 2-6-pairs lanceolate, nerves distinct glabrous or more or less pubescent beneath, petiole and rachis narrowly winged, cymes very short dense 1/2-1 in. long pubescent. Z. hostile, Wall. Cat. 1210, and Z. alatum, Wall. Cat. 1209, in part. Hot valleys of the Subtropical Himalaya, from Kumaon to Sikkim, ascending to 7000 ft. ; Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft. Very similar indeed to Z.alalum, and possibly a variety of that plant, but the leaflets have never the large scattered glands, and are often very pubescent beneath, the nerves are much stronger, and the inflorescence is remarkably different, the ripe carpels (1/6 in. diam.) forming dense sessile and almost globose clusters on the branches below the leaves. - The Z. planispinum, Sieb. and Zucc, of Japan, is probably another variety, with fewer glabrous leaflets, faint nerves, and glabrous inflorescence ; it is intermediate between this and Z. alatum, to which it is most nearly allied, but wants the large glands. Wallich in his catalogue quotes Z. acanthopodium, DC, as, a synonym Of Z. alatum, Roxb., and the ticket is attached to a specimen with very short cymes and crowded points, and with leaves pubescent beneath. I therefore retain De Candolle's name for this plant, which is quite distinct from Roxburgh's Z. alatum. Var. Timbor ; branches clothed with dense rusty (when dry) tomentum. Z. ? Timbor, Wall. Cat. 7116. - Chainpur hills, Hamilton (? Chayanpoor hills in Behar, 40 miles S.E. of Benares). *** Leaves 5-∞-foliolate, petiole not winged, flowers polypetalous. 4. Z. tomentellum, Hook. f. ; sparingly prickly, branches petioles and cymes velvety, leaflets alternate 6-8 pairs quite entire velvety beneath, cymes axillary. Eastern Subtropical Himalaya; Bhotan, Griffith; Sikkim, at Choongtam, alt. 5000 ft., J. D. H. page 494 A small erect tree, 30 ft., with horizontal branches ; branchlets terete, stout, woody ; prickles scattered, short, recurved. Leaves 8-12 in. ; petiole terete, with scattered hooked prickles on the under-side ; leaflets 2-3 in., shortly petioled, oblong or elliptic, subacute or obtusely acuminate, coriaceous, glossy above, base subequal, nerves distinct. Cymes 2-4 in., sparingly branched, densely velvety, branches few short and rachis stout ; bracts and bracteoles caducous. Flowers (female only seen) small, clustered ; about 1/8 in. diam. Sepals 4, pubescent. Petals glabrous. Carpels 4, glabrous. Carpels (hardly ripe) 1/5 in. long, 4, compressed, beaked. 5. Z. oxyphyllum, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 42; glabrous, prickles hooked, leaflets alternate and opposite 3-10 pairs, young crenate, cymes terminal and axillary quite glabrous or slightly pubescent, flowers large. - Zanthoxylon violaceum, Wall. Cat. 1213. Temperate and subtropical Himalaya, from Garwhal, alt. 4-8000 ft., to Sikkim,, alt. 6-9000 ft., and Bhotan ; Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft. A shrub, clothed with hooked prickles. Leaves very variable in size, 4-12 in. ; petiole arched, usually very prickly along the back ; leaflets in young specimens ovate-lanceolate, very long-acuminate, crenate-serrate, pale, nerves very distinct beneath, in older ones more elliptic or oblong, 2-2 1/2 in. long in Kumaon specimens, upwards of 4 in. in some Sikkim ones, coriaceous, shining above. Cymes much branched many-flowered. Flowers the largest of the Indian species, 1/4-1/3 in. diam., umbellate, on the branches of the cyme ; pedicels slender, longer than the petals. Sepals 4, small, obtuse. Petals 4, obtuse, imbricate. Ripe carpels 2-4, the size of a pea, tubercled, hardly beaked. Seed black. 6. Z. khasianum, Hook.f. ; branches petioles and inflorescence pubescent, leaflets 8-10 pairs alternate rarely opposite small ovate with an obliquely curved narrowed obtuse apex quite glabrous, cymes axillary and terminal. Khasia Mts. ; at Myrung, alt. 4-6000 ft., J. D. H. & T.T. A small very fragrant climbing strangling bush. Branches very slender, sparingly prickly. Leaves 1 ft. long, arched ; petiole more or less pubescent, usually copioubly prickly undermath ; leaflets 1-1 3/4 in., straight or oblique, coriaceous, shining above, fully 1/3 of the blade usually occupied by the contracted apex ; partial petioles 1/10-1/4 in. Cymes (female only seen) 2 in., panicled, spreading, very pubescent. Ripe carpels 1-3, about 1/5 in. diam., globose, not beaked. Seeds globose, black. - I have not ventured to unite this with the very similar Chinese Z. cuspidatum. Champ. (in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 329), though this agrees entirely in habit, the curious form of the alternate petioled small Ieaflets, and in the paniculate cyme and fruit ; it differs in being very pubescent on the branches petiole and rachis of the leaf and cyme, and in the small less coriaceous and less shining leaves, that do not blacken in drying. 7. Z. Hamiltonianum, Wall. Cat, 7117 ; prickles few short, branches and petioles glabrous or more or less pubescent or velvety, leaflets 4-7 in., 2-3 pairs, opposite glossy oblong not sinuate, cymes axillary tomentose or glabrous. Assam, Jenkins; Sudyah and Birma, Griffith; Borybari, Hamiiton (Feb. 1809). Probably a large scandent shrub ; branches stout, woody, prickles crooked. Leaves 6-8 in.; petiole terete, stout, very prickly ; leaflets subsessile, suddenly narrowed into a broad notched apex, base rounded, glossy on both surfaces, glabrous or pubescent beneath, with many subparallel prominent arching nerves. Cymes 3-4 in., panicled, very slender. Flowers 1/10 in. diam., shortly pedicelled. Petals 4-5, valvate or slightly imbricate. - Perhaps a form of Z tetraspermum. Var. tomentosum; branches, petioles, and inflorescence very tomentose. - Assam, Jenkins. 8. Z. tetraspermum, W. & A. Prodr. 148; very prickly, glabrous except the velvety cymes, leaflets 3-5 in. opposite 2-3 pairs large elliptic or page 495 oblong very glossy coriaceous many-nerved margin waved and sinuate-toothed, cymes axillary and terminal. Thwaites Enum. 69 : Beddome Flor. Sylvat. Anal. Gen. xlii.Western Peninsula ; Kurg and the Nilghiri Mts., Ceylon, alt. 3-5000 ft., Walker. A stout climbing shrub; prickles short, hooked. Leaves 4-7 in., glabrous; petiole stout, straight, very prickly ; leaflets subsessile, suddenly contracted to a rather long obtuse notched lip, shining above and sinuate-toothed, especially in the Ceylon specimens, coriaceous, nerves numerous spreading. Panicles 2-3 in., axillary and terminal, short, or rather large and spreading, when terminal densely tomentose, branches alternate. Flowers small, 1/12-1/8 in. diam. Petals 4, acute, valvate. Ripe carpels 2-4, 1/5 in. diam., globose. - Ceylon specimens have the brilliantly glossy leaves almost black when dry and far more sinuate-toothed than the Kurg ones, which show a passage to Z. Hamiltonianum, which has a very similar tip to the leaf. Sect. 2. Cyrnes terminal ; branches opposite. Flowers polypetalous. Leaves 5-∞-foliolate ; petiole not winged. Wood with a broad septate pith. 9. Z. Rhetsa, DC. Prodr. i. 728 ; armed except the petioles and rarely the cymes with short prickles, leaflets 8-20 pairs very oblique quite entire glabrous, cymes terminal very large glabrous. W. & A. Prodr. 148 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 36 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 45 ; Thwaites Enum. 69 ; Bedd.. Flor. Sylvat. Anal. Gen. xli. Z. oblongum, Wall. Cat. 1218. Fagara Rhetsa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 417. ? F. Budrunga, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 417, not of Wallich. - Rheede Hort. Mal. v. t. 34. Western Peninsula, from Coromandel and the Concan southward; Tavoy, Gomez. A tree with corky bark and spreading leafy branches, prickles straight or incurved, the old ones with a solid conic base. Leaves 1-1 1/2 ft., clustered at the ends of the branches, equally or unequally pinnate; petiole unarmed; leaflets opposite, 3-5 in., with short partial petioles, recurved, ovate-oblong or lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, upper base rounded, lower very narrow and ending in the costa, nerves 10-12 on the upper half, 2 fewer on the lower. Cymes sometimes 1 1/2 ft. broad; branches opposite, angled ; bracts minute, caducous. Flowers 1/6 in. diam., yellow, 4-merous. Petals valvate. Ovary glabrous. Ripe carpels solitary, the size of a pea, tubercled. Seed subglobose, blue-black. - The unripe carpels taste of orange-peel, the seeds like black pepper. - Thwaites introduces this into his Enumeratio, but says, in Herb, that he know's of but one tree, and that is in a garden. 10. Z. Budrunga, Wall. Cat, 1211 ; ? of DC. Prodr. i. 728; armed with short incurved prickles, leaflets 5-10 pairs glabrous broadly crenate with large glands in the sinus, base very oblique, cymes terminal very large glabrous. Z. crenatum, Wall. Cat. 1216. ? Fagara Budrunga, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 417. Tropical Himalaya, Kumaon, Blinkworth (in Herb. Wallich) ; Forests of Silhet, the Khasia Mts., Chittagong, and Martaban. Apparently a tree, easily recognised by the large glands at the crenatures of the leaflets. - I am not satisfied as to the name this plant should bear ; the description is founded on Wallich's specimens from the Calcutta Garden, named Z. Budrunga, Eoxb , and which should therefore be authentic, and which perfectly agree with those from Silhet, &c. ; but Roxburgh describes in his " Flora Indica" (and figures in his drawings) the leaflets as few, narrow, and quite entire ; and neither he nor Wallich (in Carey's edition of the " Flora Indica") makes allusion to the crenatures and glands. I find no plant corresponding to either Roxburgh's Fagara Rhetsa or F. Budrunga in any Silhet, Assam, or Bengal collection, and except in the fewer leaflets there is no differential character given by Roxburgh between these two supposed species, though in his drawings he figures the flowers of Budrunga as small, white, with stamens larger than the petals (probably a sexual character) ; and those of Rhetsa as larger, yellowish, with stamens shorter than the petals. On the oiher hand, there are plenty of Western Peninsula page 496 and Ceylon specimens of Z. Rhetsa, with a few leaves, as Roxburgh describes in Z. Budrunga, which leads me to suspect that Roxburgh may, by some mistake, have described a specimen of Z. Rhetsa with few leaflets for one of the Silhet Z. Budrunga. Should this not be so, and should his Budrunga prove really different from Rhetsa, Wallich's name of Z. crenatum must be given to the plant here described.11. Z. myriacanthum, Wall. Cat 1214; copiously armed except the petioles with short straight prickles, leaflets 4-8 pairs coriaceous not very oblique glabrous crenulate, cymes large terminal pubescent, carpels very small. Z. ?longifolium, Wall. Cat. 7115. Penang, Porter; Malacca, Maingay. A large tall tree (Porter). Branches stout, densely armed. Leaves 1-1 1/2 ft. ; petiole unarmed ; leaflets 3-4 in., opposite, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute or subacuminate, crenutures minute and shallow, nerves .spreading distinct beneath ; partial petioles very short. Cymes long and broad, with much longer primary branches than Z. Rhetsa, which are terete and alternate, very pubescent, and bear a few scattered prickles. Flowers 1/5 in. diam., subsessile, 5-merous. Calyx 3- or more-, bracteate at the base. Petals 5, imbricate. Ovaries 3. Ripe carpels 1/8 in. diam., compressed, apiculate. Seed compressed, 1/10 in. diam., not quite ripe. DOUBTFUL, REJECTED, AND UNKNOWN SPECIES. Z. ARMATUM. Roxb. Cat. Hort. Beng. 727 ; DC. Prodr. i. 727, is probably Z. Rhetsa or Z. Budrunga. Z.? Bajarnandia, Wall. Cat. 7118; a very imperfect specimen, consisting of a broken unarmed petiole, 10 detached leaflets like those of Z. oblongum, but narrower, more finely acuminate, and with more numerous nerves and an even more oblique base, ripe carpels larger. - Assam, at Guralpara, Hamilton. Probably Z. Rhetsa, DC, but too imperfect for determination. Z.? CONNAROIDES, W. & A. Prodr. 148, is a species of Heynea. Z.? FINLAYSONIANUM, Wall. Cat. 7114; glabrous, branches as in Z. spondiaefolium, but the more numerous prickles are seated on a compressed woody conical base much broader than themselves, leaves 3 in., petiole very slender obscurely winged minutely armed, leaflets 8-10 alternate 1/3-1/2 in. rhomboid-ovate obtuse crenate, panicles axillary and terminal peduncled quite glabrous, flowers small subumbelled, petals 5. - Siam ? Herb. Finlayson. Z OBTUSIFOLIUM, Poir. Suppl. ii. 293 ; DC. Prodr. i. 727, is a doubtful native of India and probably not a Zanthoxylum. Z. RHOIFOLIUM, Lamk. ; DC. I.c. is not Indian, but the Z. sorbifolium, A. St. Hil., of America. Z. SAPINDIFOLIUM, Wall Cat. 1215, from Amherst. Of this there is no specimen in Wallichs Herbarium, but only a blank sheet with the ticket attached. Z. SERRA, Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1858, i. 440, is Saurauja nepalensis. Z. SPONDIAEFOLIUM, Wall. Cat. 1217 ; branches as thick as a goose-quill, bark rough, with very small conical prickles, leaves crowded at the end of the branch 4-5 in. glabrous, petiole slender unarmed, leaflets 5-8 subopposite 2-2 1/2 in. elliptic-ovate acuminate quite entire, partial petiole 1/10 in., flower-buds minute in short axillary clusters, petals 4, glabrous. - Amherst, Wallich. Z. triflorum, Turcz. I.c. 1863, i. 597, described as having opposite leaves not pellucid dotted and 3-flowered peduncles in the upper axiis, and which is a Nilgiiiri plant (Perottet, No. 154) is clearly not of this genus. It may be Melicope indica, W. page 497 9. TODDALIA, Juss. Usually subscandent or sarmentose prickly shrubs. Leaves alternate, 1-3-foliolate ; leaflets sessile. Flowers small, in axillary or terminal cymes or panicles, unisexual. Calyx short, 2-5-lobed or -parted. Petals 2-5, imbricate or valvate. Stamens 2, 4, 5 (or 8 with the alternate imperfect), imperfect or 0 in the female flower, inserted at the base of a short or long or inconspicuous disk. Ovary ovoid oblong or globose, rudimentary or 4-lobed in the male flower, 2-7-(rarely 1-) celled ; style short or 0, stigma capitate; ovules 2, superposed or collateral in each cell. Fruit subglobose, or lobed, coriaceous or fleshy, 2-7-celled; cells 1- rarely 2-seeded. Seeds angled, reniform, testa coriaceous, albumen fleshy ; embryo curved, terete, cotyledons linear or oblong. - Distrib. About 8 species, natives of tropical and subtropical Asia, Africa and Australia. 1. T. aculeata, Pers. ; DC. Prodr. ii. 83 ; prickly, leaflets sessile elliptic obovate oblong or lanceolate crenulate, fruit 3-7-celled. W. & A. Prodr. 149 ; Thwaites Enum. 69 ; Grah Cat. Bomb. PI. 37 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Flor. 46 ; Wight III. t. 66 ; Wall. Cat. 9042; Bedd.Flor. Sylvat. Anal. Gen. xlii. t. vi. f. 4. T. asiatica, Lamk. Dict. vii. 693 ; III. ii, 116. T. nitida, Lamk. III. t. 139, f. 1. ? T. angustifolia, Lamk. Dict. I.c. 694. T. angustifolia, Miq. in Plant. Hohen. 470. T. rubricaulis, Willd. T. floribunda, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii. p. 37. Zanthoxylon nitidum, Wall. Cat. 1207, from China (not of DC). Z. floribundum, Wall. Cat. 1206 ; PI. As. Rar. iii._ t. 232. Scopolia aculeata, Sm. Ic. ined. sub t. 34; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 616. Limonia oligandra, Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. ii. 258. Paullinia asiatica, Linn. Sp. PI. 524. - Burm. Flor. Zeyl. 58, t. 24 ; Rheede Hort. Mal. v. 81, t. 41. Subtropical Himalaya, from Kumaon eastwards to Bhotan, ascending to 5000 ft. ; Khasia Mts., ascending to 6000 ft., and throughout the Western Peninsula and Ceylon. - Distrib, Sumatra, Java, China, the Philippine Islands. A rambling sarmentose shrub, prickly or not. Leaflets sessile, 1-3 by 1/6-1 in., glabrous, rounded, narrowed or subacute at the tip, which is acute obtuse or notched, many-nerved, green on both surfaces, coriaceous. Cymes axillary, compressed, longer or shorter than the leaves. Flowers 1/5 in. diam., white. Calyx glandular. Petals 5, imbricate. Stamens not exceeding the petals. Ovary usually 5-celled ; style short, stigma 5-lobed ; ovules 2, superposed in each cell. Fruit globose, size of a large pea, 3-5-grooved, orange-coloured, 3-5-celled. Seeds solitary in each cell. - Whole plant hot and pungent. 2. T. bilocularis, W. & A. Prodr. 149 ; unarmed, leaflets elliptic-lanceolate acuminate quite entire, tip notched, flowers 2-3-merous, fruit 2-celled. Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. xliii. ; Icones, t. 167. Dipetalum biloculare, Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. ii. 38. Western Peninsula; Courtallum, Wight; Anamallay forests, alt. 2500-3000 ft., Beddome; Concan and Canara, Dalzell. A tree (Beddome), trunk often 3 ft. in girth, foliage dense, always unarmed. Leaflets 6-10, sessile or petioled, nerved as in the other species, apparently quite entire. Petals 2-3, slightly imbricate. Stigma large, peltate. Fruit as large as a cherry. - I have seen, but two specimens, both Wight's, and in fruit only. I follow Dalzell in considering his Dipetalum to be the same ; he seems to have found it in a very early state, and says the stamens were 6, and inflorescence terminal, which latter is not the case in Wight's specimens ; Beddome, however, describes the inflorescence as terminal or from the upper axils, and much shorter than the petiole. Beddome further describes it as a beautiful tree of considerable size, with dense dark-green foliage; he found the females in March, but not the males ; 3-petaled flowers were much more common than 2-petaled. page 498 10. ACRONYCHIA, Forst. Trees. Leaves opposite or alternate, 1- rarely 3-foliolate, leaflets quite entire. Flowers small or rather large, yellow, in peduncled axillary and terminal corymbs, polygamous. Calyx 4-lobed, sometimes enlarged after flowering, imbricate. Petals 4, spreading, revolute, valvate. Stamens 8, inserted under a thick 8-angled tomentose disk, filaments subulate, the alternate longer. Ovary inserted in the hollowed tip of the disk, tomentose, 4 celled; style terminal, stigma 4-grooved ; ovules 2, superposed in each cell. Fruit a 4-celled drupe, or 4-valved loculicidal capsule. Seeds often exserted and pendulous from a slender funicle, testa black, albumen copious; embryo straight, cotyledons oblong flat. - Distrib- About 15 species, natives of tropical Asia, Australia and the Pacific Islands. 1. A. laurifolia, Blume Bijd. 245 ; glabrous, leaves subopposite 1-foliolate, leaflet elliptic subobovate or oblong, cymes long-peduncled very broad corymbose, buds linear, petals linear villous within. A. pedunculata, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 532 ; Thwaites Enum. 409 and 69 (Cyminosma) ; Bedd. Flor. Sylv. Anal. Gen. xlii. t. 6. f. 4. Cyminosma pedunculata, DC. Prodr. i. 722; Wall. Cat. 1205; W. & A. Prodr. i. 147; Wight III. i. 165, t. 65; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Flor. Suppl. 17. C. Ankenda, Gaertn. Fruct. i. 280, t. 58, f. 6 (bad) ; DC. I.c. Clausena simplicifolia, Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 180. Jambolifera pedunculata, Vahl Symb. iii. 52, t. 61. Gela lanceolata, Lour. Fl. Coch. i. 232. Selas lanceolatum, Spreng. Syst, ii. 216. Ximenia ? lanceolata, DC. Prodr. i. 533. lndeterm. Wall. Cat. 9028 - Rheede Hort. Mal. v. p. 29, t. 15. SIKKIM HIMALAYA, in hot valleys, alt. 3-4000 ft. ; Khasia Mts., alt. 0-4000 ft. ; ASSAM ; Chittagong ; Eastern Peninsula, from Rangoon to Penang and Malacca; Western Peninsula, on the Ghats from Concan to Travancor, ascending to 5000 ft. ; Ceylon. - Distrib. Sumatra, Java, Cochin China. A small glabrous tree or shrub, with somewhat silky or puberulous young shoots and inflorescence. Leaves very variable; leaflets 2 6 in., obtuse or obtusely acuminate, membranous, quite entire, much veined and reticulate on both surfaces. Cymes axillary, slender, oppositely branched, spreading, long-peduncled, corymbose ; bracts and bracteoles small. Flowers 1/3-3/4 in. diam., fragrant, yellowish-white ; buds linear-oblong, obtuse ; pedicels slender. Sepals very small, rounded. Petals linear-oblong from a broad base, obtuse, revolute, more or less villous on the inner surface. Filaments equalling the petals, slender, bearded below. Ovary villous ; style short, stigma capitate. Drupe very variable in size, from a pea to a small cherry, 3-5-celled, glabrate, usually with a narrowed angular or grooved tip, sometimes narrowed at the base, sometimes deeply lobed from the tip downwards. Var. 1 ; leaflets oblong, flowers about 1/2 in. diam. Var. 2 ; leaflets 5-7 in. oblong-lanceolate, petals very sparingly villous within, drupe globose 4/10 in. diam. glabrous. - Sikkim, J. D. H. Var. 3 ; leaflets 4-5 in. cymes very slender, flowers smaller (1 1/3 in.), fruit small contracted at the base. - Western Peninsula. Var. 4; leaflets very small 1 1/2-2 by 1/4-1/2 in. very membranous narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, cymes few-flowered. - Pulney Mts., Wight. Var. 5 ; cymes few-flowered, fruit small turbinate lobed at the top. - Mergui, Griffith. Var. 6 ; peduncles stout thick, branches 3-flowered, flowers large almost 1 in. diam., petals much bearded within, fruit nearly 2/3 in. diam. subglobose puberulous. - Malacca ? Maingay. 2. A. Porteri, Hook.f.; leaves opposite 1-foliolate, cymes panicled narrow, buds globose, petals ovate minutely pilose within. - Wall. Cat. 7756. page 499 Penang, Porter, Maingay (Kew distrib. 280) ; Malacca, Griffith. A lofty tree. Petiole 4 in. ; leaflets 3-6 in., usually shortly acuminate, quite glabrous and entire, nerves beneath slender, spreading. Cymes 3-4 in. ; peduncle and short branches stout, more or less hoary ; bracts and bracteoles small, persistent, obtuse. Flowers 1/8 in. diam. ; buds 1/12 in., puberulous. Sepals 4, fleshy, obtuse. Petals broad, short. Disk pulvinate, bright yellow, glabrous. Filaments with dilated bases. Ovary imperfect; styles minute, rudimentary, connate. Drupe 1/4 in. diam., nearly globose, obtusely 4-angled, minutely pitted, 4-celled, cells 2-seeded. Seeds subcollateral, oblong-reniform, plano-convex; testa black, brittle. - The above description of the flowers is taken very much from Maingay' s ms. which was drawn up from fresh specimens. 11. SKIMMIA, Thunb. Small glabrous strong scented shrubs. Leaves alternate, petioled, simple, quite entire. Flowers crowded, in terminal panicles, white, polygamous. Calyx 4-5-lobed, imbricate. Petals 4-5, oblong, valvate or slightly imbricate. Disk obsolete. Stamens 4-5, hypogynous, imperfect in the 2 flower. Ovary obovoid, (of 1-5 rudimentary carpels in the male flower) 2-5-celled ; style stout, terminal, or 0, stigma capitate 2-5-lobed ; ovules solitary, pendulous from the top of each cell. Drupe ovoid, fleshy, with 2-5 cartilaginous 1-seeded stones. Seed pendulous, testa coriaceous, albumen fleshy ; embryo straight, cotyledons oblong flat, radicle short. - Distrib. Species 4, Himalayan and Japanese. 1. S. Laureola, Hook.f. ; leaves oblong linear-oblong elliptic-lanceolate or obovate obtuse acute or caudate-acuminate, flowers 5-merous. Limonia? Laureola, DC. Prodr. i. 536. L. Laureola, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii. 23, t. 245 ; Cat. 6357. Anquetilia Laureola, Dcne, in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 161, t. 161. Laureola fragrans. Roem. Synops. fasc. i. 74. Throughout the Temperate Himalaya, from Marri to Mishmi, alt. 6-10,000 ft. ; Khasia Mts., alt. 5-6000 ft. - Distrib. Affghanistan. A glabrous shrub branched from the base, 3-5 ft. high, evergreen, strongly aromatic; branches and foliage very bright green. Leaves exceedingly variable in size and shape, 3-7 in., softly coriaceous, quite entire, nerves indistinct ; petiole short, stout. Panicles terminal, short, dense-flowered, branched ; females smaller ; bracts and 2 bracteoles deciduous. Flowers about 1/2 in. diam., yellowish-white, inodorous, shortly pedicelled. Sepals small. Petals oblong, obtuse. Filaments stout, subulate. Ovary ovoid, minute, conic and 4-cleft in the male flowers. Fruit 1/2-3/4 in. long ; ellipsoid, red, fleshy. Seeds 1-3; embryo green. - Very similar to the Japanese S. japonica, Thunb., but the flowers are 4-merous in that species. 12. GLYCOSMIS, Correa. Unarmed shrubs or trees. Leaves 1-foliolate or imparipinnate ; leaflets alternate. Flowers small, in axillary rarely terminal panicles. Calyx 4-5-partite, segments broad imbricate. Petals 4-5, imbricate. Stamens 8-10, free, inserted round a disk, filaments subulate dilated below ; anthers small, with often a dorsal or apical gland. Ovary 2-5-celled ; style very short, persistent, stigma simple ; ovules solitary and pendulous in each cell. Berry small, dry or fleshy, 1-3-seeded. Seeds oblong, testa membranous ; cotyledons equal, radicle very short. - Distrib. Species 5, Asiatic and Australian. I have followed Professor Oliver in the limitation of the forms of this troublesome Genus, which might very well be included in one species. 1. G. pentaphylla, Correa in Ann. Mus. vi. 384 ; leaves 3-5 rarely 1-foliolate, leaflets polymorphous usually elliptic-lanceolate, ovary 5- rarely page 500 3-4-celled glabrous, style very short stout. DC. Prodr. i. 538 ; W. & A. Prodr. 93 ; Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl. ii. 37 ; Wall. Cat. 6374 ; Thwaites Enum. 45 and 406 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 29 ; Bedd. in Tran. Linn. Soc. xxv. 211 ; Flor. Sylv. Anal. Gen. xliii. t. 6, f. 6. G. chylocarpa, W. & A. Prodr. 93. G. arborea, DC. l.c; Wall. Cat. 6373 ; Thwaites Enum. 43. G. Retzii, Roem. Synops. fasc. i. 41. Limonia pentaphylla, Retz Obs. v. 24; Roxb. Cor. Fl. t. 84 ; Flor. Ind. ii. 381. L. arborea, Roxb. Car. Fl. t. 85 ; Fl. Ind. I.c. ; Bot. Mag. t. 2074. Myxospermum chylocarpum, Roem. Synops. fasc. i. 40.Throughout tropical and subtropical Himalaya, ascending to 7000 ft. in Sikkim from the Sutlej river in thp N.W., southwards to Upper Assam, Travancor, Malacca, and Ceylon. - Distrib. Malay Archipelago, China, Philippine Islands, Borneo, Australia. One of the commonest plants in India, if, as most suppose, the shrubby G. pentaphylla and arboreous G. arborea are the same species. This is a point to which observers in India should pay attention. Thwaites, who distinguished arborea at one time by the short glandular ovary narrower than the spheroid disk, short depressed style as broad as the distinct discoid stigma, and the smaller panicles, finds these characters not to hold as he expected. The leaves, which are evergreen, vary from 1-5-foliolate, and the leaflets from 1-9 inches long, and are broad or narrow, obtuse acute or acuminate, oblong elliptic or obovate or lanceolate, quite entire or crenulate, rather membranous, pale and reticulately veined. Flowers small, white, in pubescent panicles that are very variable in size and composition. Berry white, globose, usually the size of a large pea, in var. 3, as large as a cherry. - I follow Prof. Oliver's classification of the first two varieties, to which he gave many weeks of study with copious materials at his command. The 3rd is added from Wight's Illustrations and Herbarium. Upwards of 200 specimens are preserved in the Herbarium at Kew from different collectors and habitats. Var. 1 ; leaves usually 3- rarely 1- or 5-foliolate, leaflets 4-9 in. lanceolate or oblong or obovate-lanceolate quite entire or obscurely crenulate, panicles towards the tips of the branches usually elongate many-flowered, ovary usually covered with mamillary glands 5-celled connate at the base with the disk. - Throughout India. Subvar. ; leaves narrower. - Canara and Mysore. Var. 2 ; leaves usually 3-5-foliolate (except sub var. 1), leaflets elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, panicles small few- or many-flowered, flowers smaller, ovary 4-5 celled scarcely mamillate constricted at the base and thus free from the disk. - G. triphylla, Wight in Hook. Bot. Misc. iii, 298; Suppl. t. 39; Ic. t. 167 ; W. & A. Prodr. 93. G. nitida, W.& A. Prodr. I.c. - Western Peninsula, Ceylon, Tenasserim. Subvar. 1. longifolia ; leaves usually 1-foliolate, leaflets 3-10 in. oblong or obovate-lanceolate often acuminate or even caudate, panicles short 1-2 in., or if terminal 3-4 in. - Assam, the Khasia Mts., Rangoon, and Malacca. Subvar. 2. macrophylla; leaves 3-5-foliolate with the leaflets 3 1/2-6 in., or 1-foliolate with the leaflets 8-12 by 2 1/2-6 in., disk thicker broader than the ovary. G. macrophylla, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 6377. - Assam, Penang, and Tavoy. ? Chionotria rigida, Jack in Mal. Misc. ex Hook. Camp. Bot. Mag. i. 155. Ch. monogyna, Walp. Rep. i. 382 ; Roem. Synops. fasc. i. 73. Subvar. 3. angustifolia ; leaflets narrower lanceolate 1 1/2-3 by 1/4-3/4 in. G. angustifolia, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 6378 ; W. & A. Prodr. 93. Limonia? angustifolia, Wall. Cat. 6360. - Tanjore, Mysore and Tavoy. Subvar. 4 ; panicles axillary very short, ovary scarcely constricted at the base, style equalling the ovary. - Sikkim, Silhet, the Khasia Mts., Cachar, and Chittagong. Var. 3. macrocarpa ; fruit 3/4-1 in. diam. constricted at the base. G. macrocarpa, Wight Ill. i. 109. - Courtallum, Wight. 2. G. bilocularis, Thwaites Enum. 45 ; leaves 3-5-foliolate, ovary 2-celled glabrous seated on the thickened disk. Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. V. Suppl. ii. 38. Ceylon, in the Maturatte district, Thwaites. A shrub. Leaflets 1 3/4-2 1/2 by 1/2-3/4 in., lanceolate or trapezoid-lanceolate, subacuminate, page 501 obtuse at the base, pale beneath. Panicles axillary, very short, few-flowered. Sepals broad-ovate or triangular-ovate. Petals oblong or elliptic oblong. Stamens alternately shorter (much and irregularly dilated, concave within, Thw.) ; anthers small, cordate. Disk short, thick, rather broader than the ovary. - I have seen only scraps of this. I take the characters from Oliver and Thwaites.3. G. sapindoides, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 6376 ; leaves 5-7-foliolate, panicles branched from the base stout many-flowered, ovary 2-3-celled, hairy about as long as the thick style. Penang, Wallich, Maingay. - Distrib. Java. A tree 3 (? 30) feet high, with the trunk as thick as a man's thumb (Maingay). Branches terete, glabrous. Leaflets 4-9 in., oblong or lanceolate, subacuminate. Panicles 1-3 in., subpyramidal, branches short stout. Flowers shortly and stoutly pedicelled. Sepals orbicular-ovate. Petals oblong or narrow oblong. Disk small or obsolete. Ovary shortly stipitate. - Kurz (Journ. Beng. As. Soc. 1871, pt. ii. 49) suggests that this will prove a form of G. chlorosperma, Sprengel (Cur. Post. 162), but I do not see how this can be, Sprengel's plant being described as having terminal inflorescence. 4. G. puberula, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 6375 ; leaves usually 3-foliolate, ovary 4-5-celled shortly stipitate oblong pilose. Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl. ii. 39. Penang and Singapore, Wallich. Leaflets 2-4 by 3/4-1 1/2 in., caudate-acuminate. Pedicels 1/12-1/10 in. Dish small, adnate to the ovary. Style very short. - Perhaps a var. of G. pentaphylla, from which it differs chiefly in the pilose ovary (Oliver). EXCLUDED SPECIES. G. CRENULATA, Turcz. in Mosc. Bull. Soc. Nat. 1858, pt. ii. 250, is Murraya crenulata, Oliv. (in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl. ii. 29), a native of Luzon and not of Sincapore as Turczaninow states. 13. MICROMELUM, Blume. Unarmed trees. Leaves imparipinnate ; leaflets alternate, oblique. Flowers in large terminal corymbose panicles. Calyx cupular, 3-5-toothed or lobed. Petals 5, free, thick, valvate or subimbricate. Stamens 10, free, inserted round a short or long disk, filaments linear-subulate, alternate shorter. Ovary 5- rarely 2-6-celled ; style constricted at the base, deciduous, stigma obtuse or capitate ; ovules 2, superposed in each cell. Berry small, dry, usually 1-2-seeded, septa spirally twisted. Seeds oblong, testa membranous ; cotyledons leafy, crumpled, radicle long. - Distrib. Species 3 or 4, tropical Asiatic and Oceanic. 1. M. pubescens, Blume Bijd. i. 137 ; pubescent, leaflets 9-15 ovate to broad lanceolate, corymbs subsessile or peduncled finely pubescent, calyx cupular entire or 5-lobulate, ovary 5- rarely 2-4-celled more or less hairy, stigma capitate slightly broader than the style, berry glabrous. Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl. ii. 40 ; Bedd. Flor. Sylv. Anal. Gen. xliii. t. 7, f. 1 ; Thwaites Enum. 46. Bergera integerrima, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 376 ; Wall. Cat. 6371. Aurantiacea, Wall. Cat. 8517, 8518. Central and Eastern tropical Himalaya; Nipal, Wallich; Sikkim, J. D. H.; Assam ; Khasia Mts. ; Chittagong and from Birma southward to Malacca ; Ceylon. - Distrib. Java, China and Eastward to the Pacific Islands. A small umbrageous tree. Leaves 6-18 in. ; leaflets subopposite and alternate, shortpetioled, waved, often caudate-acuminate, base often cordate, pubescent beneath, rarely above. Cymes terminal, decompound, tomentose ; peduncle long or short ; pedicels page 502 1/12-1/8 in. ; bracts minute. Flowers variable in size, 1/3-1/2 in. diam., heavy-scented ; buds oblong. Petals narrow-oblong, subacute, finely pubescent. Stamens alternately longer ; anthers didymous. Ovary usually hairy ; 2-7- but usually 6-celled. Berry ovoid or oblong, as large as a large pea, yellow. Seed nearly as long. - There is a specimen from N. W. India in Royle's Herbarium, but probably from a garden, as he makes no mention of it in his Illustrations of Himalayan Plants. The following varieties are established by Prof. Oliver :-Var. 1 ; leaflets 2 1/2-3 1/2 by 1-1 1/2 in., calyx subentire, style equalling or exceeding the ovary. Bergera villosa, Wall. Cat. 6372. Cookia punctata, Hassk. ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 524. - Penang (Java, Philippines). Var. 2 ; leaflets 3 1/2-6 by 1-1 1/2-2 in., cymes broader, flowers larger, calyx with triangular lobes. - B. integeirima, Roxb. I.c.; DC. Prodr. i. 537. B. villosa, Wall. Cat. 6372. - Sikkim, ascending to 4000 ft. ; Nipal, Assam, Birma. Var. 3; leaflets narrower 1 1/2-3 1/2 by 1/2-1 1/2 in., calyx lobulate, style often exceeding the ovary. - Ceylon. 2. M. hirsutum, Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl. ii. 40 ; tomentose, leaflets 10-25 obscurely toothed, cymes densely tomentose almost hirsute, ovary 5-celled, stigma about as broad as the style, berry very hairy. - Aurantiacea, Wall. Cat. 8516. Penang, Jack, Porter, &c. ; Sincapore, Wallich; Pegu, McLelland; Tenasserim, Griffith, Helfer. - Distrib. Philippine Islds. Very like M. pubescens, and probably only a variety of that plant, but more tomentose, especially the inflorescence, which is almost hirsute, as is the berry. The flowers are as small as the smallest var. of M. pubescens. 14. MURRAYA, Linn. Unarmed shrubs or small trees. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets alternate, petioled, base oblique or cuneate. Flowers solitary and axillary, or in terminal corymbs or axillary cymes. Calyx 5-fid or -partite. Petals 5, free, imbricate. Stamens 10, inserted round an elongate disk, filaments linear-subulate, the alternate shorter ; anthers short, small. Ovary 2-5-celled, narrowed into a long deciduous style, stigma capitate ; ovules solitary or 2 superimposed or collateral in each cell. Berry 1-2-celled, oblong or ovoid, 1-2-seeded. Seed with a woolly or glabrous testa; cotyledons equal. - Distrlb. Species 4, tropical Asiatic. 1. M. exotica, Linn. ; leaves glabrous 3-8-foliolate, leaflets oblique, cymes terminal corymbose. Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl. ii. 28 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 374 ; Wall. Cat. 6368 ; Thwaites Enum. 45 ; Wight Ic. t. 96 ; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. Anal. Gen. xliv. t. 7, f. 2 ; Brandis For. Flor. 48. Chalcas intermedia and C. paniculata, Roem. Synops. fasc. i 48 and 49. Throughout the hotter parts of India, from Garwhal to Assam and Birma, and southward to Chittagong, Travancor, and Ceylon. - Distrib. Eastward to China, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. A very variable evergreen plant, of which two forms occur - a bushy and a subarboreous. Branches slender, young parts pubescent. Leaves 4-5 in. ; leaflets shortly petioled, 1-3 in., ovate or obovate, or rhomboid, obtuse or obtusely acuminate and often notched at the tip, usually very oblique at the base, shining above, quite entire, newer slender. Corymbs terminal and axillary, few- or many-flowered Flowers campanulate, 1/2 in. diam., pure white, very fragrant. Sepals glandular, acute. Petals oblong-lanceolate, spreading above. Stamens alternately longer. Ovary 2-celled ; style slender, stigma capitate ; ovules solitary in each cell or 2 superposed. Berry 1/2 in., apiculate, globose or ovoid, 1-2-seeded. Var. 1 ; shrubby, corymbs many-flowered, ovary 2-celled. - M. exotica, Auct. page 503 M. exotica and brevifolia, Thwaites Enum. 45. - Common in Northern India ; Ceylon in Gardens only.Var. 2 ; arboreous, corymbs few-flowered or flowers subsolitary, ovary 2-celled. - M. paniculata, Jack in Mal. Misc. i. 31 ex Hook. Bot. Misc. ii. 79 ; DC. Prodr. i. 537 ; W.&A. Prodr. 94; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Flor. 29. M. sumatrana, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 375; Wall. Cat, 6369. Chalcas paniculata, Linn. Ch. sumatrana, Roem. Synops.fasc. i, 49 - Chiefly in the Western Peninsula. Ceylon, ascending to 3000 ft. Var. 3 ; ovary 4-5-celled. - M. Glenieii, Thwaites Enum. 406 ; Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl. ii. 29. - Trincomalee in Ceylon. - Thwaites, I.c., gives Oliver as the author of this species, but the latter quotes Thwaites' mss. as his authority. 2. M. Koenigii, Spreng. Syst. Veg. ii. 315; leaves pubescent or glabrous 10-20-foliolate, leaflets small oblique, cymes terminal, ovary 2-celled. Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl. ii. 29 ; Bedd. Flor. Sylv. Anal. Gen. xliv. ; Brandis For. Flor. 48. Bergera Koenigii, Linn.; W. & A. Prodr. 94; Wight Ic. t. 13 ; Wall. Cat. 6370; Roxb. Cor. PI ii. t. 112; Fl. Ind. ii. 375 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Flor. 29. Along the foot of the Himalayas, from Garwhal to Sikkim, ascending to 5000 ft. ; Bengal, Pegu, and southward to Travancor and Ceylon; often cultivated. A small strong-smelling umbrageous tree, pubescent or tomentose, rarely glabrous, deciduous. Leaves often 1 foot long, narrow ; petiole slender, terete ; leaflets petioled, 1-1 1/2 in., variable, usually obliquely ovate, obtusely acuminate, tip notched, crenulate, sometimes suborbicular or lanceolate. Corymbs peduncled, many-flowered. Flowers white, 1/3 in. long, subcampanulate, ebracteate. Sepals acute. Petals linear-oblong, obtuse, dotted. Stamens alternately longer, filaments dilated below. Ovary 2-celled ; style cylindric, stigma capitate grooved; ovules solitary in each cell, or 2-superposed. Fruit ovoid or subglobose, 1/3 in. diam., black, rugose. Seeds imbedded in mucilage. - Leaves much eaten in curries. 3. M. elongata, Alph. DC. mss. in Wall. Herb. ; leaves glabrous 4-6-foiiolate, leaflets 4-5 in. ovate- or elliptic-lanceolate obtusely caudate-acuminate tip notched coriaceous. BIRMA, at Taong-dong, Wallich. A very difterent looking plant from any of the forms of M. exotica. - Bark on the slender branches pale yellow. Petiole with rachis 3 in., angular; leaflets pale bright-brown when dry, much longer and more lanceolate than in any form of M. exotica. Fruit 2/3 in. long, narrowly ellipsoid, as in the last-named species, of which it may be a form. 15. CLAUSENA, Burm. Unarmed shrubs or trees. Leaves imparipinnate, usually deciduous, leaflets membranous. Flowers small, in terminal or axillary cymes panicles or lax racemes. Calyx 4-5-lobed or partite. Petals 4-5, free, membranous, margins imbricate. Stamens 8-10, inserted round an elongated disk, the alternate shorter, filaments usually dilated or arched and concave below the subulate tip ; anthers short. Ovary stipitate, 4-5 (rarely 2-3-) celled ; style usually distinct, deciduous, stigma obtuse entire or 2-5-lobed ; ovules 2, collateral or superposed in each cell. Berry small, ovoid, oblong or globose, 2-5-celled. Seeds oblong, testa membranous ; cotyledons equal, plano-convex. - Distrib. Species about 14, chiefly tropical Asiatic, with a few African and Australian. * Inflorescence terminal, panicled. 1. C. pentaphylla, DC. Prodr. i. 538 ; tomentose above, leaves 3-7-foliolate, leaflets 5-9 in. ovate acuminate tomentose or glabrate beneath, flowers 4-merous, ovary hairy, style very short glabrous. Don Gen. Syst. i. 586 ; page 504 Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl. ii. 30 ; Brandis For. Flor. 49. Amyris pentaphylla, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 247 (error in descript. of ovules) ; Wall. Cat. 8519. Limonia mollis, Wall. Cat. 6362. Gallesioa pentaphylla, Roem. Synops. fasc. i. 45.Tropical Western Himalaya, from Kumaon to Nipal, and in the Doom and Sal forests of Oudh ; Cawnpore, Hardwick. Branchlets terete, softly tomentose, as thick as a goose-quill. Leaves large ; petiole often shorter than the leaflet, terete ; leaflets membranous, narrow and more or less oblique at the cuneate base, quite entire or obscurely crenate, very shortly petioled, usually softly tomentose beneath; nerves spreading. Panicle erect, 4-10 in. long, branches long stout much divided, all very softly downy. Flowers 1/4 in. diam. ; buds globose. Sepals triangular, acute. Petals oblong, concave, obtuse, glabrous or hairy outside. Filaments short, broad. Fruit 1/3 in, diam., broadly oblong, glabrous, pale orange, papillose. - Wallich's 8519, from the Calcutta Gardens, have very large (10 by 4 1/2 in.) membranous sometimes 1-foliolate leaves, almost glabrous beneath and glabrous petals. 2. C. heptaphylla, W. & A. Prodr. 95, in note; glabrous, leaves 5-9-foliolate, leaflets 2-5 in. equal or slightly oblique at the base, flowers 4-5-merous, ovary obovoid 4-grooved glabrous, style as long as the ovary and as broad as the stigma. Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl. ii. 30. Amyris heptaphylla, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 248 ; Wall Cat. 8508. Eastern Bengal, near Calcutta, Roxburgh ; Silhet, Wallich ; Khasia Mts., ascending to 4000 ft, and Chittagong, H.f. & T.; Tenasserim, Griffith. A branching bush, smelling strongly of aniseed ; branchlets glabrous, as thick as a crow-quill. Leaves 6-16 in.; petiole cylindric, slender; leaflets sometimes 8 in., shortly petioled, membranous, ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, very obscurely crenulate, pale beneath ; nerves and costa slender. Panicle with slender spreading branches, on which the flowers are racemed. Flowers 1/6 in. diam., pedicels slender, buds globose, yellow-white. Petals oblong, glabrous. Berry 1/2 in. long, oblong, white reddish or pale yellow, glandular. 3. C. macrophylla, Hook. f. ; softly villous, leaves 5-foliolate, leaflets 5-7 in. equal or suboblique obscurely toothed tomentose beneath, flowers glabrous, stamens equal, filaments very short, ovary stipitate glabrous 4-lobed tubercled, style as long as the ovary and as broad, as the stigma. C. heptaphylla var. ? pubescens ; Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Syppl. ii. 30. Cookia ? macrophylla, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 6367. BIRMA, on the banks of the Saluen at Trogla, Wallich. I have seen but one specimen. Branchlets as thick as a goose-quill, and as well as the petiole and panicle clothed with a soft spreading close-set velvety tomentum. Leaves 1 ft. ; leaflets very shortly petioled, acuminate, pale on both surfaces, nerves strong arched, margin with shallow small rather distant teeth, midrib stout ; common petiole stout, terete. Panicle stout, erect, with the peduncle 1 ft. long ; branches strict, erecto-patent. secondary branchlets short. Flowers crowded, 1/10 in. diam., shortly pedicelled, buds globose. Calyx-lobes 4, minute, rounded, acute. Petals broadly oblong, concave, membranous, covered with large glands. Filaments much dilated below ; anthers large, oblong. Ovary stipitate, tubercled with very large glands ; ovules 2, collateral in each cell. Fruit immature, oblong, tip obscurely 4-angled and truncate. 4. C. excavata, Burm. Fl. Ind. 87 ; pubescent or tomentose, leaves 15-30 folioiate, leaflets 2-3 1/2 in. oblique at the base, flowers 4-merous, ovary ovoid or elliptic sub-4-gonal stipitate hairy or hirsute, style stout about equalling the ovary. DC. Prodr. i. 538; Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl. ii. 31. Murraya Burmanni, Spreng. Syst. Veg. ii. 315. page 505 Amyris sumatrana, and punctata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 250, 251 ; Wall, Cat. 8512. Cookia graveolens, W. & A. Prodr. 95; Wall. Cat. 8515. Gallesioa graveolens, Roem. Synops. fasc. i. 45.Tropical Himalaya, alt. 2000 ft., from Nipal, Wallich, to Bhotan, Griffith; Silhet Pegu, and Chittagong, Wallich, &c. Eastern Peninsula; Malacca, Griffith; Penang, Porter, &c. - Distrib. Sumatra, Java, Borneo. A tree,fetid when bruised, smelling of Sassafras ( Roxburgh) ; branchlets as thick as a crow-quill and as well as the inflorescence petioles and leaflets more or less softly tomentose. Leaves 6-12 in. ; petiole slender, cylindric, more tomentose than the leaflets which are very oblique at the base, petioled, ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, membranous, obscurely crenate, upper often falcate. Panicle 4-12 in. high, pyramidal; branches spreading, alternate. Flowers shortly pedicelled, 1/6 in. diam., white; buds globose. Petals oblong, glabrous. Fruit 3/4 in., broadly oblong. Var. villosa; clothed with soft spreading hairs, petals hirsute. - Kangoon. 5. C. Wampi, Blanco Flor. Filip. 358 ; branches petioles and inflorescence pustular, leaves 5-9-foliolate, leaflets 2-4 in. broad ovate elliptic or lanceolate waved or crenulate, flowers 4-5-merous, ovary pilose usually 6-celled, style very short glabrous above, stigma 5-lobed, ovules 2 in each cell superposed. Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl. ii. 34. Cookia punctata, Sonnerat Voy. iii. 258, t. 130 ; DC. Prodr. i. 537 ; Roxb, Fl. Ind. ii. 382 ; Wall. Cat. 6366. Cultivated in India and the Eastern Islands ; native probably of China. A small glabrous tree, with a sweet terebinthine odour. Leaves 4-10 in. ; petiole cylindric, glabrous or hairy ; leaflets petioled, oblique, shining above, tip obtuse notched. Panicle large, erect, compound, branched from the base, branches stout. Flowers 1/3 in. diam., white; pedicels very short, stout ; buds globose. Petals broad, concave. Fruit nearly globose ; rind tough, covered with glands full of green balsamic oil. Seed solitary. 6. C. Wallichii, Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl. ii. 35 ; leaves 13-17-foliolate, leaflets rhomboid or oblong-lanceolate crenulate glabrous, petiole and rachis obscurely winged, flowers 5-merous, ovary glabrous 4-5-celled, style distinct, ovules 2 superposed in each cell. BIRMA, Chappedong hill, Wallich. Branchlets terete, black when dry, smooth. Leaves 8-12 in. ; leaflets 2-3 in., alternate, oblique, caudate-acuminate with an obtuse notched tip, narrowed into a cuneate base; petiole very slender, margined rather than winged. Panicle 3-5 in. long and broad, much branched ; branches erecto-patent, glabrous, strict. Flowers subsessile, 1/8 in. diam., glabrous. Calyx 5-partite. Petals imbricate. Stamens 10, free, filaments thickened in the middle. Ovary on a short narrow stalk, usually 5-celled ; style very short, grooved, as broad as the stigma ; ovules obliquely superposed. - Oliver remarks that when the ovary is 4-celled, the ovules in at least one cell are collateral, as also that this species weakens the distinction between Clausena and Murraya. 7. C. indica, Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl. ii. 36; glabrous, leaves 7-11-foliolate, leaflets oblique polymorphous crenulate, flowers 5-merous, ovary 2-5-celled glabrous papillose, ovules 2 collateral in each cell. Bedd. Flor. Silv. Anal. Gen. xlv. Piptostylis indica, Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 33, t. 2 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Flor. 29. Bergera nitida, Thwaites Enum. 46. Western Peninsula ; from the Bombay Ghats, Dalzell, to the Anamallay hills, Beddome. Ceylon, Thwaites, A shrub or small tree; branchlets slender, pubescent. Leaves 4-10 in.; petioles slender, arched, terete, glabrous or puberulous ; leaflets 2-4 in., petioled, very oblique, oblong-ovate, elliptic or lanceolate, rarely almost rounded, tip rounded obtuse and notched or acute or acuminate, crenulate, very dark with raised glands on both surfaces when dry. page 506 Panicle peduncled; peduncle hoary, corymbosely branched above. Flowers 1/6 in. diam., very shortly pedicelled, pale, glabrous, globose. Petals broadly ovate. Fruit 1/2 in. diam., globose, yellow. - Beddome considers this to be probably a variety of C. Willdenovii, but the inflorescence is totally different.** Inflorescence axillary, panicled or racemose. 8. C. Willdenovii, W. & A. Prodr. 96; glabrous or pubescent or tomentose, leaves 5-13-foliolate, leaflets 1-2 in. obliquely ovate or ovate-lanceolate crenulate, flowers in compound slender racemes usually 4-merous, ovary stipitate 4-angled or grooved glabrous, style short thick, ovules 2 superposed in each cell. Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl. ii. 32 ; Bedd. For. Sylvat. Anal. Gen. xliv. t. 7, f. 3 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Flor. 30 ; Wight Ic. t. 14 ; Thwaites Enum. 47 ; Wall. Cat 8509. Cookia dulcis, Bedd. in Madr. Journ. 1861 ; Trans. Linn. Soc. xxv. 211. Icica dentata, DC. Prodr. ii. 78. Amyris dentata, Willd. Sp. Pl. ii 337. SIKKIM Himalaya, alt. 1-2000 ft. Western Peninsula, common, ascending to 3000 ft. in Wynaad. Ceylon, in the hot drier parts. - Distrib. Moluccas. A large shrub (Roxburgh), glabrous or with the young parts and sometimes the petioles and inflorescence pubescent ; branchlets slender. Leaves 6-16 in. ; petiole slender, terete ; leaflets petioled, oblique, oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, acute or obtusely caudate acuminate, crenulate, membranous. Racemes slender, axillary, 3-10 in. long, branches or pedicels divaricating. Flowers fragrant, rather remote, 1/3 in. diam., whitish ; buds globose. Petals oblong, concave, glandular. Fruit globose, from the size of a pea to a cherry, whitish-green, pellucid. Var. 1. pubescens; more or less pubescent or tomentose or woolly on the young bracts petioles and inflorescence or throughout. C. pubescens, W. & A. Prodr. 96 ; Wall. Cat. 8510. - Pegu, Madras, Ceylon. Var. 2, nana; branches petioles and racemes quite glabrous with scattered pustular glands, leaflets smaller membranous reticulate. C. nana, W. & A. I.c. ; Wall. Cat. 8507. Amyris nana, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 249. Madras (Moluccas, Roxburgh). 9. C. suffruticosa, W. & A. Prodr. 96 ; softly tomentose, leaves 11-17-foliolate, leaflets 3-5 in. obliquely oblong or ovate-oblong, flowers in compound slender racemes 4-merous, ovary stipitate ovoid or subspherical or grooved, style slender, ovules superposed in each cell. Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl. ii. 33 ; Wall. Cat. 8513, 8514. Amyris suffruticosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 250. Chittagong, Roxburgh; Khasia Mts., De Sllva. Shrubby, wholly clothed with soft spreading tomentum ; stem simple ; branchlets about as thick as a goose-quill. Leaves 1 ft. ; petiole straight, slender, terete, glandular towards the base ; leaflets shortly petioled, obtuse acute or acuminate, often equally tomentose on both surfaces, quite entire. Racemes 2-5 in., compound, slender, glandular. Flowers 1/4 in. diam., greenish-white, pedicels slender ; buds globose. Petals glabrous, concave. Fruit (according to Roxburgh) 1 in. long, fusiform or ovoid, drooping, orange-yellow, glandular, Seed solitary, green. - Distinguished from var. pubescens of Willdenow by the much larger size of leaves leaflets and fruit. 16. TRIPHASIA, Lour. A spiny shrub. Leaves alternate, sessile, 3-foliolate, leaflets obtuse, crenate, lateral smaller. Flowers solitary, or in 3-flowered cymes, axillary, sweet-scented. Calyx 3-lobed. Petals 3, free, imbricate. Stamens 6, inserted round a fleshy disk, filaments free subequal dilated at the base; anther linear. Ovary ovoid, 3-celled, narrowed into a slender deciduous style, stigma obtuse or capitate and 3-lobed; ovules solitary in each cell. Berry small, ovoid, 1-3-celled, 1-3-seeded. Seeds oblong, immersed in page 507 mucilage, testa coriaceous ; cotyledons plano-convex, often unequal or lobed.1. T. trifoliata, DC. Prodr. i. 536; Oliv. Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl. ii. 26 ; W. & A. Prodr. 91 ; Dadz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. Suppl. 12. T. aurantiola, Lour. ; Wall. Cat. 6381. Limonia trifoliata, Linn. ; Burm. Fl. Ind. t. 35, f. 1. L. diacantha, DC. Prodr. i. 536. Western Peninsula, apparently common, but said to be an escape ; common in gardens throughout India and in various tropical countries. A glabrous spinous shrub, with straggling evergreen branches and leaves ; spines slender, straight. Leaflets thick and soft, crenulate, coriaceous, almost nerveless, the terminal shortly petioled, 3/4-1 1/2 in., ovate with a cuneate base and rounded notched tip ; lateral smaller, more rounded, oblique. Flowers very shortly peduncled, nearly 1/2 in. long, white, fragrant. Petals linear-oblong. Fruit 1/2 in. long, fleshy, apiculate, glanddotted. - Graham (Cat. Bomb. PI. 23) is probably mistaken in supposing that this, which is considered by many to be a Chinese plant, is a native of the Southern Concan. I am not aware, however, that it has anywhere been found in an indigenous state. 17. LIMONIA, Linn. Shrubs or small trees, often spiny. Leaves alternate, 3-foliolate or imparipinnate ; leaflets opposite or alternate ; petiole winged. Flowers panicled, racemed or fascicled. Calyx equally 4-5-lobed or -partite. Petals 4-5, imbricate. Stamens 8-10, inserted around an annular or elevated disk, filaments subulate ; anthers cordate or linear-oblong. Ovary oblong, 4-5-celled ; style short, stout, deciduous, stigma obtuse or capitate ; ovules 1-2 in each cell. Berry globose, 1-4-celled, 1-4-seeded. Seeds imbedded in mucilage ; cotyledons fleshy. - Distrib. Species 2-3, natives of Tropical Asia. * Cells of the ovary 1-ovuled. 1. L. acidissima, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. i. 536 ; spinous, glabrous, leaves pinnate, leaflets 2-4 pair sessile opposite obtuse crenulate, rachis broadly winged, racemes subumbellate, flowers 4-merous. W. & A. Prodr. 92 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 23 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 29 ; Bedd. For. Flor. Anal. Gen. xlv. L. crenulata, Roxb. Cor. PI. t. 86; Fl. Ind. ii. 381; DC. I.c. ; Wall. Cat. 6364. Hesperethusa acidissima, crenulata and ambigua, Roem. Synops. fasc. i. 38. - Rheede Hort. Mal. iv. t. 14. Dry hills in various parts of India, N.W. Himalaya in Simla and Kumaon, ascending to 4000 ft. ; Monghyr hills in Behar ; Assam ; Western Peninsula, from the Bombay Ghats and Coromandel southwards. Yunan, J. Anderson. A spinous glabrous shrub or small tree, with rigid flexuous woody branches ; spines 1/2-1 in. Leaves 1-4 in. long; petiole and rachis jointed, the former narrowly the latter very broadly winged ; leaflets 1-2 in., trapezoid-ovate, obtuse and notched at the lip, base cuneate, margins crenulate, nerves slender reticulate ; joints of rachis obovate-oblong, crenulate. Racemes 1 in. long, pubescent, often leafy; pedicels slender. Flowers 1/3 in. diam., tetramerous, white, fragrant. Sepals small. Petals elliptic or oblong. Disk annular or columnar. Ovary 4-celled, style short thick; ovule 1 pendulous in each cell. Berry globose, 1/2 in. diam., 1-4-seeded, very acid. ? 2. L. pubescens, Wall. Cat. 6365 (Limonia?); spinous, leaflets 3-5-pair opposite broadly rhomboid or ovate obtuse quite entire or sinuate-crenate midrib beneath and winged costa pubescent. BIRMA ; at Taong-dong, Wallich. page 508 The specimen in Wallich's Herbarium is very incomplete, and the detached fruit which accompanies it is probably that of another plant. Branches woody, with short strong scattered thorns, branchlets unarmed. Leaves 3-5 in., leaflets 1 1/2-2 in., sessile, base cuneate ; rachis between the leaflets 1/10 in. broad. - ? Fruit a depressed sphere 1/2 in. diam., 5-lobed, smooth. 3. L. alternans, Wall. in Voigt. Hort. Calc. 139; unarmed, leaves pinnate, leaflets 5-7 pairs alternate acuminate crenulate, rachis narrowly-winged, cymes subsessile, flowers 5-merous. Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1873, ii. 64 (L. alternifolia). Pegu, Wallich, Kurz; Tenasserim, at Mergui, Griffith. A slender shrub, with a simple or sparingly branched stem, quite glabrous. Leaves 4-9 in.; petiole hardly winged; rachis narrowly winged; leaflets 1 1/2-2 in., ovate, sessile, terminal much larger, nerves obscure. Cymes short and shortly peduncled, axillary, glabrous. Flowers small, white. Sepals minute, acute. Petals 1/4 in. long, subacute. Stamens 10, the alternate longer, filaments sparsely pubescent within. Disk thick, elongate after flowering. Ovary obovoid, compressed, smooth, 2-celled ; ovules solitary, pendulous; style curved, stigma thickened. - The description of the flower is from Kurz, who retains it in this genus. ** Cells of ovary 2-ovuled. 4. L. alata, W. & A. Prodr. 92 ; usually spinous, leaves 3-foliolate, leaflets obovate quite entire, the lateral small, flowers 4-6-merous. Wight III. i. t. 41 ; Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl. ii. 27 ; Wall. Cat. 6363 ; Thwaites Enum. 45 ; Bedd. Flor. Sylv. Anal. Gen. xlv. t. 7, f. 4. Western Peninsula ; foot of the Nilghiri and Anamallay Mts, and elsewhere in the Madras Presidency, Wight, Maingay ; Ceylon, common in hot dry parts of the Island. A small glabrous tree ; spines 1 in., nearly straight. Leaves 2-4 in. ; leaflets 1-2 1/21/2 in., subsessile, base cuneate; petiole 1-1 1/2 in., winged. Panicles 2-3 in., terminal and axillary, few- or many-flowered, hoary, branches rather stout. Flowers 1/2 in. diam., shortly pedicelled, ebracteolate. Sepals triangular. Petals oblong. Stamens subequal. Disk small, annular. Ovary 4-5-celled; style rather slender, stigma capitate ; ovules collateral or obliquely superposed. Berry 1 in. diam., globose, many-seeded. DOUBTFUL AND EXCLUDED SPECIES. LIMONIA BILOCULARIS, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 377. Atalantia? bilocularis, Wall. Cat. 6356. Sclerostylis atalantioides, W. & A. Prodr. 93, not of Wight Ic. 71; Helie atalantioides, Roem. Synops.fasc. 42. A. buxifolia, Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl. ii. 26. - A Chinese plant, erroneously supposed to have been introduced into the Calcutta Botanic Garden from Coromandel by Dr. Berry. L. ? FLAVICANS, Wall. Herb., from Taong-dong in Ava, a plant without flower or fruit, is not Aurantiaceous, but I cannot tell what it is. L. OBLONGA, Wall. Cat. 6359 ; an imperfect specimen without flower or fruit, may be Paramignya Griffithii. The leaves are 3-5 in., oblong-lanceolate, obtusely acuminate, and as well as the slender branchlets finely pubescent beneath ; spines short. L. PENTAGYNA, Roxb., is Bursera serrata, Wall., according to Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1870, pt. 2, 70. L. RETUSA, Don Prodr. 224, is probably Triphasia trifoliata. 18. LUVUNGA, Hamilt. Glabrous, climbing shrubs, usually armed with axillary spines. Leaves 3-foliolate ; leaflets coriaceous quite entire. Flowers in axillary fascicled or panicled racemes. Calyx cupular, entire or obscurely 4-6-lobed. Petals 4-5, page 509 free, linear-oblong, thick, imbricate. Stamens 8 or 10, inserted around a cupular annular or elevated disk ; filaments equal or not, linear-subulate, free or cuneate ; anther linear or linear-oblong. Ovary 2-4-celled ; style stout, deciduous, stigma capitate ; ovules 2 superposed in each cell. Berry large, ellipsoid, with a thick rind, 2-3-seeded. Seeds large, ovoid, testa membranous, nerved; cotyledons equal, oblong, fleshy. - Distrib. About 4 species tropical Asiatic.1. L. scandens, Ham. in Wall. Cat 6382 ; leaflets 5-12 in. oblong elliptic-oblong or lanceolate or oblanceolate tip rounded acute or acuminate, filaments more or less cuneate. Wight III. i. 108 ; Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl. ii. 43 ; Bot. Mag. t. 4522. Limonia scandens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 380. Eastern Bengal, Assam, the Khasia Mts., Birma, and Malacca. A strong scandent annual glabrous shrub, with woody flexuous branches, and recurved spines. Leaves very variable, thickly coriaceous ; petiole 2-5 in., stout, cylindric ; leaflets smooth, shortly petioled, nerves very faint, spreading. Cymes panicled or subracemose, short, shortly paduncled, few-flowered. Flowers about 3/4 in. diam., very fragrant, white. Calyx with the margin truncate and lobed more or less. Petals 4, fleshy, recurved. Stamens with the filaments sometimes united almost to the top. Ovary 3-4- celled. Berry oblong, size of a pigeon's egg, yellowish, obscurely 3-lobed, rind smooth, pulp resinous-odoriferous. Seeds 1-3, ovoid, pointed. - The description of the fruit is from Roxburgh. Malacca specimens have much broader and more obtuse leaves than the Silhet and Assam ones. Beddome (Flor. Sylv. Anal. Gen. xlvii. in note) says that this, as well as the following, is abundant in the Western side of the Madras Presidency, but I have seen no specimens from thence. 2. L. eleutherandra, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. ii. 258 ; leaflets 3-5 in. elliptic or obovate abruptly obtusely acuminate, filaments free. Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Supll. ii. 44; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Flor. 30. L. Tavoyana, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 6383. L. scandens and eleutherandra, Thwaites Enum. 47, 48, 406. ? Triphasia sarmentosa, Blume Bijd. i. 132. Western Peninsula, in forests from the Concan southwards; Ceylon, alt. 3-5000 ft., Thwaites, &c. ; ? Tavoy, Gomez. - Distrib. Java. Perhaps only a variety of L. scandens, with smaller leaves and fruit and free stamens. - Kurz (Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1870, ii. 69) doubts Blume's T. sarmentosa being this ; but there is a Javan specimen so marked in the Herb, that altogether resembles the Indian. Wallich's specimens of L. Tavoyana have the leaves even larger than those of L. scandens. 19. PARAMIGNYA, Wight. Erect or climbing shrubs, unarmed or with axillary spines. Leaves 1-foliolate, the joint often obscure, quite entire, subcoriaceous, persistent. Flowers rather large, axillary, solitary or fascicled. Calyx cupular or small and 4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5, free, imbricate or rarely induplicate-valvate. Stamens 8-10, inserted round a columnar disk, filaments free linear equal or subequal; anther linear-oblong. Ovary 3-5-celled; style elongate, deciduous ; ovules in each cell solitary or 2 obliquely superposed. Berry ovoid or subglobose, often contracted at the base, 1-5-seeded, rind thick. Seeds large, oblong, much compressed, testa membranous ; cotyledons fleshy, equal. - Distrib. Species 4, tropical Indian. Kurz proposes to join this genus with Atalantia (Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1870, ii. 69), observing that the shape of the anthers cannot be important, that A. missionis has a columnar disk, and that the habit is the same in both genera. All the species of both genera want a careful study and revision with belter materials than I have. page 510 * Flowers nearly 1 in. long. Calyx cupular with broad lobes. 1. P. monophylla, Wight III. i. 109, t. 42 (Micromelum ?) ; spines recurved, leaflet oblong or elliptic with an abruptly acute tip, flowers 1-4 equalling or exceeding the pedicels, calyx cupular broadly 4-5-Iobed, stamens 10-12, ovary-cells 3-5 2-ovuled. Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl. ii. 41. SIKKIM Himalaya, alt. 2-5000 ft., J. D. H. ; Bhotan, Booth; Khasia Mts., alt. 2-4000 ft. ; Tenasserim, Lobb; Western Peninsula, common ; the Western Forests, from the Concan southward ; Ceylon. A stout climbing evergreen shrub, with strong green flexuous woody branches and hooked axillary spines sometimes nearly an inch long; tips of young shoots and petioles often pubescent. Leaflets 2 1/2-5 in., usually elliptic and rounded at both ends, rarely somewhat obovate, sometimes elliptic-lanceolate and acute or caudate-acuminate, coriaceous, bright green ; nerves numerous, spreading ; petiole 1/2-3/4 in. Flowers 1 in. diam., white, fragrant. Petals linear-oblong, very imbricate. Filaments linear, flattened, glabrous and hairy. Ovary hairy or glabrous ; style glabrous above ; ovules rarely solitary. Berry ovoid or obovoid, size of a nut or larger, yellow, odour heavy. Seeds compressed. 2. P. grandiflora, Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl. ii. 42 ; spines short recurved or 0, branches and leaves beneath pubescent, leaflet elliptic or ovate-oblong abruptly obtusely acuminate, flowers usually solitary shorter than or equalling the slender pubescent or glabrate pedicel, calyx cupular, filaments villous, ovary-cells 5 usually 2-ovuled. Limonia grandiflora, Wall. Cat. 6361. Tenasserim, at Tavoy, Wallich, Helfer; Sincapore, Lobb. A small tree (Wallch). Branches slender, terete, sometimes glabrate. Leaflets 2 1/2-4 in., thinly coriaceous, base rounded. Flowers 1 in. long, as large as those of P. monophylla ; pedicel sometimes longer, with a pair of basal bracteoles. Calyx-lobes rounded, ciliate. Petals linear-oblong. * Flowers about 1/2 in. long. Calyx small, with acute teeth. 3. P. Griffithii, Hook. f. ; spines short, branches and leaves glabrous or pubescent, leaflet elliptic or oblong abruptly obtusely acuminate, flowers 1-3, pedicels very short, calyx acutely 5-lobed, filaments longer than the linear-oblong anthers, ovary-cells 5 2-ovuled. P. citrifolia, Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl. ii. 42 (not Limonia citrifolia, Roxb.). Citrus scandens, Griff. Notul. iv. 495 ; Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 587, f. 1. ? Limonia oblonga, Wall. Cat. 6359; and L. missionis. Wall. Cat. 6358 D. & F. BIRMA, at the Serpentine Mines and Malacca, Griffith; Mukee hills in Assam, Masters; PEGU, M'Lelland. ? Penang and Silhet, Wallich. Branches and foliage like that of P. monophylla, but the flowers are very different, 1/3-1/4 in. long, with a small acutely-lobed calyx. Fruit unknown. - Griffith's figure is a great exaggeration, as his specimens prove. Wallich's 6358 D and F are referable to this or the following. 4. P. citrifolia, Hook. f. (not of Oliver) ; glabrous, spines short, leaflet elliptic ovate acute, flowers 1-3, pedicels very short, calyx acutely 5-lobed, filaments much shorter than the linear elongate anther, ovary-cells 5 2-ovuled. Limonia citrifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 379. Chittagong, Roxburgh. Young shoots polished. Leaflet 4-5 by 2-3 in., quite entire. Flowers white, about 1/3 in. diam. Petals oblong. Filaments quite free. Ovary ovoid-oblong, 5-grooved; style short, thick ; stigma subpeltate. Berry ovoid, pointed, of the colour and appearance of a Lime, even to the little green cells in the cortex. Seeds 1-4, separated by a page 511 few small dry fibres only which are scarcely to be traced when dry, oblong ; testa membranous. - This plant is unknown to me; the description is taken from Roxburgh's Flora Indica and drawings. Prof. Oliver referred to it the preceding species, which differs in the form of the stamens, and (if Roxburgh's figure of the ovary is correct) in wanting a style, but the said figures resemble what an ovary would be were the style fallen away. I refer it to Paragmignya from the long anther and pointed fruit. Kurz has pointed out that Oliver's P. citrifolia and Griffith's Citrus scandens cannot both be the same as Roxburgh's Limonia citrifolia (Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1870, Pt. 2, 69).5. P. longispina, Hook f. ; glabrous, spines long straight, leaflet oblong subacute, flowers solitary small, pedicel very short, calyx 5-toothed, filaments short equalling the linear anthers, ovary-cells 3-4 4-ovuled, fruit 3-4-angled. Malacca, Maingay. Branches stout ; spines opposite and alternate, straight, sometimes 2 in. long. Leaflet 3-4 in., base cordate; petiole very short. Flowers 1/3 in. long; pedicel very short. Calyx-lobes obtuse. Petals oblong, obtuse. Stamens 10, equal, glabrous ; anthers as long as the filaments, narrow, with a long apiculus. , Ovary glabrous, stipitate ; style stout, cylindric ; ovules superposed in pairs. Fruit 1-1 1/4 in. long, between globose and ovoid, pointed, 3-4-celled ; rind thick, coriaceous, glandular, pulp 0. Seeds 2-4 in each cell, oblong, compressed, narrowed at the base into a short beak. - This description is mainly taken from Maingay's notes. 6. P. armata, Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl. ii. 43 ; glabrous, spines straight or recurved, leaflet elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate obtusely caudate-acuminate, flowers small solitary or fascicled, pedicel very slender, calyx obtusely 4-5-lobed, ovary-cells 3-4 usually 1-ovuled. Arthromischus armatus, Thwaites Enum. 47. Ceylon ; in the hotter parts of the Island, common. A scandent shrub ; branches stout or slender, straight or flexuous. Leaflet 2-3 in., base rounded, nerves indistinct ; petiole exceedingly short. Flowers 1/4 in. long, 4-5-merous ; pedicels 1/2 in. ; buds obovoid. Calyx minute. Petals oblong, very much imbricated. Filaments linear-subulate, pilose ; anthers linear-oblong. Ovary hairy ; style long, cylindric, stigma dilated. Fruit 1/2-3/4 in. diam., subglobose, pulpy, yellow, 1-4-seeded. 20. ATALANTIA, Correa. Unarmed or spinous shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, 1-foliolate, coriaceous, persistent, quite entire or crenulate ; stipule-like scales are often present at the base of the petioles and spines, which belong to undeveloped leaf-buds. Flowers axillary rarely terminal, fascicled or in short racemed corymbs or panicles, rarely solitary. Calyx 3-5-lobed or -partite, rarely irregularly split. Petals 3-5, free or adnate to the stamens and united with them into a tube, imbricate. Stamens 6-8, rarely 15-20, inserted round an annular or cupular disk, filaments free or irregularly connate subequal or the alternate shorter ; anthers short, ovate-oblong or base cordate (linear-oblong in A. missionis). Ovary 2- or 4- rarely 3- or 5-celled ; style deciduous, stigma capitate ; ovules solitary or 2 collateral in each cell. Berry large, subglobose, 1-5-celled, 1-5-seeded, rind thick. Seeds oblong ; cotyledons fleshy, plano-convex. - Distrib. Species about 10, tropical Asiatic and 1 Australian. * Anthers broadly ovoid. Ovary sessile on a short disk ; stigma clavate. t Calyx irregularly lobed, spplit to the base on one side. 1. A. monophylla, Correa ; DC. Prodr. i. 535 ; leaflet elliptic or ovate-oblong, tip obtuse or 2-lobed, flowers fascicled or shortly racemed, page 512 calyx in flower or after it irregularly split to the base, margin erose scarious, filaments monadelphous, ovary usually 4-celled, ovules 1 or 2. W. & A. Prodr. 91 ; Wight III. i. 108; Wall. Cat. 6353; Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl. ii. 24 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Flor. 28 ; Bedd. Flor. Sylv. Anal. Gen. xlvi. t. 7, f. 5. A. floribunda, Wight. lc. t. 1611. A. platystigma, Wight lll. i. 108. Limonia monophylla, Linn. ; Roxb. Cor. PI. i. t. 82 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 378. Turraea virens, Hellen. in Act. Holm. 1788, t. 10, f. i. (not of Linn.). Trichilia spinosa, Willd. ; DC. Prodr. i. 623. - Rheede Hort. Mal. iv. t. 12 ; Burm. Fl. Zeyl. t. 65, f. i.SILHET, at the foot of the Khasia Mts., H. f. & T. ; throughout the Western Peninsula, from the Concan and Coromandel southwards ; Ceylon, not uncommon towards the N. of the Island. A large glabrous shrub or small tree, with rigid flexuous woody branches (the tips often pubescent), and usually strong axillary single spines. Leaflet 1-3 in., ovate-oblong or elliptic, obtuse, notched or 2-lobed at the tip, coriaceous, bright green, quite entire ; petiole very short, often pubescent, stipular scales subulate. Flowers 1/3-1/2 in. diam., always fascicled in the leaf-axils, pubescent ; pedicels 1/4-1/2 in., minutely bracteolate ; buds subglobose or pyriform. Calyx rupturing irregularly. Petals obovate-oblong, obtuse. Filaments 8, rarely 5-7, connate into an irregularly cleft tube, which is antheriferous at the top ; anthers broadly ovoid. Ovary sessile on a small disk, 3-5-celled. Berry as large as a nutmeg, globose, like a lime, usually 4-celled ; cells 1-seeded. - Roxburgh describes the flowers, as shortly racemose, and calyx as 4-5-parted, which does not agree with our specimens from the Peninsula. Var. macrophylla, Oliv. I.c. ; leaves larger and broader, flowers racemose, pedicels stout compressed (flowers not seen), - Tenasserim, Helfer. Var, carissoides, Oliv. I.c. ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pedicels longer hairy. A. carissoides, Wall. Cat. 6354. - Segaen on the Irrawaddy, Wallich. tt Calyx regularly or subregularly 4-5-lobed. 2. A. racemosa, W. & A. Prodr. 91 ; leaflet oblong elliptic or ovate oblong, lip obtuse or 2-lobed, flowers racemed rarely fascicled, racemes pubescent or glabrous, calyx 4-lobed, lobes acute or obtuse, filaments more or less connate, ovary 2-3-celled, ovules 2 collateral. Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl. ii. 24 ; Bedd. Flor. Sylv. Anal. Gen. xlvi. A. capitellata, Lindl. in Wall Cat. 6355. Sclerostylis racemosa, parvifolia and ovalifolia, Wight III. i. 109. S. atalantioides, Wight Ic. 71. Lampetia (not of W. & A. Prodr.) racemosa, Roem. Synops. fasc. i. 42? Limonia ? missionis. Wall. Cat. 6358 E. Western Peninsula ; from the Concan to Travancor ; Ceylon, at Galagame, Gardner. A small tree, armed or unarmed, very similar to A. monophylla, but the flowers, instead of being long pedicelled in short racemes or fascicles, are shortly pedicelled on racemes sometimes 3 in, long, but at others almost reduced to corymbs; the leaves are usually larger, and often broader, though quite small in Wight's figure ; the flowers are of the same size, but often very crowded and the buds very globose, they are usually 4- but sometimes 3-5-merous, and the filaments are free or variously united ; the ovary is sessile on a small disk, - The great distinction between these species is in the more or less regularly 4- (3-5-) lobed calyx ot this, the lobes of which are acute or obtuse. Fruit globose, 3/4 in. diam. One of Wight's specimens has ovate leaves, cordate at the base. Wallich 's 6358 E, from Penang (G. Porter), in fruit only, with leaves cordate at the base, may be this or the following, or something different from both. 3. A. ceylanica, Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl. ii. 25 ; leaflet obtuse notched or 2-lobed rarely obtusely acuminate, flowers very shortly racemed, calyx 4-lobed, filaments free or 2 or 3 of them more or less combined, ovary 2-celled, ovules 2 collateral. Thwaites Enum. 405; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. Anal. Gen. xlvi. Rissoa zeylanica, Arn. in Act. Acad. Nat. page 513 Cur. xviii, 324. Sclerostylis zeylanica, Wight III. i. 109 ; Thwaites Enum. 46. S. Arnottiana, Wight III. I.c.Western Peninsular Phoondah Ghat, in the Concan, Ritchie; Nilghiris, Beddome ; Ceylon, common in the warmer parts of the island; ? Malacca, Griffith. A bush or small tree, unarmed or armed with very straight spines, 1/4-1 in. long. Leaflet extremely variable, 1-7 in., elliptic-oblong ovate-oblong obovate or almost lanceolate, simply obtuse or with an emarginate or 2-lobed tip. Racemes rarely exceeding 3/4 in. Flowers quite similar to those of A. racemosa, and on equally short pedicels ; buds globose. Ovary sunk in the annular disk. - The Malacca specimens have no flowers, the leaf is 5-6 in., elliptic-lanceolate, more attenuate at the obtuse entire tip, and the globose fruit 2/3 in. diam. when dry. Var. rotundifolia, Oliv. I.c. ; Thwaites, Enum. 405 ; leaves rounded or obovate or even obcordate. Sclerostylis rotundifolia, Thwaites, I.c. 46. - Ceylon, at Maturatte, alt. 4000 ft. and upwards, Thwaites. 4. A. caudata, Hook.f.; leaflet elliptic-lanceolate caudate-acuminate with a broad 2-lobed tip, flowers small in very short glabrous racemes, calyx very small 4-5-lobed, ovary 2-celled, ovules 2 collateral. A. Roxburghiana, Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl. ii. 25. Limonia? caudata, Wall. mss. in Herb. Hook. Khasia Mts., at Churra, alt. 4000 ft., H.f.& T. (Hort. Bot. Calc. Wallich). A glabrous unarmed shrub, with slender branches. Leaflet 3-4 in., much narrower and more narrowed at each end than in any congener, margin quite entire, tip sometimes dilated. Racemes 1/2 in., peduncles and pedicels much more slender than in its congeners. Flowers 1/4-1/3 in. diam., white, fragrant, usually 4-merous, buds rather longer than broad. Calyx very small. .Petals obovate-oblong. Stamens quite free ; anthers ovoid. Ovary sessile on a disk narrower than itself; stigma siibcapitate. - A very distinct species, distributed as S. Roxburghiana ? by T. Thomson and myself. 5. A. Roxburghiana, Hook.f, (not of Oliver) ; leaflet elliptic-lanceolate acute, racemes axillary short few-flowered, calyx 4-lobed, filaments free, ovary 2-celled. Amyris simplicifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 244. Sclerostylis Roxburghii Wight Ic. t. 72. Penang, Roxburgh ; ? Malacca, Griffith. Branches slender, apparently without spines. Leaflet 4-5 in., narrowed at both ends, subacute, nerved exactly as in all its congeners (except L. missionis); petiole 1/4 in. Racemes 1 in., 5-6-flowered. Flowers nearly 1/2 in. diam., buds globose. Calyx obtusely 4-lobed. Petals obovate. Filaments free short subulate ; anthers ovoid-oblong. Ovary ovoid, apparently sessile ; the disk not being represented in Roxburgh's drawing tapering into a toothed stigma (probably incorrectly figured) ; cells with 2 collateral, ovules in each. Berry (in Griffith's specimen) globose, 2/3 in. diam. when dry. - A -very little known plant, of which there is a figure amongst Roxburgh's drawings (copied by Wight in his Icones), and with which I provisionally identify a fruiting specimen of a Malacca plant collected by Griffith. ** Anthers linear-oblong. Ovary stipitate. 6. A. missionis, Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. Suppl, 25 ; leaflet oblong-obovate or elliptic opaque margin undulate when dry articulation obsolete nerves very obscure, racemes very short, calyx 4-5-lobed, ovary usually 4-celled, stigma capitate, ovules 2 collateral. Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. Anal. Gen. xlvi. Limonia missionis, Wight in Hook. Bot. Misc. iii. 291 ; Suppl. t. xxxiii; Ic. t. 175; W. & A. Prodr. 92. L. ? missionis, Wall. Cat. 6358, A, B, C. Chilocalyx ellipticus, Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1863, 688. Western Peninsula ; Redhills, .Madras, and other places on both sides of the Presidency. Ceylon, in the hotter parts. page 514 A small tree, head bushy ; branches green, terete, the old with long sharp- thorns, the young with two axillary ones. Leaflet 2-4 in., very thick and coriaceous, tip rounded, margin sometimes crenulate, both surfaces alike and of a very opaque and ashy green when dry, with a few very obscure horizontal nerves not reticulated like the other species, green mottled with white when fresh ; petiole 1/4-1/2 in., with no trace of articulation. Racemes 3/4-1 1/2 in., glabrous, 6-8-flowered. Flowers pure white, 1/2-3/4 in. diam., buds globose. Calyx very small, lobes acute. Petals obovate. Filaments slender, quite free ; anthers obtuse. Ovary 4-5-celled, narrowed at the base, crowning the disk; style cylindiic. Berry globose, upwards of 1 in. diam., 4-5-celled; cells 1-seeded, full of glutinous fluid, seeds oblong. - A very distinct and curious species, the texture and nervation of the leaf differ wholly from its congeners, and resemble those of Triphasia. Wight (from whom most of the above description is taken) states that the ovarian cells have several ovules, but this is certainly an error. EXCLUDED SPECIES. A. ? BILOCULARIS, Wall. Cat 6356 (see after Limonia). 21. CITRUS, Linn. Shrubs or trees, usually spinous. Leaves alternate, 1-foliolate, coriaceous, persistent ; petiole often winged. Flowers axillary, solitary fascicled or in small cymes, white or pinkish, sweet-scented. Calyx cupular or urceolate, 3-5-fid. Petals 4-8, linear-oblong, thick, imbricate. Stamens 20-60, inserted round a large cupular or annular disk ; filaments variously connate, compressed at the base; anthers oblong. Ovary ∞-celled; style stout deciduous, stigma capitate; ovules 4-8, 2-seriate in each cell. Berry large, oblong or globose, fleshy, many-celled, septa membranous, cells few-seeded and filled with horizontal fusiform cells distended with juice. Seeds horizontal or pendulous, testa coriaceous or membranous; embryo sometimes 2 or more in one seed, cotyledons plano-convex, often unequal, radicle small, superior. - Distrib. About 5 tropical Asiatic species, and 2 Australian. C. japonica, Thunb. (C. inermis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 393), the Kumquat, is not cultivated in India. I have followed Dr. Brandis's excellent work closely in regard to the forms of this difticult genus. 1. C. medica, Linn. ; young shoots glabrous purple, leaflet glabrous, flowers often unisexual, petals generally more or less pink, fruit globose ovoid or oblong often mamillate at the apex. Valleys along the foot of the Himalaya from Garwhal to Sikkim, ascending to 4000 ft.; the Khasia Mts. ; Garrow Mts., Roxburgh; Chittagong, H. f. & T. ; untl the Western Ghats and Satpura range in Central India. A shrub or small tree, flowering and fruiting at most seasons, growing where I found it on steep hill sides (in Sikkim). Leaflet 3-6 in., elliptic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate; petiole naked or winged. Flowers 5-10 in a raceme, small or middle-sized. Stamens 20-40. - The following are the principal varieties, of which I have found one truly wild in Sikkim, with an oblong leaflet 4 in. long, margined petiole, pink flowers 1 in. long, narrowly ellipsoid, rough fruit 7 in. long, of which the upper 2 in. are contracted into a long conical mamilla, the rind is very thick, and pulp pale yellow. The petals pass into stamens, which would suggest its not being indigenous, but I did not doubt its being so when I gathered it, mainly on dry sunny slopes totally unsuited for any kind of cultivation, where it formed large bushes. Var. 1. medica proper ; leaflet oblong, petiole short margined or not, flowers usually numerous, fruit large oblong or obovoid, mamilla obtuse, rind usually warted thick tender aromatic, pulp scanty subacid. Brandis For. Flor. 52. C. Aurantium car. medica, W. & A. Prodr. 98. C. medica, Linn.; Wall. Cat. 6387; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. Suppl. 13. - The Citron. page 515 Var. 2. Limonum ; leaflet ovate, petiole margined or winged, fruit middle-sized ovoid yellow mamillate, rind thin, pulp abundant acid. Brandis, I.c. 52. C. Aurantium var. Limonum, W. & A. Prodr. 98. C. Limonum, Wall. Cat. 6389 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. Suppl. 13. C. medica, Willd. according to Roxburgh Fl. Ind. iii. 392. - The Lemon. Var. 3. acida; leaflet elliptic-oblong, petiole many-times shorter than the leaflet linear or obovate, racemes short, flowers small, petals usually 4, fruit usually small globose or ovoid, with a thick or thin rind, pulp pale sharply acid. Brandis, I.c. 52. C. acida, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 390 (who includes under this the varieties, if not species, of Sour Limes and Lemons found in India). The large fruited states of this appear to assume the form of the Citron, and the small to approach the W. Indian Lime, which is, however, described as a bush with white flowers. - The Sour Lime of India. Var. 4. Limetta; leaves and flowers as in var. acida, fruit globose 3-5 in. diam., rind thin smooth, juice abundant sweet not aromatic, Brandis, I.c. 52. C. Aurantium vars. Limetta and Lumia, W. & A. Prodr. 98. C. Limetta, Risso ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. Suppl. 13 ; Wight Ic. t. 958; Wall. Cat. 6385. - This includes 2 of Wight & Arnott's varieties, viz., (1) C. Limetta, Kisso (Sweet Lime), with winged or margined petioles, small white flowers, globose or ovoid mamillate fruit, and a rind with concave vesicles. G. Limetta, DC. ; Wall. Cat. 6385. G. Limonellus, Wall. Cat. 6386 ? (2) C. Lumia, Kisso (Sweet Lemon), with a simply margined petiole, flowers tinged with red, ovoid-oblong fruit with a long mamilla, and rind with convex vesicles. - Wight says that his C. Limetta is certainly indigenous at Kolagbery in the Nilghiris. - The Sweet Lime of India. 2. C. Aurantium, Linn. ; arboreous rarely shrubby, young shoots glabrous greenish white, leaflet elliptic or ovate acute obtuse or acuminate, petiole often broadly winged, flowers pure white bisexual, fruit globose generally oblate not mamillate. Hot valleys along the foot of the Himalaya, from Garwhal eastwards to Sikkim, and in the Khasia Mts. A small slender tree, flowering in the rains, and fruiting after them, growing where I have found it in the very bottoms of valleys, and where it did not occur to me to doubt its being indigenous. The fruit was somewhat flattened or nearly globose, about 2 in. diam. , high coloured, and uneatable, being (if I remember aright) mawkish and bitter. The following are the principal cultivated varieties : - Var. 1. Aurantium proper ; petiole naked or winged, pulp sweet yellow rarely red. Brandis, For. Fl. 53. C. Aurantium, L.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 392 ; W. & A. Prodr., 97 ; Wall Cat. 6390 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. Suppl. 12. - The Sweet Orange. Var. 2. Bigaradia; petiole usually winged, flowers larger and more strongly scented, rind very aromatic, pulp bitter. Brandis, I.c. 53. C. vulgaris, Risso; W. & A. Prodr. 97 ; Wall. Cat. 6384 ; Wt. lc. t. 957. C. buxifolia, Poir. - Wight & Arnott describe its oil vesicles as concave, in contradistinction to C. Aurantium, in which they are convex. This variety does not seem to be cultivated in India, except in gardens. - The Bitter or Seville Orange. Var. 3. Bergamia ; flowers small very sweet-scented, fruit globose or pyriform, rind smooth pale-yellow, pulp acidulous with pleasant aroma. Brandis, I.c. 54. C. Aurantium, var. Bergamia, W. & A. Prodr. 98. C. Limetta var., DC. Prodr. i. 539. Rarely cultivated in India. - The Bergamotte Orange. 3. C. Hystrix, DC. Prodr. i. 539 ; young shoots glabrous, leaflet ovate elliptic or lanceolate equalling or smaller than the very broad petiole, flowers small white, fruit globose or obovoid. Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxxix. pt. 2, p. 70. Citrus Papeda, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 530. C. latipes. Hook. f. & Thoms. Herb. Ind. Or. Papeda Rumphii, Cat. Hort. Bog. 216. - Rumph. Herb. Amboin. ii. t. 26, f. 1 & 3, 27, 28. Khasia Mts. ; in woods at the Living bridge, Moflong and Myrung, alt. 2-5000 ft. - DISTRIB. Sumatra. A very little-known plant described by Decandolle from a plant in the Montpellier page 516 Botanic Gardens, without flower or fruit, and of which I have seen dried specimens ; as I have also flowering ones from the Mauritius Gardens, all named C. Hystrix. Kurz has, no doubt rightly, identified Rumph's figures quoted above with this plant. Distinguished from C. Aurantium by the spinous branchlels, large petioles, and small flowers which are 4-petalous. The fruit varies from the size of a walnut to that of a small apple, it has a very thick more or less tubercled rind and insipid or acid pulp. Kurz, probably by a misprint, describes the flowers as 4-5-androus, Miquel says 24-androus; I find in Mauritius specimens about 15 stamens.4. C. decumana, Linn. ; young shoots pubescent, leaflet large ovate-oblong frequently emarginate pubescent beneath, petiole broadly winged, flowers large white, stamens 16-24, fruit large pale globose or pyriform, rind thick, pulp pale sweet or acrid. Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 393 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. Suppl. 12 ; Wall. Cat. 6388. Commonly cultivated in India. A native of the Malayan and Polynesian Islands. A tree, 30-40 ft. Leaflets 6-9 in. Fruit often very large, pulp yellow pink or crimson, sweet or acrid, vesicles distinct. - Shaddock, Pumelo, Pompelmoes. 22. FERONIA, Gaertn. A spinous tree. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate ; leaflets opposite, subsessile, quite entire ; petiole winged or not. Flowers in terminal or lateral loose panicles or racemes, polygamous. Calyx small, flat, 5-toothed, deciduous. Petals 5, rarely 4-6, spreading, imbricate. Stamens 10-12, a few sometimes imperfect, inserted around a short disk, filaments dilated, sides and front villous, tip subulate ; anthers linear-oblong. Ovary oblong, 5-6-celled, at length 1-celled ; style 0, stigma oblong fusiform deciduous ; ovules ∞, crowded in many series upon 5-6 at length parietal placentas. Fruit large, globose, 1-celled, ∞-seeded, bark woody rough. Seeds buried in pulp, oblong, compressed ; cotyledons thick, fleshy, radicle pointing away from the hilum. 1. F. Elephantum, Correa; Roxb, Cor. Pl. t. 141 ; Flor, Ind. ii. 411 ; W. & A. Prodr. 96; Wt. Ic. t. 15; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 30; Wall. Cat 6380 ; Brandis For. Flor. 56. Crataeva Vallanga, Koenig mss. Throughout India, in dry situations, from the Panjab eastward and southward to Ceylon; wild or cultivated, ascending to 1500 ft. in the W. Himalayas. A small deciduous glabrous tree, head ovoid. Leaves smelling of aniseed ; spines strong straight axillary. Leaflets 5-7, cuneate or obovate, tip crenate. Flowers 1/2 in. diam., dull-red, male and female often in the same panicle; peduncle and pedicels pubescent. Fruit 2 1/2 in. diam., pulp edible. - The Elephant or Wood-apple. 23. AEGLE, Correa. Spinous trees. Leaves alternate, 3-foliolate ; leaflets membranous, subcrenulate. Flowers large, white, in axillary panicles. Calyx small, 4-5-toothed, deciduous. Petals 4-5, spreading, imbricate. Stamens numerous, inserted round an inconspicuous disk, filaments short subulate; anthers elongate, erect. Ovary ovoid, axis broad, cells 8-20, peripheral ; style short, stigma capitate oblong or fusiform deciduous, ovules numerous 2-seriate. Fruit large, globose, ovoid or reniform, 8-15-celled ; cells many-seeded, rind woody. Seeds numerous, in aromatic pulp, oblong, compressed, testa woolly and mucous. - Distrib. Species 2-3, tropical Asiatic and African. 1. A. Marmelos, Correa; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 143; Fl. Ind. ii. 579; W. & A. Prodr. 96 ; Wight Ic. t. 16 ; Beddome Fl. Sylv. t. 161 ; Wall. Cat. 6379 ; page 517 Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Flor. 31 ; Brandis For. Flor. 57. Feronia pellucida, Roth. Nov. Sp. 384. Crataeva Marmelos, Linn. C. religiosa, Ainslie Mat. Med. Ind. (fid. Wight) not of Vahl. - Rheede Hort. Mal. iii, t. 35.Throughout India, in dry hilly places, from the Jhelum to Assam and southwards to Travancor ; wild or cultivated, ascending to 4000 ft. in the W. Himalaya. A small deciduous glabrous tree ; spines 1 in., straight, strong, axillary. Leaflets 3-5, ovate-lanceolate, lateral sessile, terminal, long-petioled. Flowers 1 1/4 in. diam,, greenish-white, sweet-scented ; pedicels and calyx pubescent. Filaments sometimes fascicled. Fruit 2-5 in. diam., globose oblong or pyriform, rind grey or yellow ; pulp sweet, thick, orange-coloured. - A species or variety with oblong fruit is grown in Birma, of which I have seen the fruit only. - The Bael tree. At p. 363 Dr. Masters has referred Heritiera attenuata, Wall. Cat. 1140, to Rutaceae, as a species of Niota. That genus is however now merged in Samadera in Simarubeae. Wallich's plant, of which the specimens are imperfect, may be certainly Identified with Brownlowia lanceolata, Benth. Steudel, quoting from Wall. Cat. p. 157, the ms. name Niota ? polyandra, has misread the authority H. Ham. (Herb. Ham.) as W. & A., and has further referred the plant to Vittmannia. Order XXXIV. SIMARUBEAE. (By Alfred W. Bennett, F.L.S.) Trees or shrubs, almost always with bitter bark. Leaves alternate, often very large, pinnate or rarely simple ; stipules 0 or deciduous. Inflorescence axillary, racemose paniculate or cymose, rarely spicate. Flowers usually, diclinous, regular, and generally small. Calyx 3-5-lobed, valvate or imbricate. Petals 3-5, very rarely 0, hypogynous, valvate or imbricate. Disk annular or elongate, simple or lobed, rarely 0. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, rarely indefinite, inserted at the base of the disk ; filaments free, often with a scale at the base ; anthers oblong, usually introrse, 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary free, 1-6-celled, usually deeply lobed, less often entire ; styles 2-5, free or more or less united, stigmas capitate ; ovules usually solitary in each cell, rarely more numerous, raphe ventral, micropyle superior. Fruit drupaceous, capsular, or occasionally samaroid, usually of 2-6 distinct carpels. Seeds usually solitary, erect or pendulous, albuminous ; embryo straight or curved, radicle superior. - DISTRIB. Tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres ; genera 30 ; species about 120. Tribe I. Eusimarubeae. Ovary deeply divided.
Tribe II. Picramnieae. Ovary entire ; 2-5-celled.
page 518 1. AILANTUS, Desf. Lofty trees. Leaves very large, alternate, unequally pinnate. Flowers small, polygamous, bracteolate, in terminal or axillary panicles. Calyx 5-fid ; lobes equal, imbricate. Petals 5, valvate. Disk 10-lobed. Stamens 10 (in the hermaphrodite flowers 2-3) ; filaments short or filiform, without scales. Ovary 2-5-partite; styles connate; ovules 1 in each cell, semianatropous. Fruit of 1-5 1-seeded samaras ; wing very large, membranous. Seed, pendulous, sparingly albuminous. - DISTRIB India, China, Australia ; species 3-4. A. GLANDULOSA, Desf. ; DC. Prodr. ii. 89 ; leaves pubescent or subglabrous, leaflets very coarsely toothed at the base, filaments elongate. Brandis For. Flor. 58. Northern India, probably introduced. - Distrib. China. A lofty tree. Leaves often exceeding 1 ft. ; leaflets very numerous, divided very unequally by the midrib, paler beneath. Flowers small, in much-branched panicles. Filaments filiform, exserted, several times exceeding the anther. Fruit of about 3 membranous linear-oblong samaras, about 1 1/4 by 1/3 in. Seed near the centre of the samara, about 1/4 by 1/10 in. 1. A. excelsa, Roxb. Cor. PI. i. t 23 ; Fl. Ind. ii. p. 450 ; leaves glandular-hairy, leaflets very coarsely toothed, filaments short, samara large red twisted. DC. Prodr. ii. 89: W. & A. Prodr, 150: Wight Ill. i. t. 67; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 37; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. .46; Wall. Cat. 8481 ; Brandis For. Flor. 58. N. W. India (probably introduced) ; Behar, and Western Peninsula. - Distrib, Queensland (var. imberbiflora). A tree 60-80 ft. Leaves 1 ft. or more ; leaflets very numerous, on long petioles, very unequal at the base. Flowers larger than in A. glandulosa, on longish pedicels, in large lax often very much-branched panicles. Petals ovate-lanceolate, commonly reflexed. Filaments half the length of the anther. Samara larger than in A. glandulosa, 2 in. by 1/2 in., strongly veined, blunt or pointed at both ends, copper-red, always once or twice twisted at the base. 2. A. malabarica, DC. Prodr. ii. 89 ; leaflets almost entire nearly glabrous on long petioles very unequal at the base, filaments filiform, samara large rounded. W. & A. Prodr. 150; Wight lc. t. 1604; Thwaites Enum. 69 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 37 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 46 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 122 ; Brandis For. Flor. 58. - Rheede Hort. Mal. vi. t. 15. Western Peninsula, in Canara, &c. ; Ceylon, near Colombo, and district of the Seven Corles. - Distrib. Cochin China. A lofty tree. Leaves very large ; leaflets distant, coriaceous, much lighter beneath , the two sides very unequal, margin often thickened and wavy. Flowers as in A. excelsa, but rather larger, and filaments very slender, exserted, many times longer than the anther. Samara broadly linear, 2 1/2 by 3/4 in., reddish, not twisted, rounded at both ends. 2. SAMADERA, Gaertn. Larger or smaller glabrous trees. Leaves simple. Flowers hermaphrodite, in peduncled axillary or terminal umbels. Calyx small, 3-5-partite, imbricate. Petals 3-5, much longer than calyx, coriaceous, imbricate. Disk large, conical. Stamens 8-10, included in the corolla, with a small scale at the base. Carpels 4-5, distinct, free ; styles free at the base, more or less united above, stigmas acute ; ovules solitary, pendulous. Fruit of 1-5 large dry compressed 1-seeded drupes, each with a narrow unilateral wing. - Distrib. Tropical Asia and Madagascar. Species 3. page 519 1. S. indica, Gaertn. Frut. ii. t. 156; leaves elliptic-lanceolate fleshy, umbels many -flowered on very long peduncles equalling the leaves, fruit coriaceous glabrous smooth or slightly reticulated. Wight IlI. t. 68 ; W. & A. Prodr. 151 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 37 ; Hook. Ic. Plant, t. 7 ; Planch. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 562 ; Thwaites Enum. 70. Niota pentapetala, Poir. in Lamk. Dict. iv. 490 ; DC. Prodr. i. 592. N. tetrapetala, Lamk. IlI. t. 299, p. 436 ; Poir. in Lamk. Dict. iv. 490 ; Blanc. Flor. Filip. ed. 2, p. 213; Wall. Cat. 6349. N. Lamarckiana, Blume Bijd. 251, 260. Vittmannia elliptica, Vahl Symb. iii. t. 62. Manungala pendula, Blanc. Flor. Filip. p. 306. - Rheede Hort. Mal. vi. t. 18. Western Peninsula ; throughout the S, Concan, and Malabar. Ceylon, not uncommon in the South of the Island. A small tree, 30-35 ft., with stout branches. Leaves 8 by 3 in. or larger, blunt, with short thick petioles. Flowers numerous, shortly stalked, in dense umbels. Calyx small, thick, ciliated, persistent in fruit. Petals narrowly oblong, often apiculate. Stamens twice as many as petals ; filaments very long, with a scale at the base. Ovary usually 4-celled. Fruit oval, 1 1/2 by 1 in. - There appears to be no reason for identifying, with Lamk. and DC, this with the Madagascar species. 2. S. lucida, Wall. Cat. 1062; and Plant. As. Rar. ii. t. 168; peduncle of umbel shorter than the leaves, fruit strongly reticulated. Planch. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 562. Niota , lucida, Wall. PI. As. Rar. ii. t. 168. Vittmannia lucida, Steud. Nom. Tenasserim, Wallich; Andaman Islds., Helfer. Very nearly allied to S. indica, and perhaps only a variety. Leaves a paler green, sometimes larger and with longer petioles. Umbels sometimes almost sessile. Fruit smaller, pear-shaped, dark-brown, glabrous, with a very narrow wing. 3. HARRISONIA, Brown. Glabrous spiny shrubs. Leaves unequally pinnate or 1-foliolate. Flowers hermaphrodite, in bracteate cymes. Calyx small, 4-5-fid. Petals 4-5, longer than calyx. Disk hemispherical. Stamens 8-10, with small scales at the base, Ovary globose or 4-5-lobed, 4-5-celled ; styles connate or distinct at the base ; ovules solitary, pendulous. Fruit a small globose berry. Seed solitary, sparingly albuminous. - Distrib. Tropical Asia, Australia, and Africa. Species 3-4. Oliver (Flor. Trop. Afr. i. 311) has shown that the affinities of this genus are rather with this tribe of the Order than with Picramnieae, in which it is usually placed. 1. H. Bennetii, Hook f. in Gen. Plant, i. 314 ; leaflets 5-9 entire or crenate, calyx persistent, filaments glabrous with a hairy scale at the base, styles completely united hairy. Lasiolepis paucijuga and multijuga, Benn. PI. Jav. Rar. 202, t. 42. L. Bennetii, Planch. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. V. 570. Birma and Pegu, Griffith, &c. - Distrib. Java, Philippines, Siam, S. China, Africa (?) A woody shrub, with sharp short recurved spines (stipules ?), especially on the lower part of the branches. Leaflets ovate, glabrous ; rachis broadened and even winged and articulated between the leaflets. Cymes terminal, 8-20-flowered. Calyx-segments very small. Petals lanceolate, glabrous. Filaments longer than petals, 5 rather shorter than the other 5. Berry formed of 2-5 carpels, surrounded by the persistent calyx. - A specimen in the Hookerian Herbarium trom Madura, " Herb. Hort. Bot. Calc. No. 1794," with the leaves 3-foliolate, appears distinct Kurz (Andam. Rep. App. iv.) reports H. Brownii (?) a Philippine species, from " Bird-Nest Cape, observed nowhere else, specimens lost. page 520 4. PICRASMA, Blume. Trees or shrubs with very bitter properties. Leaves very large, unequally pinnate. Flowers small, diclinous or polygamous, in axillary panicles. Calyx very small, 4-5-toothed. Petals 4-5, valvate, very often increasing after flowering. Disk thick, entire. Stamens 4-5, not scaly, hairy. Ovary 3-5-partite, free ; styles distinct at the base and apex, but united in the middle, stigmas simple ; ovules erect, solitary. Fruit of 1-3 fleshy or coriaceous drupes. Seed erect, albuminous. - Distrib. India, Archipelago, China, Japan, West Indies, Brazil. Species about 6. 1. P. quassioides, Benn. PI. Jav. Rar. 198 ; leaflets numerous obovate acuminate serrate, flowers polygamous in pubescent panicles, calyx- segments petals and stamens 5, petals persistent in female and hermaphrodite flowers, filaments strap-shaped equalling the petals villous. Planch. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot, v. 573; Wall. Cat. 8506. Simaba quassioides, Ham. in Don Prodr. 248. Nima quassioides, Ham. mss. Subtropical Himalaya; from Jamu to Nipal, ascending to 8000 ft. in Garwhal ; Bhotan, Griffith. - Distrib. S. China. A large scrambling shrub, with stout often spotted branches and very bitter bark. Leaves a foot or more long, of 9-15 leaflets, the lowest pair much smaller and stipuliform. Flowers green. Calyx-segments small, imbricate. Petals ovate or obovate, much enlarged and coriaceous in fruit. Fruit of 3-5 rather membranous drupes, about the size of a pea, each containing 1 erect seed. 2. P. javanica, Blume Bijd. p. 248 ; leaflets 3-7 elliptic-oblong abruptly obtusely acuminate quite glabrous, margins flat quite entire, tips not above 1/6-1/4 the length of the blade, flowers 4-merous. Benn. Flor. Jav. 197, t. 41 ; Planch. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 573. Malacca, Maingay. - Distrib. Java. A moderate- sized tree, of which there are two forms (or species) in Java - one with elliptic oblong leaflets and a slightly pubescent panicle, and with which the Malacca specimens agree ; the other with more obovate leaflets and a glabrous panicle. Var.? mishmiensis ; leaflets 5-9, elliptic oblong more coriaceous, drupes larger, 1/3 in. diam. - Mishmi hills near Jingsha, Griffith. 3. P. nepalensis, Benn. Flor. Jav. 201 ; leaflets 5-7 elliptic-lanceolate caudate-acuminate quite glabrous, margins waved or wrinkled quite entire, tips 1/4-1/3 the length of the blade, flowers 4-merous. Planch. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. V. 573. Brucea? Wall. Cat. 7499. B. dubia, Steud. Nom. - Indeterminata, Wall. Cat. 9037 (see under 8506). NIPAL, Wallich; Khasia Mts., De Silva, Griffith. A smaller and narrower leafleted plant than P. javanica, with longer points to the leaves which have wrinkled white edges when dry ; the branches of the panicle are more slender and the anthers larger. 4. P. andamanica, Kurz Andam. Rep. App. iv. ; leaflets elliptic-oblong rounded at the base, abruptly obtusely acuminate quite entire, flowers 4-merous, petals glandular. South Andaman Islands, Kurz. A tree with very smooth branches, closely resembling P. javanica. Leaflets variable in number, 5 by 2 1/2 in., thinner, and scarcely thickened at the margin, much more rounded at the base and often unequilateral. Panicle rather lax, perfectly glabrous. One or more oi the petals of the male flowers with two large glandular dots. Fruit unknown. 5. BRUCEA, Mill. Bitter trees or shrubs. Leaves very large, unequally pinnate. Flowers very small, in very numerous very small cymes collected into axillary page 521 panicles. Calyx minute, 4-partite, imbricate. Petals 4, minute, linear, imbricate. Disk 4-lobed. Stamens 4, inserted beneath the disk ; filaments naked. Ovary deeply 4-lobed, or consisting of 4 entirely free carpels. Drupes 4, entirely free, ovoid, somewhat fleshy. Seed solitary, exalbuminous. - Distrib. Africa, Tropical Asia, Australia ; species 6.1. B. sumatrana, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 449 ; leaves very large, leaflets numerous very coarsely toothed villous beneath, panicles very long compound, flowers usually hermaphrodite, filaments short. DC. Prodr. ii. 88 ; Wall. Cat. 8482 ; Blume Bijd. 1167. Assam; Eastern Peninsula; in Tenasserim and the Andaman Islds., Helfer; Sincapore, Wallich. - Distrlb. Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Philippines, South China, Australia. A shrub with bitter and somewhat foetid properties. Leaves often more than a foot long, covered with a dense yellow pubescence, especially on the veins, &c. beneath, the lowest leaflets sometimes compound. Panicles axillary ; rachis greatly elongated, yellow-pubescent; the minute flowers collected into small rather distant stalked cymes. Calyx very minute. Petals larger than the calyx-segments, linear-spathulate. Stamens not exceeding petals in length. Drupes 1/6-1/8 in., black, glabrous, reticulated. 2. B. mollis, Wall. Cat. 8483 ; leaflets numerous lanceolate-acute entire usually pubescent, racemes compound, drupes ovoid. Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xlii. pt. ii. p. 64. Subtropical Eastern Himalaya; Sikkim and Bhotan, alt. 3-6000 ft., Griffith, and SILHET, Wallich. A bitter shrub. Leaflets larger than in B. sumatrana, 3 by 2 in., from pubescent to nearly glabrous. Panicles axillary; rachis pubescent or nearly glabrous; secondary cymes often many-flowered. Petals linear, longer than the stamens. Drupes much larger than in B. sumatrana, 1/3-1/4 in., brown, glabrous, scarcely reticulated. 6. EURYCOMA, Jack. Small trees, with bitter bark. Leaves very large, unequally pinnate, with entire leaflets. Flowers polygamous, in much-branched subterminal hairy panicles. Calyx minute, 5-toothed, valvate. Petals 5, induplicate-valvate. Disk 0. Stamens in male and hermaphrodite flowers 5, smaller in the latter ; filaments attached to the base of the petals. Ovary 5-partite, free ; styles 5, connate, stigmas distinct. Drupes 3-5, stipitate. Seed solitary, pendulous, exalbuminous. - Distrib. Malacca, Archipelago, Philippines. Species 2. 1. E. longifolia, Jack, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 307 ; leaflets elliptic acute, panicles glandular-hairy, calyx-segments glandular, petals ovate-lanceolate, filaments appendiculate. DC. Prodr. ii. 86 ; Wall. Cat. 8522; Planch. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 584. E. merguensis, Planch. I.c. E. tavoyana. Wall. Cat. 8523. Tenasserim, Parish, and the Andaman Islds., Helfer, to Malacca, Penang, and Singapore. - Distrib. Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines. A tree with bitter properties. Leaves a foot or more long, with a large number of coriaceous (often not opposite) leaflets, much paler beneath. Panicles large, spreading, and much-branched ; rachis and pedicels covered with a rufous glandular pubescence. Petals 4 times as long as calyx-segments, 1/6 by 1/20 in. broad, very finely pubescent within and without. Filaments broad, half as long as the petals, glabrous, with a ligulate ciliated appendage at the base. Drupes hard, ovoid, 1/2 in- long, 1/3 in. broad. - I am unable to distinguish the specimen of Planchon's E. merguensis in the Hookerian Herbarium by the alleged character of the filaments ; otherwise it precisely resembles the type. page 522 2. E. apiculata, A. W. Bennett; leaflets elliptic apiculate, panicles slightly hairy, calyx hairy without, petals ligulate, filaments not appendiculate. Penang, Maingay. Leaves very long ; leaflets ending in an abrupt point, dotted on the lateral veins beneath. Panicles denser than in E. longifolia; the rachis and pedicels slightly hairy. Calyx-segments not ciliate. Petals very narrow, 1 lin. long, 1/2 lin. broad, glabrous. Filaments very short, 1/4-1/3 as long as the petals, glabrous. Fruit unknown. 7. SURIANA, Linn. An insipid littoral shrub. Leaves simple, entire. Flowers hermaphrodite, conspicuous. Calyx 5-partite, imbricate, persistent. Petals 5, imbricate. Disk inconspicuous. Stamens 10, unequal in length, 5 sometimes barren. Ovary of 5 free carpels ; styles basilar, filiform ; ovules 2 in each carpel, lateral. Fruit consisting of 5 or fewer carpels covered by the persistent calyx, each 1-seeded, indehiscent. Seed ascending, exalbuminous. 1. S. maritima, Linn. Gen. No. 581 : DC. Prodr. ii. 91 : W. & A. Prodr. 361. Throughout the tropical shores of India. - Distrib. Cosmopolitan. Branches thick, covered with a velvety pubescence. Leaves about 1 in. long, linear-spathulate, obtuse, velvety. Flowers 1/3-1/2 in. across, terminal, hidden by the leaves. Petals 1/4 by 1/3 in. long, equalling the calyx, ovate-acute, yellow. 8. IRVINGIA, Hook. f. Glabrous insipid trees. Leaves simple, coriaceous, entire, with deciduous stipules. Flowers hermaphrodite, in axillary panicles, ebracteate. Calyx small, 4-5-partite, imbricate. Petals 4-5, imbricate. Disk very large, cushion-shaped and folded. Stamens 10, inserted beneath the disk, filaments long, slender. Ovary conical, compressed, 2-celled, entire ; style simple, terminal; ovules solitary. Fruit large, drupaceous, 1-seeded. Seed pendulous, exalbuminous. - DISTRIB. Species 3-4 ; all but the following Tropical African. 1. I. malayana, Oliver, ms. Malacca, Maingay. Branches striated, glabrous, annulated at or near the nodes. Leaves large and thick, 4 by 2 in., elliptic, acute, quite entire, petiolate, base rounded and somewhat unequal. Flowers small, hermaphrodite, in axillary racemes or panicles. Calyx persistent ; lobes ovate, obtuse. Petals twice as long as the calyx-lobes, reflexed after flowering. Filaments as long as the petals. Ovary conical, rising from the centre of a very large disk and narrowing into a terminal style. 9. BALANITES, Delile. Spiny shrubs or trees. Leaves coriaceous, 2-foliolate, entire. Flowers green, in small axillary cymes. Calyx-segments 5, imbricate, deciduous. Petals 5, imbricate. Disk thick, conical, entire. Ovary entire, globose, 1-celled; ovules solitary, pendulous. Fruit a large fleshy oily 1-seeded drupe. Seed pendulous, exalbuminous. - Distrib. Tropical and Northern Africa, Syria, and W. Asia ; species 2 (?). 1. B. Roxburghii, Planch. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 4, ii. 258; petals velvety. Brandis. For. Flor. 59. B. aegyptiaca, Wall. Cat. 6855 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 23 ; Wight Ic. t. 274. Ximenia aegyptiaca, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 253. Drier parts of India from Cawnpore to Sikkim, Behab, Goozerat, Kandeish, and the Deccan ; Birma, Griffith. page 523 A small tree, 20 ft. high, with glabrous or puberulous branches ending in very strong sharp ascending spines. Leaves of two elliptical or obovate puberulous entire coriaceous leaflets. Cymes 4-10-flowered. Sepals and petals ovate, velvety-pubescent. Filaments filiform- subulate. Fruit large, woody, angular, more than an inch long. - Very nearly allied to, and perhaps only a variety of, the B. aegyptiaca of northern and tropical Africa. Order XXXV. OCHNACEAE. (By Alfred W. Bennett, F.L.S.) Glabrous trees or shrubs, with watery juice. Leaves alternate, simple, (very rarely pinnate) coriaceous ; stipules 2. Inflorescence panicled or occasionally umbellate (rarely flowers solitary), bracteate. Flowers hermaphrodite, conspicuous. Sepals 4-5, free, imbricate, persistent. Petals 5, rarely 4 or 10, free, hypogynous, imbricate, longer than the sepals, deciduous. Disk enlarged after flowering, occasionally 0. Stamens 4, 5, 8, 10, or indefinite, inserted on the disk ; filaments persistent ; anthers basifixed, sometimes deciduous, dehiscing longitudinally, or often opening by terminal pores. Ovary short, 2-celled or elongate and 1-10-celled ; placenta axile or parietal; style simple, subulate, acute, rarely divided at the extremity, stigmas simple, terminal ; ovules 1-2 in each cell or indefinite, ascending or rarely pendulous, raphe ventral, micropyle superior. Fruit indehiscent, drupaceous or baccate, compound, each drupe or pyrene 1-4-seeded ; or capsular and 1-5-celled with septicidal dehiscence. Seeds solitary, few, or numerous ; albumen fleshy or 0; embryo straight or rarely curved, radicle superior or inferior. - Distrib. Tropical regions of both hemispheres, chiefly American ; species about 150. Tribe I. Ochneae. Ovary 2-10-celled ; ovules solitary in each cell. Seeds exalbuminous.
Tribe II. Euthemideae. Ovary semi-5-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell. Seeds albuminous.
1. OCHNA, Linn. Glabrous trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, serrate, rarely entire, 2-stipulate. Flowers large, yellow, in bracteate panicles or umbels. Sepals 5, coloured, persistent. Petals 5-10, deciduous. Disk thick, lobed. Stamens ∞ , shorter than the petals, filaments short or elongated ; anthers opening longitudinally, deciduous. Ovary deeply 3-10-lobed, lobes 1 -celled ; styles entirely connate or distinct at the apex : ovules solitary in each cell, axile. Fruit of 3-10 drupes seated on the broad disk. Seed erect, albuminous. - Distrib. Tropical Asia and Africa ; species about 25. 1. O. squarrosa, Linn. ; CC. Prodr. i. 735 ; leaves from narrowly oblong to oblong-ovate or obovate, acute obtuse or mucronate, finely serrate, flowers fragrant, petals 7-12 (rarely 5), anthers very long deciduous, with very short persistent filaments, styles united to the apex. Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 643 ; Cor. PI. i. t. 89 ; Wight III. i. t. 69 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PL 37 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. Suppl. 17. O. lucida, Lamk. III. t. 472, f. i. ; DC. I.c. ; Planch. in Hook. Journ. Bot. v. 649 ; Griff. Not. iv. 464, t. 605, f. vi. O. nitida, Thunb. ; DC. I.c. ; Planch. I.c. 650 (not of Wall). O. rufescens (?) Thunb. l.c. ; Thw. Enum. 70. O. obtusata, DC. I.c. 735 ; Wall. Cat. 2805. SILHET ; BIRMA ; Pegu ; Eastern and Western Peninsulas, and Ceylon. Leaves very various in size and shape ; stipules 1/6-1/4 in. Flowers 1/2-3/4 in. across, in loose axillary panicles. Petals not much longer than the sepals, clawed. Anthers many times longer than the very short filaments. Style greatly exceeding the stamens. Drupes 1/4 in. long, seated on the greatly enlarged disk, and surrounded by the persistent coriaceous calyx. - Griffith's O. lucida is described as having 5 petals, but is apparently the same plant. Var. cordata; leaves much smaller cordate at the base and rounded at the apex more sharply serrate. O. cordata, Thw. Enum. 70. - Ceylon. 2. O. Wallichii, Planch. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 050 ; leaves oblong-elliptic very finely serrate, petals 5, anthers not longer than the filaments, styles united nearly to apex. O. nitida. Wall. Cat. 2804 (not of Thunb.). O. stipulacea (?), Colebr. ms. ; Wall. Cat. 2806 ; Planch. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 653. O. squarrosa, Kurz Andam. Rep. App. iv. (not of Linn.). O. andamanica, Kurz Rep. And. ed. ii. 33, and in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xli. pt. 2, 295. Tenasserim, Tavoy, the Andaman Islands, and Pegu. Leaves 4 by 1 1/2 in. or larger, acute, very shortly petioled; stipules very minute. Flowers on very long pedicels, in loose axillary panicles. Sepals ovate or lanceolate, generally reflexed after flowering. Petals somewhat longer than the sepals. Anthers elongated, but rather shorter than the very slender persistent filaments. Styles greatly exceeding the stamens. Var. parviflora ; flowers much smaller. O. parviflora, Griff. Not. iv. 464. - Moulmein, Griffith. 3. O. Wightiana, Wall. Cat. 2808; leaves elliptical to ovate base rounded subcordate subobtuse coriaceous serrulate, flowers solitary or in pairs or rarely 3, petals 5, anthers about as long as the filaments, style 5-cleft at the apex. W. & A. Prodr. 152; Thwaites Enum. 70; Wight Ic. t. 223 (?) ; Planch. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 653. O. Heyneana, W. & A. I.c. ; Planch. I.c. 653. O. Walkerii, Planch. I.c. O. parvilolia, Vahl ? Wall. Cat. 2807. O. Moonii, Thwaites Enum. 70. Travancor, Wight; warmer parts of Ceylon. Leaves much smaller than in O. squarrosa and Wallichii, 1-1 1/4 by 1/2-3/4 in., but often narrower, very shortly stalked ; stipules very slender, 1/6-1/4 in. Flowers axillary, usually solitary, smaller than in the two species named. Sepals usually reflexed after flowering. - In Moonii, Thw., the number of flowers in a cluster is larger. - Ochna parvifolia, Vahl Symb. i. 33 ; DC. Mon. Och. 17, t. xix. f. 2 ; Prodr. i. 736, from Arabia Felix, much resembles and may even be identical with a small-leaved form of this species. Var. angustifolia ; leaves narrowly elliptical tapering to either end. 4. O. pumila, Ham. in Don Prodr. 224 ; leaves very large more or less broadly oblanceolate serrulate, flowers very large and handsome, anthers longer than filaments, style undivided. DC. Prodr. i. 736 ; Planch. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 652. O. nana. Ham. in Wall. Cat. 3761 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 46. O. humilis, Wall. Cat. 3762. O. collina, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. p. 43. ? O. fruticulosa, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xli. pt. 2, 295. Foot of the Himalaya, from Kumaon, Edgeworth, to Sikkim, J. D. H. ; Pegu, Kurz ; South Concan, Dalz. & Gibs. A small shrub, 1-3 ft. (?). Leaves often as much as 6 in. by 2 in., narrowed below and very shortly petioled, acute or obtuse, very sharply serrulate; stipules 1/4-1/3 in. Flowers umbellate, 3-6 at the end of a common peduncle, as much as 1 1/2 in. across ; pedicels 1/2-1 in. ; common peduncle 3 in. long, bracteate at the base. Sepals ovate, 2-3 times shorter than the petals. Filaments short, surmounted by the elongated anthers. Styles elongate, connate or very slightly divided at the apex. Drupes finely reticulated. - I am unable to distinguish Kurz's O. fruticulosa from Pegu by the description. The Concan habitat is taken from the Bombay Flora. page 525 5. (?) O. brevipes, Planch. in Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. v. 652 ; flowers nearly sessile in compound fascicles, anthers somewhat longer than the filaments, styles undivided. Pegu. Leaves unknown, deciduous. Flowers 1/2-3/4 in. across. Sepals elliptical. Petals 5, obovate, suddenly narrowed into a claw. Styles about as long as stamens. 2. GOMPHIA, Schreb. Glabrous trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate shining, 2-stipulate. Flowers yellow, in axillary or terminal racemes or umbels. Sepals 5, coloured, persistent. Petals 5, imbricate. Disk thick, lobed. Stamens 10, inserted at the base of the disk, filaments very short ; anthers opening by terminal pores. Ovary deeply 5-6-lobed, lobes 1-celled ; styles connate, stigma simple ; ovules solitary in each cell, erect. Drupes 5 or fewer, seated on a broad disk, 1-seeded. Seed erect, exalbuminous. - Distrib. Chiefly tropical South American ; a few are Asiatic and African ; species about 80. 1. G. angustifolia, Vahl Symb. ii. 49 ; leaves coriaceous narrowly ovate acute serrulate sessile, flowers in compound rather dense terminal racemes, drupes ovoid. DC. Prodr. i. 736; W. & A. Prodr. 152; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 38 ; Thwaites Enum. 71 ; Planch. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. 3. G. zeylanica, DC. I.c. ; Wall. Cat. 2802. G. malabarica, DC. I.c. Ochna zeylanica, Lam. Walkera serrata, Willd., DC. Prodr. i. 737. Meesia serrata, Gaertn. Fruct. i. t. 70. - Burm. Fl. Zeyl. t. 56 ; Rheede Hort. Mal. v. t. 48 and 52 (monstrous). Southern provinces of the Western Peninsula, from the South Concan to Travancor ; Singapore, Walker; common in Ceylon. - Distrib Philippines. A small tree, 30 ft. high. Leaves about 5 in. by 1 in., very shining; stipules linear, deciduous. Flowers about 1/2 in. across, very numerous, on slender pedicels. Sepals oval, coriaceous. Petals longer than sepals, deciduous. Anthers elongated, about as long as petals, nearly sessile. Carpels obovate or reniform ; styles 10, larger than stamens, persistent in fruit, stigma quite entire. Drupes about the size of peas, smooth, shining, reticulated. 2. G. sumatrana, Jack in Mal. Misc. No. v. p. 29, and in Hook. Bot. Misc. ii. 77 ; leaves narrowly ovate serrulate, panicle very diffuse. Wall. Cat. 2803. G. sumatrensis, Planch. in Hook. Ic. PI. t. 712, and Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. 2. Ochna crocea. Griff. Not. iv. 463. Euthemis elegantissima (?), Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 305. E.? pulcherrima, Wall. Cat. 2518. Singapore, Wallich; Malacca, Maingay. - Distrib. Sumatra, Borneo. Very closely allied to O. angustifolia, there being scarcely any characters by which it can be distinguished, except the much more diffuse character of the panicle. 3. G. Hookeri, Planch. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. 3; leaves coriaceous narrowly ovate entire shortly petioled, flowers in terminal umbels, drupes ovoid. Penang, Phillips; Malacca, Maingay. Leaves about 4 in. by 1 1/2 in., narrowed into the short petiole; stipules deciduous. Flowers rather smaller than in G. angustifolia, on long slender pedicels, 10-20 in an umbel. Sepals ovate, coriaceous. Styles quite connate ; stigma entire. Drupe smooth, not reticulated. - This species is rather a Brackenridgia (A. Gray, Bot. U. S. Expl. Exped. 361) than a Gomphia, if the two genera are to be kept distinct, and Brackenridgia not rather to be considered as a section of Gomphia, as suggested by Oliver (in Hook. Ic. Plant, xi. t. 1096). Brackenridgia is not otherwise a Malayan genus. page 526 DOUBTFUL SPECIES. "G. UMBELLATA," Hook. f. ms., from Penang, appears distinct; but the specimens are not sufficiently perfect for determination. 3. TETRAMERISTA, Miq. Shrubs or trees. Leaves very large, coriaceous, entire. Flowers in axillary racemes, with large foliaceous bracts. Sepals 4, imbricate, persistent ; 2 outer ones larger. Petals 4, persistent. Stamens 4 ; filaments dilated at the base; anthers dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 4-angled, 4-celled; style entire. Fruit a globose 4-seeded coriaceous berry. - Distrib. Malayan Peninsula and Islands. Species 1-2. 1. T. glabra, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 534; var. sagittata; leaves sagittate at the base. Ancistrocladus ? sagittatus. Wall. Cat. 1055. SINGAPORE, Wallich; Tenasserim (or the Andaman Islands), Helfer; Kedah Peak, Malacca, Low. Leaves obovate, rounded at the apex. Sepals in two series, lanceolate. Petals resembling the sepals, but rather smaller. Filaments filiform above. Style single, central. - T. glabra is a Sumatran plant, entered as Indian on account of some specimens in Herb. Kew., collected by Helfer, either in " Tenasserim or the Andaman Islands," and by Wallich at Singapore, without flowers, but apparently belonging either to this species or to an allied one, differing in the sagittate base of the leaves. 4. EUTHEMIS, Jack. Glabrous shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, shining, coriaceous, serrulate, with ciliate deciduous stipules. Flowers rose or white, in terminal or leaf-opposed racemes, bracteate. Sepals 5, imbricate, persistent or deciduous. Petals 5, longer than sepals, imbricate. Disk small, conical. Stamens 5, inserted at the base of the disk, with alternate staminodes ; anthers opening by terminal pores. Ovary semi-5-celled, elongate, viscid ; style 1, stigma entire ; ovules 1-2 in each cell, pendulous. Fruit a berry of 5 pyrenes, each 1-2-seeded. Seeds pendulous with a fleshy albumen. - Distrib. Species 4, natives of the Malayan Archipelago. 1. E. leucocarpa, Jack in Mal. Misc. No. v. p. 16 : leaves large acute very gradually narrowed into the petiole very beautifully serrulate on the thickened margin, flowers in rather small terminal branched racemes, berry snow-white. Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 303; Planch. in Hook. Ic. Pl. viii. t. 711. Mounts Gerai and Ophir, alt. 3000 ft., in Malacca, Lobb. - Distrib. Malayan Archipelago. An erect shrub, 4-5 ft. Leaves narrowly elliptic, 4 in. by 1 1/2 in., with fine curved nearly parallel veins running from the midrib to the thickened margin ; stipules acuminate, ciliate, deciduous. Sepals ovate, thick, ciliate-serrate. Petals twice as long as the sepals, reflexed. Filaments very short. Ovary elongate, acute ; style, tapering. Berry crowned by the persistent style, 5-seeded. 2. E. minor, Jack in Mal. Misc. No. v. p. 18; leaves narrowly lanceolate, obtuse, mucronate obscurely serrulate, racemes simple, berry red. Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 304. SINCAPORE and Penang. - Distrib. Malayan Archipelago. A small shrub. Leaves much smaller than in E. Ieucocarpa, coriaceous, narrowed, into the petiole, obscurely veined ; stipules linear, ciliate, deciduous. Sepals ovate-ciliate. Filaments short. Ovary ovate, acute. Berry 5-seeded. Doubtful species. E. ? ELEGANTISSIMA, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 306, is probably a distinct page 527 plant, but is only imperfectly known. Planchon (Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 64) suggests that it may be Gomphia sumatrana, with which, however, the description of the leaves does not appear to agree. Wallich describes it as having elliptic-lanceolate leaves tapering at both ends, finely acuminate, sharply and minutely serrulate, the nerves reticulating and uniting in two or more submarginal arches. - Native of Sincapore and the contiguous islands.Order XXXVI. BURSERACEAE. (By Alfred W. Bennett, F.L.S.) Balsamiferous trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate (very rarely opposite), imparipinnate or trifoliolate (very rarely unifoliolate), stipulate or exstipulate. Inflorescence racemose or paniculate. Flowers regular, small, hermaphrodite or often polygamous. Calyx free, 3-6-lobed, imbricate or valvate, often minute. Petals 3-6, distinct, rarely connate, imbricate or valvate. Disk annular or cupular, usually conspicuous, free or adnate to the base of the calyx. Stamens as many or twice as many as petals, inserted at the base or margin of the disk, equal or unequal ; filaments free, rarely connate at the base, smooth, ; anthers dorsifixed rarely adnate, 2-locular, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary free, rarely 1- more often 2-5-celled; style simple, stigma undivided or 2-5-lobed ; ovules 2 or rarely 1 in each cell, anatropous, axile, usually pendulous rarely ascending, micropyle superior, raphe ventral. Fruit drupaceous, indehiscent, containing 2-5 pyrenes, rarely pseudo-capsular and dehiscent. Seeds solitary, pendulous, testa membranous, albumen 0; cotyledons usually membranous, contortuplicate, rarely fleshy and planoconvex, radicle superior. - Distrib. Tropical regions of both hemispheres; genera 16-18 ; species about 160.
1. BOSWELLIA, Roxb. Balsamiferous trees, bark frequently papyraceous. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, imparipinnate, deciduous, with opposite sessile usually serrate eaflets. Flowers small, white, hermaphrodite, in axillary racemes or panicles. Calyx small, 5-toothed, persistent. Petals 5, distinct, narrowed at the base, imbricate. Disk annular, crenate. Stamens 10, 5 long 5 short, inserted at the base of the disk. Ovary sessile, 3-celled ; style short, stigma 3-lobed ; ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous. Drupe trigonous, containing 3 1-seeded pyrenes which finally separate. Seeds compressed, pendulous. - DISTRIB. India and Tropical Africa ; species about 6. page 528 1. B. serrata, Roxb. ex Colebr. in Asiat. Res. ix. 379, t. 5; leaflets sessile pubescent coarsely crenate-serrate, racemes axillary shorter than the leaves. Stackhouse, Extracts, p. xix ; Colebr. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. 363, t. v. fig. 1 ; Wall. Cat. 8486. B. thurifera, Roxb. ex Fleming in Asiat. Res. xi. 158 ; Roxb. Hort. Beng. 32 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 383 ; W. & A. Prodr. 174 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 42 ; Birdwood in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 146; Brandis For. Flor. 61. Libanus thurifera, Colebr. in Asiat. Res. ix. 382. Libanotus asiaticus, Stackhouse, De Liban. 13, t. iii fig. 6. Forests of the base of the Western Himalaya, as far west as the Sutlej ; Central India, from Behar to Rajpatana, and southward into the Deccan, and to the Circars and the Concan. Leaves of a large number of opposite or nearly opposite lanceolate or ovate acute or obtuse inequilateral leatlets, very variable in size, shape, and degree of pubescence. Calyx-segments deltoid. Drupe 1/2 in. long, trigonous, splitting into three valves, subtended by the woody disk. Var. glabra ; leaflets nearly or quite glabrous, often nearly entire. B. glabra, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 90 ; Cor. PI. iii. t. 207 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 3841; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 42 ; DC. Prodr. ii. 76; W. & A. Prodr. 174; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 124. Chloroxylon Du pada, Buch. Journ. Mys. i. 184. - Scarcely a species, running by insensible gradations into the typical form. - N. W. India; Siwalik hills, near Khizeraband, Edgeworth; Padshapoor (near Belgaum), Ritchie. 2. TRIOMMA, Hook. f. A tree ; branchlets robust, pubescent. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, imparipinnate, with opposite petiolulate leaflets. Flowers very small, in terminal panicles, polygamous (?). Calyx 5-fid. Petals 5, small, valvate (?) Stamens 10(?) inserted at the base of the 5-lobed disk. Ovary trigonous, 3-celled ; style short ; ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit 3-winged, 3-valved, as much as 2-2 1/2 inches long, containing 3 hard woody separable pyrenes. - DISTRIB. A solitary species. 1. T. malaccensis, Hook.f. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 171 ; leaflets oblique ovate-lanceolate acuminate entire, drupe ovate-caudate acutely cuspidate. Arytera? macrocarpa Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 199 (according to T. Anderson in Herb. Kew.). Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. 3. GARUGA, Roxb. Trees ; branchlets pubescent. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, imparipinnate, crowded towards the ends of the branches, with opposite subsessile crenate leaflets. Flowers polygamous, in much-branched panicles. Calyx campanulate, 5-fid, valvate, clothed within by the ample disk. Petals 5, inserted on the tube of the calyx, induplicate-valvate. Stamens 10, equal, inserted in the tube of the calyx at the margin of the disk, filaments hairy at the base. Ovary sessile, 4-5-celled ; style erect, stigma capitate 4-5-lobed ; ovules 2 in each cell. Drupe globose, fleshy, containing 1-5 1-seeded pyrenes. - DISTRIB. Tropical Asia, America, and Australia ; species 8-10. 1. G. pinnata, Roxb. Cor. PI. iii t. 208 ; leaflets ovate obtusely acuminate oblique crenate, flowers 1/6-1/4 in. long pubescent. Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 400; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 43; DC. Prodr. ii. 81; W. & A. Prodr. 175 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 118; Brandis For. Flor. 62 ; Wall. Cat. 8485; ? G. madagascariensis, DC. I.c. - Rheede Hort. Mal. iv. t. 33. Throughout India, and from the Jumna eastwards to Birma, and southwards to the NILGHIRIS and TENASSERiM ; ascending to 3000 ft. in the Himalaya. - Distrib. Malayan Archipelago, Philippines. page 529 A tree 30-40 ft. Leaves 1 ft. or more, pubescent when young, afterwards glabrous. Panicle very large, compound, pubescent. Calyx-teeth ovate, pubescent. Petals linear, inserted between the calyx- teeth. Disk completely clothing the tube of calyx. Stamens about as long as the petals. Ovary ovoid, narrowing into the hairy style ; stigma capitate, 5-lobed. Drupe black, " size of a gooseberry." 4. BALSAMODENDRON, Kunth Balsamiferous often spiny trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, 1-5-foliolate or imparipinnate ; leaflets sessile, oblique, crenate or serrate. Flowers small, polygamous, fasciculate, on short petioles or sessile. Calyx tubular, 3-4-toothed, persistent. Petals 3-4, valvate. Dish erect, cupular. Stamens 6-8, usually 4 long and 4 short, inserted on the margin of the disk. Ovary sessile, 4-celled, surrounded by the disk ; style short, stigma obtuse 4-lobed ; ovules 2 in each cell. Drupe ovoid, containing a 1-3-celled and -seeded stone or 1-3 stones. - Distrib. India, Arabia, Tropical and Southern Africa ; species 6-10. (See Berg, in Bot. Zeit. 1862. 153, 161.) 1. B. Mukul, Hook ex Stocks in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. i. 259, t. 8 ; branches generally ending in a sharp spine, leaves 1-3-foliolate, leaflets smooth and shining obovate nearly sessile toothed at the end. Boiss. Fl. Orient. ii. 3 ; Brandis For. Flor. 64. B. Roxburghii, Stocks in Bomb. Trans. 1847 (excl syn.) ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. Suppl. 19 (not of Arn.). (?) B. Wightii, Arn. in Ann. Nat. Hist, iii, 86 ; Wight Ill. i. 185. SINDH, Stocks ; Rajpootana, Bednore, Brandis; Khandeish and Berar, Dalz. & Gibs.; ? Mysore, Bellary, Wight. - DISTRIB. Beluchistan, Arabia? A small tree 4-6 ft. Branches slightly ascending. Flowers nearly sessile, a few in each fascicle, unisexual, the male with small abortive ovary, the female with short barren stamens. Calyx forming a cylindrical cup, glandular-hairy. Petals 4-5, ligulate, brownish red, recurved at the tip, 3 times as long as calyx. Disk 8-10-toothed. Stamens 8-10. Stigma obscurely 2-lobed. Drupe red, ovate-acuminate, containing 2 2-celled stones, rarely 4-valved. - I follow the suggestion of Brandis in referring to the Bellary plant (B. Wightii) under B. Mukul, from which it appears to be indistinguishable, though without flowers. Brandis remarks, " This species will probably be found to be indigenous on arid rocky hills throughout Rajputana and a great part of the Dekkan" (I.c. p. 65). - Gugal. 2. B. Roxburghii, Arn. in Ann. Nat. Hist. iii. 86; branches spiny, leaves 3-foliolate, terminal leaflet very finely serrulate, lateral leaflets very small. Wight Ill. i. 185. Amyris Commiphora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 244 ; Wall. Cat. 8498. ? A. Agallocha, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 28. Eastern Bengal ; Silhet and Assam, Roxburgh, &c. Very similar to B. Mukul, and possibly identical, but only imperfectly known ; the leaves appear to be larger and of a thinner texture. I have only seen specimens of Wallich's and Rottler's from the Mission Garden of Madras, to which Rottler has attached the name Amyris serratifolia, nob. 3. B. pubescens, Stocks in Bomb. Trans. 1847 ; Hook. Kew Journ. Bot.; 264, t. 9 ; branches not spiny, leaves petioled, 3-5-foliolate, leaflets entire. Boiss. Fl. Orient. ii. 2 ; Brandis For. Flor. 64. Rocky parts of Sindh, Stocks. - Distrib. Beluchistan. A small tree with pubescent unarmed branches. Leaves on slender petioles longer than the blade, soft and downy when young, lateral leaflets nearly orbicular, terminal obovate-cuneate, petiolulate. Flowers sessile. Stamens equal. Drupe red, with 2 stones. 4. B. Berryi, Arn. in Ann. Nat. Hist. iii. 86; branches spiny, leaves 3-foliolate petioled glabrous entire, calyx 3-4-cleft, petals 3-4, stamens 6-8, page 530 the alternate ones smaller. Wight III. i. 185 ; Bedd. Fl Syl. t. 126 ; Brandis For. Flor. 65. Protium gileadense, W. & A. Prodr. 177, exclud. synon.; Grah. Cat. Bomb, Fl. 43, (not B. gileadense Roxb.). Amyris gileadensis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 246.Western Peninsula ; in dry forests East of the Nilghiris and Sivagherry Hills (cultivated for hedging throughout S. India). Branches patent, the lateral ones ending in very abrupt spines. Leaves alternate or fascicled ; leaflets obovate, sessile, the terminal one twice as large as the lutefal ones. Flowers nearly sessile, solitary or fascicled. Disk small, 6-8-lobed. Drupe oblong, apiculate. 5. PROTIUM, W. & A. Small balsamiferous spiny trees. Leaves alternate, 3-foliolate or imparipinnate, with entire or toothed leaflets. Flowers small, on long pedicels in much branched cymes. Calyx small, cupular, 4-6-fid or -toothed. Petals 4-6, linear-oblong, valvate. Disk clothing the bottom of the calyx-cup, with free margin. Stamens 8-12, inserted in the margin of the disk, unequal. Ovary 2-4-celled, sessile ; style short, stigma 3-6-lobed ; ovules 3 in each cell. Drupe fleshy, globose, containing 1-4 pyrenes. Seeds oblong ; radicle superior. - Distrib. India, Java, subtropical Africa. Species 3-4 1. P. caudatum, W. & A. Prodr. 176; leaves 3-7-foliolate, leaflets glabrous more or less abruptly acuminate, cyme branched many times dichotomously greatly exceeding the leaves. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 125 ; Wall. Cat. 8494, 8495. Western Peninsula ; Ceylon, at Jaffoa. Leaves long-petioled with short lateral leaflets, the terminal one with a long petiolule, ovate, entire. Cymes bracteate at the branches, the bracteoles beneath the flowers very minute. Flowers polygamous, small. Calyx-lobes deltoid, acute, as long as broad. Petals about twice as long as calyx-lobes. Drupe about the size of a pea, nearly globular, subtended by the persistent calyx. Var. Roxburghiana, W. & A. I.c. (species); leaflets not acuminate, but ending in a short abrupt point. Amyris acuminata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 246 ; Wall. Cat. 8496. - Pulney Mts., Wight. 2. P. pubescens, W. & A. Prodr. 176 ; leaflets pubescent obtusely acuminate, cyme (panicle ?) rather dense branched many times but not dichotomously. Wall. Cat. 8497. Western Peninsula, Wight. Leaflets about 7, ovate or obovate, entire, very shortly petiolulate. Bracts in the upper part of the inflorescence exceeding flowers. Flowers rather shortly pedicelled. Calyx-segments lanceolate, twice as long as broad. Drupe rather larger than in P. caudatum. 6. BURSERA, Linn. Balsamiferous trees. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, or rarely 1-foliolate. Panicles short, branched. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Calyx small, 4-6 -partite or -toothed, imbricate. Petals 4-6, short, patent at length reflexed, usually valvate. Disk annular, crenate. Stamens 8-12, nearly equal, inserted at the base of the disk. Ovary free, ovoid or subglobose, 3-5-celled ; style very short, stigma 3-5-lobed ; ovules 2 in each cell. Drupe globose or ovoid, with 3-5 pyrenes. - Distrib. about 40 species, mostly natives of Tropical America. 1. B. serrata, Colebr. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. 361, t. 4 ; leaflets narrowed below acuminate, drupe globose 1-3-celled, the pedicel greatly page 531 thickened and elongated. Brand. For. Flor. 61. Icica indica, W. & A. Prodr. 177; Wall. Cat. 8492. Limonia pentagyna, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 382, ex Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1870, ii. 70.Eastern Bengal ; Garrow hills and Rajmahal hills, Assam ; and Chittagong. The Circars, Roxburgh. Leaflets about 7 or more, opposite, petiolulate, ovate, pubescent or nearly glabrous, serrulate or quite entire. Panicles axillary, lax, much branched, shorter than the leaves, bracteate. Flowers very small, hermaphrodite, pubescent externally. Calyx obtusely 5-toothed. Petals 5. recurved. Stamens 10, shorter than the petals. 7. CANARIUM, Linn. Balsamiferous trees. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, stipulate or exstipulate. Flowers bracteate, in terminal -or axillary panicles, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Calyx cupuliform or campanulate, 3-lobed or -fid (5-lobed in sect. Scutinanthe), valvate. Petals 3-5, imbricate below or valvate, usually exceeding calyx. Stamens 6 (10 in sect. Scutinanthe), distinct, inserted on margin or outside of disk, or filaments confluent below and distinct from disk. Ovary 2-3-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell ; style various, or stigma subsessile, capitate. Drupe usually ellipsoidal, more or less distinctly trigonous, with a, 1-3-celled, 1-3-seeded stone ; cotyledons often partite, contortuplicate. - Distrib. Tropical Asia and Malayan Archipelago. Species probably about 30. As may be inferred from the sectional characters it is not improbable that two or three generic types are included here under Canarium, but the final settlement of these cannot be undertaken without the examination of a full series of Archipelago forms. Sect. I. Flowers 5-merous (Scutinanthe, Thw.). 1. C. brunneum, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 127 ; extremities shortly red-tomentose, leaves exstipulate, leaflets 5-11 oblong or ovate-oblong acuminate entire glabrescent or midrib beneath puberulous, panicles axillary branching from base red-tomentose, pedicels not exceeding 5-fid calyx, petals scarcely exceeding calyx, stamens 10 confluent in a disk adnate to calyx-tube (in female fl.), ovary hirsute 2-celled, fruit drupaceous ellipsoidal shortly pointed. Scutinanthe brunnea, Thwaites in Kew Journ. Bot. viii. 266, t. 8 B ; Enum. 79. Ceylon ; in the central Province, alt. 2-3000 ft., Thwaites. Tree of 50-60 ft. Leaves 10-20 in.; leaflets 4-8 by 2-2 1/2 in. ; petiolule 1/3-1/2 in. Panicles much shorter than leaves; bracts ovate-lanceolate. Flowers polygamous. Calyx cupuliform, lobes 5 ovate-deltoid. Petals tomentose outside, subvalvate. Drupe 1-1 1/4 in. long, apiculate and thinly red-tomentose when dry, 1 -celled (in our specimen), with thin bony stone. (Cotyledons entire foliaceous plicate. Thwaites.) - Nearly allied to this species, but with drupes 1 3/4 in. long, are specimens from Malacca [Maingay), without flowers. Sect. II. Flowers normally 3-merous. * Stamens confluent in short disk around ovary or its rudiment. Buds sheathed by deciduous bracts. Stone thick bony. - Canarium proper. t Leaflets entire. 2. C. commune, Linn. ; extremities tawny puberulous or glabrate, stipules elliptic or rotundate auricled often early deciduous, leaflets 7-9 ovate to oblong elliptical acuminate glabrous, lateral nerves about 10-15 pairs often paler and subprominent beneath, panicles terminal puberulous with page 532 spreading successively shorter lateral branches, buds enclosed in ovate or rotundate tomentose bracts, petals 3 imbricate below, stamens (in male fl.) inserted around hairy rudiment of ovary (drupe ellipsoidal subtrigonous with a bony 1-3-celled stone, Blume). Koenig. Ann. Bot. i 360, t, 7, f. 2 ; Roxb. Fl Ind. iii. 137; Blume Mus. Bot. i. 214; Bijd. 1161 ; DC. Prodr. ii. 79 ; W. & A. Prodr. 175 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bot. vol. i. pt. 2, 643 ; Wall. Cat. 8493. Sapindus travancorensis, Wall. Cat. 8047.Penang, Phillips, Jack. Leaves of flowering branches 3/4-1 1/2 ft. more or less; upper leaflets 4-6 by 1 1/4-2 1/2 in. ; petiolules 1/2-1 in. Flowers variable in size, female 1/3 to over 1/2 in. in length. Calyx campanulate, broadly 3-lobed. Petals tomentose above. Ovary glabrous, incrassate above. Cotyledons tripartite, contorted (Blume). - A Malayan and Archipelago plant cultivated in India. 3. C. zeylanicum, Blume Mus. Bot. i. 218; extremities tawny-puberulous, stipules deciduous, leaflets 5-9 more or less broadly elliptical shortly acuminate entire, when pressed flat the margins (of young leaves) infolded beneath glabrous, panicles terminal, of male fl. lateral branches successively shorter, buds globose or ovoid at first enveloped in rotundate deciduous tawny-tomentose bracts, calyx trifid, petals imbricate, stamens of male fl. inserted in disk around glabrous rudiment of ovary. Amyris zeylanica, Retz Obs. iv. 25. Balsamudendrum ? zeylanicum, Kunth in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. i. ii. 349 (adnot.) ; DC. Prodr. ii. 76 ; Thwaites Enum. 79. C. balsamiferum. Moon Cat. 68. Ceylon, in warm moist districts, ascending to 1500 ft., Thwaites, &c. Leaves of flowering shoots 1 ft. more or less ; stipules moderately large inserted on the rachis at some little distance from the base, obliquely rotundate-sagittate, shortly stipitate, early deciduous (Thwaites) ; leaflets 4-6 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., petiolule 1/6-1/2 in. Female flower 1/3 in. long. Ovary glabrous, incrassate above as in C. commune. Drupe ellipsoidal, smooth, obscurely 3-gonous, with very thick bony stone. - Very nearly allied to C. commune, and now that Thwaites finds rotundate-sagittate early caducous stipules, there remains little besides the shorter petiolules of the leaflets to separate it from that species. 4. C. secundum, A. W. Benn. ; tawny-pubescent, stipules 0 or early deciduous, leaflets 7-9 oblong shortly acuminate entire or faintly denticulate glabrous above except midrib, shortly pubescent, with lateral nerves in 10-15 pairs prominent with conspicuous transverse venation beneath, panicles terminal rusty-tomentose, buds subsessile in bracteate sessile or pedunculate glomerules, calyx broadly 3-lobed, petals imbricate, stamens confluent with short disk around ovoid-subulate glabrous rudiment of ovary, fruit trigonous ellipsoidal, with thick bony stone. - Canarium, Wall. Cat. 9046 (as to Sincapore specimens). SINCAPORE, Wallich; Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. Leaves 1 ft. more or less on flowering branches, leaflets varying from ovate- to lanceolate-oblong, upper 3-6 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., petiolule 1/6 to nearly 1/2 in. Panicles shorter than or as long as leaves, with successively shorter branches ; bracts ovate-oblong and rotundate enclosing the buds. Drupe 1 1/2-2 in., glabrous. - Nearly allied to C. purpurascens, but I cannot find stipules in any of the numerous specimens. 5. C. purpurascens, A. W. Benn. - extremities shortly pubescent-tomentose with rotundate-cordate stipules, leaflets 7-9 ovate-oblong to ovate-elliptical acuminate glabrous except puberulous midrib above purplish-glaucescent with minute scattered pubescence and 10-14 pairs of prominent lateral nerves with conspicuous transverse reticulation beneath, panicles terminal and from upper axiis, pedicels (of male fl.) very page 533 short or bracteate, calyx broadly 3-lobed, petals imbricate, stamens 6 confluent with short disk around the glabrous ovoid-subulate rudiment of ovary.Malacca, Griffith. Leaves of flowering shoots 2/3-1 ft., leaflets 3-5 by 1 1/2-2 in., petiolules 1/4-1/3 in. ; stipules 1/2-3/4 in. broad (or larger). Panicles puberulous, as long as leaves ; buds and ovate or rotundate bracts tomeutose. Fruit not seen. 6. C. nitidum, A. W. Benn.; extremities obsoletely puberulous glabrate, stipules wanting at flowering, leaflets 5-7 oblong to elliptical acuminate glabrous, midrib prominent beneath but lateral nerves subdistant faint 7-10 pairs, reticulation obscure beneath, panicles terminal, drupe ellipsoidal with thick bony stone. Wall. Cat. 8546 (excepting specimens intermixed of a Connaracea ?). SINCAPORE, Wallich; Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. Leaves of flowering branches 1 ft. more or less ; leaflets 4-6 by 1 1/2-3 in. ; petiolule 1/3-3/4 in. Flowers not seen. Calyx 3-lobed. Drupe 1 1/2-2 in., glabrous. tt Leaflets serrulate. 7. C. rufum, A. W. Benn.; extremities stout closely rusty-tomentose, leaves 1-2-feet (? exstipulate), rachis tomentose, leaflets 6-11 oblong shortly acuminate base rounded denticulate-serrate coriaceous, glabrous above except shortly tomentose midrib, closely tawny tomentose with 15-20 pairs of prominent lateral nerves and distinct reticulation beneath, flowers congested in sessile or shortly pedunculate bracteate inch-broad fascicles along the branches of panicle, calyx thick trifid, petals coriaceous exceeding calyx narrowly-imbricate, stamens 6, filaments apparently confluent at base, fruit ellipsoidal trigonous with a thick bony stone. Malacca, Maingay, Griffith. Tree of medium size. Leaflets very coriaceous, upper larger varying to 6-8 by 2-2 1/2 in., petiolule 1/4-1/2 in., reticulation very prominent beneath. Panicles terminal, closely rusty-tomentose ; buds enclosed in rotundate concave tomentose bracts. Calyx-lobes broadly ovate, obtuse. Petals tomentose outside except narrow covered margins. Fruit 2 in. long, (Cotyledons 3-partite. Griffith.) ** Stamens monadelphous. distinct from disk. Buds cylindrical or clavate. Leaflets entire or serrulate. - Pimela, Lour. 8. C. grandiflorum, A. W. Benn.; extremities tawny-pubescent, stipules subulate from near the base of the glabrous rachis, leaflets 7-9 ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-oblong acuminate glabrous or with few scattered hairs and 8-12 pairs prominent lateral nerves beneath, pedicels shorter than hairy broadly 3-lobed calyx, petals narrowly imbricate, stamens 6, filaments confluent in a tubiform sheath, ovary densely setose, style long, fruit subtrigonous, stone thick bony. Malacca, Maingay. Leaves 2/3-1 ft. or longer; leaflets 3-4 1/2 by 1-1 3/4 in.; petiolule 1/4 in. more or less. Flowers hermaphrodite, 1/2 in. long, in compound tawny tomentose racemes collected in a terminal panicle. Filaments glabrous, confluent below. Fruit 1 1/3 in., oblong-ellipsoidal, obtuse. 9. C. pilosum, A. W. Benn. ; extremities thinly hirsute, stipules subulate hairy, leaflets usually 5 obovate- to oblong-elliptical or broadly elliptical shortly acuminate more or less undulate-dentate above or subentire glabrous and reticulate, thinly hirsute chiefly on the prominent reticulation beneath, lateral nerves 9-13 pairs, pedicels shorter than shallow 3-lobed page 534 calyx, petals narrowly imbricate, stamens 6, filaments confluent 1/5-1/6 their length.Malacca, Maingay. Leaves 3/4-1 ft., leaflets 3-6 by 1 1/4-2 3/4 in., petiolule 1/4 in. Racemes interrupted, rusty-pubescent or glabrate, from the uppermost axils, overtopped by the leaves; pedicels tomentose, not exceeding the cupuliform obscureiy-lobed calyx. Petals tomentose. Filaments glabrous. Rudiment of ovary setose. Fruit not seen. - Wall. Cat. 8100, from Sincapore, leaves only, may belong here. 10. C. hirtellum, A. W. Benn. ; extremities tawny-tomentose, leaves stipulate, leaflets 7-9 oblong-elliptical shortly and rather acutely acuminate denticulate toward apex, reticulate at length glabrous above except . pubescent midrib, shortly hirsute-pubescent and strongly reticulate beneath, flowers tomentose fascicled in interrupted racemes from the upper axils, calyx 3-lobed, petals narrowly imbricate, filaments 6 confluent half their length, rudiment of ovary setose, fruit trigonous. Wall. Cat. 8102 and 9047. Penang, Wallich. Leaves 1 ft. or more in length, rachis pubescent-tomentose, with a pair of linear-subulate 1/2 in. stipules near the base ; leaflets varying from ovate- through oblong- to obovate- elliptical, upper 3 1/2-6 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in. ; petiolules 1/4 in. Pedicels scarcely exceeding calyx. Flowers 1/3-1/2 in. long. Fruit 1 in., glabrous, oblong-ellipsoidal, trigonous ; stone hard, bony. - Nearly allied to C. pilosiim, differing in indumentum, pubescent midrib above, the more triangular teeth of calyx, &c. 11. C. strictum, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 49; Fl. Ind. iii. 138; extremities at first densely rusty-tomentose, leaflets 7-9 (-15) ovate-oblong or varying from ovate to ovate-lanceolate acuminate denticulate-serrate or subentire glabrescent above more or less closely pubescent-tomentose with 10-15 pairs of prominent lateral nerves beneath, panicles tomentose from the upper axils interruptedly racemose, pedicels of male fl. shorter than 3-lobed calyx, petals twice as long distinctly imbricate, filaments confluent half their length. W. & A. Prodr. 175; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 52 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. i. 128. Western Peninsula, Concan, Bababuden Hills, Anamallays, &c., Dalzell, Beddome, &c. Tall straight tree. Leaves 1-1 1/2 ft. long more or less on flowering branches, varying to 4 ft., stipules obsolete (stipulate, Roxburgh, who had seen only barren shoots); leaflets from 3-6 (-12) by 1 1/2-2 1/2(5-) in. broad ; petiolule 1/10-1/3 in. Panicles shorter than leaves, upper lateral branches short or flowers (of male) in sessile fascicles ; female fl. less crowded on stout longer pedicels marked with scar of small caducous bract. Calyx tomentose, campanulate, shortly and broadly 3-lobed. Petals thinly tomentose above. Ovary glabrate, equalling the stout style, rudiment in male fl. setose. Drupe 1 1/2-2 in., ellipsoidal or ovoid, tapering, with a thick bony stone. 12. C. bengalense, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 49 ; Fl. Ind. iii. 136; extremities rusty-pubescent glabrate with subulate stipules, leaflets 13-21 ovate-oblong or lanceolate acuminate glabrous ?, panicles racemiform from upper axils, petals 3 imbricate, filaments confluent half their length, disk hirsute within the stamens, drupe ellipsoidal smooth. SILHET and adjoining districts, Roxburgh. Leaves 1-2 ft., leaflets subopposite, 3-6 by 1-2 in. Panicles shorter than or equalling the leaves (supra-axillary), buds cylindrical. Calyx cupuliform, 3-fid. Petals obovate-oblong. Drupe size of large olive, 1-3-celled, dark-purple pruinose, stone trigonous, thick, bony. Cotyledons contortuplicate. - I have seen no specimen. The description is from Roxburgh, I.c., and from his drawing, No. 2311. page 535 13. C. euphyllum, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1872, ii. 295 ; leaves 2-3-ft. glabrous, leatlets 9-10 subopposite ovate- or oblong-elliptical apiculate obtusely glandular-serrulate, base rounded or subcordate, lateral nerves 14-16 pairs rather prominent beneath, peduncle elongate naked below, flowers thinly tomentose, calyx obtusely 3-lobed glabrate, petals narrowly imbricate, filaments 6 confluent half their length enclosing a short fleshy lobed disk surrounding the ovary-rudiment. South Andaman Islands, Kurz. Upper leaflets 9-10 in. ; petiolule 4 in ; stipules 0? Panicle 1 1/2 ft. long; branches glabrous, naked below, Calyx campanulate, broadly 3-lobed. Petals oblanceolale. Fruit unknown. - Description in part from Kurz, I.c. *** Stamens inserted below margin of fleshy disk. Pedicels slender. Endocarp thin. 14. C. laxum, A. W. Benn. ; extremities leaf-rachis and inflorescence hirsute more or less with tawny or rust-coloured spreading at length deciduous setae, leaves 1-2 1/2 ft. (exstipulate ?), leaflets 7-9 oblong or oblanceolate-oblong shortly and obtusely acuminate glabrous with 11-17 pairs prominent looping lateral nerves beneath, panicles elongate flexuose with alternate lateral branches, pedicels slender articulated equalling or exceeding the flower, calyx trifid, petals very narrowly imbricate glabrous, drupe ellipsoidal with thin bony 1-celled stone. Malacca, Maingay. Leaflets 1/4-3/4 ft. by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., upper usually larger, lower third of rachis terete naked, usually loosely setose-hirsute towards the base. Panicle elongate, 1-2 ft., with sparse patent setse, ultimate divisions often red- or rusty-tomentose. Calyx trifid, lobes obtuse triangular. Petals ovate, obtuse. (Stamens 6, inserted below the margin of thin fleshy disk, Maingay.) Fruit about 1 1/2 by 1 in., ellipsoidal, 1-celled by abortion (rose-coloured ; cotyledons digitate, Maingay). **** Stamens inserted outside margin of disk. Buds small, globose. Endocarp thin. 15. C. rubiginosum, A. W. Benn.; leaves exstipulate?, leaflets 5-7 oblong-elliptical shortly and obtusely acuminate glabrous above thinly pubescent at length glabrate beneath with 10-13 pairs prominent lateral nerves incurved and nearly looping at the margin, male buds globose, calyx entire, stamens 6, fruit ellipsoidal thinly drupaceous, stone crustaceous 1-seeded. Malacca, Maingay. Extremities tawny hirsute-tomentose glabrescent. Leaves 1/2-1 ft. ; leaflets 4-6 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in.; petiolude 1/3-1/2 in. Panicle terminal; of male fl. pyramidal, with sparse divergent branches simple below; pedicel equalling and dilated into short calyx. Petals deltoid, valvate, externally tawny-tomentose. Fruit 1 by 1/2 in. (bright yellow; cotyledons bright green, cleft on either side to the base into 5 linear segments, contortuplicate ; radicle long, ascending, Maingay). 16. C. Kadondon, A. W. Benn..; extremities early glabrous (leaves exstipulate?), leaflets 7-9 elliptic-lanceolate obtusely acuminate entire glabrous or nearly so with 6-9 pairs subprominent incurved lateral nerves, petiolules slender, flowers hermaphrodite, calyx broadly 3- (4-) lobed, stamens 6, stigma in bud subsessile. Malacca, Maingay. Leaves 1/2-1 ft.; rachis terete, nearly glabrous, lower 1/3-1/2 naked ; leaflets 2 1/2-4 by 1-1 1/2 in., drying purplish brown ; petiolule 4 in. Panicle corymbose, thinly tomentose, page 536 pedicels not exceeding the flower. Petals valvate. Ovary glabrous. Fruit unknown.***** Stamens inserted around and upon ovary-rudiment. Buds ellipsoidal 1/4-1/3 in. 17. C. parvifolium, A. W. Benn. ; wholly glabrous or nearly so, leaflets 7 oblong lanceolate or elliptic acuminate, midrib prominent beneath, lateral nerves faint, panicle terminal, buds ellipsoidal subsessile on pedicels not exceeding cupuliform subentire calyx, petals imbricate, stamens inserted around and upon the ovoid-subulate ovary-rudiment. Malacca, Maingay. Leaves of flowering branches 1/2 ft. more or less ; leaflets 2-3 1/2 by 3/4-1 1/3 in. ; petiolule 1/8-1/6 in. Buds on expansion 1/4-1/3 in. long, pubescent or glabrous. Fruit unknown. 18. C. coccineo-bracteatum, Kurz Journ. As. Soc. Beng. (1872) ii. 296; extremities softly pubescent, leaves glabrous 1-2 ft., stipules deeply divided segments rigid coarsely toothed, leaflets 7-9 shortly petiolulate oblong or ovate-oblong acuminate entire or setose-serrulate glabrous with about 10 pairs of lateral nerves and loose reticulation beneath, panicles puberulous with scarlet oblong acute bracts. South Andaman Islands, Kurz. Leaflets 5-7 in. long. Expanded flowers and fruit undescribed. 8. SANTIRIA, Blume. Balsamiferous trees. Leaves alternate, stipulate, 3-foliolate or imparipinnate, firm ; leaflets opposite, slightly oblique, entire. Flowers in axillary rarely terminal patently branched panicles ; bracts usually obsolete ; bracteoles minute. Calyx cupuliform, 3-lobed or -fid, valvate. Petals 3, valvate or subimbricate, much exceeding the calyx. Disk annular, fleshy, adnate. Stamens 6 (rarely fewer by abortion), distinct, often unequal, inserted on the margin or outside of the disk. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell ; style short, stigma capitate. Drape ellipsoidal or subglobose, more or less laterally compressed on the ventral side, 1-celled, 1-seeded, stone crustaceous or woody. Cotyledons contortuplicate. - Distrib. Malayan Archipelago. Species probably 25. Sect. I. Icicopsis. Anthers adnate. 1. S. Planchonii, A. W. Benn.; leaflets 11 glabrous on both surfaces ovate-oblong elliptic or oblong obtusely acuminate or shortly caudate-acuminate, base obliquely rounded, nervation inconspicuous above, lateral nerves weak often bifurcating before reaching the margin, panicle with numerous canescent lax slender ascending branches, bracts obsolete, pedicels shorter than the flowers, calyx-segments deltoid acute, stamens shorter than the petals. Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. Tree ; branchlets with pale-brown or ashy-grey somewhat striate bark, youngest palely pubescent. Leaves of flowering-shoots 8-12 m. ; petiole 2-3 in., slightly flattened above, glabrescent ; leaflets 3-4 1/2 by 1 1/4-1 3/4 in., glaucescent beneath, petiolule 1/4-1/3 in. Panicle 2-6 in., pedicels less than 1/12 in. Flowers with several minute very caducous bracteoles immediately beneath the glabrescent calyx. Stamens with broad striate filaments inserted just beneath the margin of the disk, spathulate above and with the anther-cells attached on their inner face. Drupe 1/3 in. long, ellipsoidal, somewhat laterally page 537 compressed on the ventral, gibbous on the dorsal side, purple, covered with pale bloom ; style very oblique, but not basilar, as stated by Benth. and Hook. f. in Gen. PI. i. 325.Sect. II. Santiria proper. Anthers dorsifixed. * Panicle branched from base, or nearly so. 2. S. costata, A. W. Benn. ; leaflets 7 glabrous above pubescent beneath elliptic-oblong shortly obtusely caudate-acuminate, base obliquely acute, midrib prominent above pale, lateral nerves about 9 pairs inconspicuous above and very prominent beneath divaricate curving towards the margin, panicle pyramidal ferruginously pubescent, branches divaricating subtended by lanceolate obtuse bracts, pedicels as long as the flowers, calyx ultimately truncate-dentate, stamens about equalling the petals. Malacca, Maingay. Tree ; branchlets with pale ashy-grey bark ; youngest branchlets, petioles and petiolules ochraceously pubescent. Leaves of flowering shoots 6-8 in., petiole 1 in. flat above ; leaflets 3 1/2-6 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., petiolule 1/3-1/2 in., transversely rugose, thickened at both ends. Panicle 3 in. long (occasionally with a peduncle 1/3-1/2 in ). Flowers in fascicles of about 4 on lateral branches of panicle, surrounded by several minute bracteoles ; pedicels 1/6 in. Calyx glabrescent. Stamens with slender filaments inserted beneath the margin of the disk. Fruit unknown. 3. S. apiculata, A. W. Benn. ; leaves trifoliolate glabrous on both sides elliptic or elliptic-oblong shortly obtusely caudate-acuminate, base acute, midrib prominent above, lateral nerves weak bifurcating before reaching the margin, panicle narrowly pyramidal, glabrous branches ascending, bracts obsolete, pedicels twice as long as the flowers, calyx-segments deltoid acute, stamens shorter than petals, style completely basal in fruit. Malacca, Maingay. Tree ; branchlets with pale ashy-grey bark. Leaves of flowering-shoots, 6-8 in., petiole 2 in., striate, flat above ; leaflets 2 1/2-4 by 1 1/4-2 in. broad, petiolule 1/2-3/4 in., jointed at the apex. Panicle 1/2-3 in. long (occasionally with a peduncle 1/2 in.) pedicels 1/6 in. Bracteoles minute. Stamens with slender filaments inserted beneath the margin of the disk, about equalling the capitate stigma. Drupe 1/3 in. long, ovoid, the obtuse protuberance bearing the style completely basal, giving the drupe the appearance of an anatropous ovule ; stone thin, fragile ; fruit-pedicel 1/4 in. 4. S. puberula, A. W. Benn.; leaflets 7-9 glabrous above minutely pubescent beneath elliptic-oblong shortly acuminate, base obliquely rounded, midrib and lateral nerves inconspicuous above, lateral nerves about 8 pairs prominent below curving towards the margin, panicle pyramidal lax few-flowered canescent, scurfy branches patent dividing only at the apex, bracts obsolete, pedicels as long as the flowers, calyx ultimately truncate-dentate, stamens rather shorter than petals. Malacca, Maingay. Tree ; branchlets with brown striate bark when young, as well as petioles and petiolules clothed with minute canescence. Leaves of flowering-shoots 6-8 in. ; petioles 1 1/2-2 in., flat above ; leaflets 3-4 1/2 by 1 1/4-2 in., petiolule 1/4 in., transversely rugose, slightly thickened at the apex. Panicle 2 1/2-4: in. long; pedicels 1/12 in. long. Bracteoles minute. Calyx minutely pubescent. Stamens with slender filaments inserted beneath the margin of the disk. Fruit unknown. 5. S. conferta, A. W. Benn. ; leaflets 13 firm glabrous and finely reticulate above clothed with minute rusty pubescence beneath more or less broadly lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate taper-pointed, base obliquely page 538 rounded, lateral nerves about 10 pairs curved and weak towards margin, Panicle pyramidal rather compact ferruginously-pubescent divaricately ranched, bracts obsolete, pedicels shorter than the flowers, calyx ultimately truncate-dentate, stamens shorter than petals.Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. Tree ; branchlets with pale-brown irregularly striate bark when young, as well as petioles and petiolules clothed with ferruginous pubescence. Leaves of flowering-shoots 12-18 in. ; petiole 4-5 in., closely striate below, shallowly channelled above, petiolule 1/3-2/3 in. (slightly transversely rugose and thickened at either extremity. Panicle 3-4 in., pedicels 1/25 in. Bracteoles minute, obtuse. Calyx pubescent. Stamens inserted beneath the margin of the disk. Drupe as in S. apiculata, but a more reddish purple when dry. ** Panicle pedunculate. 6. S. laevigata, Blume Mus. Bot. i. 211 ; leaflets 7-15 ghibrous on both surfaces elliptic-lanceolate elliptic or oblong acuminate, base acute or rounded, midrib prominent above, lateral nerves 12-18 pairs more or less divaricating, panicle shorter than leaves pyramidally branched, peduncle and branches minutely puberulous, bracts obsolete, pedicels as long as the flowers, calyx at length truncate-dentate, stamens about equalling petals, style nearly basal in fruit. Canarium laevigatum, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. vol. i. pt. 2, 648. Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. - Distrib. Sumatra. A large tree ; branchlets striate, with decurrent angles from the bases of the leaves and ashy-brown bark with minute white warts. Leaves of flowering shoots 10-18 in. ; petiole 2-4 in., striate and channelled above; leaflets 4-7 by 1 1/2-2 in., petiolule 1/4-1/2 in. Panicle 6-9 in., peduncle 2 1/2-4 in., pedicels about 1/12 in. Bracteoles minute. Calyx minutely hispid, ultimately almost transversely truncate. Stamens witli filaments dilated at the base, inserted just below the outer margin of the disk. Drupe subglobose, 1/2 in. diam. - Blume has figured the stamens incorrectly as inserted at the base of the disk, as is proved by the examination of an authentic specimen. 7. S. multiflora, A. W. Benn. ; leaflets about 7 glabrous above except the prominent tomentose midrib ferruginously pubescent beneath elliptic-oblong shortly acuminate, base obliquely rounded, lateral nerves about 15-18 pairs, panicle shorter than leaves pyramidally branched, peduncle and branches ochraceously pubescent, bracts caducous, pedicels as long as the flowers, calyx at length truncate-dentate, stamens about equalling the petals, style subterminal in fruit. Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. Tree ; young branchlets, pedicels and inflorescence ochraceously pubescent. Leaves of flowering shoots 6-12 in.; petiole 2-4 in., striate and flat above; leaflets 4-6 by 1 1/2-2 1/4 in., petiolule 1/4-1/2 in. Panicle 4-6 in., peduncle 3/4-1 1/2 in., pedicels 1/12 in. Bracteoles minute. Calyx minutely hispid. Petals covered with a glaucous bloom. Stamens with filaments slightly dilated at the base, inserted just below the outer margin of the disk. Drupe 1/2 in. long, globosely cylindric, reticulate and pruinose when dry ; stone woody ; fruit-pedicel 1/6 in. long, stout. - This agrees in everything except the small number of leaflets with S. tomentosa, Bl., which occurs in Sumatra, and with which it may eventually prove identical. 8. S. Maingayi, A. W. Benn. ; leaflets 7-9 glabrous on both sides oblong-lanceolate shortly acuminate, base acute, lateral nerves about 10 curving towards the margin, panicle shorter than the leaves cymosely dichotomously branched, peduncle and branches minutely puberulous finally glabrescent, bracts obsolete, pedicels rather longer than the flowers, calyx-teeth deltoid obtuse, stamens shorter than the petals. page 539 Malacca, Maingay. Tree ; branchlets smooth, striate, pale brown. Leaves of flowering shoots 10-22 in, ; petiole 3-6 in., striate and flat above; leaflets 5-6 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., petiolule 1/3-2/3 in. thickened at the apex. Panicle 10-12 in., peduncle 4 in., pedicels 1/12 in. Bracteoles very minute. Calyx and petals minutely puberulous and rather fleshy. Stamens inserted below the margin of the crenate disk. Fruit unknown. 9. S. fasciculata, A. W. Benn. ; leaflets 7 glabrous on both surfaces elliptic or elliptic-oblong shortly obtusely cordate-acuminate, base acute,midrib prorninent above, lateral nerves about 8 depressed above prominent below divaricate curving towards the margin, panicle exceedmg the leaves with long slender filiform puberulous branches bearing small distant fascicles of minute flowers, bracts obsolete, calyx-lobes ovate acute, stamens shorter than the petals. Malacca, Maingay. Tree ; branchlets smooth with ashy-brown bark. Leaves of flowering shoots about 1 ft ; petiole 2 in., with 2 lateral edges, scarcely flattened above, leaflets 4-5 in., 1 1/2-2 1/2 in. broad, petiolule about 1 in. transversely rugose thickened at either end. Panicle rather longer than leaves, peduncle 3-4 in. long, pedicels twice as long or shorter than flowers. Bracteoles obsolete. Flowers about 1/25 in. long. Calyx minutely hispid. Stamens inserted on the outer margin of the disk. Fruit unknown. - This appears to agree very closely with the description of S. virgata, Bl., except that the leaves have the midrib tomentose beneath. 9. TRIGONOCHLAMYS, Hook. f. A tree with pustulate tomentose-pubescent branches. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate with opposite petiolulate leaflets. Flowers polygamous. Calyx large, 3-partite, valvate, persistent. Petals 3, valvate, about equalling calyx. Disk annular. Stamens 6, inserted in the margin of the disk ; filaments very short. Ovary 3-celled, nearly globose ; style straight, short, stigma 3-lobed ; ovules 2 in each cell, axile. Drupe obliquely globose, 1-celled. 1-seeded. 1. T. Griffithii, Hook. f. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 170, t. xxvii. ; leaflets about 13-15 elliptic-acuminate rather coriaceous with a very prominent midrib, panicle axillary, shorter than the leaves, flowers rufous-tomentose with 2 spathulate bracts at base of the pedicel, drupe glabrous about the size of a cherry. Malacca, Griffith. 10. FILICIUM, Thwaites. A lofty tree with angular often scaly branches. Leaves imparipinnate, with opposite sessile leaflets and broadly-winged rachis. Flowers polygamous. Calyx 5-partite, imbricate, deciduous. Petals 5, small, imbricate. Disk 5-lobed, tomentose. Stamens 5, inserted within the disk, equal ; filaments subulate, free. Ovary globose, 2-celled ; style bent, stigma simple or 2-lobed; ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous. Drupe fleshy, usually 1-celled, 1-seeded. 1. F. decipiens, Thwaites Enum. 408; leaflets about 15 narrowly elliptical quite glabrous -sometimes glaucous, wing of rachis spathulate between each pair of leaflets, drupe about the size of a large pea nearly globose glabrous. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. i. t. 129. Pteridophyllum decipiens, page 540 Thwaites, 1. c, 59, and in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 66, t. i. B, Rhus decipiens, W. & A. Prodr. 172 ; Wight III. i. 184, t. 75. - Burm. FI. Zeyl. t. 45.Western Peninsula ; throughout the Western Ghats ascending to 4-5000 ft., Beddome; Ceylon, in the central province, ascending to 3000 ft., Thwaites. Order XXXVII. MELIACEAE. (By W. P. Hiern, M.A.) Trees or shrubs. Leaves alteniate, exstipulate, usually pinnate rarely simple or bipinnate ; leaflets opposite or alternate, usually quite entire and more or less oblique at base. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamo-dioecious, regular, usually in axillary panicles. Calyx 3-6-lobed rarely entire or with free sepals, usually imbricated in bud. Petals 3-6, free or rarely connate at the base, sometimes adhering to the lower half of the staminal tube, valvate imbricated or contorted. Stamens 4-12, inserted outside the base of the hypogynous disk, filaments connate in a tube or rarely free ; anthers erect, usually sessile on the tube, included or exserted, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscing. Hypogynous disk tubular annular or obsolete, free or connate with the ovary. Ovary usually free, 2-5-celled ; style single, stigma disciform or capitate ; ovules 2, rarely more, collateral or superposed, raphe ventral, micropyle superior. Fruit capsular drupaceous or baccate. Seeds exalbuminous or sometimes with fleshy albumen, often enclosed in an aril. - DISTRIB. About 300 species, mostly tropical, widely spread over both hemispheres. Miquel enumerates 113 species as occurring in the Indian Archipelago. Swietenia Mahagoni, Linn. (Mahogany) has heen successfully cultivated near Calcutta and in Sikkim (Brandis For. Flor. 70) ; it is a native of the West Indies and Central Africa. In the development of the flower of this Order the staminal-tube and the style are late in completing their growth. Heynichia malleoides, Kth. Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. 1844 Coll. adnot. 8, supposed to have come from East India, is a species of Moschoxylum, near M. elegans, A. Juss., and probably came from South Amenca. Tribe I. Melieae. Leaflets often toothed. Stamens united into a tube. Cells of ovary 1-2-ovuled. Seeds not winged, albumen thin fleshy ; cotyledons thin, foliaceous.
Tribe II. Trlchilieae. Leaflets entire. Stamens united into a tube (free in one species of Walsura). Cells of ovary 1-2-ovuled (2-5-ovuled in Carapa). Seeds not winged, albumen 0; cotyledons thick.
page 541
Tribe III. Swietenieae. Stamens united into a tube. Cells of ovary with numerous ovules. Seeds not winged.
Tribe IV. Cedreleae. Stamens distinct. Cells of ovary 8-12-ovuled.
1. TURRAEA, Linn. Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, quite entire or obtusely lobed. Peduncles axillary, with numerous small bracts at base, bearing elongated white or yellow flowers. Calyx campanulate, 5-4-fid. Petals 5-4, elongated, spathulate, imbricated in bud, free, diverging in full flower. Staminal-tube elongated, toothed at the apex; anthers 10 or 8, short, inserted just within the mouth, alternating with the teeth. Disk annular or obsolete. Ovary 5- or more-celled ; cells opposite the calyx-lobes when equal in number to them, with 2 superposed ovules ; style elongated, exserted, stigma capitate. Capsule 4- or more-celled, loculicidal ; valves woody or coriaceous, separating from the winged axis. Seeds with a broad ventral hilum, albumen fleshy ; embryo foliaceous. - Distrib. A genus of 12-16 species, confined to tropical Asia, and tropical and South Africa. 1. T. virens, Linn. Mant. Plant. alt. 237 ; glabrate, shining, leaves elliptic-oblong subacuminate emarginate coriaceous, base obtuse, flowers yellow, style just exserted, capsule hairy. Sm. Pl. Ic. t. 10 ; not of Hellenius ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 31 ; Benn. Pl. Jav. Rar. 181; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 36. Western Peninsula; amongst lava heaps, Koenig; common on the Ghats, Dalz. & Gibs. An evergreen shrub, 3-4 ft. high, or a tree. Leaves 2 1/2-3 5/8 by 1-1 3/8 in., shortly petioled, margins slightly revolute, paler beneath. Flowers 1-1 1/4 in. long, in axillary page 542 or lateral clusters, shortly peduncled. Calyx shortly 5-fid, hairy. Staminal-tube about 1 in. long, with 10 lanceolate teeth. Ovary 5-celled. Capsule 1/6 in. long, hairy. Seeds not winged.2. T. villosa, Benn. Pl. Jav. Rar. 182; more or less pubescent with short hairs, leaves elliptic or ovate shortly acuminate thin, base obtuse or cuneate, flowers white, style far exserted, capsule glabrate. Wight Ic. t. 1593. Euonymus (sp.) Beddome Flor. Sylv. Anal. Gen. lxiv. Western Peninsula ; on the Anamallay and Mahableshwur hills ; Guzerat, at Dolra, Hove in Hh. Banks. A large shrub or small tree. Leaves in flower usually about 1 1/2 in., in fruit 2-4 in. and sometimes glabrate, entire, shortly petioled. Flowers sweet-scented, 1-1 1/2 in. long, in axillary clusters or short racemes, 3-6 together, about double the length of the peduncles. Calyx short, pubesceut. Staminal-tube 2/3-1 in. long, glabrous as well as the petals ; teeth very short. Ovary 5-celled. Capsule subglobose, about 1/2 in. long. Seeds not winged. 2. NAREGAMIA, W. & A. A small glabrous and shining undershrub. Leaves trifoliolate. Peduncles axillary, solitary, 1-flowered. Calyx small, campanulate, 5-cleft, deciduous. Petals 5, free, elongate-spathulate, imbricated in bud, at length spreading above. Staminal-tube elongated, inflated above, obsoletely 10-crenate at the mouth; anthers 10, terminal, shortly oblong, inserted at the crenatures of the mouth, exserted, setaceous-apiculate. Disk annular. Ovary 3-celled, ovules 2 collateral in each cell, pendulous ; style filiform, stigma capitate. Capsule ovoid-globose, 3-lobed, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved; valves separating from the 3-winged axis. Seeds 2 in each cell, albumen fleshy ; embryo foliaceous. - DISTRIB. One Indian species, represented in Angola, West Tropical Africa by a shortly hairy form scarcely likely to prove specifically distinct. 1. N. alata, W. & A. Prodr. i. 117; leaflets sessile cuneate-obovate quite entire or obtusely lobed, common petioles winged. Wall. Cat. 9038 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 30 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 36 ; Drury Ind. Fl. i. 161 ; Wight Ic. t. 90. N. dentata, Miq. in Pl. Hohenack. No. 79. Turraea alata, Wight ex W. & A. l.c. - Rheede Hort. Mal. x. t. 22. Western Peninsula; or the Western Ghats from the Concan southwards. - Distrib. Angola (a pubescent form). Branches erect or decumbent, from a few inches to 2 ft. long. Leaves 1-4 in. long; terminal leaflets rather larger than the lateral ones and about the; length of the common petiole. Flowers 1-1 1/4 in. long, quite white, longer than the peduncles. Style yellow. 3. MUNRONIA, Wight. Shrubs or undershrubs with trifoliolate or unequally pinnate leaves, entire or coarsely toothed leaflets, elongated flowers, and axillary few-flowered peduncles. Calyx 5-partite, short at least in flower, persistent, subfoliaceous. Petals 5, elongate-spathulate, cohering half way. Staminal-tube adnate below to the corolla, cylindrical, 10-toothed at the apex ; anthers 10, terminal, alternating with the teeth, setaceous-apiculate. Disk membranous, tubular, sheathing the ovary and base of the style. Ovary 5-celled ; cells opposite the sepals, 2-ovuled ; style elongated, slender, stigma capitate ; ovules superposed. Capsule depressed-globose, 5-lobed, coriaceous, loculicidally 5-valved; valves separating from the 5-winged axis. page 543 Seeds winged, albumen thin. - Distrib. Three species confined to India and the Malay Archipelago.1. M. pumila, Wight Ic. t. 91 ; III. i. 147 ; leaflets 3 rarely 4-5 elliptic-lanceolate terminal one longer, peduncles axillary few-flowered crowded near the top of the short stem. Thwaites Enum, 59. Melia pumila, Moon Cat. 35. Ceylon ; not uncommon in the warmer parts of the Island. More or less hirsute, 3-6 in. above the ground ; leaves about as long ; petiole scarcely half as long; lateral leaflets subsessile ; terminal one 1 1/2-3 1/2 in. long. Flowers 1 1/4-1 1/2 in. long, white, somewhat hairy outside. Peduncles short, bracteate. Staminal-tube with subulate teeth. Fruit 3/8 in. diam., hairy. - Much valued in India as a medicinal plant. 2. M. Wallichii, Wight III. i. 147 ; leaflets 5-9 usually 7 opposite or subopposite lanceolate or ovate lateral ones very shortly petioled, base obliquely rounded or rarely cuneate, peduncles axillary bearing a few fascicled flowers crowded at the top of the stem. Turraea pinnata, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. ii. 21, t. 119. M. neilgherrica, Wight III. i. 147, t. 54. Eastern Tropical Himalaya, in Sikkim. Khasia Mts. Nilghiri Mts. at Koondah Ghat. A shrub. Leaves approximated at the ends of the branches, 6-12 in. ; leaflets 1-5 in. by 2/3-1 1/2 in. ; petiole 2-4 in. Flowers 1-1 1/4 in. long, pale rose or white, hairy outside. Peduncles 1 in. long, hairy, bent downwards after flowering, bracteate. Staminal-tube with short subulate teeth. Fruit 1/2-3/4 in. diam., hairy. 4. MELIA, Linn. Trees with pinnate or 2-3-pinnate leaves, toothed or entire leaflets and panicled axillary flowers ; pubescence often stellate-mealy. Calyx short, 5-6-lobed, imbricated. Petals 5-6, free, spathulate-oblong, patent, imbricated in bud. Staminal-tube cylindrical, dilated at base and apex, 10- or 12-striate and -toothed ; anthers 10 or 12, included or partly exserted, short, inserted near apex. Disk annular. Ovary 3-6-celled ; cells alternate to the sepals when equal in number to them ; style slender, nearly as long as the tube, stigma capitate ; ovules 2, superposed. Fruit drupaceous. Seeds with thin fleshy albumen ; cotyledons foliaceous. - Distrib. A genus containing scarcely more than the following five species. Melia latifolia in Griff. Itin. Notes, p. 402. is a misprint for Melica latifolia, Roxb. * Leaves simply pinnate. 1. M. tomentosa, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 90, Fl. Ind. ii. 394; leaves simply pinnate, leaflets subsessile, 20 or more opposite lanceolate acuminate needle-pointed firmly coriaceous base obtuse, panicles spike-like on long peduncles, flowers 5-merous, teeth of staminal tube linear-oblong notched about equalling the anthers, ovary 5-celled. Penang, Roxburgh. A large tree, with the young parts petioles lower surface of leaflets bracts calyx exterior of petals interior of staminal-tube ovary and style downy. Leaves 6 ft. or more Iong continuing to expand leaflets at the apex ; leaflets ranging up to 1 ft. Flowers pretty large, very numerous, crowded. Bracts subulate. Calyx cup-shaped, subentire. Young fruit 5-celled, with 1. seed in each cell. - There is a coloured drawing of this plant amongst Roxburgh's drawings in the Kew Herbarium, but no specimen. page 544 2. M. excelsa, Jack in Mal. Misc. i. 12; leaves simply pinnate, leaflets numerous (19) subopposite or alternate ovate-oblong rather obtusely acuminate quite entire glabrous, base very oblique subauriculate, panicle ascending about equalling the leaves, flowers 5-merous, calyx short with rounded sepals, petals puberulent outside, staminal tube 10-furrowed obtusely 10-20-toothed, anthers 10 somewhat exserted, style rather thickly filiform, ovary 3-celled. Griff. Notul. iv. 499 ; Hook. Bot. Misc. i. 281 ; Wall. Cat. 1253, b non B. Penang, Jack, Wallich ; Mergui, Griffith (cult. ?) A lofty tree of 50 ft. Leaves crowded at the ends of the branches, 2-2 1/2 ft. ; petiole terete, thickened and somewhat scaly at base; leaflets 3-6 by 1 1/4-2 in., petiolules 1/8-1/6 in. Pedicels short, bracteolate. Flowers white, 1/6-1/5 in. long. Staminal-tube glabrous outside. Ovary glabrous. 3. M. Azadirachta, Linn. Sp. PI. ed. i. 385 ; leaves simply pinnate, leaflets 9-15 opposite subopposite or alternate lanceolate acuminate oblique or subfalcate serrate glabrous shortly petioluled sometimes sublobed near the obtuse base, flowers 5-merous, calyx 5-fid with obtuse or rounded lobes, petals shortly ciliate, anthers nearly equalling the obtuse teeth of the staminal tube, ovary 3-celled, fruit 1-celled 1-seeded. Roxb. Hort. Beng. 33 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 394 ; Griff. Notul. iv. 500 ; Wall. Cat. 1251 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylvat. t. 14 ; scarcely of Gaertner. M. parviflora, Moon Cat. 35. M. indica, Brandis For. Flor. 67. Azadirachta indica, Adr. Juss. in Mem. Mus. xix. 221, t. 13, f. 5; W. & A. Prodr. I 118 ; Wight Ic. t. 17 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 30 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 36. - Rheede Hort. Mal. iv. t. 62. A common tree throughout the greater part of India, often planted, as elsewhere in hot climates. A large tree of 40-50 ft., with a straight trunk. Leaves 8-15 in., crowded near the ends of the branches; leaflets 1-3 by 1/2-1 1/2 in. Flowers white, honey-scented, 1/6-1/5 in. long. Drupe oblong, 1/2-1/3 in. long. - The "Neem" the seeds supply oil: see Buchanan, Journ. Madr. 9 ; a gum is also said to exude from the tree, Buch. I.c. 188. The wood resembles Mahogany, and the bark is very bitter. ** Leaves twice or three times pinnate. 4. M. Azedarach, Linn. Sp. PI. ed. i. 384; leaves bipinnate occasionally tripinnate, ultimate leaflets 3-12 opposite subopposite or alternate, ovate or lanceolate serrate or entire acuminate, base more or less oblique, flowers usually 5-merous, calyx deeply lobed lobes lanceolate-oblong, petals puberulent, anthers nearly equalling the linear-lanceolate teeth of the purple quite or nearly glabrous staminal tube, ovary 5-celled, fruit with 5 or fewer cells and seeds. Roxb. Hort. Beng. 33; Fl. Ind. ii. 395, Wight Ic. t. 160 ; Wall. Cat. 1250 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 954 : W. & A.Prodr. i. 117 ; Adr. Juss. in Mem. Mus. xix. t. 13, f. 4; Bot. Mag. t. 1066; Bedd. Fl. Sylvat. t. 13 ; Brandis For. Flor. 68. M. sempervirens, Sw. Prodr. 67 ; Bot. Reg. t. 643 ; Roxb. Hort. Beng. 33, Fl. Ind. ii. 395 ; Wall. Cat. 1252 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. Suppl. 15. M. Bukayun, Royle lll. Bot. 144 ; Griff. Itin. Notes 355, 403. Commonly cultivated in India; wild in the sub-Himalayan tract, alt. 2-3000 ft. - DISTRIB. Persia, China, (Roxb.) - Cult. elsewhere. A tree from 40 ft. downwards with a short erect trunk and broad crown. Leaves 9-18 in. ; leaflets 1/2-3 by 1/6-1 1/4 in. Flowers lilac, 1/4-1/3 in. long, honey-scented. Drupe subglobose, 1/2-3/4 in. diam. - Numerous synonyms not being Indian are omitted. Wood hard finely marked ; the seeds are used to make rosaries. page 545 5. M. dubia, Cav. Diss. (vii.) 364(1789); leaves bipinnate or occasionally tripinnate, ultimate leaflets 2-11 opposite ovate or oblong-lanceolate entire or crenate-serrate acuminate, base more or less oblique, panicles mealy with stellate hairs rather dense, calyx-lobes ovate, petals mealy, anthers exceeding the numerous short subulate teeth of the hairy mouth of the white staminal tube, ovary 5-celled, fruit with 5 or fewer cells and seeds. M. composita, Willd. Sp. PL ii. 559 (1799), not of De Candolle ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 117 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 36; Thwaites Enum. 59; Bedd. Fl. Sylvat. t, 12 ; Brandis For. Flor. 69. M. superba, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 33 ; Fl Ind. ii. 396 ; Wall. Cat. 1254. M. robusta, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 33 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 397. M. australasica, Adr. Juss. in Mem. Mus. xix. 257. M. aethiopica, Welw. Apontam. Phyto-geogr. Prov. Angola, 584. M. Bombolo, Welw. l.c. 561. M. argentea, Hb. Ham. ex Wall. Cat. 1254, C. The Eastern and Western Peninsulas ; Birma and Ceylon; wild and cultivated. - DISTRIB. Tropical Asia, Australia, and Angola. A large handsome tree. Leaves 9-24 in.; leaflets 3/4-3 by 1/4-1 1/2 in. Flowers greenish-white, fragrant, 1/4-1/3 in. long. Drupe ellipsoidal, 1/2 in. or more long. - By the kindness of Dr. Keeper, Professor of Botany at the University of Rostock, I have been enabled to examine the original specimen of M. dubia, Cav., and to ascertain its identity with M. composita, Willd. 5. CIPADESSA, Blume. (Mallea, Juss.). Shrubs or small trees with odd-pinnate leaves, opposite or subopposite coarsely serrate or entire leaflets, axillary peduncled panicles and subglobose flowers. Calyx small, cup-shaped, 5-toothed. Petals 5, oblong, rather short, spreading, free, valvate in bud. Staminal tube deeply 10-lobed, adnate below to the disk, lobes linear, bifid at the apex ; anthers short, inserted between the teeth, subapiculate. Disk shortly cup-shaped, wholly adnate to the base of the staminal tube. Ovary 5-celled ; cells alternate with the calyx-lobes : style rather short, stigma clavate-capitate ; ovules two, collateral, pendulous. Drupe slightly fleshy, 5-ribbed, 5-celled ; ribs alternate with the calyx-lobes ; cells 1-2-seeded. Seeds with fleshy albumen ; embryo subfoliaceous. - Distrib. A genus of 2 species, limited to India and the Malay Archipelago. 1. C. fruticosa, Blume Bijd. 162 ; leaflets 7-11 ovate or elliptic entire coursely serrate pubescent on the nerves beneath, ovary glabrous. C. baccifera, Miq. in Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. iv. 6. C. ? subscandens, Miq. I.c. 7. Melia baccifera. Roth Nov. Sp. 215. Ekebergia indica, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 33; Fl. Ind. ii. 392; Wall. Cat. 1256. E. ? integerrima. Wall. Cat. 1257 . Mallea Rothii, Adr. Juss. in Mem. Mus. xix. 222, t. 13, f. 6 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 118 ; Grah. Cat.Bomb. PI. 31; Thwaites Enum. 60 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 37 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. liv. t. 8, f. 5. M. integerrima, Wall, ex Voigt Hort. Sub. Calc. 134. M. subscandens, Teysm. & Binnend. in Nat. Tidjdschr. Ned. Ind. xxvii. 39. Melia montana, Hb. Madr. ex Wall. Cat. 1256, D. WESTERN PENINSULA ; from the Concan and Gircars southwards to Ceylon. - Distrib. Java. A much branched shrub, erect or in dense moist forests somewhat scandent. Leaves 8-10 in.; leaflets 1-3 1/2 by 1/2-1 1/2 in., shortly petiolulate. Flowers 1/8-1/6 in. long; panicles mostly on long peduncles. Fruit 1/5-1/4 in. diam. page 546 6. DYSOXYLUM, Blume. Trees, mostly glabrous. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets quite entire, opposite subopposite or alternate, more or less acuminate at the apex and oblique at the base, coriaceous. Flowers paniculate, hermaphrodite. Calyx 4-5-fid, dentate or partite or subentire, imbricated, caducous. Petals 4-5, oblong, spreading, valvate or slightly imbricated. Staminal tube cylindrical, dentate or crenulate at mouth ; anthers short, 6, 8 or 10, included or half exserted. Disk tubular, equalling or twice the length of the ovary, crenulate or entire at the mouth. Ovary usually 3-4-celled ; style about equalling the staminal tube ; ovules usually 2 in each celL Capsule globose or pear-shaped, coriaceous (often thickly so), 1-4-celled, loculicidal ; seeds arillate or exarillate, exalbuminous. - Distrib. Species about 40, many in the Malay Archipelago, and a few in Australia and New Zealand. The Indian species appear to be endemic. Many species emit an alliaceous odour. Sect. I Calyx cup-shaped, subentire, about half the length of the flower. 1. D. binectariferum, Hook.f. ex Bedd. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxv. 212 ; pallid, leaflets 5-9 alternate elliptic acuminate glabrous, panicles nearly glabrous much shorter than the leaves, pedicels shorter than the 4-merous obsoletely tomentose flowers, calyx thick urceolate-cupshaped subentire, petals valvate except the apex, disk glabrous inside scarcely so outside twice as long as the 4-celled shortly hairy ovary, style very shortly hairy, fruit obovoid somewhat pyriform or subglobose nearly glabrate or puberulous. Guarea binectarifera, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 28 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 240; Wall. Cat. 1260; Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 31. D. macrocarpum, Thwaites Enum. 60; Beddome Fl. Sylv. t. 150; Anal. Gen. liv. ; not of Blume. G. Gotadhora, Buch. Ham. in Edinb. Mem. Wern. Soc. vi. 307 ; Wall. Cat. 4884, excl. lett. B. Epicharis exarillata, Arn. ex W. & A. Prodr. i. 120, not of Nimmo. ? G. Amaris, Hamilt. I.c. 308. Khasia Mts. and Assam ; Western Peninsula from the Concan southwards ; Ceylon (? Sikkim Himalaya and S. Andaman Islds.). A tree 30 ft. high or more. Leaves 9-18 in.; leaflets 2 1/2-7 by 1-3 in. ; petiolules 1/8-3/8 in. Flowers 3/8 in., pale green ; calyx nearly half the length of the flower ; staminal tube somewhat mealy on both sides. Fruit 2 1/2 in. long, reddish, 4-celled, 4-seeded. Seeds polished, dark purple. - The form with smaller and narrower leaves is the var. β of Dr. Thwaites. Amoora ficiformis, Wight Illustr. Ind. Bot. i. 147, closely resembles the Ceylon specimens, and may be synonymous with this species. Sect. II. Calyx 4-5-fid or -partite or -sepalous, mostly short. * Flowers panicled. t Ovary glabrous. 2. D. brevipes, Hiern ; leaflets 5-11 opposite or alternate elliptic or ovate-oblong acuminate glabrous, ultimate pedicels shorter than the glabrous flowers, calyx small cup-shaped irregularly 4-toothed, petals (3-) 4, disk exceeding the 3-4-celled glabrous ovary, fruit pear-shaped 4-valved. Malacca, Maingay. A tree. Leaves 8-24 in. ; leaflets 3-9 by 1-2 in., sometimes obscurely pellucid-punctate ; lateral veins more or less depressed on the upper surface ; petiolules 1/6-1/2 in. Flowers 1/6-1/5 in., white, with a strong alliaceous smell ; petals distinctly but slightly imbricated at the margin ; staminal tube pilose inside ; connective obtusely apiculate ; ovary glabrous ; style glabrous, smooth, stigma discoid flattened at apex, its base surrounded page 547 by a viscid ring. Ovules 2 together, superposed. Fruit brownish-orange, 1 1/2-2 in. long ; seeds attached by a broad ovoid bile to the axis ; testa externally of a chestnut colour.tt Ovary more or less hairy. X Disk densely hairy at the mouth. 3. D. thyrsoideum, Griff, mss. sub Hartighsea ; leaflets 5-9 more or less alternate elliptic or oblong acuminate glabrous shining, panicles divaricately branched, ultimate pedicels about equalling the glabrous 4-5-merous flowers, calyx small cup-shaped or nearly flat irregularly toothed, disk hairy on both sides especially at the mouth fleshy truncate rather exceeding the 3-celled slightly hairy ovary, fruit obovoid. Malacca, Griffith (Kew distrib. 1053). A tree. Leaves 12-16 in,; leaflets 4-10 by 2-3 1/4 in.; lateral veins obscurely depressed on the upper surface; petiolule 1/4-1/3 in. Flowers 1/6 in,, white. Fruits fleshy, 2-3-lobed, umbilicate, nearly 1 in, long. Fruiting peduncles stout, woody. Style robust, stigma discoid sub-3-lobed. Seeds exarillate. 4. D. procerum, Hiern ; leaflets 7-10 alternate or opposite elliptic or oblong abruptly acuminate glabrous, branches of elongated panicle spreading, ultimate pedicels very short, bracteate near the apex, calyx shortly cup-shaped 4-5-toothed, corolla appressedly pubescent 4-5-merous, anthers 8 or 10, disk twice the length of the 3-4-celled hairy ovary hairy at the apex and inside, fruit pyriform-globose, pericarp thick, seeds arillate. Guarea procera, Wall. Cat. 1261. G. oblonga. Wall. Cat. 1262. G. Gobara, Hamilt. in Mem. Wern. Soc. vi. 306 (1832) ; Wall. Cat. 4885. Hartighsea Gobara, W. & A. ex Voigt Hort. Sub. Calc. 136. Cfr. Guarea acuminata. Wall. Cat. 1263, Cfr. G. disyphonia, Griff. Notul. iv. 503. From Assam, the Khasia Mts., and Cachar to Tenasserim. A large tree. Leaves 1-2 1/2 ft. ; leaflets 4-14 by 2-6 in.; petiolule 1/4-1/2 in. Flowers 3/8-1/2 in, ; petals valvate or very slightly imbricate ; staminal tube glabrous. Fruit 2 by 1 1/2 in., 3-4-celled. XX Disk glabrous at the mouth or nearly so. 5. D. grande, Hiern; puberulent, leaflets 12 alternate oblong caudate-acuminate base rounded, panicles about equalling leaves, flowers shortly pedicelled clustered 4-merous, calyx short, staminal tube thinly pubescent on both sides 8-toothed teeth bifid, disk shortly tubular glabrous outside rather exceeding the hairy 4-celled ovary. Guarea grandis, Wall. Cat. 4883. Eastern Bengal; at Silhet (Wall.). Leaves 2 ft. ; petiole 5 1/2 in. long; leaflets 5-9 by 2 1/2-3 in. ; petiolules 1/4 in. Flowers 1/6 in. long. 6. D. Maingayi, Hiern ; leaflets 5-7 opposite or subopposite elliptic obtusely acuminate glabrous base cuneate, panicles short not much branched, flowers about equalling the pedicels 5-merous, calyx short flattish very shortly toothed, staminal tube obtusely crenate, anthers 10, disk just exceeding the hairy 4-celled ovary. Malacca, Maingay. Leaves 6-9 in., pale ; leaflets 2 1/2-5 by 1-2 in.; lateral petiolules short, terminal 1/2 in. Panicles 1 1/2 in. long. Petals somewhat hairy outside, adnate in bud with the glabrous staminal tube, at length free, 1/4 in. long. Dish glabrous outside, hirsute inside, 5-toothed. Style glabrous except the base. - According to Dr. Maiugay's mss,, the ovary is 5-celled, each cell opposite a calyx-lobe and containing 2 collateral ovules. page 548 7. D. Hamiltonii, Hiern; shoots tawny velvety, leaflets 9-17 opposite or subopposite oblong acuminate velvety on the midrib beneath, panicles lax axillary shorter than the leaves, pedicels slender about equalling or shorter than the flowers, calyx very small 4-partite with rounded concave imbricated lobes pubescent, petals 4 glabrous, staminal tube pubescent on both sides, anthers 8, disk glabrous on both sides twice the length of the ovary, style slender pubescent below glabrous above, ovary pubescent 3-celled. Guarea mollis, Wall. mss. G. paniculata, Wall. Cat. n. 4882, not of Roxb. Epicharis mollis, Wall. ex Voigt Hort, Sub. Calc. 135. G. Alliaria, Hamilt. in Mem. Wern. Soc. vi. 305 (1832) excl. syn. Rumph. Hartighsea Alliaria, Am. ex Voigt Hort. Sub. Gale. 136. Assam and Silhet. A large tree. Leaves erect, 15-20 in. ; leaflets 4 by 1 1/5 in. ; petiolules 1/8 in. Inflorescence 6 in. long and wide ; flowers 1/4 in. long, greenish-white. 8. D. malabaricum, Bedd. mss. ; leaflets about 8 subopposite ovate or subelliptic acuminate obsoletely puberulent base cuneate shortly petioluled, panicles many-flowered puberulent, pedicels short, flowers 4-merous, calyx cleft halfway short, disk short mouth not very hairy, ovary shortly pubescent 4-celled, ovules 2 together collateral, fruit globose both ends pointed. Dysoxylum (sp.), Bedd. in Trans. Linn. Soc, xxv. 212 ; Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. p. liv. Western Peninsula ; Mountains of Kurz and Travancor, alt. 2-3000 ft., Beddome. An immense tree. Leaves pallid, 1 1/2 ft. ; leaflets 5-8 by 1 2/3-2 1/3 in. ; petioles angular, 4 1/2 in. ; petiolules 1/3 in. Flowers 1/3 in. Anthers short. Fruit 2 in. diam., verrucose, longitudinally lined, nearly glabrous, bright yellow when ripe, 3-4-seeded. Seeds bluntly 3-sided, attached by their whole inner face to the central placenta ; testa reddish-brown ; cotyledons green. - Called Porapa by the Kaders on the Anamallays. ** Flowers racemose or spicate. t Leaflets alternate. 9. D. pallens, Hiern ; leaflets 5-10 alternate oblong or elliptic narrowly acuminate glabrous, inflorescence axillary racemose, pedicels not exceeding the closely puberulent 4-merous flowers, calyx shortly cup- shaped 4-fid, anthers 8, disk glabrous on both sides coarsely toothed about equalling the hairy 3- (-2)-celled ovary, style shortly hairy below, fruit pyriform, seeds exarillate ? SIKKIM Himalaya (Herb. Griff.) ; Mishmi and Khasia Mts., Griffith. A small or moderate-sized tree; shoots pale. Leaves 9-32 in.; leaflets 3-8 by 1 1/4-3 in. ; petiolule 1/4-1/3 in. Flowers 1/3 in., greenish ; calyx 1/10-1/6 in. long ; petals valvate; staminal tube glabrous on both sides, obtusely 6-8-toothed. Fruit 1 1/3 by 1 in., slightly pubescent. 10. D. Beddomei, Hiern ; leaflets 7-9 alternate glabrous submembranous ovate- or elliptic-oblong narrowly and obtusely acuminate base oblique obtuse or cuneate, inflorescence axillary spicate somewhat branched near the base, flowers subsessile or very shortly pedicelled 4-merous puberulent, calyx very short, teeth short obtuse, staminal tube puberulent on both sides, disk glabrous exceeding, the hirsute ovary. South Travancor, Beddome. A middling-sized tree ; young parts puberulent. Leaves pale-green, 12-15 in.; leaflets 4-6 by 1 1/2 to 2 in., midrib and lateral veins pale beneath ; petiolules 1/5-1/4 in. Inflorescence 3-6 in., 1-2 in. wide. Flowers 1/3 in. long. Petals imbricated. Staminal tube shortly toothed. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules collateral. page 549 11. D. flavescens, Hiern; leaflets 9-13 alternate elliptic acuminate glabrous midrib alone conspicuous, flowers subsessile crowded in elongated axillary spikes 4-5-merous minutely hairy, calyx very short nearly flat toothed, petals very slightly imbricated pale yellow, staminal tube glabrous below slightly pilose above, disk glabrous exceeding the 4-celled shortly hairy ovary. Malacca, Maingay. Leaves 1-2 ft.; leaflets 3-5 by 1 1/4-2 in.; petiolules 1/5-1/4 in. Flowers 1/3 in.; calyx minutely spongio-pilose (Maingay mss.) ; petals minutely pilose outside, glabrous inside ; anthers black ; style very minutely and sparingly pilose, stigma discoid, surrounded at the base by a ring. Disk dull reddish-orange, entire or undulated at the mouth. Ovules 2 together, superposed. 12. D. Griffithii, Hiern; leaflets alternate about 11 oblong-lanceolate acuminate glabrous shining, racemes from the axils of fallen leaves at the lower parts of the branches short, pedicels shorter than the 4-merous nearly glabrous flowers, calyx very short nearly flat, staminal tube puberulent outside glabrous inside, disk glabrous equalling or rather exceeding the 4 (3-)-celled somewhat hairy ovary, style puberulent. Hartighsea ramiflora, Griff. Notul. iv. 501. Malacca, Griffith. Branchlets subsimple, elongated, flowering below, leafy above ; youngest parts ferruginous-scaly. Leaves 1-1 1/2 ft. ; leaflets 4 1/2-5 by 1 1/2 in.; petiolules 1/6 in. Flowers pale-yellow, quickly turning brown ; petals 1/3 in. by 1/10 in. Racemes 1 in. long. - In the axils of the lowest leaves a short raceme sometimes occurs. tt Leaflets opposite or subopposite. 13. D. cauliflorum, Hiern; pallid, leaflets about 13 opposite or subopposite elliptic or oblong obtusely and shortly acuminate glabrous chartaceous, base cuneate, spikes clustered on the trunk much shorter than the leaves tawny-pubescent, flowers crowded 4-merous, calyx obscurely 4-toothed, petals puberulent, staminal tube rather pubescent on both sides 8-lobed, lobes notched at apex, anthers 8 included short, style shaggy below not exserted, disk tubular glabrous much exceeding the ovary much shorter than the hairy style obscurely and obtusely 4-toothed, ovary 4-celled hairy "cells 1-ovuled." (Maingay.) Malacca, Maingay. A tree. Leaves 1-2 ft. ; leaflets 4-8 by 1 1/4-3 1/4 in. Shoots tawny-velutinous ; petiolules 1/6-1/2 in. or terminal one longer. Inflorescence 3-4 in. long ; flowers 1/3-3/8 in. long. Calyx 1/12-1/10 in. long. Fruit 1 in. long, nearly glabrous, 1-2-seeded, subglobose, 4-valved, deep dull red. 14. D. cuneatum, Hiern; leaflets 13 opposite or subopposite elliptic obtuse or shortly acuminate glabrous, base cuneate, inflorescence spicate shorter than the leaves, flowers 4-merous subsessile, calyx campanulate obtusely cleft halfway down shortly pubescent, petals nearly glabrous slightly imbricated, staminal tube with 8 hairy lines outside pubescent inside, disk nearly equalling the ovary glabrous outside densely hairy inside, style pilose-pubescent below, ovary densely hairy 4-celled, fruit subglobose. Malacca, Maingay; (?Sincapore, T. Anderson). A large tree. Leaves 2-2 1/2 ft.; leaflets 4-7 by 2-3 in. ; petiolules 1/4-3/8 in., somewhat tumid at base. Flowers 3/8 in. long ; calyx nearly half the length of the flower ; style robust. Fruit 1 in. long, 3-valved. - Local name "Tautoolan." According to Dr. Maingay 's ms. notes, the staminal tube is campanulate, cleft into 10 narrowly quadrate page 550 divisions slightly crenulate at the margins ; stamens 10 ; ovary 5-celled, each cell containing 1 subhorizontal ovule ; seeds with an incomplete orange arillus.7. CHISOCHETON, Blume. (Schizochiton.) Trees or shrubs. Leaves pinnate, quite entire, opposite or subopposite : leaflets more or less oblique. Panicles supra-axillary divaricately branched many-flowered, rarely axillary or flowers in spicate racemes ; flowers polygamo-dioecious. Calyx small, cup-shaped, 4-5-toothed. Petals 4-5, very rarely 6, usually linear-elongated, Long cohering in a tube especially below, at length spreading, somewhat imbricated or valvate. Staminal tube elongated, slender, tubular, 4-8-lobed at the apex, lobes entire or toothed anthers linear, equal in number to and alternnte with the lobes, included or somewhat exserted. Disk short and fleshy or tubular. Ovary short, 2-4celled ; style flliform, usually exceeding the staminal tube, stigma capitate ; ovules usually one in each cell. Capsule subglobose, thickly coriaceous, 2-4celled, loculicidally 2-4-valved. Seeds usually enclosed in an imperfect aril, hile usually suborbicular or oval ; cotyledons usually peltate. - Distrib. A genus of about 12 species confined to Eastern India and the Indian Archipelago. Sect. I. Racemes spicate. 1. C. spicatus, Hiern; leaflets 4 or 6 opposite elliptic or oblong acuminate glabrescent, base cuneate shortly petiolulate, racemes spicate axillary, calyx entire, staminal tube obtusely 5-6-toothed, anthers 5-6. Malacca, Maingay. A tree about 30 ft. high. Young parts and inflorescence pale tawny, puberulent. Leaves 8-12 in., terminating in a growing point; leatlets 2-6 by 1 1/4-2 in., but little oblique. Spikes 4-6 in., about double the length of the common peduncle ; flowers subsessile, 1/2-2/3 in. long ; bracteoles ovate, small. Petals 4. Staminal tube appressedly pubescent on both sides. Fruit (immature) attenuate at both ends, especially towards apex, obsoletely tomentose. Sect. II. Flowers panicled. * Anthers 5 or fewer. 2. C. erythrocarpus, Hiern ; leaflets 10-12 opposite elliptic or oblong obtusely cuspidate glabrate above, base obtuse, panicles about half the length of the leaves many-flowered supra-axillary, anthers 5, disk inconspicuous, fruit globose base stipitate. Malacca, Maingay. Young parts petioles petiolules and fruit tawny and shortly tomentose. Leaves terminating in growing points, about 1 ft. long or more ; leaflets 3-6 by 1 1/2-2 in, ; petiolules 1/6-1/5 in. Flowers 55/12 in. long ; pedicels short. Calyx 3-5-toothed. Petals 5, valvate. Staminal tube truncately 5-toothed at apex, pubescent on both sides, teeth centrally emarginate, truncate ; anthers 5, included. Ovary 2-?-celled; ovules solitary. Fruit bright blood-red. Seeds exarillate, 1 in. long ; testa very thick, coriaceous, bright orange ; hile 3/8-1/2 in. diam. 3. C. penduliflorus, Planch, mss. in Hb. Kew.; tawny velvety, leaflets 10-11 opposite elliptic or ovate or upper ones obovate cuspidate base rounded or subcordate except of the upper leaflets, panicles elongated supra-axillary very narrow pendulous, flowers 4-5-merous elongated, calyx toothed or entire, staminal tube appressedly pilose outside below its 3-5 lobes, sparingly pilose inside below the middle, lobes deeply emarginate, anthers 3-5 included sessile, style very slender glabrous above pilose below, disk glabrous free short cupular fleshy. Melia penduliflora. Wall. Cat. n. 1255. page 551 Malacca, Maingay ; Penang, Porter. A small tree or shrub. Leaves 1-2 ft. ; leaflets 3-9 by 1 1/6-3 in.; petiolules very short. Panicles nearly as long as the leaves. Flowers 3/4-7/8 in. long, clustered, subsessile, dull red. Young fruit fusiform-oblong, appressedly silky, 1 in. long. ** Anthers 6-8. t Flowers subsessile or on very short pedicels. X Teeth of staminal tube lanceolate. 4. C. glomeratus, Hiern ; young parts inflorescence lower surface of leaflets and midrib above hispid -pubescent tawny, leaflets 2-5-7 opposite elliptic cuspidate base rounded very shortly petiolulate, panicles supraaxillary equalling the leaves, flowers subsessile clustered, calyx obscurely toothed, petals 4 nearly glabrous, staminal tube 6-toothed teeth lanceolate entire silky inside, anthers 6 somewhat exserted, style very hairy. Schizochiton ? Wall. Cat. 9040. Penang hills, Porter. A very lofty tree, and stout in proportion. Leaves 1-1 1/2 ft., often terminating in a growing point; leaflets 4-8 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in. Flowers 1/4 in. long or more, glabrous, white. - A specimen in fruit from Malacca (Hb. Griffith, Kew distr. n. 1065), with a leaf 2 ft. long and leaflets 6-10 by 2 1/2-3 1/2 in., and fruit 1 1/3 in. long, seems to belong to this species. 5. C. fragrans, Hiern; subglabrous, leaflets 16-28 subopposite elliptic-oblong obtusely acuminate nervose shortly petiolulate, base obtuse oblique, male panicles elongated about equalling the leaves, flowers 4-merous, calyx 4-toothed or subentire, teeth of staminal tube 6-5 entire, fruiting racemes elongated pendulous equalling or shorter than the leaves, fruits subglobose somewhat pyriform pedicelled 2-celled, cells 1-2-seeded. Malacca, Griffith, Maingay 324. A lofty tree. Leaves 1 1/2 ft., dark green ; leaflets 1 1/2-4 by 3/4-1 1/4 in. ; petiolules 1/8-1/6 in. Flowering panicles 1 ft. or more long, pendulous, supra-axillary ; flowers 1/4 in. long, very fragrant, shortly pedicelled. Petals slightly imbricated above, glabrous, reflexed to the middle. Staminal tube petaloid, glabrous outside, hairy inside ; teeth lanceolate, acute, spreading. Anthers 6-5, sessile, exserted. Ovary 2 ?-celled ; style appressedly hairy. Disk annular, fleshy. Fruiting racemes 1 ft. or more long. Fruits obsoletely tomentose, reddish brown, 1 1/4 in. diam., 2-celled ; few, many being abortive, on short pedicels stouter than the peduncle. Aril large, fleshy, white, covering half the seed ; hile broadly oval. Cotyledaas greenish, very thick, fleshy, deeply auricled. 6. C. holocalyx, Hiern; subglabrous, leaflets 17-23 narrowly oblong narrowly acuminate opposite or subopposite petiolulate, base obliquely cuneate, margins narrowly revolute, panicles elongated narrow drooping supra-axillary, flowers 4-merous, calyx truncate entire, staminal tube pubescent especially inside 6-8-toothed teeth lanceolate acute entire or bifid, anthers 6-8 somewhat exserted sessile, style appressedly pubescent, disk annular fleshy about equalling the short ovary. Malacca, Maingay; Sincapore, T.Anderson. Leaves 2-3 ft.; leaflets 3-7 by 1-1 3/4 in. ; petiolules 1/6-1/4 in. Panicles nearly equalling the leaves with very short divaricate branches ; pedicels very short. Flowers 1/3 in. long. Petals glabrous except the apex. Ovary. 2-celled. -"Flowers with a stercoraceous odour like Paederia" (Maingay). Closely allied to C. divergens. Blume. XX Teeth of staminal tube oblong. 7. C. dysoxylifolius, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xl. ii. 49 (1871) ; leaflets alternate oblong or oblong-lanceolate acuminate glabrous subcoriaceous page 552 shortly and thickly petiolulate, base oblique rather obtuse, panicles supra-axillaiy pyramidal elongated more or less pubescent, flowers subsessile 4-merous, calyx obsoletely toothed very thinly pubescent, petals pubescent, staminal tube appressedly pubescent 6-lobed at the apex lobes oblong obtuse entire quite- glabrous, anthers 6, ovary and style pubescent towards the base.Martaban, at Thoungyeen, Brandis. A tree, glabrous in most parts. Leaves large, "very like those of Dysoxylum acuminatissimum," Kurz; leaflets 6-12 by 3-4 in. ; petiolules puberulent, 1/4 in. Panicles 1 1/2 ft. or more ; bracteoles small, lanceolate, pubescent ; flowers 1/2 in. long. Style equalling the staminal tube. 8. C. grandiflorus, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xli. ii. 296 (1872) ; leaflets 8-13, opposite or subopposite oblong or oblong-lanceolate shortly acuminate glabrescent above except the nerves softly pubescent beneath shortly and thickly petiolulate, panicles axillary slender densely tawny-tomentose, flowers subsessile clustered, calyx cup-shaped obsoletely 4-toothed, densely pubescent outside as well as the 4-6 petals, glabrous inside, staminal tube sparingly pubescent outside glabrous inside 6-7-lobed lobes oblong truncate entire, anthers 6-7 included, capsules 3-lobed pyriform 3-valved. Plagiotaxis grandiflora, Wall. Cat. 1271. Dysoxylum grandiflorum, Roem. Synops. i. 135; W. & A. Prodr. i. 123. Diplotaxis grandiflora, Wall. ex Kurz Rep. Veg. Andam, ed. ii 33. Epicharis sp. Kurz I.c. ed. i. p. iv. Tenasserim, Gomez; S. Andaman, Kurz. A moderately-sized or large tree with young parts tawny velvety-tomentose or pubescent. Leaflets 6-10 in. Flowers 1/2-2/3 in. long, silky-tomentose, subtended by a widely oblong densely tawny- pubescent calyx 1/4 in. long. Panicles on long peduncles. Ovary and style tawny-pubescent. Dish cup-shaped, as high as the ovary, glabrous. Capsule 1 1/4 in. long; seeds solitary; aril complete, orange. tt Flowers on slender pedicels. 9. C. paniculatus, Hiern; young parts and inflorescence hispid-pubescent, leaflets 7-24 opposite or subopposite elliptic ovate-oblong or oblong acuminate glabrescent or hispid-pubescent on the veins beneath papery-coriaceous, base obtuse oblique shortly petiolulate, panicles usually about equalling or exceeding the leaves with elongated lax branches, flowers pubescent or glabrate on slender pedicels, calyx obscurely 4-toothed staminal tube more or less pubescent on both sides obtusely 6-8-lobed lobes deeply bifid, style pubescent below. Guarea paniculata, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 28; Fl. Ind. ii. 242, not of Wall. Dysoxylum multijugum, Arn. ex W. & A. Prodr. i. 121. D. paniculatum, Arn. ex Wight Ic. n. 146. Trichilia? longissima, Wall Cat n. 8069. Cupania (sp.) Wall. Cat. 8069. - Wall. Cat. p. 250, n. 4884 B not A. Eastern Bengal, Assam, Cachar, the Khasia Mts., and Tavov. Leaves 15-36 in. or more; leaflets 4-10 by 1 1/2-4 in.; petiolules 1/6-1/4 in. Panicles axillary, 2-3 ft. long, ramifications hairy ; pedicels 1/10-1/5 in. long ; flowers 1/2-3/4 in. long, 4-merous, pale yellow ; rachis often angular. Ovary 4-celled, cells 1rarely 2-ovuled. Capsule 1-2 1/2 in. diam., globose, base pyriform, 2-4-celled, smooth, of a dark orange or red colour when ripe. - The anthers in Wight's figure are ovate instead of linear. Sapindus multijugus, Wall. Cat. 8099, leaves only, from Taong Dong, Burma, may possibly belong to this species. C. ? costatus, Hiern ; leaflets about 10 alternate ovate-oblong acutely acuminate pale olive and velvety beneath, base rounded or slightly excavated, page 553 panicles short supra-axillary, fruit subglabrous subglobose or ellipsoidal 3-2-ribbed.Eastern Bengal ; in Cachar, R. L. Keenan. A tree with the shoots softly and shortly velvety. Leaves about 18 in. ; leaflets 3-8 by 1 1/2-2 1/4 in., dark green, subglabrous above, lateral veins 15-24 on each side of midrib; petiolules 1/6-1/5 in. Fruiting panicles 3 in. long; fruit orange-coloured, 1-1 1/2 in. long, base shortly stipitate. Seeds nearly 1 in. long, hile 1/2 in. diam. near the apex; cotyledons somewhat peltate. 8. SANDORICUM, Cav. Trees. Leaves trifoliolate, coriaceous ; leaflets quite entire, the lateral ones shortly and the terminal one long-petiolulate. Flowers 5-merous, in axillary panicles, yellow or whitish. Calyx cup-shaped, with short lobes imbricated in bud ; base of the tube adnate to the ovary. Petals imbricated, spreading. Staminal tube tubular, nearly as long as the petals, toothed at the apex ; anthers 10 or 8, included. Disk cup-shaped, sheathing the ovary and base of the style, laciniate. Ovary 5-celled, adnate to the calyx below, attenuate into the style above, cells opposite the calyx-lobes, each with 2 collateral pendulous ovules ; style cylindrical or columnar, nearly the length of the staminal tube, crowned by a slightly elevated glandular ring, stigmas 5 short linear subacute or truncate. Berry superior, globular, fleshy, indehiscent, 3-5-celled and -seeded; flesh edible. Seeds included in a papery aril, pulpy outside. - DISTRIB. A genus of about 4 species limited to India and the Malayan Archipelago, one species being cultivated over an extensive area. 1. S. indicum, Cav. Diss. (vii.) p. 359, tt. 202, 203 ; shoots panicles and lower surface of leaves at least on the veins tawny-velvety, leaflets elliptic or ovate-orbicular shortly acuminate or apiculate, base unequally obtuse, flowers clustered subsessile in ample much branched panicles small yellowish sweet-scented, calyx shortly pubescent. W. & A. Prodr. i. 120 : Bedd. Anal. Gen. Iv. ; Adr. Juss. in Mem. Mus. xix. t. 16, f. 15 ; Drury Fl. Pad. i. 165 ; Hassk. Retzia, i. 146 ; Roxb. Cor. PI. iii. t. 261 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 392 ; Wall. Cat. 1249. S. nervosum, Blume Bijd. 163. S. ternatum, Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. i. 346. S. glaberrimum, Hassk. Retzia, i. 145. Trichilia nervosa, Vahl Symb. i. 31. Melia Koetjape, Burm. Fl. Ind. 101. T. venosa, Spreng. Syst. iii. 68. Eastern Peninsula ; from Kangoon and Tenasserim (var. β velutina) to Penang. Introduced in the Western Peninsula. - Distrib. Malayan Islands. A lofty tree. Leaves 6-18 in.; leaflets 3-8 by 1 1/2-4 2/3 in.; common petiole 1 3/4-6 in. Flowers 1/5 in. long; calyx about 1/12 in. Stigmas truncate. Fruit about 3 in. diam. ; pulp fleshy, acid, with a peculiar smell. - The Burmese eat the raw fruit. Tliere are two varieties known at Sincapore, according to Captain Blomfield, under the distinctive names of " Santol" and " Kachapee ;" they differ in the fruit like the apple and pear in appearance and flavour. - S. serratum, G. Don Gen. Syst. i. 680, differing by its repand-crenate leaflets, may belong to this species. 2. S. emarginatum, Hiern; glabrous, leaflets obovate or elliptic emarginate usually mucronulate rigid, base obtusely narrowed oblique, lateral veins feeble, panicles short dense, pedicels shorter than the flowers, fruit obovoid very shortly tomentose. Malacca, Maingay. Leaves 5-7 in. ; leaflets 2-3 1/2 by 1 1/4-2 in. ; petiolules 1/3-to 1/2 in., the terminal one quasi-articulated near apex, 1-1 1/4 in. Calyx somewhat enlarged and persistent in fruit. page 554 Staminal tube terminating in 8 or 10 subglabrate emarginate lobes. Flowers 1/6 in. long. Fruit (immature?) 5/8 in. long.3. S. Maingayi, Hiern; subglabrous, leaves elliptic subacuminate, base obtuse, lateral nerves strong above depressed beneath, panicles shorter than the leaves, pedicels equalling the flowers mostly exceeding the subulate bracteoles, calyx fleshy obscurely toothed very minutely pilose. Malacca, Maingay. A tree. Leaves about 6-8 in. ; leaflets 2-5 by 1 1/2-3 in.; petiolules 1/4 in.; terminal one quasi-articulated near apex, 1 1/4-1 3/4 in. Flowers 1/3-3/8 in. long. Calyx 1/8-1/7 in. long. Petals white tinged with pink, glabrous, marked outside with pale glandular dots. Staminal tube ventricose-cylindrical, contracted at the throat, ribbed externally und 5-lobed near the apex, each lobe obtusely 4-toothed, the 2 central teeth larger. Anthers 2-seriate, Stigma subacute. - Cfr. S. borneense, Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. iv. 33. 9. AGLAIA, Lour. Trees or shrubs, glabrous lepidote or stellately pubescent. Leaves pinnate or trifoliolate ; leaflets quite entire. Flowers polygamo-dioecious, minute or small, numerous, paniculate, subglobose. Calyx 5-lobed, imbricated in bud. Petals 5, concave, short, imbricated. Staminal tube urceolate or subglobose, 5-toothed at the apex or entire ; anthers 5, included or half-exserted, erect. Disk inconspicuous. Ovary ovoid or shortly so, 1-3-celled, with 2-1 ovules in each cell ; style very short. Berry dry, 1-2-celled and -seeded. Seeds with a fleshy integument. - Distrib. Species about 50, inhabiting China, the Malay islands and the islands of the Pacific ocean, as well as India. Milnea? racemosa, Roemer Synops. i. 98 (Nyalelia racemosa, Dennstedt Schluss. Hort. Mal. 23. Nyalel, Reede Hort. Mal. iv. t. 16), has, according to the figure, the structure of the stamens incompatible with the Order Meliaceae. Sect. I. Shoots leaves and inflorescence lepidote or glabrous. * Leaflets 3-5, rarely 7. t Inflorescence lax, pedicels slender, about equalling the flowers. 1. A. odorata, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 173; glabrous or quickly becoming so, leaflets obovate or oblong obtuse shortly petiolulate terminal one longest, base cuneate, panicles rather lax, flowers on slender pedicels about as long as themselves, ovary hairy. Wight Ic. t. 511; Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. iv. 48 ; Wall Cat. 1275 ; Adr. Juss. in Mem. Mus. xix. t. 14, f. 7. Camunium sinense, Rumph. Amb. v. 28, t. 18, f. 1. C. chinense, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 18; Fl. Ind. I 636. Opilia odorata, Spr. Syst. Veg. i. 766. Murraya exotica, Reinw. ex Miq. I.c. A. pentaphylla, Kurz ex Miq. l.c. Eastern Peninsula; Malacca, Penang, and Sincapore; (Ceylon, cultiv,). - Distrib. Siam, Java, China. An elegant shrub or small leafy tree ; extremities of young shoots covered with stellate ferruginous scales. Leaves 2-6 in. ; leaflets 1-3 by 1/3-1 1/2 in. Flowers yellow, fragrant, 1/12 in. diam. - Often cultivated for its sweet-scented flowers. tt Inflorescence dense ; pedicels very short. 2. A. khasiana, Hiern; leaves narrowly elliptical obtusely narrowed towards both ends glabrescent on rather long petiolules, panicles short ferruginous, branches short patent, flowers subsessile not minute. Khasia Mts. ; alt. 4-5000 ft., J. D. H. & T. T.; (?Sikkim, Himalaya, J. D. H.). page 555 Shoots and inflorescence lepidote. Leaves 6-12 in. ; leaflets 4-8 by 1-2 in.; petiolules 1/3-1 in. Flowers 1/6-1/4 in. diam. Fruit? glabrous, 1 in. diam. 3. A.? andamanica, Hiern; leaflets 3-5 alternate or subopposite ovate-elliptical obtusely acuminate rounded or obtuse at the base sparsely lepidote, inflorescence shorter than the leaves, pedicels very short, fruit pale tawny lepidote somewhat pear-shaped. Milnea (sp.), Kurz Andam. Rep. p. iv. ; Ed. 2, 33. South Andaman Islands ; in the Jungles between Port Mouat and Homfray's Ghat, not rare. Burmese name, Tau-ahnyeen, Kurz. A tree, 30-40 ft. high ; indumentum pallid. Leaves 10 in.; leaflets 3 1/2-5 by 2 in.; petiole 1/4-1/2 in. Fruit 1/2-2/3 in. by 1/3-3/8 in. 4. A. apiocarpa, Hiern ; leaflets 5-7 rather narrowly and unequally elliptic obtusely acuminate base cuneate, younger ones lepidote below glabrescent, inflorescence shorter than the leaves with short spreading branches and shortly pedicellate small flowers, fruit pyriform reddish-brown lepidote. Milnea apiocarpa, Thw. Enum. 60. Ceylon ; in the central provinces, alt. 3-6000 ft. A small tree. Leaves 6-16 in.; leaflets 2-8 by 3/4-3 in.; petiolules 1/6-3/4 in.; indumentum reddish-brown. Flowers 1/10 in. diam., about equalling the pedicels. Fruit 3/4-7/8 by 3/8-1/2 in. 5. A. Roxburghiana, Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. iv. 41 ; leaflets 5 rarely 7 or 3 more or less elliptic obtuse glabrescent sometimes acuminate base usually cuneate shortly petiolulate, panicles rather supraaxillary pyramidal elongate, flowers shortly pedicellate, fruit subglobose ferruginous-lepidote. Beddome Flor. Sylvat. t. 130 (excl. synon. Thw.) ; Anal. Gen. Iv. Milnea Roxburghiana, W. & A. Prodr. i. 119 ; Drury Ind. Fl. i. 164 ; Wight Ic. t. 166 (M. Roxburghii). A. lepidota, Miq. Fl. lnd.- Bat. Suppl. 197, 507. A. Spanoghei, Bl. ex Miq. Ann. I.c. Aglaia ( spe. Sangian), Teysm. et Binnend. Cat. Hort. Bogor. 211. Walsura? lanceolata, Wall. Cat. 4886. A. grata. Wall. ex Voigt Hort. Sub. Calc. 136. A. midnaporensis, Carey ex Voigt. I.c. Cfr. Aglaia? sp., Wall. Cat. n. 9039; Meliacea singapureana, Wall. Cat. 4887. Dimocarpus, Wall. Cat. 8050. Western Peninsula; from the Concan and Midnapore southwards; Ceylon, ascending to 6000 ft.; Singapore, Wallich; (?Tenasserim and the Andaman Islds., Helfer; Burma, Wallich, and Malacca, Griffith & Maingay). - Distrib. Java, Sumatra, and other Malay Islands. A large tree ; indumentum ferruginous. Leaves 3-7 in. ; leaflets 1 1/2-4 1/2 by 2/3-2 in. ; petiolules 1/10-1/2 in. Flowers 1/12 in. diam. ; calyx dull yellow, often covered with stellate hairs; petals yellow. Fruit 3/4 in. diam., edible, buff-coloured, very minutely pilose. Radicle minutely pilose. ** Leaflets 7-9. 6. A. glabriflora, Hiern ; shining, leaflets 7-9 subopposite or alternate elliptic acuminate base cuneate shortly petiolulate, panicles ample rather lax shorter than or about equalling the leaves, pedicels about equalling the glabrous flowers, staminal tube turbinate. Malacca ; on Mt. Ophir, Griffith, Maingay. Whole plant nearly glabrous. Leaves 6 in. ; leaflets 2 by 1 in. ; petiolules 1/8-1/6 in. Pedicels slender, 1/12-1/8 in. Flowers 1/10 in. long or less. Fruit size of cherries, white, subglobose. 7. A. Wallichii, Hiern; young parts sparsely lepidote, leaflets 7-9 opposite or subopposite narrowly elliptic or lanceolate-oblong acuminate page 556 base obtuse margins slightly undulated, petiolules short much branched, panicles rather supra-axillary shorter than or about equalling the leaves, pedicels rather slender about equalling the flowers, calyx lepidote shortly ciliate, corolla glabrous, staminal tube urceolate. Sapindus lepidotus, Wall. Cat. 8036.SILHET, Wallich, Griffith. Leaves 5-8 in, ; leaflets 1 1/2-4 by 1/2-1 1/2 in.; petiolules 1/8-1/4 in. Inflorescence 3-5 in. long ; flowers 1/15 in. diam. *** Leaflets 9-13 or more. 8. A. perviridis, Hiern; leaflets 11-13 opposite oblong acuminate glabrous shining base obtuse shortly petiolulate, panicles pyramidal elongated many-flowered lepidote, flowers very small, staminal tube subglobose. KHASIA Mts., Griffith, J. D. H. & T. T., alt. 2000 ft. (Milnea, No. 8). A tree of 40 ft. ; leaves and buds deep green. Leaves about 1 ft. ; leaflets 2-5 by 3/4-1 1/2 in. ; petiolule 1/5-1/4 in. Panicles nearly as long as the leaves; flower-buds minute, nearly glabrous. - Specimens from Sikkim, collected by Dr. Hooker, probably belong to this species ; they have leaves 1-1 2/3 ft., leaflets 3-8 by 1-2 1/41/4 in., fruiting panicles 4-9 in. long, fruits ellipsoidal about 1 in. long, seeds nearly as long. 9. A. crassinervia, Kurz in litt. ad Hook, f.; leaflets 9 or more, opposite or subopposite oblong obtuse at both ends with minute scales beneath shortly petiolulate, petioles angular, panicles supra-axillary pyramidal elongated many-flowered lepidote-ferruginous, flowers minute. Tenasserim, Heifer. Leaves 18 in. or more ; leaflets 6-10 by 2-2 3/4 in. ; lateral veins about 20 on each side of midrib with which they make a large angle ; petiolule 1/6 in., terminal one 1/2-3/4 in. Panicles 10-15 in. or more long. Sect. II Shoots leaves and inflorescence stellate-pubescent or tomentose. * Flowers shortly pedicelled. 10. A. edulis, A. Gray in Bot. U. S. Explor. Exped. i. 237 ; leaflets 9-13 opposite or subopposite elliptic or oblong obtuse or acuminate shortly petiolulate subglabrescent or scattered beneath as well as the shoots inflorescence and fruit with ferruginous scales mixed sometimes with stellate hairs, panicles pyramidal shorter than the leaves, flowers shortly pedicellate, fruit subglobose edible. Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. iv. 49. Milnea edulis, Roxb . Hort. Beng. 18 ; Fl. Ind. i. 637 ; Drury Ind. Fl. i. 164 ; Wall. Cat. 1279. Camunium bengalense, Hb. Ham. ex Wall. l.c. Cfr. Cupania (sp.) Wall. Cat. 8067, letter B not A. Eastern Bengal; Silhet, Wallich, J. D. H. & T. T. (Milnea, sp. 17); (? Assam Simon). - Distrib. Borneo, Fiji Islds. A tree of middling size. Leaves 3/4-2 ft. ; leaflets 2-9 by 1-3 in. ; petiolule 1/8-1/3 in. Flowers small. Fruit more than 1 in. diam. according to Roxburgh ; succulent integument of the seed eaten. - A. sexipetala, Griff. Notul. iv. 505, sometimes with 6 petals and with rather fleshy leaflets, appears to belong to this species. The authentic specimen in Herb. Kew. has leaves with 8-9 leaflets, not trifoliolate as given in Griflith's description. 11. A. tenuicaulis, Hiern; indumentum rufous-stellate, leaflets 9 or more alternate shortly acuminate rounded or somewhat cuneate and sometimes minutely peltate at the base shortly petiolulate, flowers small page 557 shortly pedicellate arranged in ample many-flowered pyramidal panicles shorter than the leaves, fruits in short panicles ellipsoidal.Penang? top of the hill, Maingay. (? Sincapore, Lobb.) A tree of 8 ft. with slender stem. Leaves 3 ft. or more ; leaflets glaucescent above, 6-11 by 3-4 in. ; petiolule 1/8-1/4 in. Inflorescence 6-12 in. long. Fruit 1/2 in. long. Specimens from Sincapore, collected by Lobb, with ovate-oblong leaves and short dense young panicles, probably belongs to this species. - Maingay's specimens are marked as " from top of hill" simply, Penang being probably intended. 12. A. minutiflora, Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. i. 44, t. 193 ; pubescence ferruginous- or rufous-stellate, leaflets 7-15 opposite or subopposite narrowly elliptic or oblong-lanceolate acuminate, base subcordate rounded or subcuneate, panicles divaricately branched many-flowered, flowers shortly pedicelled, fruit subglobose 1-2-seeded. A. polyantha, Bedd. I.c. Euphora exstipulatis, Griff. Notul. iv. 547. A handsome slender tree of 25 or 40 ft. with hard wood. Leaves 6-24 in. or more ; leaflets 2-7 by 2/3-2 1/4 in., stellate-hairy beneath, glabrescent above except midrib. Panicles half to all the length of the leaves. - Fruit 2/3-1 by 1/2-7/8 in. There are two forms, possibly distinct species. α. travancorica ; leaflets usually subcordate, flowers 1/16 in. thick, corolla subglabrescent. - Courtallum, Wight; Travancor, Western Ghats, alt. 2-3500 ft., Beddome. β. Griffithii; leaflets subcuneate or rounded at the base sometimes with pellucid dots, flowers minute, " cotyledons amygdaloid superposed, radicle imbedded between the cotyledons its apex perpendicular to the ventral face of the seed its opposite pole delicately pilose" (Maingay mss.). - Tenasserim and Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. ** Flowers clustered in small spikes. 13. A. cordata, Hiern ; pubescence rufous-stellate, leaflets subsessile 7 elliptic opposite flnely acuminate, base more or less cordate, flowers small sessile in little spike-like clusters arranged on a pyramidal panicle nearly equalling or shorter than the leaves. Malacca, Maingay. Leaves 12-18 in. ; leaflets 4-8 by 2-3 1/2 in. Panicles 5-10 in. long or more. Form 1. Calyx glabrous. Form 2. Calyx hirsute. 14. A. palembanica, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. i. 507 ; Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. iv. 52; pubescence rufous-stellate, leaflets 11-13 opposite or subopposite elliptic acuminate somewhat cuneate at the base shortly petiolulate, flowers small sessile in little spike-like clusters arranged on a pyramidal panicle rather shorter than the leaves, fruit depresso-globose. A. Sippannas, Miq. I.c. 506. A. tomentosa, Teysm. & Binn. in Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. xxvii. 43. Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. - Distrib. Sumatra and S. Borneo. Leaves 6-12 in.; leaflets 2-4 by 3/4-1 1/2 in., minutely pellucid-punctate (Maingay) ; petiolule 1/6-1/4 in. Panicles 4 1/2-9 in. long. 10. LANSIUM, Rumph. Trees, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves odd-pinnate with quite entire alternate or opposite shortly petiolulate leaflets. Flowers polygamodioecious, 5-merous, axillary, male usually paniculate, the female spicate-racemose. Sepals rounded, imbricated. Petals rounded, connivent, imbricated. page 558 Staminal tube globose, crenulated ; anthers 10, obtuse, usually in two rows, the shorter ones included, the longer partly exserted sometimes apiculate. Disk obsolete. Ovary globose, 3-5-celled ; cells 1-2-ovuled ; style very short, thick, stigma truncate 3-5-lobed. Fruit baccate, edible, 1-5-celled ; cells 1-2-seeded. Seeds oblong, with ventral hile, invested in a pulpy aril, exalbuminous. - Distrib. A genus of scarcely more than the following 4 species, confined to India and the Malay Archipelago.The juicy envelope of the seeds is the part eaten, and the taste is cooling and pleasant. * Leaflets 3-5. 1. L. anamalayanum, Beddome in Tran. Linn. Soc. xxv. 212; Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. 104 ; Fl. Sylvat. t. 131 ; leaflets alternate elliptic obtusely acuminate base cuneate glabrous except occasionally hairy glands in axils of veins beneath, sepals shortly ciliate, ovary strigose 3-lobed and -celled, cells 2-ovuled, fruit oblong, radicle pubescent. Western Peninsula; common in the moist woods on the Anamallay hills, and in the Wynaad, alt. about 2000 ft., Beddome. A good-sized tree. Leaves 6-9 in.; leaflets 3-4 1/2 by 1 1/2-2 in.; petiolule 1/8-3/8 in. Hermaphrodite flowers sessile, about 1/8 in. diam. Fruit as big as a large grape. 2. L. pedicellatum, Hiern ; leaflets 3-5 alternate or subopposite elliptic acuminate glabrous base oblique obtuse or cuneate, female racemes short simple or branched at the base, flowers pedicelled, ovary shortly tomentose 4-celled. Malacca, Maingay. Shoots pale brown, obsoletely lepidote. Leaves 9-12 in.; leaflets 3-6 by 1 1/2-3 in. petiolule 1/6-1/4 in. long. Female Inflorescence 1-2 in. long ; pedicels 1/8-1/6 in. long. Young fruit subglobose, fleshy, shortly tomentose, 4 in. diam. 3. L. cinereum, Hiern; leaflets 3-6 opposite elliptic obtusely acuminate base cuneate coriaceous glabrous shining except the veins, sepals short, ovary hairy 5-celled, cells 1-ovuled. Malacca, Maingay. Branches cinereous, tawny-pubescent at the extremities. Leaves 3-5 in. ; leaflets pallid, 2-3 1/2 by 4/5-1 1/2 in.; petiolule 1/8-3/8 in. Hermaphrodite spikes nearly equalling the leaves. Longer anthers apiculate. ** Leaflets 6-8. 4. L. domesticum, Jack in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. 115, t. iv. f. 1, var. ; leaflets alternate elliptic oblong or obovate abruptly shortly and obtusely acuminate more or less narrowed at the base reticulate coriaceous shining nearly or quite glabrous, petiolules tumid at the base, hermaphrodite spikes springing from the trunk and naked branches solitary or fasciculate pubescent shorter than the leaves, ovary tomentose 5-celled, cells 1-2-ovuled. Correa de Serra in Ann. Mus. x. 157, t. 7, f. 1. Malacca, Griffith (Maingay, cult.). - Distrib. Widely cultivated in India, and perhaps spontaneous in the Malay Archipelago. Philippine Islands, according to Blanco. A tree. Leaves 9-18 in. long ; leaflets 4-8 by 2-4 in. ; petiolules 1/4-1/2 in. Flowers sessile or subsessile. Fruit 1-1 1/2 in. long, yellowish, turbinate-ellipsoidal. - According to Griffith the spikes are proliferous at the apex. L. javanicum, Roemer Synops. Monogr. i. 99; Aglaia Dookkoo, Griff. Notul. iv. 505; L. aqueum, Miq. in Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. iv. 34; and L. humile, Hassk. Betz. ed. page 559 nov. i. 121, are probably also varieties of this cultivated species. L. silvestre, Roemer, I.c. according to Miquel, I.c. scarcely belongs to Meliaceae ; the plant intended by this name has been referred by De Candolle to Cookia punctata, Retz.11. AMOORA, Roxb. Trees. Leaves usually unequally-pinnate ; leaflets oblique quite entire axillary subdioecious, paniculate ; female spicate or racemose. Calyx 3-5-partite or -fid. Petals 3-5, thick, concave, imbricated, rarely slightly combined at the base. Staminal tube subglobose or campanulate, inconspicuously 6-10-crenate; anthers 6-10, included. Disk obsolete. Ovary sessile, short, 3-5-celled; cells 1-2-ovuled ; stigma sessile, or style elongated in A. Championii. Capsule subglobose, coriaceous, 3-4-celled and -seeded, loculicidally 3-5-valved. Seeds in a fleshy aril, with ventral hile. - DISTRIB. A genus of about 15 species occurring only in India and the Malay Archipelago, and also 1 endemic species in Australia. Sect. I. Style short ; staminal tube subglobose or turbinate. * Panicles spicate, male branched, female simple or branched ; flowers subsessile. Staminal tube 6-toothed; anthers 6. 1. A. Rohituka, W. & A, Prodr. i. 119; young parts tawny closely pubescent in most cases quickly glabrescent leafy, leaflets 9-15 more or less elliptic or ovate acuminate opposite base usually obtuse shortly petiolulate, flowers white bracteate subsessile, male spikes panicled, female simple, calyx 5-partite, petals 3, anthers 6, ovary 3-c elled with 2 superposed ovules in each cell. Bedd. Fl. Sylvat. t. 132 (but pedicels 1/6-1/4 in. long); Brandis For. Fl. 69. Andersonia Rohituka, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 87 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 213 ; Roxb. Drawings in Hh. Kew. tt. 934, 1827. Sphaerosacme polystachya, Wall. Cat. 1277. Aglaia ? polystachya, Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 429. S. Spicata, Wall. Cat. 4895. Buchanania spicata Hb. Roxb. ex Wall. l.c. Meliacea Wightiana, Wall. Cat. 4888. Amoora macrophylla, Nimmo in Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 31. Andersonia Rohitoca, Grif. Notul. iv. 507 ; Ic. PI. Asiat. iv. t. 589, f. 3. Assam, Silhet, Cachar, Oudh, Western Peninsula from Concan to Travancore, Tenasserim and the Andaman Islands, Malacca, Ceylon. - Distrib. Malay Archipelago, Philippine Islds. An evergreen tree with a large crown of branches. Leaves 1-3 ft. ; leaflets 3-9 by 1 1/3-4 in. Male panicles equalling or shorter than the leaves, female about half the length of the leaves; male flowers 1/8, female 1/4 in. long. Stigma trigonous, angles opposite the calyx-lobes. Fruit smooth, pale yellow or reddish, 1-1 1/2 in. diam., scarcely attenuate at the base, rather soft and fleshy, 3-celled, 3-valved. - The seeds supply an economic oil. - Col. Beddome, in his Flora Sylvatica, t. 132, figures and describes under this name a form from the Anamallay hills with shortly pedicelled flowers, the pedicels measuring 1/6-1/4 in. long. A plant gathered by Dr. Hooker in the Sikkim Terai and Kursiong with very large leaves, the leaflets measuring 12-15 by 3-6 in., may belong to this species. ** Flowers panicled, not spicate. t Petals 3. Anthers 6-10. X Leaflets 3-6, alternate or subalternate. 2. A. chittagonga, Hiern ; young parts calyx and fruit lepidote, leaflets 3-6 alternate and subalternate narrowly elliptic acuminate page 560 subglabrescent, base more or less narrowed, panicles racemose rather lax much shorter than the leaves, calyx cup-shaped 3-toothed, petals 3, anthers 6, ovary 2-celled, fruit obovoid. Aglaia chittagonga, Miq. in Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. iv. 44. - Meliacea, Griff. Itin. Notes 168.Bhotan and Upper Assam, Griffith; the Khasia Mts., Chittagong, J. D.H. & T. T. (Milnea, No. 13); Pegd, Kurz. A tree. Leaves 6-12 in. ; leaflets 3-8 by 1-3 in. ; petiolule 1/6-1/2 in. Flowers 1/10-1/8 in. long, pedicelled. Fruit (immature ?) 2/3 in. long, longitudinally ridged, 2-celled. 3. A. canarana, Benth. & Hook. f. Gen. PI. i. 335 ; young parts inflorescence calyx and fruit lepidote, leaflets 4-6 alternate or subalternate narrowly elliptic acuminate glabrate above usually punctate-lepidote beneath, base more or less narrowed shortly petiolulate, panicles pyramidal much branched shorter than the leaves, flowers shortly pedicelled, calyx 4-5- toothed cup-shaped ebracteate, corolla 3- (-4) -partite, staminal tube truncate, anthers 6 (-7) included or slightly exserted, ovary 3-celled, cells 2-ovuled, fruit obovoid. Oraoma canarana, Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1858,1 411. Western Peninsula, from Canara, Stocks, to the Anamallay hills, Beddome. Leaves 6-14 in.; leaflets 3-6 by 1 1/3-2 1/2 in.; petiolule 1/6-2/5 in. Fruit (immature?) 2/3 in. long. XX Leaflets 3-13 opposite or suhopposite. 4. A. cucullata, Roxb.Cor. PI. in. 54, t. 258; subglabrous, leaflets 3-13 opposite or subopposite obliquely ovate-oblong obtuse at both ends glabrous shining firm terminal one often hooded at the apex, male panicles drooping about as long as the leaves with numerous diverging branches sparingly lepidote, female racemes few-flowered, calyx 3-lobed, petals 3, anthers 6 (-8), ovary 3-celled, cells 2-ovuled, fruit subglobose 3-Iobed 3-celled 3-valved. Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 37; Drury Ind. Fl. i. 164. Andersonia cucullata, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 87 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 212. Sphaerosacme Rohituka, Wall. Cat. 1278, excl. syn. S. ? laxa. Wall. Cat. 4894. S. paniculata, Wall. Herb. ex Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. iv. 37. ? Amoora auriculata, Miq. fide Miq. l.c. Lower Bengal, in the Sunderbunds, and in Nipal, Wallich; King's Island in the Andamans, Heifer. A tree of considerable size and slow growth with cinereous bark and smooth branches. Leaves 6-16 in. ; leaflets 3-7 1/2 by 1 1/3-2 1/2 in. ; petiolule 1/8-1/3 in. or terminal one longer. Male fl. 1/8 in. yellow. Bracts caducous, 2 at the base of the calyx. Staminal tube turbinate or subglobose. Capsule 2 1/2 in. diam. Seeds three-quarters covered with a fleshy bright orange-coloured aril. 5. A. lanceolata, Hiern; subglabrous, leaflets about 17 opposite or subopposite approximated lanceolate obtusely acuminate glabrous shining, base obtuse lateral veins inconspicuous, male panicles nearly equalling the leaves, flowers 3-merous shortly pedicelled, calyx trifid, anthers 6 just included, ovary in the male flowers rudimentary. Malacca, Maingay. Shoots angular at the apex, leafy and with numerous axillary panicles. Leaves 6-10 in. ; leaflets 2-3 by 1/2-3/4 in. ; petiolule 1/6-1/5 in. Flowers very small. Staminal tube globosely cup-shaped, 6-lobed ; lobes ovate, obtuse, minutely apiculate. Anthers minutely and very sparingly pilose. Stigmas 3, sessile, linear-trigonous, glabrous. page 561 6. A. rubiginosa, Griff. mss. under Aphanamixis ; ferruginous on young parts calyx lower surface of leaves &c., leaflets numerous approximated subopposite ovate-oblong acuminate very shortly petiolulate somewhat farinaceous base conduplicate deeply cordate, lateral nerves numerous subparallel spreading, panicles pyramidal base bulbous, flowers racemose trimerous, calyx companulate trifid, anthers 6, ovary 3-celled, cells 2-ovuled. Malacca ; Griffith, Maingay. A big tree, large in all its parts. Petioles thickened at base ; leaflets 3-9 by 1-2 1/2 in. or larger. Panicles 9-18 in. long ; flowers 1/4 in. long, calyx 1/8 in. long, petals orange-yellow, aperture of the staminal tube very small. Ovules superposed. tt Petals 3. Anthers 8 or 10. 7. A. spectabilis, Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. iv. 37 ; leaflets 11-13 opposite or subopposite oblong acutely subacuminate glabrescent shining glaucescent beneath petiolulate base obtuse, male panicles pedunculate with alternate unequal branches, calyx stellate-puberulent obtusely 3-lobed short, petals 3 imbricated substellate-velutinous along the back, staminal tube urceolate glabrous shortly and obtusely 8-dentate, anthers 8 (-9?) sublinear acute subexserted at the apex, fruit obovoid-pyriform. Aglaia spectabilis, Hort. Calcutt. ex Miq. l.c. Rangoon, McClelland. Indumentum of young parts lepidote and mixed with stellate tawny hairs. Leaves 15 in. long; petioles angular; leaflets 4-8 by 1 1/2-2 in.; petiolules 1/4-1/3 in. Male panicles nearly 1 1/2 ft. long, female short. Fruit 1 1/4-1 3/4 by 1-1 1/6 in. The description of the flowers is taken from Miquel, that of the fruit is given from a specimen in Hb. Kew. Mr. Kurz, in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxix. ii. 72 (1870), declares that the species as described by Miquel is identical with the male plant of A. cucullata, Roxb. Sphaerosacme spectabilis, Wall, ex Voigt Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 136, from Nepal, may be a synonym. 8. A. rubescens, Hiern; leaflets 13-15 opposite oblong subacuminate or obtuse glabrate base obtuse, panicles supra-axillary divaricately branched crowded near the ends of the branches, pedicels short, petals 3, staminal tube subglobose crenulate, anthers 10 linear, stigma conical sulcate. SINCAPORE, Maingay. Young parts and inflorescence puberulent. Leaves 1 1/2-2 1/2 ft. long; leaflets 3-7 by 1 1/3-2 1/3 in., lateral nerves about 10 on each side of midrib, depressed beneath ; petiolules 2/5-3/5 in. Panicles 1/2-1 ft. long, many-flowered; flowers 1/10 in. diam. Calyx short, irregularly toothed. Petals and staminal tube glabrous. Dish annular. Ovary hairy, 5 ?-celled. ttt Petals 4. Anthers 8. 9. A. lawii, Benth. & Hook. f. Gen. PI. i. 335 ; pallid, young parts panicles calyces and fruit lepidote, leaflets 3-5 alternate or subopposite more or less elliptic obtusely acuminate nearly or quite glabrous base more or less narrowed, panicles pyramidal falling short of the leaves, flowers racemose, calyx short truncate 4-toothed, petals 4, anthers 8 rarely 7, ovary 3-celled cells 1-ovuled, fruit 3-valved pear-shaped. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 133. Epicharis exarillata, Nimmo in Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 31. Nimmonia Lawii, Wight in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vii. 13. Nemedra Nimmonii, Dalz. in Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 37. page 562 Western Peninsula, from the Concan to Malabar. A middling-sized tree ; scales yellowish brown. Leaves 6-9 in. long ; leaflets 3-5 by 1 1/2-2 in., axils of lateral veins sometimes with hairy gland-like excrescences (galls?), petiolules 1/6-1/2 in. Flowers 1/10-1/8 in. long, white, rarely 5-merous. Fruit 1 in. long, abounding in white resinous juice. tttt Petals 5. Anthers 10. 10. A. Maingayi, Hiern; subglabrous, leaflets 3-4 elliptic obtusely acuminate glabrous shining above alternate or subopposite base more or less narrowed shortly petiolulate, panicles shorter than the leaves, flowers pentamerous, calyx short cleft, anthers 10 included, ovary minutely hirsute 3-celled, stigmas 3 connate sessile. Malacca, Maingay. Leaves numerous, 4-6 in. long ; leaflets very minutely pellucid-punctate, 3-4 1/2 by 1-1 3/4 in. Flowers 1/12 in. long; petals slightly adherent at their base to the stamiual tube. 11. A. decandra, Hiern; leaflets 7-13 opposite oblong acuminate base somewhat cuneate or nearly rounded subglabrescent, opposite submembranous, sepals very short, anthers 10, ovary (3-) 6-celled cells 1-ovuled, fruit globose-obovoid 5-furrowed umbilicate 5-celled and -seeded. Aglaia? decandra, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. Ed. Carey, ii. 427. Sphaerosacme fragrans. Wall. l.c. 429 ; Voigt Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 135. Lansium (sp.) W. & A. Prodr. i. 119 ; Benth. & Hook f. Gen. Pl. i. 334. S. decandra, Wall. Cat. 1276. NIPAL, Wallich; Sikkim, alt. 2-4000 ft., Hb. Griffith, J.D.H. ; Malayan Peninsula, Maingay. A large spreading tree with thick trunk. Leaves about 1 ft. long ; leaflets 1 1/2-8 by by 5/8-2 in. ; petiolules short. Male panicles equalling the leaves ; flowers very fragrant, on slender pedicels. Petals 5. Fruit about 1 1/2 in. diameter, capsular. Sect. II. Style long. 12. A. ? Championii, Benth. & Hook. f. Gen. PI. i. 335 ; leaflets 4-6 abruptly pinnate opposite obovate-cuneate glabrous and shining subcoriaceous without prominent nerves shortly petiolulate apex rounded, panicles supra-axillary slightly puberulent about half the length of the leaves, flowers pedicelled tetramerous oblong, calyx short, petals oblong very slightly or scarcely imbricated in bud at length spreading or reflexed, apex obtusely pointed, staminal tube widely tubular obtusely dentate bearing inside near apex 8 equal short 2-celled anthers in one row, ovary glabrous 4-celled cells 1- (or 2- cf. fig. in Hb. Kew.) ovuled, style columnar, nearly as long as the staminal tube, stigma capitate, disk 0, fruit globose- pyriform 1-2-seeded, seeds exalbuminous with aril. Thwaites Enum. 409; Bedd. Anal. Gen. Iv. Dysoxylon Championii, Hook.f. & Thorns, ex Thwaites, 61. Ceylon ; Central province, up to 4000 ft. alt., Thwaites. A large tree, with leaves 4-7 in. long; leaflets 2-4 by 3/4-1 1/2 in. ; petiolules 1/8-3/8 in. Flowers yellowish, 1/4 in. long. Fruit 1 in. long. - Differs from the type of Amoora by the elongated style and by abruptly pinnate leaves. Perhaps a new genus. Mr. Kurz (in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxix. ii. 72, 1870) declares it to be a species closely allied to Carapa (Xylocarpus) carnosula, Zoll. page 563 12. WALSURA, Roxb. Trees. Leaves 1-5-foliolate ; leaflets opposite, quite entire, pale beneath. Panicles axillary and terminal ; flowers small hermaphrodite. Calyx short, 6-fid or -partite, imbricated. Petals 5, ovate-oblong, spreading, slightly imbricated or subvalvate. Filaments 10 or 8, linear or subulate, free or connate in a tube ; anthers terminal or inserted in the notch at the apex of the filament. Disk usually annular, fleshy. Ovary short, 2-3-celled, imbedded in the disk, style rather short ; stigma turbinate-capitate, 2-3-dentate ; ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit baccate, shortly tomentose, indehiscent, 1- rarely 2-celled and -seeded ; seed inclosed in a fleshy aril, exalbuminous. - Distrib. Genus of about 10 species limited to India and the Indian Archipelago. Occasionally, according to Kurz, the petals are increased to 8 and the stamens to 15. Imperfect specimens from Silhet (Wallich, n. 8113), with short spicate inflorescence and with trifoliolate leaflets, the terminal one on a long petiolule, appear to differ from the known species of the genus. W. trichostemon, Miq. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.Bat. iv. 60, from Siam, is said to differ from the undermentioned by its pilose anthers ; Mr. Kurz in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxix. ii. 72 (1870) unites it with W. villosa. Wall. Sect. I. Euwalsura. Filaments linear. * Leaflets solitary. 1. W. Gardneri, Thwaites Enum. 61 ; leaflet solitary elliptic-oblong obtusely acuminate glabrous whitish beneath, base obtusely narrowed, petiolule short articulated to the longer petiole, filaments free hairy apex bifid, anthers between the teeth of the filaments, fruit obovoid ellipsoidal apiculate base narrow. Bedd. Anal. Gen. Ivi. Ceylon ; in the Central province, alt. 2-4000 ft. A small tree of 10-12 ft. Leaflets 3-6 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in.; petiolule 1/12-1/4 in. Petiole 1/2-3/4 in. Petals somewhat imbricated. Fruit 1 in. long, covered with a short tomentum. ** Leaflets 3-5. t Filaments connate half way or more. 2. W. tubulata, Hiern; leaflets 3 ovate- or elliptic-oblong obtusely acuminate shining above glaucous beneath quite glabrous, base somewhat narrowed, panicles scarcely equalling the leaves, calyx partite, staminal tube glabrous outside thinly pubescent inside equally 10-lobed at apex, lobes bifid receiving the apiculate anthers within the notches. SIKKIM Himalaya and Khasia Mts., Herb. Griffith. Shoots and petioles rough with lenticular specks. Leaves 8-15 in. ; leaflets 3-9 by 1 1/2-3 in. ; petiolules 1/4-7/8 in., or the terminal ones longer. Flowers 1/4 in. long. 3. W. ternata, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 90; Fl. Ind. ii. 389 ; leaflets 3 lanceolate-oblong or oblong obtuse glabrous and shining whitish beneath obtuse at base, axillary panicles shorter than the leaves, flowers milk-white, calyx partite, staminal tube thinly pubescent on both sides 10-fid halfway, free portion of filament alternately notched and shorter, anthers apiculate. Bedd. Anal. Gen. Ivi. Cfr. Xylocarpus? Antila, Hb. Ham.; Wall. Cat. 4893. The Panjab, at Sheikpura ; Western Peninsula ; in the Godavery forests and in the hilly districts of the Northern division of the Madras Presidency, Beddome. page 564 A small tree, subglabrous. Leaves about 8 in.; leaflets 4-5 by 1 in.; petiolules 1/3-2/3. Panicles puberulent ; flowers 1/8 in. long. " Disk salver-shaped with a large high callous margin. Berry narrow oblong." Beddome. tt Filaments connate one third way or less. X Leaflets usually 3 only. 4. W. piscidia, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 32 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 387 ; leaflets subternate elliptic obtuse often retuse glabrous shining pale beneath, flowers pentamerous, petals imbricated, staminal tube half the length of the petals equally 10-cleft for two thirds of its length divisions all bifid at apex hairy above, ovary 2- rarely 3-celled, fruit covered with a short tomentum. Wight III i. t. 55 ; Beddome Anal. Gen. Ivi. t. 8, f. 6; Wall. Cat. 1265; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 37. Heynea trifoliata, A . Juss. in Mem. Mus. xix. 235. Trichilia coriacea, [Rottl. ¿] ; Wall. Cat. 1265. Trichilia trifoliata, Wall. Cat. 8093. Western Peninsula ; Malabar and Travancor. Ceylon, Walker. Leaves 2-7 in. ; leaflets 1-4 by 2/3-1 2/3 in. ; petiolules 1/15-1/3 in.; terminal one longer. Flowers 1/8 in. long, sordid-yellowish ; bracts minute, caducous. Fruit egg-shaped, 3/8 in. long. - The bark acts as a fish poison. XX Leaflets 5. 5. W. villosa, Wall. Cat. 1264; young parts tawny-velutinous, leaflets 5 elliptic or ovate obtuse sometimes shortly acuminate glabrescent whitish beneath, at least when young, panicles equalling or shorter than the leaves, calyx partite, filaments equal thinly pubescent narrowing upwards but not subulate connate one third way from base, anthers terminal. Wight & Arn. Prodr. i. 120. Trichilia? villosa, Wall. l.c. Tenasserim, at Moulmein, Wallich, Griffith. Leaves 6-10 in.; leaflets 2-4 by 3/4-2 in., petiolules 1/4-2 in. or the terminal ones longer. Flowers velutinous. - Schmidelia (sp.), Wall. Cat. 8056, also from Moulmein with narrowly ellipsoidal acuminate shortly tomentose fruit scarcely 1 in. long, probably belongs to this species. 6. W. hypoleuca, Kurz Rep. Veg. Andam. ed. ii. 33; iii Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xli. ii. 1872, 206 ; leaflets 5 elliptic to oblong-lanceolate acuminate quite glabrous chartaceous glaucous beneath smooth, panicles puberulent shorter than the leaves, calyx partite, filaments linear densely pubescent on both sides not subulate free except base equal, ovary densely tawny-tomentose, berries (immature) hoary-velutinous oblong acuminate. W. sp. Kurz Rep. Veg. Andam. ed. i. p. iv. South Andaman Island; in the Jungles especially of the interior, common, Kurz. Leaves 9-16 in.; leaflets 4-6 by 1 1/2-3 in. ; petiolules 1/3-1 in., terminal ones longer. Flowers 1/8 in. long, white. Petals 5, occasionally 8. Stamens 10, sometimes as many as 15. Fruit (young) 1/2 in. long. - I have followed Mr. Kurz ; but perhaps the flowering and fruiting specimens belong to diflerent species. 7. W. neurodes, Hiern ; leaflets 5 elliptic shortly acuminate shining above strongly nerved beneath glabrous base obtuse, panicles equalling or exceeding the leaves puberulent, filaments linear equal densely pubescent base connate, anthers subterminal, fruit 1-2-celled, aril thin. Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. Leaves 4-12 in. ; leaflets 2-6 by 1-2 in., faintly pellucid-punctate; petiolules 1/8-1/3 in. or terminal one longer. Flowers 1/8 in. long. Ovary 2 celled ; stigma discoid ; ovules 2 in each cell, collateral, horizontal. Fruit ellipsoidal, 1/2-3/4 in. long. page 565 Sect. II. Surwala. Filaments subulate. 8. W. robusta, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 32 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 386 ; subglabrous, shoots and petioles rough with scabrous specks, leaflets 5 sometimes 3 ovate or elliptic acuminate shining, panicles nearly as long as the leaves dense puberulent, calyx partite, filaments equal free subulate pubescent except apex, anthers terminal, ovary 2-celled, berry egg-shaped or subglobose. Wall. Cat 1266, 8110, 8111, 8112. Surwala robusta, Roem. Synops. i. 108. Monocyclis robusta, Wall. ex Voigt Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 135. Scytalia glabra, Hb. Ham. ex Wall. Cat. 8048 E, not other letters. SILHET, Wallich; Assam, Hamilton; Khasia Mts. and Tenasserim, Griffith, &c; Andamans, Kurz under name of W. villosa in Rep. Andam. ed. 2, 33. A large timber tree. Leaves 6-12 in. ; leaflets 2-6 by 1-3 in. ; petiolules 1/4-1/2 in. or the terminal one longer. Flowers 1/6 in. long, white. Staminal tube white ; anthers yellow. Fruit 1/2-2/3 in. long. 13. HEYNEA, Roxb. Trees or rarely shrubs. Leaves 5-11-foliolate ; leaflets opposite, quite entire. Panicles terminal and axillary, corymbose, long-peduncled ; flowers rather small, hermaphrodite. Calyx short, 4-5-fid, imbricated. Petals 4-5, oblong, suberect, somewhat imbricated. Staminal tube 8- or 10-fid ; lobes linear, bidentate at apex, bearing the anthers between the linear teeth. Disk annular, fleshy. Ovary immersed in the disk, 2-3-celled, narrowing into the short style ; stigma 2-3-dentate, with a thickened ring at the base ; ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit capsular, 1-celled, 2-valved, 1-seeded, glabrous. Seed arillate, exalbuminous ; aril thin, white ; cotyledons hemispherical. - Distrib. A genus of 1-3 species, limited to India and the Indian Archipelago. 1. H. trijuga, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 33 ; in Bot. Mag. t. 1738; Cor. PI. iii. 66, t. 260 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 390 ; leaflets 5-11 ovate oblong or lanceolate acuminate glabrous above, paler and glabrate or pubescent beneath usually obtuse-based, panicles nearly equalling the leaves, calyx pubescent or subglabrate 5-4-fid, petals 5-4 glabrous or puberulent, staminal tube glabrous or puberulent outside usually pubescent inside, filaments 10 or rarely 8 alternately rather shorter, capsule round. Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 31 ; Adr. Juss. in Mem. Mus. xix. t. 18, f. 17; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 38; Wall. Cat. 1258 ; Brandis Fl. Sylvat. 70. Leea Iaevis. Hb. Heyne ex Wall. l.c. H. quinquejuga, Roxb. Cat. 90; Fl. Ind. ii. 391; Wall. Cat. 1259. H. affinis, Adr. Juss. l.c. 275 ; Beddome Fl. Sylvat. t. 134; W. & A. Prodr. i. 121. Walsura (Heynea) pubescens, Kurz in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xli. ii. 297. H. connaroides, Wight ex Voigt Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 136 ; Drury Ind. Fl. i. 166. Zanthoxylon? connaroides, W. & A. Prodr. i. 148. Zygophyllura? connaroides, W. & A. ex Wight Cat. n. 553. Forests of OUDH and the Himalaya, from Nipal to Bhotan; Khasia Mts., Pegu, Bengal, Penang ; Western Peninsula from the Concan southwards. A tree sometimes attaining a large size. Leaves 4-15 in. long; leaflets 2-6 1/2 by 3/4-3 in. ; petiolules 1/8-5/8 in. long or the terminal ones longer. Flowers white. Capsules 1/8-1/2 in. long. - A specimen from Malacca in very young flower, gathered by the late Dr. Maingay (Distrib. n. 346), with the leaflets of nearly the same colour on both surfaces, may belong to this species. Mr. Kurz, in Journ. Asiat. Beng. xxxix. ii. 72 (l870), states that H. sumatrana, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. i. 505, from W. Sumatra, is identical with H.. quinquejuga, Roxb. page 566 14. BEDDOMEA, Hook. fil. Trees or shrubs. Leaves 1-5-foliolate, opposite or subopposite ; leaflets quite entire. Racemes or panicles axillary, few-flowered ; flowers of moderate size, subglobose hermaphrodite. Calyx 4-6-partite, with broadly ovate imbricated segments. Petals 4-6, orbicular, much imbricated. Staminal tube short or globose, crenulate ; anthers 5-6, sessile, partially or wholly exserted ; connective thick ; cells narrow, marginal, at length confluent at the apex. Ovary short, hairy, more or less immersed in the inconspicuous disk, 3-celled ; cells 2-ovuled ; style short thick, stigma 3-lobed, pyramidal. Fruit coriaceous, ellipsoidal ovoid or subglobose, often acute at the apex, more or less ribbed and densely covered with closely set scurfy and stellate tomentum, tardily dehiscent, 2-3-celled; septa thin and often obsolete. Seeds 3-5, large, more or less angular, exarillate (Beddome). - DISTRIB. An endemic genus. 1. B. Indica, Hook. f. in Benth. & Hook. f. Gen. Pl. i. 336; young shoots somewhat lepidote, leaflets 3 elliptic obtuse glabrate base somewhat cuneate, panicles lax racemose, pedicels usually long, flowers 5-4-merous, staminal tube short, anthers 5, fruit ovoid to oblong. Bedd. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxv. 212 ; Anal. Gen. Ivi. ; Fl. Sylvat. t. 135 (smaller figure). Western Peninsula, from Kurg to Cape Comorin, ascending lo 3-4000 ft. Anemia rocks, Sispara, Hb. Wight, 417. A twiggy shrub. Leaves 6-12 in., leaflets 3-7 by 1 1/2-3 in.; petiolules 1/3-1 in. Flowers 1/5-1/4 in. diam. Fruit 1-1 1/2 in. long, more or less furrowed, rough with close-set rusty scales. 2. B. simplicifolia, Beddome Fl. Sylvat. t. 135; young parts with scurfy scales, leaflets solitary elliptic or narrowly so subacuminate glabrescent base obtuse or somewhat cuneate, panicles or racemes from much shorter than the leaves to much longer or the flowers occasionally solitary, flowers 5-6-merous, staminal tube large and globose or smaller, fruit as in the genus. Western Peninsula ; from the S. Concan to the Anamallay hills. A tree up to 3 ft. in girth and 25 in height. Leaves 3-6 by 1 1/4-3 1/4 in. ; petioles 1/3-1 in., much thickened and quasi-articulated near the apex. Flowers variable in size, 1/12-5/12 in. diam ; pedicels 1/12-1/4 in. long. Fruit oblong, size of pigeon's egg. - Beddome gives the following varieties. Var. α ; racemes much longer than the leaves, flowers 1/3-5/12 in. diam. rufous-tomentose. - Wynaad, Tinnevelly hills and Travancor, alt. 2-4000 tt. Var. β, parviflora; panicles very small not much longer than the petioles, flowers 1/12-1/6 in. diam. rufous-tomentose. - Anamallay and Pulney hills, alt 3-4000 h. Var. γ, racemosa; racemes filiform longer than the leaves, pubescence scurfy. - Wynaad, Coorg, S. Canara. 15. CARAPA, Aubl. Glabrous littoral trees. Leaves 2- or 4- or sometimes 6-foliolate ; leaflets opposite quite entire feebly nerved. Panicles lax, axillary, flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx 4-fid, short. Petals 4, reflexed, contorted sinistrosely (as seen from within). Staminal tube urceolate-globose, 8-dentate at apex, teeth bipartite ; anthers 8, 2-celled, just included, sessile at top of tube, alternating with the teeth. Disk fleshy, cup-shaped, adherent to the base of the ovary. Ovary 4-celled, 4-sulcate; cells 2-8-ovuled ; style short, stigma discoid. Fruit capsular, irregularly globose, large, 6-12-seeded ; pericarp fleshy dehiscing by 4 valves opposite the obliterated page 567 dissepiments. Seeds large, thick, angular - testa hard, spongy, aril 0, hilum large, ventral; cotyledons amygdaloid. - Distrib. A genus of scarcely more than 2 species, one Tropical American, the other from Tropical Asia, both however occurring in Tropical Africa on the west and east coast respectively.The character of the genus given above is based on the latter species ; it constitutes Koenig's genus Xylocarpus. 1. C. moluccensis, Lam. Encyl. Meth. i. 621 ; leaflets from ovate to obovate usually obtuse very shortly petiolulate, panicles lax shorter than the leaves sometimes in simple racemes. Bedd. Flor. Sylv. t. 136 ; Wall, Cat. 1274. C. indica, Juss. in Dict. Sc. Nat. vii, 32. C. obovata, Blume Bijdr. 179. Xylocarpus Granatum, Koen. Naturf. xx. 2 ; Adr. Juss. in Mem. Mus. xix. t. 20, f. 22. X. obovatus, Adr. Juss. I.c. 244. X. moluccensis, Roem. Synops. i. 124. Granatum littoreum, Rumph. Amb. iii. 92, t. 61. Monosoma littorata. Griff. Notul. iv. 502. Cfr. Guarea oblongifolia, Griff. I.c. 503. Muddy seacoasts throughout India and Ceylon. - Distrib. Tropical Africa, Malayan Archipelago and N. Australia. Leaves 4-8 in. ; leaflets 2-5 by 1-2 1/ in. Panicles 1-5 in. long; flowers 1/6-1/5 in. long, yellowish. Fruit 3-4 in. diam. 16. SOYMIDA, Adr. Juss. A lofty glabrous tree. Leaves paripinnate ; leaflets opposite, entire, obtuse. Panicles axillary and terminal ; flowers greenish-white, pentamerous. Calyx composed of 5 short imbricated sepals. Petals free, imbricated, obovate, unguiculate, spreading. Staminal tube short, cup-shaped, 10-cleft, lobes bidentate ; anthers 10, sessile between the teeth, short. Disk flat. Ovary 5-celled ; cells alternate with the sepals, each with about 12 biseriate pendulous ovules ; style short, stigma broad, fleshy. Capsule septifragally 5-valved, woody; valves consisting of two plates, separating from the 5-winged axis. Seeds numerous, flattish, winged at both ends, albuminous ; cotyledons foliaceous. - Distrib. One endemic species ; two other species from East Tropical Africa have been conjecturally referred to this genus. 1. S. febrifuga, Adr. Juss. in Mem. Mus. xix. 251, t. 22, f. 26 ; leaflets 6-12 elliptic or oblong base usually oblique shortly petioluled, panicles often equalling the leaves branches divaricate. W. & A. Prodr. i. 122; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 38 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylvat. t. 8 ; Forest Reports Madras. 1866-67, t. 2; Brandis Fl. Sylvat. 71. Swietenia febrifuga, Roxb. Monography ; Cor. PI. i. t. 17 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 398 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 32; Wall. Cat. 1267. S. Soymida, Duncan Tent. Inaug. de Sw. S. (1794). S. rubra, [Rottl.] Wall. Cat. 4890. Hilly districts of North Western Central and Southern India, extending southward to Travancor ; Ceylon. Yields a very hard dull red-coloured wood, one of the most durable. Leaves nearly evergreen, 9-18 in. ; leaflets 1 1/2-5 by 5/6-2 3/4 in. ; petiolules mostly very short. Flowers about 1/6 in, long ; bracts ovate-deltoid, small. Capsule smooth, black when ripe, 1-2 1/2 in. long. - Timber strong ; bark bitter. 17. CHICKRASSIA, Adr. Juss. A large timber tree with paripinnate leaves, alternate subopposite or opposite acuminate oblique entire leaflets, terminal panicles and 4-6-merous flowers. Calyx short, dentate. Petals oblong, free, sinistrorsely page 568 contorted (as regarded from inside) erecto-patent. Staminal tube cylindric, 10-crenate ; anthers 10, erect, inserted within the crenatures, short. Disk obsolete. Ovary shortly stipitate, 3-celled, cells each with numerous biseriate ovules ; style stout, stigma capitate. Capsule 3-celled, septicidally 3-valved, woody ; valves consisting of two plates, separating from the 3-winged axis. Seeds numerous, flattish, winged below, exalbuminous ; cotyledons orbicular. - Distrib. One endemic species.1. C. tabularis, Adr. Juss. in Mem. Mus. xix. 251, t. 22, f. 27 ; leaflets 10-16 ovate more or less velvety especially beneath or nearly glabrous base obtuse shortly petiolulate, panicles erect scarcely equalling the leaves, flowers yellowish or red, fruit ellipsoidal. W. & A. Prodr. i. 123 ; Thwaites Enum. 61 ; Wight III. i. t. 56 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylvat. t. 9 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 32. Swietenia Chickrassia, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 33 : Fl Ind. ii. 399. Plagiotaxis Chickrassia, Wall. Cat. 1269. S. Sotrophola, H. Ham. ex Wall. Cat. l.c. p. 214. C. Nimmonii, Grah. ex Wight l.c. 148 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 38. P. velutina, Wall. Cat. 1270. C. trilocularis, Roemer Synops. Monogr. i. 135. S. trilocularis, Roxb. ex Buck Journ. i. 184 ; G. Don Gen. Syst. i. 688. C. velutina, Roemer I.c. ; Kurz in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xlii. ii. 1873, 65. S. velutina and S. villosa. Wall. ex Kurz I.c. Cedrelae spec. De Cand. ? Hb. Wight, ex Wall. Cat. 4892. ? Cedrela velutina, DC. Prodr. i. 625. ? Cedrela villosa, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 18. ? Melia tomentosa, Kurz. Rep. Veg. Andam. ed. i. p. iv., not of Roxburgh. ? Toona velutina, Roem. Synops. Monogr. i. 139. ? T. villosa, Roem. l.c. 140. ? Cedrela odorata, Hort. Kew. olim ex Roem. I.c., not Linn. Western Peninsula, from the Concan to Coorg ; Malacca and Ceylon ; (?Tippere and the Andaman Islands). Leaves 12-18 in. ; leaflets 2-5 by 1 1/4-2 3/4 in. Flowers about 1/2-3/5 in. long. Ovary hairy. Stigma about on the level of the anthers. Fruit nearly 2 in. long. - The Chittagong wood tree. 18. CEDRELA, Linn. Tall trees with coloured wood. Leaves pinnate; leaflets numerous, opposite or subopposite, entire or serrate. Panicles terminal and subterminal oblong ; flowers white pentamerous. Calyx short, 5-cleft. Petals suberect, oval, imbricated, free. Stamens 4-6, free, inserted at the top of the disk, sometimes alternating with staminodes, filaments subulate ; anthers widely oblong, versatile. Disk thick or raised, 4-6-lobed. Ovary sessile on the top of the disk, 5-celled ; cells alternate with the calyx-lobes, each; with 8-12 biseriate pendulous ovules; style filiform, stigma discoid. Capsule coriaceous, 5-celled, septifragally 5-valved ; valves consisting of two plates. Seeds compressed, winged below or at both ends, with fleshy albumen; cotyledons flat, subfoliaceous. - Distrib. About 12 species, inhabiting Tropical Asia, Australia, and America. 1. C. Toona, Roxb.ex Rottl. & Willd. in Gesell. Nat. Freunde. N. Schr. iv. 198 (1803) ; Hort. Beng. 18 ; Cor. PI. iii. t. 238 ; Fl. Ind. i. 635 ; leaflet 8-30 obliquely ovate or lanceolate acutely acuminate glabrous shining entire or serrate base obtuse petioluled, panicles drooping about as long as or exceeding the leaves, pedicels short, stamens 5 occasionally 6 or alternating with staminodes equalling the petals, capsule oblong. W. & A. Prodr. i. 124; Wight Ic. t. 161 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylvat. t. 10 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 38 ; Brandis Fl. Sylv. 72, t. 14 ; Wall. Cat. 1272, 9041. C. febrifuga, Blume Bijdr. 180. C. hexandra, Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey ii. 425 ; Cat. 1272. 1 C. longifolia, Wall. Cat. 1273., C. serrata, Royle III. t. 25 ; Brandis page 569 l.c. 73. C. australis, F. Muell. Fragm. i. 4, teste Benth. Fl. Austral, i. 387. ? C. multijuga, Kurz in Journ. Asiat Soc. Beng. xli. ii. 297. Toona ciliata, febrifuga, hexandra, serrata, and longifolia, Roem. Synops. i. 139, 140. - Rumph. Herb. Amboin. iii. t. 39.Tropical Himalaya ; from the Indus eastward, ascending to 3000 ft. ; and throughout the hilly districts of Central and Southern India and Birma (absent in Ceylon¿). - Distrib. Java, Australia. Leaves 1-3 ft., deciduous; leaflets 2-7 by 3/4-3 in., sometimes glaucescent beneath. Flowers fragrant, 1/8-1/4 in. long. Petals ciliate. Capsule about 3/4-1 in, long, oblong. - Dr. Brandis distinguishes C. serrata from C. Toona by several characters ; however, I do not find any of them constant, except that in the few examples that show it the seeds of the former have wings at the upper end only, while those of the latter have wings at both ends ; it is common throughout the Himalaya, attaining an elevation of 8000 ft. - The flowers are used for dyeing : see Buchanan, Journey, i. 215, iii. 288. 19. CHLOROXYLON, DC. A moderate-sized tree. Leaves abruptly pinnate ; leaflets obtuse, oblique, entire. Panicles terminal and axillary, pubescent ; flowers small pentamerous. Calyx deeply lobed. Petals spreading, unguiculate, imbricated in bud. Stamens 10, inserted in the depressions of the disk, free ; filaments filiform-subulate, the alternate ones rather longer ; anthers small, versatile. Disk thick, 10-lobed, pubescent. Ovary pubescent, immersed in the disk ; 3-lobed, 3-celled ; cells about 8-ovuled ; style short, slender, glabrous, stigma small, capitate. Capsule coriaceous, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds compressed, exalbuminous ; margins angular, winged above ; cotyledons plano-convex. - Distrib. One endemic species. 1. C. Swietenia, DC. Prodr. i. 625 ; leaflets 20-40 opposite subopposite or alternate glabrous pale and dotted on lower surface base very unequal shortly petioluled, panicles scarcely as long as the leaves, pedicels longer than the flowers, capsule glabrous oblong dark brown. W. & A. Prodr. i. 123; Wight Ill. i. t. 56bis; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 32; Bedd. Fl. Sylvat. t. 11 ; Brandis Fl. Sylvat. 74 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 39 ; Thwaites Enum. 61 ; Wall. Cat. 1268. Swietenia Chloroxylon, Roxb. Cor. Pl. i. t. 64 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 400. Western Peninsula, from the Concan to the Nilghiris ; Ceylon. Young parts petioles and inflorescence covered with grey puberulence ; heartwood with a beautiful satin lustre and fragrant. Leaves 5-9 in. ; leaflets 2/3-1 1/3 by 1/4-5/8 in. Flowers 1/4 in. wide when open. Capsule 1 in. long by 4 in. thick. - Indian Satinwood. Meliacea penangiana, Wall. Cat. 4889, from Penang, consists of 3 unnameable and apparently diverse species, one of which is probably a Canarium. Meliacea rugosa, Wall. l.c. 4891, from Penang is probably not Meliaceous. Order XXXVIII. CHAILLETIACEAE. (By J. D. Hooker.) Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, quite entire ; stipules 2, deciduous. Flowers small, unisexual or polygamous, in corymbose cymes ; peduncles sometimes adnate to the petiole. Sepals 5, free or connate, sometimes unequal, imbricate. Petals 5, free, subperigynous, equal or unequal, notched or 2-fid, with often an inflexed lamina, which is adnate to the face of the petal, usually open in aestivation. Stamens 5, subperigynous, all or some only fertile, free or adnate to the corolla; anthers oblong, connective page 570 often thickened at the back. Disk of 5 glands or scales, or a 5-glandular or -lobed cup. Ovary free, pubescent or villous, 2-3-celled ; styles 1-2-3, free or more or less connate, stigmas simple or capitate ; ovules anatropous in pairs from the top of each cell, pendulous. Drupe pubescent or hispid, oblong transversely oblong or didymous, compressed ; epicarp entire or dehiscent; putamen indehiscent or not, 1-3-celled, cells 1-seeded. Seed pendulous, hilum broad, testa membranous, albumen ; embryo large, cotyledons thick, radicle small superior. - A small chiefly tropical order, of 3 genera and about 40 species.1. CHAILLETIA, DC. Flowers polygamo-moncecious. Sepals 5, unequal, united at the base or above it, obtuse. Petals 5, 2-lobed, narrow, free. Stamens 5, sometimes slightly adnate at the base to the petals. Dish of 5 quadrate scales placed opposite the petals. Ovary 2-3-celled. - DISTRIB. Tropical Asia, Africa, and especially America; species about 30. 1. C. gelonioides, Hook.f. in Gen. Plant, i. 341 ; branchlets minutely pubescent, leaves glabrous elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate or -obovate abruptly acuminate or caudate-acuminate narrowed into the very short petiole, flowers in small cymes. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. 59, t. 9, f. 1. C. sumatrana, Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 329. Moacurra gelonioides, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 70; Baill. Etud. Gen. Euph. 587; Mull. Arg. in DC. Prodr. xv. pt. 2, 227 ; Thwaites Enum. 79 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 52. Celastrus acuminatus, Wall. Cat. n. 4342. Wahlenbergia, Br. ex Wall. Cat. Didex, p. 232. Eastern Bengal ; at the foot of the Khasia Mts., and in Silhet and Chittagong ; Western Peninsula, on the Ghats from the Concan southwards. Ceylon, ascending to 3000 ft. - DISTRIB. Sumatra. A small subdioecious tree. Leaves 2-4 by 3/4-2 in., rather thin, nerves reticulate, pale when dry, the young pilose or silky beneath ; stipules pubescent, old quite glabrous beneath. Male fl. about 1/6 in. diam. Sepals subequal, obtuse, hoary. Petals as long, narrow obovate, glabrous, a subquadrate scale is placed in front of each at the base. Stamens inserted at the very base of the calyx, or rather shorter than the petals, connective broad. Female fl, as in the male, but the anthers have no pollen. Ovary broad, sessile, woolly; styles 2, very short, stigma minute capitate. Fruit when perfect 3/4-1 in. diam., transversely oblong or obconlate, 2-celled, compressed and didymous, but often only one carpel is perfect, and then it is smaller, oblong and oblique, epicarp thick, rather fleshy, dehiscing along the edges, and becoming partially reflected, exposing the yellow mesocarp which surmounts the rough crustaceous endocarp. Seeds oblong, testa thin ; embryo the shape of the seed, radicle short. - Roxburgh erroneously describes the split epicarp as a 2-valved capsule, and the coloured fleshy mesocarp as an aril. The descriptions of Baillon and Muller are evidently taken from imperfect specimens, and probably of two diflerent plants; they both retain Moacurra, and refer it to Euphorbiacece. Beddome describes the endocarp as divisible into two valves, but I find no trace of this in eastern specimens. Thwaites has a var. β, with leaves more or less tomentose beneath. 2. C. Helferiana, Kurz in Beng. As. Soc. Journ. xli. 1872, pt. 2, 297 ; branchlets terete, young hoary-pubescent, leaves elliptic-oblong or -obovate acuminate petioled young and old along the nerves silky pubescent beneath, veins very indistinct, flowers in hoary branched racemes, fruit hoary. Chaillet. (spec.) Brunoniana, Wall. Cat. 4038. Tenasserim, at Tavoy, Gomez, Helfer. page 571 It is difficult, in the absence of flowers, to distinguish this by characters from C. gelonioides; the leaves are larger, 4 inches long, more oblong, more shortly and sharply acuminate, of a brown colour when dry, with very faint slender nerves, and they are less narrowed at the base. The fruit, judging from Wallich's specimen, is smaller, though as densely hoary and of the same shape, and the epicarp dehisces in the same way. 3. C. longipetala, Turcz in Bull. Mosc. 1863, pt. i. 611; branches angular pustular, young densely tomentose leaves elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate acuminate silkily hairy beneath, especially on the nerves and pubescent on the nerves above, old scabrid beneath, cymes densely tomentose, male lax small-flowered, female short with fewer denser flowers that have longer petals. Tenasserim; at Mergui, Griffith, Helfer. Apparently a monoecious climber ; bark of branchlets pale and densely pustular, youngest fulvous-pubescent. Leaves 3-4 1/2 in., dark-brown when diy, nerves strong beneath ; petiole very short. Male fl. in effuse cymes, about 1/6-in. diam. Sepals connate into a turbinate tube, obtuse, hoary, unequal. Petals little longer than the sepals, broad, split to below the middle. Stamens equalling the petals. Disk-scales quadrate, crenate. Rudimentary-ovary minute, woolly. Female fl. twice as large as the male. Calyx the same. Petals twice as long as the Sepals, narrow. Stamens with long filaments and no pollen. Ovary globose, clothed with straight white hairs ; style long and slender, 3-fid at the apex. Fruit wanting. 4. C. deflexifolia, Turcz. in Bull. Mosc. 1863, pt. i. 611, var. tomentosa ; branches terete smooth young fulvous-tomentose, leaves petioled elliptic or elliptic-oblong acute coriaceous shining above tomentose beneath, nerves strong minutely pubescent above, cymes peduncled spreading many-flowered hoary. Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. Apparently a climber ; branches black, the ultimate clothed with fulvous pubescence. Leaves 4-6 by 2 1/2-3 1/2 in., much broader than in any of the preceding species, very shortly acuminate or very acute, coriaceous and hard, dark-brown when dry ; petiole stout. Cymes many, much branched, effuse, 2 in. diam. Male fl. 1/10 in. diam. Calyx divided nearly to the base ; segments unequal, obtuse. Petals rather longer than the sepals. Female fl., calyx as in the males. Petals half as long again as the sepals. Stamens long ; anthers empty. Ovary clothed with matted wool ; style very slender, 3-fid at the tip. Fruit unripe, hoary with fulvous tomentum. - I unite this with the Javanese C. deflexifolia with some doubts, the leaves being so much more tomentose beneath. Var. ? sordida ; leaves 3-4 by 1 1/2-2 in., minutely pilose or pubescent and purplish-brown beneath. Sincapore, Wcdlich (Cat. n. 9016), Maingay. - The specimens are flowerless ; Wallich's has unripe fruit quite like that of var. tomentosa. 5. C. Griffithii, Hook. f. ; branchlets clothed with long spreading strigose hairs, leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate acuminate cordate at the very base, hairy beneath, cymes short few-flowered, fruit oblong densely clothed with fulvous rigid hairs. Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. A very distinct species from any of the above. Branchlets slender, clothed more or less laxly with hairs, 1/10-1/6 in. long. Leaves subsessile, 4-7 by 2-3 in., glabrous above, beneath more or less clothed with long hairs, that are sometimes confined to the nerves, at others scattered over the surface. Flowers, female only seen, larger than its congeners, 1/4 in. diam., in small few-flowered cymes. Calyx divided nearly to the base, densely tomentose. Petals not exceeding the sepals, pubescent. Stamens equalling the petals. Ovary densely clothed with rigid fulvous bristles ; style very slender, 3-fid at the tip. Fruit 1 1/2 in. long, 2-celled. - Griffith describes this as a shrub with the flowers whitish, capitate, and hidden under the leaves, and with 1-ovuled ovarian cell. I find however 2 ovules, as in the other species. Maingay had given this, or a page 572 variety of it, the ms. name of lanuginosa, his specimen having softer pubescence on the leaves than Griffith's; but the nature of the clothing of the branchlets, leaves, and fruit is far from being woolly; he further describes the styles as 2, short and distinct, which probably applies to male flowers, as in Griffith's plant it is slender and 3-fid at the apex.6. C. Laurocerasus, Planch, in Herb. Hook. ; branches terete smooth black and leaves perfectly glabrous, leaves oblong and elliptic-oblong very shortly petioled obtusely acuminate, nerves very slender, cymes very small few-flowered, fruit large hoary, transversely oblong or globose when one carpel ripens. Penang, in every part of the hill, Maingay. (Sincapore? Lobb.) A scandent shrub ; remarkable amongst the India species for being perfectly glabrous, even the young twigs and leaves ; branchlets black when dry, not pustular. Leaves 3-5 by 1 1/2-2 in., on short slender petioles, coriaceous, very smooth and bright red-brown when dry. Cymes, female only seen, small, few-flowered, shortly peduncled. Flowers 1/6 in. diam. Calyx divided nearly to the base, lobes very rounded, nearly equal, hoary externally. Petals glabrous, about twice as long as the calyx. Stamens equalling the petals ; anthers empty. Ovary minute, pubescent; style long, slender, 3-fid at the tip. Fruit fully formed 1 1/4 in. across, epicarp hard, endocarp thick, bony, tubercled on the surface, white inside. - Lobb's specimen is ticketed from Sincapore, but is more probably from Penang. C. sp. ? Wall. Cat. 7443, from Penang, Porter, without flower or fruit, is probably an undescribed species of Chailletia. It has terete branches, pubescent branchlets, narrow-oblong glabrous leaves, 5-8 in. long, with obtuse or subacute tips and rounded bases, beautifully reticulated and shining on both surfaces; the cymes are small and fulvous-pubescent. Order XXXIX. OLACINEAE. (By Maxwell T. Masters, F.R.S.) Trees or shrubs rarely herbs, sometimes climbing. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, simple or lobed, penni- or palminerved, exstipulate. Inflorescence cymose - cymes terminal, axillary, or extra axillary, sessile or more or less peduncled, rarely capitate. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or unisexual, often dioecious. Calyx usually .small, 4-5 -toothed, sometimes accrescent, free, or adherent either to the ovary or to the fruit, lobes valvate or imbricate. Petals 3-6, valvate or imbricate, free, or more or less coherent. Stametis 3-15, inserted with the petals, free or adnate to them and either opposite to or alternate with them, all fertile, or some (staminodes) anantherous, disunited or more or less monadelphous ; anthers erect, 2-ceIled, splitting longitudinally. Disk hypogynous, cup-shaped, perigynous or epigynous. Ovary free, or half-inferior, 1 -celled, or imperfectly 2-3-5-celled (from the dissepiments not reaching the apex of the cavity) ; style simple or 0, rarely divided, stigma entire or lobed ; ovules 1-5, pendulous from the apex of a central placenta, or from the side or apex of the ovarian cavity, consisting usually of a naked nucleus ; funicle (or placenta ?) often dilated into a thickened process, " obturator," above the ovule. Fruit drupaceous, or dry indehiscent, 1-celled, 1-seeded, free, or more or less adnate to the calyx-tube and disk. Seed pendulous, albumen fleshy, entire or lobed rarely ; radicle superior, cotyledons leafy, flat or folded, rarely fleshy. - Distrib. Genera about 40, species about 190, widely distributed through the Tropics of both hemispheres. In the following pages the arrangement of Bentham and Hooker is followed, though in all probability some of the genera, when better known, will have to be transferred page 573 elsewhere. Gnffith, Miers, and following them Baillon, Engler, and others, consider the Icacineae to form a separate Order, an arrangement probably more natural than that which is here followed on the ground of expediency, though Oliver's genus Pteleocarpa is to some extent intermediate.Tribe I. Olaceae. Stamens anisomerous, or equal and opposite to the petals. Ovary 2-3-5-celled at the base, 1-celled at the apex, or completely 1-celled ; ovules pendulous. * Fertile stamens anisomerous or twice or thrice the number of the petals.
** Fertile stamens isomerous with and opposite to the petals.
Tribe II. Opilieae. Stamens isomerous, opposite to the petals or lobes of the perianth. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. * Flowers monochlamydeous.
** Flowers dichlamydeous.
Tribe III. Icacineae. Stamens isomerous, alternate with the petals. Ovary 1-2-celled, with 1-2 ovules pendulous from the top of the cell ; rarely perfectly 2-3-celled with 1-2 ovules in each cell. * Calyx cup-shaped, denticulate, valvate.
** Calyx deeply 5-parted, lobes imbricate.
Tribe IV. Phytocreneae. Flowers (except in lodes) and fruit as in Icacineae. Embryo more developed, cotyledons broad fleshy or foliaceous. - Climbers. Stamens alternate with the petals.
page 574
1. XIMENIA, Linn. A shrub or low tree. Branches spiny. Leaves shortly petioled, alternate, simple, 1-nerved. Flowers racemose, usually hermaphrodite. Calyx; cupular, 4-5-toothed, persistent, not accrescent. Petals 4-5, oblong, revolute, hairy within. Stamens twice the number of the petals, hypogynous ; anthers innate, linear, 2-celled. Staminodes 0. Ovary sessile, superior, 4-celled ; style columnar, stigma simple ; ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous, anatropous. Drupe ovoid, 1-celled ; stone solitary. - Distrib. Species, 4-5, 1 Mexican, 1 South African, 1 Bornean, 1 Polynesian, 1 widely dispersed through the Tropics of both hemispheres. Baillon (Adansonia, iii, 128) describes the ovules as erect, but I find them as above described. 1. X. americana, Willd. Sp. PI. ii. 230 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 252 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 89 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. i. 787. X. Russelliana, Wall. Cat. 6784. Eastern and Western Peninsulas, Circars, Wight; Belgaum, Ritchie ; Andaman Islds., Kurz ; Malacca, Griffith; Ceylon, Thwaites. - Distrib. Malayan Archipelago, Trop. Africa and America. Branches spreading glabrous, covered with a red astringent bark, often ending in a spine. Young shoots angular. Leaves 1 1/4 by 1 in. and upwards, coriaceous, glabrous, ovate-oblong, or roundish, emarginate, base rounded, vernation conduplicate ; petiole 1/6 in. Flowers 1/3 in., bisexual, sometimes polygamous, white, fragrant, in short racemes, which are axillary, or on the ends of thickened contracted shoots. Rachis terete, 4-6-flowered. Bracts minute. Buds oblong, acute. Calyx minute. Petals many times longer than the calyx, equal to the stamens in length. Connective thick. Ovary ovoid-oblong, glabrous, longitudinally sulcate, surrounded at the base by the persistent ultimately reflexed calyx ; style as long as the stamens. - The fruit is edible and the wood is used as a substitute for Sandal-wood. This plant is omitted in Thwaites' Enumeration. excluded species. X. ? OLACIOIDES, W. & A. Prodr. i. 89, is Opilia amentacea, Roxb. X. AEGYPTIACA, Juss. Gen. 288 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 233, is Balanites Roxburghii, Planch. 2. OLAX, Linn. Trees or shrubs, often scandent, sometimes prickly. Leaves alternate, petioled, simple. Racemes axillary, simple, or branched. Bracts minute. Calyx minute, cup-shaped, truncate or obscurely toothed, accrescent. Petals hypogynous, valvate, more or less coherent, sometimes 6 in 3 pairs, or 5, 4 coherent, 1 free, rarely 5 or 3 free. Fertile stamens usually 3, rarely 4, 5, generally opposite the edges of the petals and attached to their base, rarely opposite their centre ; anthers adnate to the filament, (versatile, W. & A.) oblong, 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally. Staminodes 5-6, bifid, usually opposite the petals. Ovary free, usually surrounded by a shallow, page 575 cup-shaped, hypogynous disk, more or less 3-celled below, 1-celled above ; style simple, terminal, stigma 3-lobed ; ovules 3, linear, pendulous from the apex of a central placenta. Fruit more or less covered by the accrescent fleshy calyx ; stone crustaceous, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Seed inverse, albuminous ; embryo minute, in the apex of albumen ; radicle superior. - Distrib. A genus of 25-30 species, natives of the tropics of the Old World.1. O. scandens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 163; Cor.Pl. iii. t. 102; scandent, prickly, leaves ovate oblong or oblong-lanceolate, racemes many-flowered, peduncles ascending longer than the bracts. Wall. Cat. 6774 A to G ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 89 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. i. 785 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 27 ; Thwaites Enum. 42 ; Brandis For. Flor. 75. O. Bador, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 6778. O. psittacorum, Vahl Enum. 34, 'partly. Roxburghia baccata, Koen. ex W. & A. Prodr. i. 89. Tropical Western Himalaya, in Kumaon ; Behar ; Central and Southern India ; ROHILKUND, BIRMA, Tenasserim ; Ceylon, in hot dry parts of the Island. - Distrib. Java. Trunk as thick as a man's thigh. Branches terete, more or less puberulous, prickles stout, curved. Leaves distichous, 2 by 1 in., yellowish -green, glabrous or sometimes puberulous beneath; petiole 1/12-1/6 in., puberulous. Racemes solitary, axillary, half the length of the leaves ; peduncles puberulous, twice the length of the minute bracts. Flowers small, white. Calyx puberulous or glabrescent. Petals 3-5-6, irregularly cleft. Fertile stamens 3, anthers oblong. Staminodes 2-fid. Ovary ovoid-oblong 1-celled, 1- rarely 3-ovuled. Drupe ovoid or globose, 3-4ths covered by the accrescent calyx. - Variable in the form and vestiture of the leaves as well as in the degree of cohesion of the petals. From this latter cause the number of petals in different flowers appears to vary and the relative position of the fertile stamens and petals seems to be different. Wallich's O. Bador is rather more pubescent than the other specimens. 2. O. imbricata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 164 ; scandent, unarmed, leaves ovate-oblong acute, racemes many-flowered, peduncles ascending scarcely longer than the bracts. Wall. Cat. 6775 A, B ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. i 785. CHITTAGONG and Martaban at Amherst, Wallich. - Distrib. Java, Philippines. Branches slender, terete, young shoots puberulous. Leaves distichous, 4 by 1 3/4 in. and upwards, coriaceous, glabrous, base rounded ; petiole 1/4 in. Racemes axillary, compact, provided, when young with large (for the genus), ovate, concave, imbricate bracts so as to resemble the spikelets of a Briza (Roxb.), ultimately about 1 in., dichotomous, many -flowered ; peduncles puberulous. Flowers nearly 1/2 in. Petals 6, combined in 3 pairs. Fertile stamens 3, nearly as long as the 6 bifid staminodes. Fruit 4 in., ovoid, glabrous. 3. O. Wightiana, Wall. Cat. 6779; shrubby or arborescent, leaves ovate-oblong, racemes many-flowered lax, peduncles drooping longer than the bracts. W. and A. Prodr. i. 89 ; Dalz. and Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 27 ; Thwaites Enum. 42 ; Beddome Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. t. 9, f. 2. O. lucida, Heyne in Wall. Cat. 6777. O. psittacorum, Vahl Enum. 233 partly ex W. & A. Prodr. i. 89. O. zeylanica, Wall. Cat. 6777 B?. Western Peninsula, from the Concan southwards ; Malacca, Griffith ; Ceylon, in the warmer parts of the island. A shrub or small tree (Beddome), a scandent shrub (Dalz. and Gibs.). Branches terete, glabrous. Leaves 3-4 by 1 1/2 in. ; glabrous, shining above, paler beneath; petiole 1/3 in., glabrous or puberulous. Raceme 1 in., axillary, solitary or clustered, simple or branched; peduncles 1/3 in., distichous. Flower-buds cylindric-clavate. Flower 1/3-1/2 in. Calyx cupular, puberulous. Petals 5. Fertile stamens 3, half the length of the page 576 petals. Staminodes 5, bifid, nearly as long as the petals. Ovary ovoid. Fruit oblong, nearly covered by the closely adherent glabrous calyx.Var. 1, bracteata, racemes elongated half as long as the leaves, bracts 2-3 times longer than the peduncles ovate leafy. - Bombay, Law. This may be merely an accidental variation. 4. O. zeylanica, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. i. 532 ; arborescent, leaves ovate acuminate or ovate-lanceolate, racemes many-flowered, peduncles ascending scarcely exceeding the bracts. Wall. Cat. 6776 A, 6776 B ? ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 88 ; Thwaites Enum. 42 ; Beddome Fl. Sylv. Ix. Ceylon, southern parts of the island, Thwaites. A small tree. Young branches acutely angled, glabrous, transversely wrinkled, loosely divaricate. Leaves 2 by 3/4 in., glabrous, shining ; petiole 1/4 in. Racemes axillary twice the length of the petiole, rachis puberulous, peduncles subtended by a bract of about equal length. Flower-bud cylindric-clavate. Flowers 1/4 in. Calyx-rim crenulate. Petals 5, oblong, many times longer than the calyx. Fertile stamens 3, shorter than the 6 bifid staminodes. Ovary ovoid. Fruit ovoid-oblong, obtuse. 5. O. merguensis, Planch, in Herb. Kew ; arborescent, leaves oblong-lanceolate acuminate, base tapering, racemes many-flowered, peduncles ascending scarcely exceeding the bracts. Tenasserim ; at Mergui, Griffith ; Malacca, Maingay. A low tree. Branches purplish, glabrous. Leaves 5 by 1 1/2 in., glabrous, coriaceous; petiole 1/3 in. Racemes solitary or many from the same axil, rather longer than the petiole, simple or branched, erect ; peduncles puberulous. Bracts ovate, acute, concave, overlapping when young. Flowers 1/3 in., whitish, fragrant. Petals usually 6, in 3 pairs, or 5, rarely three. Fertile stamens 3, opposite the petals, nearly as long as the bifid staminodes. Ovary ovoid-conic. 6. O. acuminata, Wall. Cat. 6781; shrubby, branchlets angular, leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate acuminate, racemes few-flowered, peduncles deflexed. Benth. in Linn. Trans, xviii 678. O. Heyneana, Wall. Cat. 6780. O. longifolia. Wall. Cat. 6782. SILHET, Wallich; Khasia Mts., alt. 2000ft., H.f. & T.; Bhotan, Griffith; Assam, Jenkins. A scandent? shrub. Branches glabrous, yellow, divaricate, virgate. Leaves 2-4 by 3/4-1 1/2 in., glabrous, acute, base tapering; petiole 1/3 in. Racemes very short, peduncles distichous. Flower-buds ovoid-conic. Flowers minute. Calyx pateriform. Petals 3, oblong-lanceolate, apex incurved. Fertile stamens 3, opposite the petals, shorter than the 6 bifid staminodes ; anthers apiculate. Ovary ovoid. Fruit 3/4 in., ovoid-oblong, obtuse, glabrous, orange-coloured. 7. O. nana, Wall. Cat. 6783 A, B ; suffruticose, leaves oblong-lanceolate, peduncles solitary 1-flowered. Benth. in Linn. Trans, xviii. 678. Hot Valleys of the Western Himalaya, ascending to 5000 ft. from Nipal westward and in the Panjab. Shoots herbaceous, from a contracted woody stock, virgate. Leaves 1 1/ by 1/2 in., subsessile, glabrous, black in drying ; petiole 1/2 in. Flower-buds obovoid. Flowers scarcely 1/2 in. Petals 3, oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse. Fertile stamens 3, opposite to the petals. Staminodes bifid, longer than the fertile stamens. Ovary ovoid-oblong, 1-celled. Fruit globular, pea-like, 1-celled, 1-seeded. - This is one of those curious plants, which like Grewia nana, appear never to form a trunk, but only a contracted stock from which the shoots originate every year and are destroyed by fire, cattle, &c. 3. OCHANOSTACHYS, Mast. A tree or shrub. Leaves alternate, petiolate, 1 -nerved. Flowers numerous, on long, slender, branching axillary spikes. Calyx cup-shaped, 4-5-toothed, page 577 not accrescent ? Petals 4-5, free, valvate, hairy within. Stamens 12-15, hypogynous, or adherent to the base of the petals, or arranged in groups of 3 before the petals, filaments subulate, glabrous ; anthers minute, didymous, opening longitudinally. Staminodes 0. Disk hypogynous, fleshy, very shallow, annular, or inconspicuuus. Ovary free, ovoid, incompletely 3-celled beneath, 1-celled above; style cylindric, stigma minute capitate obscurely 3-lobed ; ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous from the apex of a central placenta. Fruit unknown. - Distrib. Species 1 or 2 natives of the Malay peninsula and Borneo. In technical characters allied to Ximenia, but differing in habit, arrangement of the leaves, inflorescence and number of stamens. The name refers to the thong-like inflorescence.1. O. amentacea, Mast. ; leaves oblong acuminate, base acute, spikes about as long as the leaves. Malacca, Maingay, Griffith. - Distrib. Borneo. Branches terete. Leaves 5-6 by 2 1/2 in., coriaceous, glabrous, quite entire, 1 -nerved, secondary pairs of nerves about 5, rather distant, arching ; petiole 1/2 in. Flower-bud roundish-oblong. Flowers 1/10 in. Calyx puberulous. Stamens 1/3 shorter than the petals. 4. CTENOLOPHON, Oliv. Trees. Leaves opposite, petiolate, simple, 1-nerved. Inflorescence panicled-cymose, terminal. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite, dichlamydeous. Calyx 5-parted ; lobes imbricate, not accrescent. Petals 5, free, imbricate, oblong, reflexed after flowering. Stamens 10, free, springing from a short, ring-like hypogynous disk, those opposite the petals longer than the others ; anthers roundish, apiculate, 2-celled, dehiscing lengthwise. Staminodes 0. Ovary free, shortly stalked, imperfectly 2-celled ; style cylindric, apex bifid, stigmas capitate; ovules in pairs in each cell, collateral, pendulous. Fruit coriaceous or crustaceous, 1-celled, 1-seeded, dehiscing irregularly. Seed pendulous from the apex of a free central placenta, and provided with a dorsal, pectinate crest. - Distrib. 2 known species, both Malayan. 1. C. parvifolius, Oliv. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 516, t. 43 ; leaves elliptic shortly and obtusely acuminate, ovarian cavity reaching nearly to the base of the style. Malacca, Maingay. Branchlets glabrous, purplish. Leaves 2-4 1/2 by 1 1/4-1 3/4 in., coriaceous, glabrous, shining above, reticulate beneath, base rounded; petiole 1/3-1/2 in., channelled. Inflorescence about the length of the leaves, cano-tomentose, panicled-cymose ; pedicels short, thick. Bracts 1/12 in., caducous, ovate, deltoid. Flowers 1/3 in. Calyx-lobes roundish, concave, tomentose outside, subglabrous within Petals 5, erect, four times longer than the calyx-lobes, coriaceous, oblong, recurved, downy outside, except at the overlapped margin. Anthers adnate. Ovary ovoid-globose, hirsute, surrounded at the base by an annular disk, 2celled; style elongate, 2-furrowed, glabrous. Fruit 1/2-3/4 in., ellipsoid; pericarp woody, crustaceous, splitting on one side. Seeds with an arilloid crest. 2. C. grandifolius, Oliv. I.c. ; leaves oblong shortly and obtusely acuminate, ovarian cavity scarcely exceeding in length the hypogynous disk. Malacca, Maingay. Branchlets terete, glabrous. Leaves 3 1/2-7 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., coriaceous, glabrous, entire, midrib prominent beneath; petiole 1/3-1/2 in., glabrous or pruinose. Inflorescence subpyramidal, peduncles ascending, articulate at the nodes, pedicels exceeding the calyx. Bracts scale-like, caducous. Flowers 1/4-1/3 in. Sepals equal, roundish, concave, coriaceous, cano-tomentose outside, glabrous within. Petals 5-6 times longer than the page 578 sepals, linear-oblong, cano-tomentose. Pollen-grains large, 5-6-gonous, compressed. Ovary ovoid, densely hirsute, angular, 2-celled, dissepiment perforate ; style short, glabrous above. Fruit not seen.5. ERYTHROPALUM, Blume. Climbing cirhose shrubs. Leaves alternate, petiolate, simple, palminerved. Tendrils axillary. Peduncles axillary, dichotomous, ultimate pedicels umbellate, ebracteate. Flowers hermaphrodite (monoecious Blume), Calyx adherent, limb 4-5-parted. Corolla rotate-campanulate, deeply 6-lobed, lobes valvate. Stamens 5, opposite the petals, filaments very short; anthers incurved, adnate, introrse, 2-celled, dehiscing lengthwise at the sides ; connective thick. Staminodes 5, alternate with the lobes of the calyx, and springing with the stamens from the throat of the corolla. Ovary semiadherent, obconic, tapering at the apex into a short style, 1 -celled, sometimes (always ?) provided with an epigynous disk ; stigma minute 3-lobed ; ovules 1-3, pendulous from the apex of the ovarian cavity, naked. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent, ovoid-oblong or clavate, surmounted by the remains of the calyx, 1-celled ; epicarp (calyx ?) ultimately separating from the fruit in 3-5 fleshy, reflexed valves. Seed 1, pendulous, albumen fleshy; embryo minute. - Distrib. The following are the only known species : - 1. E. scandens, Blume Bijdr. 921 ; leaves glabrous membranous ovate or oblong-lanceolate acuminate, base subpeltate rounded or acute, flowers less than 1/12 in. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. i. 704 ; Wall. Cat. 9033, without name. Cocculus calophyllus, Wall. Mss. in herb. SILHET, Wallich; Khasia Mts., alt. 2-2400 ft., H.f.&T.; Pegu, Kurz ; Malacca, Maingay. - Distrib. Java. Branches striated, glabrous. Leaves 5 by 2 3/4 in., 3-7-nerved, glaucous beneath. Tendrils (abortive peduncles) simple or bifid, thickened towards the apex. Cymes axillary, lax, much branched, many -flowered, peduncles 3-4 in. ; branches divaricate, ultimate pedicels umbellate, longer than the flower. Bracteoles minute. Calyx cup-shaped, obscurely 4-5 toothed. Corolla deeply 5-parted, lobes ovate. Ovary ovoid, style short. Fruit 3/4-1 in. by 1/2 in., 1-celled, epicarp, (persistent calyx), yellowish, ultimately separating from above downwards into 3-4 valves. 2. E. populifolium, Mast. ; leaves subcoriaceous ovate or roundish acuminate, base cordate subpeltate, flowers exceeding 1/12 in. Mackaya populifolia, Arn. in Mag. Zool. Bot. 1838, ii. 531. Travancor, at Courtallum, Wight. Glabrous. Leaves 5 by 4 3/4 in., 3-7-nerved, glaucous beneath; petiole 1 1/2 in. Peduncles axillary, 1 or more together, or on a short thick spur, slender, dichotomous, few-flowered, pedicels longer than the flowers. Calyx cup-shaped, obscurely 5-toothed. Corolla rotate, deeply 5 parted, lobes oblong, much longer than the calyx. Ovary ovoid, semi-adherent, 1-ceIled ; style short, subulate ; ovules 3. Fruit 3/4 in., oblong or ellipsoid. 3. E. vagum, Mast; leaves subcoriaceous ovate-oblong obtuse or acute, base subpeltate cordate, ovary with an epigynous disk. Modeccopsis vaga, Griff. Notul. iv. 633 ; Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. 628. Tropical Himalaya, from Nipal to Mishmi and Assam ; Malacca, Griffith. Leaves 6 1/2 by 4 1/2 in , 5-7-nerved ; petiole 2 in. Peduncle 7-8 in. Calyx tube obconic, margin obscurely 5-toothed. Corolla deeply 5 lobed ; lobes herbaceous, oblong-ovate, reflexed. Filaments filiform, anthers minute. Ovary ovoid-oblong, 1-celled, epigynous disk large, 5-lobed, lobes opposite the sepals; style short, subulate, stigma minute page 579 ovules 3, pendulous, anatropal. Fruit 1 in., ovoid-oblong, surmounted by the remains of the disk, epicarp fleshy whitish; mesocarp somewhat bony, brownish; endocarp whitish, spongy. Seed solitary, large, pendulous, ovoid, acute below, without coat or distinction of parts except a trace of a radicle (Griffith). - The structure of the seed requires further investigation. Materials are wanting for this purpose.6. STROMBOSIA, Blume. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, petioled, simple, 1 -nerved. Inflorescence cymose, cymes short. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite, dichlamydeous. Calyx cup-shaped, more or less 5-lobed, inferior, or partly superior. Petals 5, free, hairy within. Stamens 5, opposite the petals and adnate to their base ; anthers 2-celled, introrse. Staminodes 0. Ovary wholly superior, or partly inferior, imperfectly 4-5-celled, surrounded by a perigynous 5-lobed disk ; style simple ; ovules 4-5, pendulous from a central placenta. Fruit drupaceous, surmounted by the remains of the calyx-lobes and of the style ; stone crustaceous. Seed pendulous, embryo minute within fleshy albumen. - DISTRIB. Species 6, natives of the Western peninsula, Ceylon and the Archipelago. In the Indian species I find the flowers cleistogamous. Sect. 1. Eustrombosia. Ovary free. 1. S. javanica, Blume Bijdr. 1154; Mus. Bat. Lugd. Bat. i. 251 c. ic. ; leaves oblong acuminate entire, base rounded, calyx obscurely 5-lobed. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. 787. Eastern Peninsula ; Tenasserim, Helfer ; Penang, Wallich ; Malacca, Maingay . A lofty tree with hard white wood. Branches terete, purplish, glabrous. Leaves 6-7 by 3 in., coriaceous, glabrous; petiole 1/2-3/4 in. Flower-bud ellipsoid. Flowers 1/6-1/4 in., greenish, in short axillary cymes, which scarcely exceed the petiole. Calyx shallow, free, but accrescent and adherent to the fruit. Petals 5, much exceeding the sepals, oblong, coriaceous, slightly hairy within near the revolute tip. Stamens 5, 1/3 shorter than the petals. Ovary conical, style short. Fruit drupaceous, turbinate, substipitate, by abortion 1-seeded. - Although the ovary of this species is free, the fruit is adherent (Blume confirmed by Baillon). Sect. 2. Lavallea (Baillon, genus). Ovary more or less adherent to the calyx-tube. 2. S. ceylanica, Gardn. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vi. 350; leaves inequilateral oblong-lanceolate acuminate entire, calyx 5-fid. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. i. 787 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 137. Strombosia javanica, Thwaites Enum. 42, not of Blume. Sphaerocarya leprosa, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. iii. 34 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 223. Lavallea ceylanica, Baill. Adansonia, ii. 361. Western Peninsula ; in the Concan and Canara. Ceylon, in forests of the Central province, alt. 3000 ft. A tree or shrub with greyish bark. Leaves 6 by 2 1/4 in., glabrous, coriaceous, base rounded or somewhat tapering ; petiole 1/2 in. Flower-buds oblong-clavate. Flowers 1/12-1/10 in., subsessile, in axillary glomerules, or on a thick spur. Calyx-lobes rounded, ciliate. Petals 3 times longer than the calyx-lobes, acute, hairy within, tips ultimately reflexed. Ovary 4-5-celled below, ovules 5. Fruit 1 in , pyriform, rugose, deep purple, apiculate, scaly, tuberculate when ripe. - The species varies in stature and in the form of the leaf. The Cingalese forms have often more oblique leaves than those from the Peninsula. page 580 7. ANACOLOSA, Blume. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, petiolate, simple, 1 -nerved. Inflorescence cymose, axillary. Calyx cup-shaped, 6-7-toothed, not accrescent. Petals 5-7 , free, valvate, springing with the stamens from an hypogynous or perigynous disk. Stamens concealed in the cavity of the petals and slightly adnate to their base, filaments glabrous, or pilose at the apex ; anthers basifixed, 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary imperfectly 2-3-celled below, 1-celled above : style simple, stigma shortly lobed ; ovules 2-3, pendulous from a central placenta. Frail drupaceous, surrounded by the accrescent disk; stone crustaceous, 1-seeded. Seed pendulous; embryo minute, at the apex of fleshy albumen, radicle superior thicker than the cotyledons. - Distrib. Species 5 or 6, natives of Southern India, the Malay peninsula, and archipelago. 1. A. densiflora, Bedd. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxv. 211, t. 22 ; Fl. Sylv. t. 138 ; leaves oblong acuminate, base rounded, cymes many-flowered dense, calyx glabrous. Travancor, on the Anamallay hills, Beddome. A lofty tree. Branches terete. Leaves 4-5 by 1 1/2-2 in., glabrous, shining, entire ; petiole 1/4 in. Cyme 7-20-fiowered, pedicels 1/4 in., as long as the yellow fragrant flowers. Flower-buds ovoid, conic. Calyx cup-shaped, 4-6-toothed. Petals 4-6, ovate-lanceolate, reflexed at the tips, hispid within. Filaments glabrous, much shorter than the petals, anthers roundish glabrous. Ovary surrounded by a broad disk, 3-ceIled, cells 1-ovulate ; style simple, scarcely so long as the ovary, stigma 3-lobed. 2. A. ilicoides, Mast ; leaves oblong-lanceolate acute at both ends, cymes few-flowered lax, calyx glabrous. Khasia Mts., J. D. H. & T. T. A small spreading tree. Bark grey. Leaves 5-6 by 2 in., plabrous, coriaceous ; petiole 1/2-3/4 in. Peduncle half the length of the petiole, dividing into 3 pedicels as long as itself, or cymes sessile, umbellate. Flower-buds ovoid, subglobose. Calyx glabrous, cup-shaped, 5-6 fid, lobes deltoid. Petals 5-6, 2 or 3 times longer than the sepals, coriaceous, oblong, inflexed at the points, hairy within just above the anther. Filaments broad, glabrous ; anthers subglobose. Ovary depressed conic, imperfectly 3-celled ; ovules 3. Fruit unknown. 3. A. Griffithii, Mast.; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, cymes few-flowered, calyx glabrous. TENASSERIM and Andaman Islands, Griffith, Kurz. Shrub or tree? Branches slender, purplish. Leaves 2 1/2 by 1 in., coriaceous, glabrous; petiole 1/2 in. Cymes axillary, sessile, or on a short scaly spur; pedicels half the length of the petiole. Flower-bbuds subglobose. Calyx cup-shaped, 5-6-toothed. Petals 2 or 3 times longer than the sepals. Filaments much shorter than the petals. Ovary conical, 2-3-celled ; style short, stigma obscurely lobed ; ovules 2-3. 4. A. Maingayi, Mast. ; leaves suborbicular, base rounded, cymes few-flowered, calyx glabrous. Singapore, Maingay. A tree or shrub? Bark grey, rugose, tubercled. Leaves about 2 in. each way, coriaceous, glabrous, venation obscure ; petiole 1/2 in. Cymes axillary ; pedicels glabrous, shorter than the petiole, each with 2-3 minute, squamiform bracts at the base. Flowerbuds oblong. Calyx cup-shaped, minutely 5-toothed. Petals 5, oblong, valvate. Filaments glabrous, much shorter than the petals ; anthers oblong. Ovary surrounded by a 5-lobed disk, imperfecdy 3-celled ; style as long as the ovary, stigma 3-lobed ovules 3, pendulous. Fruit the size of a pea, glaucous, globose. page 581 5. A. puberula, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc Beng. 1872, ii. 297 ; leaves oblong or ovate-oblong acuminate, base acute, calyx puberulous. Andaman Islds., Kurz. A large shrub. Leaves 5-6 in., shortly petioled, glabrous, coriaceous. Peduncles short, erect, puberulous, springing from a short, thick, axillary spur. Calyx covered with yellowish down (Kurz). - I have not seen this spjcies. 6. A. ? heptandra, Maingay in herb. ; leaves lanceolate, base acute, calyx puberulous, filaments hairy. Malacca, Maingay. A shrub or tree. Leaves 6 by 2 in., coriaceous, glabrous; petiole 1/4 in. Peduncles 4-6, axillary, tufted, about the length of the petiole, puberulous. Flower-buds oblong-truncate. Flower 1/12 in. Calyx cup-shaped, 5-toothed. Petals 5 (7, Maingay), valvate, coherent, ultimately free, coriaceous, oblong, obtuse, concave, triangular at the apex, hairy on the middle of the inner surface, edges membranous. Stamens 5 (7, Maingay), hypogynous, opposite the petals, filaments broadly strap-shaped, bilobed at; the apex, and provided with a tuft of bristly hairs ; anthers minute, didymous, concealed by the hairs of the filament ; pollen-grains triangular. Ovary depressed-globose, lobed, surrounded by an annular disk, imperfectly 2-3-celled; style conic-fusiform as long as the ovary, stigma minutely 2-3-toothed; ovules 2-3, pendulous. - A remarkable species. The flowers I examined were pentamerous. Maingay says in a note that it agrees with Anacolosa in all respects but the heptamerous flowers. 8. SCHOEPFIA, Schreb. Trees. Branches terete or angular. Leaves alternate, simple, petiolate. Racemes axillary, many-flowered. Flowers fragrant, yellow. Epicalyx cupshaped, deeply 3-lobed. Calyx adherent to the ovary, limb obsolete. Corolla perigynous, tubular, limb 4-5-parted. Stamens 4-5, epipetalous, filaments slender ; anthers free, glabrous, 2-celled, attached below the middle to the apex of the filament ; pollen triangular. Ovary half-superior, surmounted by a fleshy epigynous disk, 3-celled beneath, 1-celled at the top ; style cylindric, stigma capitate, 3-lobed ; ovules 3, cylindric, pendulous from the apex of a central placenta. Fruit drupaceous, surrounded at the base by the persistent epicalyx, marked above by the remains of the calyx and corolla ; stone thin, striated, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Embryo minute, in the apex of fleshy albumen, radicle superior, cotyledons plano-convex. - DISTRIB. Species 3-4, natives of the Himalaya and of tropical South America. 1. S. fragrans, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. 18, t. 9; leaves narrow lanceolate acuminate. Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 188; Griff. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. 629. S. odorata, Wall. Cat. 485. Nipal, Wallich. Khasia Mts., Griffith. A small tree. Bark corky, whitish. Branches terete, smooth. Leaves scattered, 2-3 by 1/2-3/4 in., acute at both ends; petiole 1/4 in., channelled above. Racemes half the length of the leaves ; rachis slender, pedicels 6-8, each 1/2-1 in. Flowers 1/4 in. Lobes of the epical'yx imbricate, ciliate. Corolla double the length of the calyx-tube, tubular or funnel-shaped, limb 5-lobed ; lobes lanceolate, acute, valvate, with a tuft of hairs on the centre of the inner surface. Filaments attached to the petals for nearly their whole length ; anthers on a level with the hairs on the petals, connective prolonged above. Ovary nearly twice the length of the calyx. - The plant varies considerably in the size of the leaves and flowers. I have followed Wallich's description of the epicalyx, the three bracts of which differ from the calyx of Anacolosa and Cathedra (with which they are compared by Bentham) in their unequal size and their imbrication. page 582 2. S. acuminata, Wall. Cat. 486 ; leaves oblong-lanceolate acute, flowers 1/2 in. SILHET and the Khasia Mts., Wallich, &c. ; Mishmi Hills, Griffith. A tree. Young branches angular. Leaves 6 by 1 3/4-2 in., glabrous, very acute at the apex, less so at the base; petiole 1/4 in. Pedicels 1/4 in. Epicalyx cup-shaped, scarcely lobed. Corolla 1/2 in., yellow, fragrant, tubular-campanulate, limb 5-lobed ; lobes valvate, ovate-acute, bairy within. Stamens and ovary as in S. fragrans. - This differs from S. fragrans in its broader leaves, shorter pedicels, and much larger flowers. In the herbarium are specimens from Griffith collected in Bhotan (n. 1819), which are very imperfect, but which apparently belong to a third species of Schoepfia, characterized by short ovate or oblong-acute leaves, with closer venation than in S. fragrans or S. acuminata. 9. CANSJERA, Juss. Climbing shrubs, sometimes spiny. Leaves alternate, shortly petioled, 1-nerved. Flowers bracteate, in dense axillary spikes, monochlamydeous, hermaphrodite. Perianth regular, 4-5-parted, lobes valvate. Fertile stamens as many as the lobes of the perianth, and opposite to them, filaments glabrous, free, or adnate at the base to a thickened disk ; anthers small, oblong, adnate, 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally. Staminodes (glands of disk) 4-5, hypogynous, alternate with the stamens, ovoid or subtriangular, fleshy. Ovary superior, ovoid-conical, 1-celled; style cylindric, stigma capitate 4-lobed, lobes alternating with the fertile stamens : ovule solitary, pendulous. Fruit drupaceous, surrounded at the base by the marcescent perianth ; stone bony. Seed solitdry, erect, roundish ; embryo in the upper part of the fleshy albumen, radicle superior, cotyledons sometimes 3 very long plano-convex. - DISTRIB. Species 3-4, natives of Tropical Asia and Australia. In the description of the ovary and seed I have followed Griffith, as my observations coincide with his. Bentham finds a true calyx, which others have not been able to see, nor have I been able to detect one. Miers says the ovary is 4-cclled at the base, but 1 have only seen it 1-celled, as Bentham describes it. Many authors, including Meissner and Miers, place this genus in Thymelaceae, an arrangement I myself prefer, but in default of more certainty as to the real structure of the flower, the genus is here retained in Olacineae. 1. C. Rheedii, Gmel. Syst. i. 280 ; leaves glabrous ovate or oblong-lanceolate, spikes axillary solitary or twin. Wall. Cat. 1043, B ; Wight Ic. t. 1861 ; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat, Anal. Gen. t. xxvi. ; Thwaites Enum. 251; Brandis. For. Flor. 75. C. scandens, Roxb. Cor. Pl. 103 ; Fl. Ind. i. 441. C. malabarica, Lamk. Dict. iii. 433. C. zizyphifolia, Grif. Notul. iv. 300, t. 537, f. 1. C. martabanica, Wall. Cat. 7266. Salvadora persica, Wall. Cat. 1042, not of Linn. Olax ? sumatrana, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. i. 342. Opilia amentacea, Wall. Cat. 2331. Struthiola scandens, Wall. Cat. 2331. - Rheede Hort. Mal. vii. t. 2, 4. Upper Gangetic plain, in forests of Oude ; Western Peninsula, from the Concan and Dekkan southwards. Eastern Peninsula, in Martaban and Malacca. - Distrib. Indian Archipelago, Hong Kong, N. Australia. A climbing evergreen shrub. Branches divaricate sometimes spiny, younger ones, as well as the inflorescence petioles and tube of flower, pubescent. Leaves 1 1/2-3 by 3/4-1 1/2 in., coriaceous, yellowish and rugose when dry, base rounded, sometimes oblique ; nerves depressed, arching, evanescent towards the apex ; petiole 1/12-1/6 in. Spikes about 1 in., dense, many-flowered. Bracts minute. Flowers yellow. Perianth 1/12-1/8 in., urceolate, limb 4-5-parted. Fruit 1/2-3/4 in., ellipsoid or ovoid, orange-red, surmounted by the remains of the style. page 583 2. C. parvifolia, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1872, ii. 298 ; leaves pubescent and pilose rounded or ovate acute. Tenasserim, Helfer. A shrubby climber ? Shoots, leaves and inflorescence pubescent and with stiff forked hairs. Leaves 3/4 by 2/3 in., coriaceous, base rounded; petiole very short. Bracts ovate, acute. Perianth 1/12 in., funnel-shaped or urceolate, limb 4-parted ; lobes ovate, ultimately spreading. Stamens 4, free, springing from a perigynous disk, opposite the lobes of the perianth ; anthers small, introrse. Glands of disk (staminodes) ovoid, acute, fleshy. Ovary oblong. 10. LEPIONURUS, Blume. Arborescent. Leaves alternate, shortly petioled, simple, 1-nerved. Inflorescence axillary, of numerous densely packed trichotomous umbellate cymes, each subtended by an ovate bract. Flowers monochlamydeous, regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth urceolate, limb 4-parted ; lobes valvate, glabrous within. Stamens equal in number to the lobes of the perianth and opposite to them ; anthers glabrous. Staminodes 0. Disk fleshy, yellow, lining the base of the perianth-tube. Ovary free, oblong, conical ; stigma sessile 4-lobed ; ovule solitary. Fruit drupaceous, glabrous, stone crustaceous. Seed pendulous ; embryo small, in the axis of fleshy albumen, radicle terete, cotyledons ternate. - Distrib. Species 2, natives of Tropical Asia. 1. L. oblongifolius, Mast.; leaves oblong or obovate-lanceolate acuminate. Leptonium oblongifolium. Griff, in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 236. Opilia acuminata, Wall. Cat. 7206 F. Eastern Bengal, Assam, and the Khasia Mts., ascending to 2000 ft. ABOR hills, Griffith; Tenasserim at Mergui, Griffith. Malacca, Maingay. - Distrib. Java, Sumatra. Branches greenish, subangular, glabrous. Leaves 5-7 by 1 3/4-2 3/4 in., membranous, glabrous, base acute; petiole 1/4-1/2 in. Pedicels twice the length of the petiole. Bracts thin, membranous, roundish, imbricating when young. Flowers minute. Fruit 1/2 by 1/4 in. - The flowers are minute and the specimens very imperfect, hence the flowers are differently described by different authors. In the absence of more complete material, it is not possible to decide which view is the more correct. In the generic description I have followed Griffith, as the results of my own examinations, so far as they have gone, are in accordance with his. Wallich's 7464 A may possibly also belong to this genus, but the material is too scanty for accurate determination. Its flowers are in axillary spikes, and have a monochlamydeous, 5-parted, campanulate perianth, isomerous stamens opposite the lobes, 2 -celled anthers dehiscing longitudinally and a free roundish ovary. 11. OPILIA, Roxb. Scandent shrubs or low trees. Leaves alternate, distichous, simple, entire, 1-nerved, shortly petioled. Flowers numerous, in axillary, racemose cymes, each cyme umbellate. Bracts deciduous. Calyx minute, annular, obscurely 5-toothed, not accrescent. Petals 5. Fertile stamens 5, free, opposite the petals ; anthers 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally. Glands of the disk (staminodes) alternating with the petals, thick, fleshy. Ovary free, sessile, 1-celled ; style short, stigma minute ; ovule solitary, pendulous. Fruit drupaceous. Seed albuminous ; radicle superior. - Distrib. Species 1 or 2 natives of the tropics of the Old World. 1. O. amentacea, Roxb. Cor. PI. ii. t. 158; Fl. Ind. ii. 87 ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate. Wight III. t. 40 ; Thwaites Enum. 41 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. page 584 Bat. i. pt. i. 784 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv, Anal. Gen. t. ix. f. 3. O. javanica, Miq. Fl. lnd. Bat i. pt. i. 174. Ximenia ? olacoides, W. & A. Prodr. i. 80.Western Peninsula; Northern Circars, Roxburgh; Pulney Mts., Wight; Pegu, Kurz; Ceylon, in hot dry parts of the island, Thwaites. - Distrib. Islands of the Archipelago, tropical Australia and Africa. A low scrambling shrub, or small weak tree; herbaceous portions puberulous. Leaves 2-4 by 1 1/2-2 in., coriaceous, glabrous, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, entire, 1-nerved, arch-nerved, base tapering; petiole 1/4-1/2 in. Racemes 1-1 1/2 in., erect, before flowering resembling cones. Flowers crowded. Bracts imbricate, at first concealing the flowers, peltate, roundish, deciduous. Pedicels 1/12 in., puberulous. Flowers 1/2 in. Calyx minute. Petals 5, deciduous, each 1/12 in., oblong, obtuse, alternating with the lobes of the calyx. Glands (staminodes?) oblong, obtuse, half the lengtn of the stamens. Drupe ovoid or globose. Embryo linear nearly as long as tlie albumen. - Beddome describes the ovule as erect, but this is probably an oversight. 12. LASIANTHERA, Pal. de Beauv. Shrubs or trees, sometimes scandent. Leaves petioled, alternate, simple, 1-nerved, coriaceous. Cymes axillary, stalked. Flowers dichlamydeous, hermaphrodite or unisexual. Calyx minute, cup-shaped, 4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5, free or rarely cohering, without an inflexed point and with no prominent midrib. Stamens 5, hypogynous, free, alternate with the petals, filaments flat, dilated above, hairy behind, hairs curving over the anther in the bud ; anthers adnate, 2-lobed, dehiscing lengthwise. Hypogynous disk cup-shaped, more or less lobed. Ovary ovoid, 1 -celled, tapering into a subulate style, terminated by a minute stigma ; ovules 2, pendulous. Fruit drupaceous ; stone fibrous outside, woody within. Seed pendulous ; embryo in albumen, cotyledons leafy broad, radicle superior (Thwaites). - Distrib. Species 4-5, 1 African, the others Malayan. 1. L. apicalis, Thwaites Enum. 43 and 403 ; leaves obovate-oblong shortly and abruptly acuminate, petals free or nearly so, fruit ellipsoid. Bedd. FI. Sylv, t. 139. Urandra apicalis, Thwaites in Hook. Kew Journ. vii. 211. Stemonurus apicalis, Miers in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxii. 110 ; Contrib. i. 305. ? S. secundiflorus, Blume Bijdr. 649. Lasianthera secundiflora, Miq. PI. Ind. Bat. Suppl. i. t. ii. Ceylon; in damp forests, alt. 1-3000 ft., Thwaites. - Distrib. Borneo. A large tree. Branches terete, glabrous. Leaves 4-6 by 2-3 in., coriaceous, glabrous, midrib depressed above, prominent beneath, base tapering into a short petiole, 1/4-1/2 in. Peduncles about as long as the petiole, axillary, subsolitary, cymes congested 7-12 fl. Flowers greenish-purple. Calyx cup-shaped, 5-lobed, lobes roundish. Petals 3 or 4 times longer than the calyx, ovate or roundish. Stamens as long as or longer than the petals. Ovary ovoid, surrounded by an hypogynous cupular lobulate disk, tapering above into a subulate style, stigma minute. Drupe 1 1/4 by 3/4 in., stone woody lacunose, mesocarp fibrous. Testa consolidated with the pericarp. Embryo half the size of the albumen ; cotyledons leafy, cordate-ovate, acute, as long as the superior radicle. (Thwaites.) 2. L. malaccensis, Mast. ; leaves oblong-lanceolate abruptly acuminate, calyx puberulous, petals coherent. Malacca, Maingay. A scandent shrub (Maingay). Leaves 4 1/2-5 1/ by 2 in., coriaceous, glabrous, midrib prominent, secondary nerves obscure ; petiole scarcely 1/2 in. Cymes axillary, stalked ; Peduncle compressed, as long as the petiole ; pedicels shorter than the flowers, ascending. Flowers 1/4 in. Calyx shallow, lobes deltoid acute. Petals 4-5 times longer than the calyx, slightly coherent, externally glabrous, linear, spotted within. Filaments flat, page 585 dilated above, slightly hairy in front beneath the anther, densely so behind. Hypogynous disk cup-shaped, more or less 5-lobed, lobes opposite the petals. Ovary half the length of the stamens, ovoid, rugulose ; style conic, stigma minute. Fruit unknown.3. L. Maingayi, Mast. ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate acute or subacuminate, base acute, fruit small ovoid obtuse. Malacca, Maingay. A shrub about 4 ft. (Maingay). Branches virgate. Leaves 2-3 by 3/4-1 in., coriaceous, glabrous ; petiole 1/4 in. Peduncle axillary, about the length of the petiole, dichotomous, ultimate pedicels drooping, shorter than the flowers. Flowers pendulous, 1/6 in. Male fl. : Calyx minute, cup-shaped, 4-5 toothed, teeth shallow acute. Petals 4-5, much exceeding the calyx, free, coriaceous, oblong-acuminate, (acumen inflexed,) glabrous on both surfaces or slightly pilose within, midrib prominent on the inner surface. Stamens 4-5, filaments flat, with a tuft of hairs at the back curving over the anther. Pistil rudimentary. Female fl. : Fruit 1/4-1/ in., 1 -celled, 1-seeded. 4. L. ? lanceolata, Mast ; leaves lanceolate pointed at both ends, cymes terminal, petals free villous internally. Malacca, Mt. Ophir, Griffith. Leaves 4-5 by 3/4-1 in., glabrous; petiole 1/4 in. Cymes terminal, half the length of the leaf; peduncle trichotomous ; pedicels divaricate, densely tomentose, shorter than the flower. Flower-buds clavate. Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx cup-shaped, 5-toothed. Petals 4-5, ultimately free, lanceolate, inflexed at the apex and marked with a prominent nerve. Stamens 4-5, filaments flat, shorter than the petals, pilose in front beneath the anther, densely so behind, hairs curling over the anther. Ovary ovoid, conical ; style short, stigma minute. - This may be a form of some Gomphandra. 13. GOMPHANDRA, Wall. Trees. Leaves alternate, petioled, simple, 1-nerved. Cymes axillary, terminal or opposite the leaves. Flowers dichlamydeous, hermaphrodite, or polygamo-dioecious. Calyx minute, cup-shaped, 4-5-lobed. Corolla campanulate, 4-5-lobed ; lobes acuminate, inflexed, rarely entirely free, midrib prominent within. Stamens 5, hypogynous, alternate with the petals, filaments thick, dilated above, hairy at the back, hollowed in front to receive the anthers ; anthers pendulous from the filiform apex of the filament, 2-lobed, dehiscing lengthwise ; pollen-grains triangular. Hypogynous disk thick, annular or 0. Ovary effete in the male, oblong in the female flower, 1-celled ; style conic, stigma minute or style crowned by a stigmatiferous disk ; ovules 2, collateral, pendulous, funicle dilated into an " obturator." Fruit drupaceous, surmounted by the remains of the disk (stigma?), stone crustaceous. Seed pendulous, surrounded by the raphe, albumen fleshy bipartite ; embryo minute. - Distrib. Species 5-6, natives of tropical Asia. Owing to the frequently unisexual flowers and the imperfection of the materials, great confusion exists in books as to the characters and limitations of the genera Gomphandra and Stemonurus. This arises chiefly from the difficulty of determining and corelating the variations in the structure of the ovary. In some cases, in the male flowers, there is a rudimentary pistil with a subulate style ; in other cases this is developed into a fertile ovuliferous ovary, the style retaining its conical shape. In a third series (the true female flowers) the ovary is oblong and is apparently surmounted by a fleshy discoid stigma. Miers, however, considers this stigma-like body to be in reality an accrescent epigynous disk concealing the true style and stigma. The exact relation of these forms one to the other, and their true nature cannot be surely determined from dried specimens. From Lasianthera, the most striking difl'erence is the form of the hypogynous disk. page 586 1. G. axillaris, Wall. Cat. 3718 ; leaves lanceolate, cymes axillary about the length of the petiole, flowers unisexual or polygamous. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Ixi. Lasianthera ? tetrandra. Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 327. Platea axillaris, Thwaites Enum. 44 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 28. Stemonurus axillaris, longifolius, Heyneanus, and ceylanicus, Miers Contrib. i. 90-93. S. polymorphus, Miers I.c. i. 87, partly. Olax Heyneana, Wall. Cat. 6780. O. longifolia, Wall Cat. 6782, A partly, 6782 B. Gomphandra polymorpha, Wight Ic. 954, female partly. - Dioecia pentandra. Wall. Cat. 6780 B. SILHET, Wallich ; Western Peninsula from the Concan southwards ; Ceylon, from the sea level to 4000 ft., Thwaites. A small tree or large shrub, glabrous, or the terete branches slightly puberulous. Leaves 2 1/2-5 1/2 by 1-2 1/2 in., submembranous, conspicuously nerved, base acute; petiole 1/4-1/2 in. Cymes puberulous. Calyx minute, 4-5-toothed, slightly ciliated. Corolla 4-5 times longer than the calyx, tubular-campanulate, limb 4-5-lobed ; lobes ovate, acuminate, point inflexed, ultimately speading. Filaments flat, pilose at the apex. Ovary small, oblong, smooth ; style conic, stigma minute ; disk accrescent. Fruit 1/2 in., oblong, obtuse, smooth, crowned by the remains of the stigma. Seed large, integument striated ; cotyledons very large, semicylindric, amygdaloid, obtuse, radicle superior (Wallich). - Wallich describes the stigma as fleshy, broadish, subcapitate, but my own examination of Wallich's specimens agrees with that of Miers' description and figure. What Wallich took for the stigma may thus be the epigynous disk of which Miers elsewhere makes mention. The Silhet habitat is derived from Wallich's specimen of his number 6782. There is no other authority for this plant occurring in Eastern India. 2. G. polymorpha, Wight III. 103 ; Ic. 953 (not 954) ; leaves coriaceous roundish to lanceolate, base tapering, cymes terminal or opposite the leaves, very rarely axillary, two or three times longer than the petiole, flowers polygamous. Wall. Cat. 9024. G. coriacea, Wight III. i. 103; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. t. ix. Stemonurus polymorphus, coriaceus, Walkeri and Gardneri, Miers Contrib. i. 87. Platea Wightiana, Miers, I.c. i. 98. Western Peninsula, Nilghiri Mts., Wight; Ceylon. A small tree or large shrub, glabrous, or the young parts and leaves slightly puberulous. Leaves 2-6 by 1/2-2 1/2 in., more or less coriaceous, opaque, inconspicuously veined; petiole 1/4-1/2 in. Cymes puberulous. Flower-buds oblong-clavate. Flowers 1/6 in., 4-5-merous, hermaphrodite or unisexual. Calyx minute. Corolla campanulate, lobes acuminate, points inflexed. Stamens glabrous or slightly puberulous, free, or ultimately agglutinated into a tube, at length exserted. Ovary on an hypogynous disk ; style short, conic, stigma minute. Fruit 1/2-3/4 in., oblong or obovoid, reddish-brown. - The plant figured by Wight Icon. 953, as the male of this species has, as shown, hermaphrodite flowers, and the stamens are destitute of hairs. Miers in consequence, refers it to his Platea Wightiana, but it differs from Platea in the coherent petals and acute, not discoid, stigma. It is apparently the same form as Wight's G. coriacea. - very variable. Wight Ill. p. 103, distinguishes the following varieties : - Var. 1. acuminata, leaves oval attenuate at both ends terminating in a longish linear acumen. Var. 2. oblongifolia, leaves linear-oblong obtuse at both ends abruptly acuminate. Var. 3. angustifolia, leaves 5-7 by 1-2 in. naiTow linear-lanceolate acuminate, base acute. Var. 4. longifolia, leaves 5-7 by 1-2 in. linear acuminate, base rounded. Var. 5. ovalifolia, leaves 2-3 by 1 1/2 in. oval, obtuse at both ends or shortly acuminate. 3. G. affinis, Mast.; leaves glabrous oblong-lanceolate, base acute, cymes axillary 2-3 times longer than the petiole, flowers hermaphrodite. page 587 Stemonurus prasinus, Blume Mus. Bot. i. 249. S. affinis, Miers Contrib. i. 94. Lasianthera prasina, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. 791.Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. - Distrib. Java. A tree or shrub. Branches angular, tortuous. Leaves 3 1/2-1 1/2 in., petiole 1/3-1/4 in. Pedicels pubescent. Calyx 4-5-toothed. Corolla 1/8 in., tubular-campanulate, 4-5-lobed, lobes ovate acute. Filaments hairy at the back near the top. Ovary cylindric ; stigma large, discoid. Fruit oblong-obovate, narrowed at the base, surmounted by the remains of the stigma. Seed solitary, integument brown, traversed by the raphe, albumen copious ; embryo minute, radicle superior, cotyledons plano-convex (Griff. Mss. in herb.) 4. G. penangiana, Wall. Cat. 7204; leaves oblong-acuminate, cymes extra-axillary erect much branched exceeding the petiole. Stemonurus penangianus, Miers Contrib. i. 90. Penang, Wallich; Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. Tenasserim, at Moulmein, Lobb. A tree. Shoots terete, yellowish, glabrous. Leaves 5 1/2 by 2 in., coriaceous, glabrous, margins revolute, base tapering ; petiole 1/2 in. Peduncles 1 in. and upwards, setulose, 3-6-chotomous, ultimate pedicels shorter than the flower. Flower 1/6 in. Calyx pateriform, 4-5-toothed. Corolla many times longer than the calyx, funnel-shaped ; limb 4-5-fid, lobes acuminate inflexed at the point, midrib prominent on the inner surface. Stamens 4-5, free, hypogynous, filaments flat, hairy at the back. Pistil rudimentary. Female fl. : Ovary very short, 5-angled, depressed at the top ; style conical, tubular, 5-toothed at the apex (Miers). Immature fruit 1/2 in., ovoid. - Miers describes the flowers of Wallich's plant as hermaphrodite. In Griffith's specimens, which are otherwise indistinguishable, they are unisexual. Arnott in Ann. des Sc. Nat. (Bot.) 1834, ii. 236, says, this plant does not belong to Gomphandra, but he gives no reason for this conclusion. 5. G. tomentella, Mast. ; leaves pubescent beneath oblong-lanceolate acuminate, base acute, cymes axillary equalling the petiole, flowers hermaphrodite. Stemonurus ? tomentellus, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1872, ii. 298. BIRMA, Griffith. Arborescent. Shoots, petioles, under surface of leaves and inflorescence yellow-tomentose. Leaves 6-7 by 1-1 3/4 in. ; petiole 1/2 in. Flowers 1/8 in. Calyx cup-shaped, 4-5-toothed. Corolla 4-5-parted, pubescent externally, lobes acute, inflexed. Stamens exserted, filaments pilose at the apex behind and slightly so in front beneath the anther. Ovary oblong, pilosulous, surmounted by a large discoid stigma. 6. G. ? crassipes, Mast. ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate acuminate, pedicels pilose. Stemonurus ? crassipes, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1872, ii. 298. Pegu, Kurz. A shrub or small tree. Leaves 5-7 by 2 in., subcoriaceous, glabrous ; petiole 1/3-1/2 in. Cymes axillary, as long as the petiole, pedicels 1/12 in. Calyx coriaceous, cup-shaped, 5-toothed. Immature fruit 1/6-1/4 in., turbinate, glabrescent, purplish, surrounded at the base by tlie persistent calyx. - Imperfect specimens only known. 14. APODYTES, E. Meyer. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, petiolate, simple, coriaceous, usually black in drying. Flowers small, in terminal or axillary corymbose cymes. Calyx minute, cup-shaped, 5-toothed. Petals 5, free, valvate. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals, filaments dilated; anthers long or short, oblong, basifixed, sagittate, 2-lobed, dehiscing longitudinally: pollen triangular. Ovary 1-celled, obliquely gibbous ; style excentric, curved, stigma small ; ovules 2, pendulous, superposed. Drupe obliquely ovoid, compressed, stone page 588 crustaceous. Seed pendulous ; embryo small, in the apex of fleshy albumen, cotyledons narrow. - Distrib. Species 9, natives of tropical Asia and Africa.* Anthers elongate, linear-oblong. 1. A. Benthamiana, Wight Ic. 1153 ; leaves glabrous oblong obtuse at both ends margins revolute, anthers and ovary puberulous. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. 140 var. α. Western PENINSULA in the Nilghiri Mts. and Southern provinces, Wight, Beddome. Branches terete, glabrous, shoots pubernlous. Leaves 3-4 by 1-1 1/2 in., coriaceous, black in drying; petiole 1/2-1 in. Panicles terminal, rigid, shorter than the leaves, pedicels puberulous. Flowers 1/4 in. Petals infloxed at the point. Ovary hairy. Drupe 3/4 by 1/2 in., ovoid, reniform, crowned with the persistent base of the style, and furnished with a lateral scutelliform appendage, 1 -seeded. Seed pendulous, obovate-cuneate, compressed. 2. A. Gardneriana, Miers in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.ser. 2, vol. ix. 389 ; Contrib. i. 58 ; leaves oblong acute at both ends abruptly acuminate, margins revolute, anthers glabrous, ovary slightly puberulous. Thwaites Enum. 42. Ceylon ; Central province, alt. 5-7000 ft., Gardner, Thwaites. Bark wrinkled. Leaves 2-4 by 3/4 in., black in drying ; petiole 1/2 in. Cymes peduncled, terminal, pedicels divaricate or ascending, ultimate pedicels shorter than the flowers. Buds elongate, oblong. Flowers 1/2 in. 3. A. Beddomei, Mast. ; leaves membranous broadly ovate acute acuminate, margins flat, anthers and ovary glabrous. A. Benthamiana, var. β, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. 140. Western Peninsula in the Nilghiri Mts., and Travancore, Wight, &c. Quite glabrous. Leaves 3-4 by 1 1/2-2 in., black in drying, base rounded or acute ; petiole 1/4-1/2 in. Pedicels pilosulous, ultimate pedicels shorter than the flowers. Buds oblong, obtuse. Flowers 1/8 in. Fruit 3/8 in., wrinkled. ** Anthers short, oblong. 4. A. andamanica, Kurz Andam. Rep. 5 ; Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1872, ii. 298 ; leaves oblong acuminate not black in drying, cymes axillary short. Andaman Islands, Kurz. A small tree. Branches virgate, terete. Leaf-buds puberulous. Leaves 7-8 by 2 1/2 in., glabrous, base obtuse or acute, midrib depressed above prominent beneath; petiole 1/2 in. Cymes peduncled, peduncles not much exceeding the petiole, strigose. Flower 1/6 in. Calyx puberulous, cup-shaped, scarcely lobed. Petals externally puberulous, oblong-acute, midrib prominent within. Filaments flat, ligulate; anthers short, oblong. Drupe 1 1/2 in.; stone fibrous woody. 15. MAPPIA, Jacq. Trees. Leaves alternate, petiolate, simple, 1-nerved. Flowers small, in terminal corymbose cymes. Calyx 5-toothed. Petals 5, usually hairy within. Stamens 5, hypogynous, alternate with the petals ; anthers 2-lobed, dorsifixed, dehiscing longitudinally ; pollen grains subquadrate. Disk hypogynous, cup-shaped. Ovary superior, 1-celled ; style short ; ovules 2, pendulous. Fruit drupaceous. Seed pendulous ; embryo in fleshy albumen, cotyledons leafy, radicle superior. - Distrib. Species 8 or 10, natives of the Western Peninsula, Ceylon and tropical South America. page 589 1. M. tomentosa, Miers Contrib. i. 67 ; leaves subcoriaceous ovate-oblong acute or acuminate densely pubescent beneath black when dry. Stemonurus ? foetidus, Wight Ic. 955. Western Peninsula, in the Nilgliiri Mts., Wight, Hohenacker. A large tree. Bark of branches yellow, wrinkled. Leaves 4-7 by 2-3 in., base obtuse, nerves prominent ; petiole 1/2-3/4 in., thinly tomentose. Cymes terminal, corymbose, many-flowered ; peduncles very thick, half as long as the leaves, ultimate pedicels shorter than the flower. Flower-buds oblong, obtuse. Flowers 1/6 in., polygamous, villous externally, yellowish and very fetid. Petals oblong. Stamens glabrous. Ovary ovoid ; style cylindric. Drupe 3/4-3/8 in., olive-shaped, purple, stone thin and soft. 2. M. foetida, Miers Contrib. i. 64 (not Stemonurus foetidus, Wight) ; leaves glabrescent ovate acuminate not black in drying, base rounded. Mappia fetida, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 141 (not the text). Western Peninsula ; Nilghiri Mts. and Mysore, Wight, &c. A large tree. Bark wrinkled. Leaves 2 1/2-7 by 2-3 3/4 in., coriaceous, thinly pubescent, ultimately glabrous ; petiole 3/4-1 in. Peduncles half the length of the leaves, flattened, ultimate pedicels about 1/12 in., strigose. Flower-buds roundish-oblong. Calyx minute, lobed, lobes rounded. Corolla hairy within. Anthers roundish. Ovary half the length of the stamens. Drupe oblong, obtuse, 3/4 by 3/8 in. 3. M. ovata, Miers Contrib. i. 65 ; leaves glabrous but with a few tufts of hairs in the axils of the nerves ovate-oblong abruptly and shortly acuminate, base inequilateral acute. M. foetida α, Thwaites Enum. 43. M. Gardneriana and Wightiana, Miers Contrib. i. 66, 67. Western Peninsula; hills of the Southern Carnatic and Travancor, Wight, &c. Ceylon, ascending to 7000 ft. Branchlets angular. Leaves 6 1/2 by 2 1/4 in., shining above, glaucous beneath with resinous spots; petiole 2-2 1/2 in. Panicle terminal, pedicels strigose. Flower-buds clavate. Flowers 1/6 in. Calyx cup shaped, 5-toothed, strigose. Petals 5, oblong, acute, connate at the base, hairy on the inner surface. Filaments nubulate, glabrous, anthers ovoid, acute. Ovary ovoid, hairy, tapering into a club-shaped style and surrounded at the base by an hypogynous cup-shaped disk. Fruit 3/4 in. by 1/2 in., ovoid, acute, stone thin, 1-seeded ; cotyledons large, flat, leafy, palminerved ; radicle thick, albumen fleshy. - There is a little difference in the shape of the leaves in the Cingalese specimens, the base being more rounded and the petiole not so long. 4. M. oblonga, Miers Contrib. i. 65 ; leaves oblong acute at both ends, glabrous except along the nerves or sparingly setose. ? Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 28. M. Championiana, Miers l.c. 66. M. foetida β, Thwaites Enum. 43. Western Peninsula; in the Concan, Dalzell; Travancor, Wight; Ceylon, ascending to 7000 ft., Champion. A tree. Leaves 4-7 by 2 1/4-3 in. ; petiole 1-1 1/4 in. ; cymes terminal, lax, pubescent ; ultimate pedicels as long as the flowers. Flowers 1/8 in., pilose. Fruit 3/4 in , ovoid-oblong, purple. - The plant intended by Dalzell and Gibson may be M. tomentosa of Miers. Var. elliptica, Miers, I.c., branches angular, leaves smaller ovate acute. " Cordia,''^ Wall. Cat. 9064. - Travancor. 16. PHLEBOCALYMNA, Griff. Trees. Leaves alternate, petiolate, simple, coriaceous. Flowers polygamous ; males in globose heads, borne on short spikes ; females shortly pedicelled. Sepals 5, distinct, imbricate. Corolla tubular, limb 5-parted. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals, adherent to the tube of the corolla ; anthers ovoid-oblong, dorsifixed, 2-lobed, dehiscing longitudinally. Disk page 590 fleshy, hypogynous, 5-lobed, lobes opposite the petals. Ovary conic, 1-celled; style subulate ; ovules 2. pendulous. Fruit oblong with a crustaceous rind. Seed pendulous ; albumen coriaceous, lobulate, ruminate; embryo minute. - Distrib. Species 2 or 3, natives of the Malay peninsula and islands.1. P. Griffithiana, Mast, leaves obovate-oblong shortly and abruptly acuminate, stamens adherent to the base of the corolla. Platea Griffithiana, Miers Contrib. i. 97. Tenasserim ; at Mergui, Griffith. A glabrous shrub. Branches terete, slender, slightly compressed, rugose, yellowish. Leaves 6-8 by 3 in., coriaceous, glabrous, pale, concolorous, midrib prominent beneath, margins revolute ; petiole 1/4-1/2 in., sulcate. Cymes axillary, erect, spicate, scarcely longer than the petiole, few-flowered ; pedicels puberulous. Calyx-lobes imbricate, ovate, ciliolate. Corolla much longer than the calyx, funnel-shaped, limb 5-lobed, lobes ultimately inflexed at the point. Filaments linear, glabrous. Ovary very short, surrounded by a pentagonal disk, 1-celled ; style conic, pilosulous, stigma obscurely 3 lobed. Fruit 1 1/2 by 3/4 in., oblong, obtuse ; stone thick, bony, 1 celled by abortion. Seed solitary, pendulous from the apex of the cell, integument densely permeated by spiral vessels, albumen fleshy lobulate. - Kurz refers Miquel's Gonocaryum ? gracile to this species, but Miquel's plant is described as having a longer inflorescence, two styles and a different fruit. 2. P. Lobbiana, Mast. ; leaves oblong acuminate, stamens adherent to the corolla for the greater part of their length. Platea Lobbiana, Miers Contrib. i. 97 ; Wall. Cat. 9052. Rangoon, Martaban, and Tenasserim; Wallich, &c. A shrub or tree ? Branches angular. Leaves 4 1/2-5 1/2 by 1 3/4-2 1/4 in., coriaceous, glabrous, margins revolute, nerves prominent beneath ; petiole 1/4 in., sulcate, rugose. Cymes axillary, peduncled ; peduncle erect, shorter than the petiole. Flowers subfascicled, 1/4 in. Calyx 1/12 in., cup-shaped, lobes imbricate. Corolla 1/4 in., funnel-shaped, limb 6-lobed ; lobes oblong, recurved. Filaments glabrous; anthers ovoid, compressed, connective wide at the base. Disk hypogynous, 5-lobed. Ovary hirsute, ovoid, tapering into a short style. Fruit 1 3/4 in., oblong, obtuse, olive-coloured, obscurely 2-celled. A plant collected by Wallich in Tavoy (Cat. 9051), has the habit, inflorescence, and floral characters (ovary not seen) of Phlebocalymna, but the fruit is different, and more like that described by Miquel under his Gonocaryum ? gracile (Fl. Ind.-Bat. Suppl. i. 343). Indeed, I should refer both Wallich's 9051, and Heifer's 817, Kew. dist. from Tenasserim ? which evidently belong to the same species, to Miquel's genus, but for the different habitat (Miquel's plant is Sumatran), and that I have not seen either the ovaries of Wallich's or Heifer's plant in any specimen of Miquel's. Kurz, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng, xxxix. pt. 2, p. 72, refers Gonocaryum ? gracile to Phlebocalymna Griffithii, from which it differs in the longer inflorescence, and especially in the fruit. - The following description applies to Wallich's plant, to which I would give the provisional name Gonocaryum ? Wallichii; A glabrous shrub. Branches terete, bark yellow. Leaves 6 by 3 in., glabrous, coriaceous, oblong, tapering to both ends, shortly acuminate, entire ; nerves depressed on the upper, prominent on the lower surface ; petiole scarcely 1/2 in., rugose, channelled. Racemes axillary, solitary or geminate, half the length of the leaves ; rachis angular; pedicels 1/8 in., horizontal, ciliated, 1-2 flowered. Flowers unisexual or polygamous ? Calyx pateriform, deeply divided into 5 imbricate, ovate acute, ciliated lobes. Corolla twice the length of the calyx, cylindric, obtuse ; petals erect, thick green, oblong with inflexed points, valvate and cohering by the margins but readily separable. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals and agglutinated to their edges, but easily separable, filaments glabrous, anthers 2-celled, introrse. Ovary abortive ; style 1, filiform, covered with short erect white appressed hairs. Fruit 2 by 1 in., obliquely oblong, tapering to both ends, 1-celled; rind fibrous, corky. Seed not seen. page 591 17. PTELEOCARPA, Oliv. Trees. Leaves alternate, simple, 1-nerved, petiolate. Inflorescence terminal, panicled, many-fiowered. Flowers regular, dichlamydeous, hermaphrodite. Calyx tubular below, limb deeply 5-parted, lobes imbricate, not accrescent. Corolla tubular below, limb deeply 5-parted, lobes imbricate, glabrous. Stamens 5, glabrous, springing from the tube of the corolla, alternate with its lobes ; anthers linear, innate, dehiscing longitudinally. Stamiriodes 0. Ovary free, stipitate, 2-celled ; styles 2, stigma minute ; ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous, anatropal, raphe lateral or subventral. Fruit 2-celled, compressed, orbicular, emarginate, deeply winged, wings striate. Seed elongate, compressed, albuminous ; radicle superior, cylindiical, cotyledons linear-lanceolate longer than the radicle. - Distrib. Species 2, one Malayan, the other from Borneo. By reason of the imbricate calyx and stamens alternate with the petals, this genus should be placed in Icacineae, but the structure of the ovary is that of Olacineae. The fruit is quite distinct. 1. P. malaccensis, Oliv. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 515, t. 42. Malacca, Maingay. - Distrib. Borneo. Quite glabrous. Branchlets terete. Leaves 3-5 by 1 1/4-2 in., membranous, oblong or oblanceolate, abruptly acuminate, base narrowed, midrib prominent beneath ; petiole 1/3-3/4 in. Panicles terminal, scarcely exceeding the leaves. Bracts minute, ovate, deltoid. Pedicels 1/4-1/3 in., slender, ascending, sometimes clustered in umbellate cymes. Flowers 1/3 in. diam., yellow or red, glabrous. Calyx-lobes ovate, roundish, obtuse. Corolla 4 times longer than the calyx, tube short ; lobes oblanceolate, oblong, obtuse. Stamens as long as the corolla, filaments filiform, glabrous ; anthers basifixed. Ovary glabrous, oblong, obtuse, compressed, obscurely furrowed, seated on a thick stipes. Fruit 1 1/4-1 1/2 in. diam. Seed 1/2 in. ; embryo half the length of the fleshy albumen. 18. PHYTOCRENE, Wall. Climbing shrubs, usually more or less hairy, often prickly; wood with very large porous vessels and thick medullary rays, but no annual rings. Leaves alternate, petiolate, entire or palmately lobed. Flowers dioecious ; male in small globose clusters borne on long branching spikes ; female in large solitary globose pedunculate clusters. Male fl. : Calyx of 3-5 free segments, usually anisomerous with the petals. Corolla tubular-campanulate, 4- rarely 5-parted, lobed; valvate. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, filaments hypogynous ; anthers 2-lobed, dehiscing longitudinally ; pollen-grains globose. Pistil rudimentary, hispid. Female fl. : Calyx and Corolla of the male. Stamens 0. Staminodes minute or 0. Ovary sessile, 1-celled ; style thick columnar, stigma capitate more or less lobed; ovules 2 descending from the apex of the cavity, raphe dorsal; micropyle superior. Drupes many, in globose heads, bristly orechinate; stone hard, 1-celled, 1-seeded, pitted externally. Seed pendulous ; embryo as long as the fleshy albumen, radicle superior short, cotyledons large flat appressed. - DISTRIB. Species 8, all natives of India and the Archipelago. 1. P. gigantea, Wall. PI. As. Rar. iii. 11, t. 215; branches prickly, leaves cordate-ovate acute obscurely lobed pilose along the nerves beneath, bracts or shorter than the pedicel. Wall. in Phil. Mag. iii. 223; Cat. 4946. P. callicarpa, Grif. Notul. iv. 327, t. 490. Gynocephalum giganteum Trecul in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3, viii. 149. page 592 Martaban, Wallich. Branches spirally grooved, studded with conical prickles. Leaves 4-10 by 4-7 in., palmately 5-7 -nerved, glabrescent above, villosulous beneath, rusty-pilose along the prominent nerves ; petiole 2-3 in., hairy. Male fl. in long(8-10 in.), pendulous, axillary, racemes, or from the old wood; rachis and pedicels hairy ; pedicels supporting a globose head of flowers. Bracts or shorter than the pedicel. Flowers 1/10 in. setose. Sepals oblong obtuse concave at the apex, anisomerous with the corolla. Corolla funnel- or bell-shaped, twice the length of the calvx, bristly externally with uncinate bristles, limb 4-lobed, lobes ovate-lanceolate. Stamens 4, alternate with the lobes of the corolla ; filaments and anthers glabrous. Pistil rudimentary, hairy. FEMALE fl. not seen. Fruit covered with subulate bristles. 2. P. bracteata, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii. 12 ; branches, prickly, leaves cordate-ovate entire or slightly lobed, bracts (of male spikes) linear longer than the pedicel. Wall. Cat. 4947. P. macrocarpa, Griff. Notul. iv. 322 ; Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. 487. Gynocephalum bracteatum, Trecul in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3, viii. 149. Penang, Porter; Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. - Distrib. Borneo. Stem tubercled, tubercles ending in a spine. Branches covered with minute prickles. Leaves 6-7 by 4 1/2-5 in., coriaceous, asperulous above, pubescent beneath, palmately 5-7-nerved, nerves prominent beneath; petiole 2 1/2 in. Male fl. small, in axillary hoary racemes each about 8 in. ; pedicels slender, each supporting 3 small heads of flowers and subtended by a long linear bract adnate to its base and studded with hooked bristles. Male fl. : Sepals 3-5, truncate. Corolla longer than the calyx-lobes, rounded, inflexed, setose externally. Stamens 3-5. Rudiment of ovary oblong, setose. Female fl. (according to Griffith), in rounded, peduncled capitula ; peduncles 3 from the same axil, as long as the petiole, flattened, strigose. Calyx of 4 spathulate, concave sepals. Corolla 4-parted. Ovary strigose ; style short or 3-partite, stigmas 3; ovules anatropal, pendulous. Drupes in globose masses the size of a man's head, each 1 1/2 by 3/4 in., ovoid, acute at both ends, densely covered with slender, appressed, yellow setae, 1-celled. Seed 1, albumen fleshy, papulose on the surface, smelling of linseed oil ; radicle broad ; cotyledons small, suborbicular. 3. P. oblonga, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii. 12 ; branches not prickly, leaves oblong-lanceolate entire pubescent beneath, bracts shorter than the pedicels. Wall. Cat. 4948. Gynocephalum oblongura, Trecul in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3, viii. 149. Penang, Wallich, &c. ; Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. Bark striated, brownish. Leaves 8 by 3 in., coriaceous, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, shortly acuminate, 1-nerved, base acute; petiole 1/2 in., rugose. Male fl. in axillary racemes or in tufts from the old wood. Racemes slender, densely covered, like the pedicels, bracts and perianth, with brown hairs; pedicels filiform, 3-flowered. Bracts linear, half the length of the pedicel and more or less adnate to it. Sepals 4, obovate, obtuse, concave. Corolla 4-parted, lobes rounded. Stamens 3-4. Pistil rudimentary. Female fl. (according to Maingay) : Sepals linear-oblong, pale brown, hirsute. Petals connate for 1/4 their length into an infundibuliform corolla ; lobes ovate, obtuse, hirsute. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 collateral, suspended ovules; style twice the length of the corolla, cylindric, ventricose, hirsute, 2-3-partite, divisions subacute, stigmatic on their inner surface. Drupes in globular masses the size of a man's fist, each 2 by 3/4 in., oblong-obovoid, obtuse, covered with stout, straight, subulate prickles which, falling off, leave circular pits ; epicarp coriaceous, mesocarp pulpy, stone crustaceous. Cotyledons, according to Maingay, thin, white, divaricate, tortuous, branched, (?) embedded in a fleshy lobulated albumen. 4. P. palmata, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii. 12; stem prickly, leaves palmately 5-lobed ferruginous-hairy beneath, bracts shorter than the pedicels. Wall. Cat. 4949. P. stylocarpa, Grif. Notul. iv. 320 ; Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. 489. Gynocephalum palmatum, Trecul in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3, viii. 149. page 593 Penang, Porter, &c. ; Malacca, Griffith. - Distrib, Java. Branches studded with minute prickles ; shoots, petioles, and nerves of leaves ferruginous hispid. Leaves very large, orbicular, cordate, palminerved, lobed halfway down ; lobes oblong-obovate, acute; petiole 4-6 in. Male fls, in long, axillary, dense, branched racemes, each pedicel supporting a globose head of flowers. Flowers 1/12 in. Calyx of 3-4 obovate, concave, hairy segments. Corolla longer than the calyx, deeply 4-parted, lobes lanceolate acute setose. Stamens. 4, filaments glabrous ; anthers apiculate. Rudiment of ovary minute, hairy. Female fl. not seen. Drupes 1 1/2 by 1 in., oblong-turbinate, surmounted by the thickened base of the style and covered by dense subulate bristles, some of which are barbed and have a transparent point. Seed pendulous ; radicle superior, very short ; cotyledons elongate, linear-oblong, leafy. 19. MIQUELIA, Meissner. Climbing shrubs. Wood with large vessels. Leaves alternate, petiolate, simple, membranous, usually palminerved. Peduncles supra-axillary, racemose in the male, solitary in the female plant. Flowers dioecious, capitate. Male fl. : Calyx minute, 4-5-fid. Corolla separated from the calyx by a long pedicel-like stipes (corolla-tube 1), limb 4-5-lobed, lobes valvate, apex inflexed. Stamens isomerous and alternate with the lobes of the corolla, filaments short ; anthers introrse. Female fl. : Calyx as in the male. Corolla not removed from the calyx, lobes free, or nearly so, ultimately reflexed. Staminodes 4-5, very small, alternate with the lobes of the corolla or 0, Ovary sessile, 1-celled ; style short, stigma dilated cup-like ; ovules 2, pendulous from the apex of the cavity, raphe dorsal, micropyle superior. Drupe oblong, more or less compressed, surrounded at the base by the persistent calyx, mesocarp thin, endocarp crustaceous externally rugose. Seed, solitary, pendulous albumen fleshy rugulose ; radicle superior; cotyledons elliptic, thick, leafy flat. - Distrib, Species 5, (perhaps all forms of one variable species, Baillon), distributed in India and the Archipelago. The materials in herbaria are not good, and the structure of the male flowers especially requires further examination in a fresh state. 1. M. Kleinii, Meissn. Gen. 152 ; leaves obovate-lanceolate shortly and abruptly acuminate subentire or crenulate. Miquelia assamica, Blume Rumphia, iv. 37. Jenkinsia assamica, Grif. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 231, 1. 12 ; Notul 370, t. 537, f. 2. Araliacea? Kleinii, W. & A. Prodr. i. 375. Phytocrene sp. Wight III. ii. 62. Assam, Griffith ; Khasia Mts., H.f. & T. Glabrescent. Branches strigose when young. Leaves 7-8 by 3 in., glabrous, base tapering, rarely subhastate ; petiole 1 3/4-2 in. Peduncles of male plant 1-2 in., filiform. Flowers capitate, 1/8 in. Calyx minute, 3-5-fid. Corolla 4-5-parted, lobes oblong, free, valvate. Filaments very short, anthers elongate. Rudiment of pistil depressed. Peduncles of female plant short, thick. Calyx minute, 4-5-lobed. Corolla 4-5-parted, lobes reflexed, greenish. Staminodes minute. Ovary ovoid, apex truncate ; stigma sessile, 4-lobed. Drupe 3/4 by 1/2 in. subsessile, yellowish, obliquely ovoid. 2. M. dentata, Bedd. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxv. 211, t. 23; leaves oblong acuminate remotely and coarsely toothed, base truncate cordate. Western Peninsula ; Anamallay forests, Beddome. Branches terete, glabrous. Leaves 8 by 3 3/4 in., membranous, glabrous ; petiole 2 in. Male fl. capitate on supra-axillary racemose peduncles which are shorter than the petiole. Flower-buds club-shaped, truncate. Calyx subcampanulate, 4-toothed. Corolla-lobes lanceolate. Stamens 4, anthers oblong, base sagittate. Pistil minute, rudimentary. Female fl. capitate, on a solitary supra-axillary peduncle longer than page 594 the petiole. Calyx deeply toothed. Corolla-lobes lanceolate. Ovary obovoid, base tapering ; Style very short, dilated into a cup-shaped stigma; ovules 2.3. M. ? gibba, Baill. Adansonia, x. 278; DC. Prodr. xvii. 15 ; leaves ovate acuminate entire, base rounded 5-nerved. Western Bengal, Griffith. Branches terete, glabrous. Leaves 8 by 4 in., membranous, glabrous, nerves prominent beneath. Drupe 1 1/4-1 1/2 in., ellipsoid, glabrescent, brownish, convex on one side, furrowed on the other, gibbous towards the base ; stone hard, granular. Cotyledons thin. - An imperfectly known species. I have seen no specimens. 20. SARCOSTIGMA, W. & A. Climbing shrubs. Wood without zones. Leaves alternate, simple, shortly petioled. Flowers dioecious, minute, arranged in tufts along a long pendulous rachis. Male fl. : Calyx minute, 4-5-lobed. Petals 5, free, or nearly so, valvate, oblong, ultimately reflexed. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals, free, or adnate to the base of the petals, filaments glabrous ; anthers erect, 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally. Pistil rudimentary. Female fl. : Calyx and corolla as in the male. Staminodes 4-5, hypogynous, alternate with the petals. Ovary superior, sessile, 1-celled ; stigma subsessile, globose or umbonate; ovules 2, collateral, pendulous, funicle expanded into an "obturator." Drupe surrounded at the base by the persistent calyx and corolla, epicarp coriaceous, endocarp woody lined with a thin white membrane. Seed (according to Baillon) pendulous, exalbuminous ; cotyledons fleshy, wrapping round the short superior radicle. - Distrib. Species 3 or 4, all tropical Asiatic. 1. S. Kleinii, W. & A. in Edin. New Phil. Journ. xiv. 299 ; leaves glabrous oblong or oblong-lanceolate acuminate. Miers in Ann. Nat. Hist, ser. 2. 116; Contrib. i. 103, t. 18 ; Wight Ic. 1854; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 221. Eastern and Western Peninsulas; Malacca, Maingay, Cochin and Travancor, Wight; the Concan, Stocks. A climbing, branched shrub. Branches terete. Leaves 4-10 by 2-4 in., coriaceous, pale on both surfaces, base rounded, nerves prominent beneath; petiole 3/4 in., transversely wrinkled. Rachis extra axillary, angular, covered with brownish strigose hairs. Flowers 1/8 in. diam. Male fl.: Calyx minute, pilosulous, cup shaped, obscurely 4-5-lobed. Petals 1/12 in., glabrous, oblong, acute. Stamens as long as the petals, filaments glabrous, flat, strap-shaped ; anthers 2-celled. Rudiment of pistil conical. Female fl. : Calyx and corolla as in the male. Ovary obovoid, pilosulous, surrounded by 5 hypogynous, abortive stamens; stigma subsessile, conical ; ovules 2, collateral. Fruit 1-1 1/2 in. olive-shaped, somewhat compressed, bright orange-red, rugose and strigose externally, smooth within. 2. S. Wallichii, Baill. in Adansonia, x. 282 ; leaves downy beneath along the nerves ovate acute or acuminate, fruiting peduncles densely villous. Wall. Cat. 9030 ("indeterm.") BIRMA ; Phanoe Hill on the Saluen, Wallich. Branches terete, rugose. Leaves 6 by 3 in., nerves depressed above, prominent beneath ; petiole 1/8 in., thick. Fruiting peduncles from the old wood. Calyx minute, villous, 4-fid. Fruit 3 1/4 in., ovoid-oblong, compressed, densely hairy. - The specimens are very imperfect. 3. S. edule, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1872, ii. 298 ; glabrous, leaves ovate-oblong apiculate, spikes rusty-tomentose. Chailletia edulis, Kurz in Andam. Rep. App. B 6. page 595 Andaman Isles, Kurz. Branches woody. Leaves 7 by 3 1/2 in., coriaceous, glabrous, base obtuse ; petiole short. Fruit 1 in., obliquely oblong, obtuse, densely covered with orange-coloured down, shining white within, pulp sweet, edible (Kurz). - Probably only a form of S. Kleinii. 21. NATSIATUM, Ham. A climbing shrub. Wood porous, with inconspicuous medullary rays. Leaves alternate, petiolate, simple, 7-9-nerved. Flowers dioecious, in supraaxillary racemes. Male fl. : Calyx deeply 5-parted, persistent, not accrescent. Petals 5, free, or united at the base. Staminodes 5, opposite the petals, outside the stamens. Fertile stamens alternate with the petals ; anthers erect, apiculate, bilocular, dehiscing longitudinally. Pistil rudimentary. Female fl. : Sepals and petals as in the male. Staminodes 4-6, hypogynous, alternating with an equal number of compressed glands. Ovary sessile, villous ; style short, apex 2-3-lobed, stigmas capitate ; ovules 2, collateral, pendulous, raphe dorsal. Drupe obliquely ovoid, compressed; stone crustaceous, 1-celled. Seed solitary, albumen fleshy; radicle superior, cotyledons leafy, orbicular, 3-5-nerved. 1. N. herpeticum, Ham. in Wall. Cat 4252 ; Arn. in Edin. New Phil. Journ. xvi. 314 ; N. sp. Griff. Notul. iv. 330 ; Ic. PI. As. t. 496, f. 1. Natsiatum herpeticum. Ham. ex R. Br. in Benn. Pl. Jav. Rar. 245 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. i. 797. Sicyos pentandrus. Wall. Cat. 6682, male. Eastern Bengal and the Himalaya, from Nipal, Sikkim, Silhet, and the Khasia Mts., alt. 3000 ft., to Chittagong and Pegu. Herbaceous portions strigose. Branches as thick as a goose-quill. Leaves distant, 3-6 in., membranous, roughish, cordate-ovate, acute, repand, 7-9-nerved ; petiole longer than the blade. Racemes supra-axillary, long, slender, pendulous, many-flowered. Bracts small, linear, pedicels about the length of the flower. Flowers minute, greenish-yellow. Male. fl. : Calyx lobes valvate, lanceolate, scabrid. Petals 5, alternate with the calyx-lobes and one-third longer, lanceolate. Glands (staminodes ?) 5, fleshy, 2-lobed. Fertile stamens opposite the sepals, filaments very short ; anthers sagittate ; connective glandular. Female fl. : staminodes subulate. Drupe 1/4 in. DOUBTFUL SPECIES. N. GAMOSEPALUM, Griff. Notul. iv. 330. Menispermea, Itin. Notes 114, is Lophophyllum bicristatum, Griff. (See p. 105.) 22. IODES, Blume. Climbing shrubs, rarely erect. Leaves opposite, or subalternate, petiolate, simple, 1-nerved. Inflorescence cymose, cymes axillary or extra-axillary ; lower peduncles often sterile, cirrose. Flowers dichlamydeous, dioecious. MALE fl.: Calyx minute, cup-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla 3-5-merous, lobes valvate.Stamens hypogynous, equal in number to, and opposite the lobes of the corolla ; anthers basifixed, straight, 2-celled, introrse, dehiscing longitudinally. Pistil rudimentary. Female fl. : Calyx as in the male. Corolla 4-5-parted, tubular below and often dilated. Staminodes 0. Ovary subsessile, 1-celled, with 2 collateral pendulous ovules ; funicle dilated into an "obturator " stigma sessile, discoid, 5-lobed. Drupe surrounded at the base by the persistent, but not accrescent calyx, stone 1-seeded. Seed pendulous, testa thin, albumen fleshy ; cotyledons flat, leafy; radicle superior. - DISTRIB. Species about 6, natives of India, the Archipelago, and of tropical Africa. page 596 Sect. 1. Eviodes, Baillon. Pedicels slender, not woody. 1. I. ovalis, Blume Bijdr. i. 30 ; leaves ovate acute or acuminate, base rounded, male flowers panicled. Br. in Benn. PI. Jav. Rar. 243, t. 48 ; Hassk. Cat. PI. Hort. Bogor. 172; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. 795. I. tomentella, Miq. I.c. 796. Natsiatum oppositifolium, Planchon in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. V. 247 (name only). Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. - Distrib. Java, Philippines. A climbing shrub, rarely sub-arborescent. Branches terete, covered with rufous tomentum. Tendrils axillary or opposite the leaves. Leaves 5 by 4 in., subcoriaceous, glabrous above, except along the midrib, tomentose beneath, ovate or roundish ; petiole 1/4 in. Cyme (of male plant) much branched, peduncles 6-8 in., pedicels spreading Flower-buds subglobose, densely rufous-villous. Calyx ciliate. Corolla much exceeding the calyx ; lobes lanceolate, indexed at the points, ciliate, connate at the base. Stamens shorter than the lobes of the corolla, filaments short erect ; anthers oblong-obovate, dehiscing longitudinally. Rudiment of pistil erect, cylindrical, or subclavate, hispid. Female fl. : Calyx tubular, limb as in the male fl. Corolla 4-5-parted, subrotate, lobes acute reflexed globose beneath. Ovary substipitate, ovoid, compressed, densely villose ; stigma thick, orbicular, crenate, concave. Drupe 1/2 by 1/4 in., rather dry, ovoid, compressed, villous, mesocarp thin. - Miquel's I. tomentella (I. oralis, var. β Miquelii, Baill. in DC. Prodr. xvii. 23), seems to differ only in its more dense covering of rufous tomentum. Maingay 's Malacca specimens belong to this form. Sect. 2. Lasiodes, Baillon. Pedicels thick, woody. 2. I. Hookeriana, Baill. in Adansonia, x. 268, and in DC. Prodr. xvii. 24 ; leaves oblong-ovate or ovate acuminate, base acute or cordate. Assam, Griffith; Chittaoong, H.f.&T. Branches cylindric or subangled, setose, ultimately glabrous. Leaves 4-8 by 1 3/4-4 in., opposite or subalternate, coriaceous, glabrous above, setose beneath along the prominent nerves; petiole 1/4 in., rugose, articulate at the base, covered with rigid, brownish hairs. Inflorescence extra-axillary ; peduncle rugose, as long as the petiole, dichotomous ; pedicels spreading, thickened at the apex. Male fl. 1/6 in. Calyx pateriform, limb shortly 5-lobed, lobes deltoid acuminate. Corolla twice the length of the calyx, densely hairy at the base externally, deeply 5-parted ; lobes thick, oblong, with inflexed points. Stamens 5, free, hypogynous, half the length of the petals and concealed within them, filaments glabrous ; anthers shorter than the filaments, erect, adnate, base sagittate. Rudiment of pistil conical. Drupe the size of a pigeon's egg, acute at the apex, yellowish-red, glabrous ; stone compressed, woody, somewhat rugose, 1-celled. Seed ovate, compressed. - I have not examined the female flowers. In the unopened male bud I found the pollen shed. 3. I. Thomsoniana, Baill. in Adansonia, x 270, and in DC. Prodr. xvii. 25 ; leaves oblong-obovate acuminate, base narrowed cordate. Chittagong,H.f. & T. A climber. Branches woody, terete, sulcatc, grey, deeply scarred, young shoots and petioles densely rusty setose. Leaves 10 by 3 in., at length glabrous, repand, basal lobes rounded, midrib downy beneath ; petiole 1/4 in. Inflorescence extra-axillary, cymose ; peduncles short, woody, pedicels divaricate. Male fl. as in I. Hookeriana, but petals relatively shorter and broader. - An imperfectly known species, probably as suggested by Baillon himself a mere form of/. Hookeriana. DOUBTFUL SPECIES. 4. I. ? Brandisii, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. ii. 1872, 298 ; leaves oblong acuminate mucronate, base obtuse, peiiule long slender. Tenasserim, Kurz. A climbing cirrose shrub. Leaves 6-8 in,, membranous, tomentose along the nerves page 597 above, over the whole surface beneath. Cymes opposite the leaves, pedicels short, slender. Flowers minute, tomentose. - Only known from Kurz's description.6. I. oblonga, Planch. in herb. Kew. ; leaves oblanceolate, base tapering subcordate. Penang? Wallich. Shrubby, scandent? Branches cylindric, grey, setose, ultimately glabrescent, with prominent scars. Leaves 5 hy 1 1/2 in., membranous, glabrous above, setose along the midrib above, and over the whole lower surface ; petiole 1/4 in. Inflorescence interaxillary, peduncles 1 in., cymose, dichotomously branched. Flowers very minute. Ovary oblong, 1-celled ; stigma sessile, thick, discoid, 5-lobed; ovules 2, pendulous. - I have not seen perfect flowers, but the structure of the ovary is that of lodes. GENUS OF DOUBTFUL AFFINITY. 23. CARDIOPTERIS, Wall. A climbing herb with milky juice. Leaves alternate, long-petioled, simple or lobed, cordate, palminerved. Flowers ebracteate, in axillary racemose or panicled cymes, bisexual, dichlamydeous. Calyx 4-5-parted ; lobes imbricate, persistent, but not, or only slightly accrescent. Corolla deciduous, between rotate and funnel-shaped, 4-5-lobed. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the base of the tube of the corolla, alternate with its lobes, filaments short glabrous ; anthers 2-celled, introrse, dehiscing longitudinally ; pollen-grains 4-angular. Ovary free, surrounded at the base by a thick fleshy annular disk, oblong, compressed, 1-celled ; ovules 1 (rarely 2) pendulous, naked, micropyle ultimately superior ; style 2-branched, one branch deciduous, curved, capitate at the apex, the other accrescent, ultimately deciduous, divided at the apex into 2 unequal, ovate, rather obtuse divisions. Fruit ovate-orbicular, emarginate or obcordate, compressed, very broadly winged, 1-celled, indehiscent. Seed solitary, linear, furrowed ; embryo minute, in hard fleshy albumen. - The following is the only species. 1. C. lobata, R. Br. in Wall. Cat. 8033 A, and in Benn. PI. Jav. Rar. 246, t. 49. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. i. 799. C. moluccana, Blume Rumph. iv. 207, t. 177, 1. 2, partly. C. javanica Blume Rumph. iii. 206, iv. t. 177. C. Rumphii, Baill. in Adansonia x. 280, and in DC. Prodr. xvii. 26. Peripterygium quinquelobum, Hassk. Cat. PI. Hort. Bogor. 351. Western Bengal, in Silhet and Cachar. Rangoon, Ava, and Tenasserim. - DISTRIB. Yunan, Indian Archipelago, Siam, New Guinea. Stem terete, striate. Leaves 3-5 in. by 3-4 1/2 in., glabrous, membranous, polymorphous, usually more or less angular and slightly lobed, base 7-9 nerved, cordate, lobes acute or acuminate, widely divergent ; petiole 3-5 in. Peduncles 2 1/2-4 in., solitary, axillary, dichotomous ; pedicels puberulous, erect, ultimately spreading or recurved. Flowers rather crowded, secund, ebracteate. Calyx puberulous. Corolla slightly exceeding the calyx, whitish, deciduous. Fruit 1-1 1/2 in. by 1 1/4 in. - The plant varies much in the consistence and form of the leaves, occasionally even on the same specimen, hence, by some writers, several species have been proposed. Baillon, however, ranks them all as varieties. The following occur within the limits of this Flora. Var. 1. moluccana, leaves rather thick subcordate or hastato-subcordate not lobed, nerves subpedate more or less conspicuous sometimes reddish, inflorescence cymose-racemose. C. moluccana, Blume Rumph. iii. 207, t. 177, f. 2 ; Royle Ill. 136 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. i. 799. C. Rumphii, var. α integrifolia, Baill. in DC. Prodr. xvii. 26; Rumph. Amb. v. 482, t. 180. Dioscorea sativa, L. Amoen. Acad. iv. 133. Var. 2. subhamata, Baill. in DC. Prodr. xvii. 26 ; leaves cordate pedately 7-nerved page 598 sagittate-ovate, 5-7-lobed, terminal lobe largest ovate acuminate, lateral lobes angular acuminate, lowermost unequally cuneate. C. subhamata. Wall. mss.There are differences of opinion as to the structure of the flower. The figure of the ovary in Blume's Rumphia, t. 177, f. 8, differs from the description, and is erroneous. The persistent and accrescent style (?) assumes a spongy cellular character, and is traversed by two bundles of spiral vessels and by laticiferous tubes. Octahedral crystals also abound in its tissues. The cells of the epicarp contain in some cases a spiral fibre. The structure of the ovule is very peculiar. According to Dr. Hooker's unpublished drawings made from the fresh specimens, the ovule is pendulous and originally straight, but afterwards curves upward. It is devoid of coats, but is provided with a raphe and the embryo sac (?) is protruded iu the shape of a long tubular process. Order XL. ILICINEAE. (By J. D. Hooker.) Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, simple, exstipulate, or with 2 minute stipules, usually coriaceous and evergreen. Flowers small, in axillary cymes fascicles or umbellules, usually dioecious, male with imperfect ovary, and female with imperfect stamens. Calyx 3-6 -partite or -lobed ; segments or lobes imbricate, persistent. Pistils 4-5, rarely 6-8, connate at the base, or connate in the male and free in the female, deciduous, imbricate. Stamens 4-6, adhering to the bases of the petals, sometimes free and hypogynous in the female , filaments subulate ; anthers shortly oblong, dorsifixed. Disk 0. Ovary free, 3-16-celled ; style 0, or very short, rarely long, stigma capitate or discoid; ovules 1, or 2 collateral, pendulous, raphe dorsal, micropyle superior, funicle often cupular. Drupe with 2 or more 1 -seeded free rarely connate stones. Seed with a membranous testa, fleshy albumen and minute embryo. - Distrib. Three genera, and about 160 species, chiefly tropical. An examination of the Indian species has led to very important modifications of the ordinal character as given in the Genera Plantarum, and to the suppression of the genus Byronia. 1. ILEX, Linn. Calyx 4-5-lobed or -parted. Corolla rotate, petals free or connate at the base. Stamens 4-5, adhering to the base of the corolla in the male, sometimes hypogynous in the female . Ovary 2-12-celled ; styles or very short, stigmas free or confluent on the top of the ovary. Drape globose, very rarely ovoid, with 2-16 stones. - Distrib. Of the Order ; species about 145. Sect. I. Flowers in strict spikes. Drupe with 10-16 stones. 1. I. spicata, Blume Bijdr. 1149; glabrous, leaves elliptic shortly obtusely caudate-acuminate very coriaceous quite entire. Prinos spicata, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 594. Malacca, Maingay. - Distrib. Java, Borneo. An often epiphytic shrub (Blume) ; branches stout, woody. Leaves 4-6 in., base rounded, midrib stout beneath, dark olive-green when dry ; nerves very slender, reticulate ; petiole very short. Spikes 1 1/2 in., solitary or twin, axillary and below the leaves, suberect or spreatling ; rachis rather stout, flowering from the base ; bracts minute, pedicel 1/10 in. Flowers minute ; male about 1/10 in. diam. Calyx flat, of 4-5 rounded lobes. Corolla of 4-5 broadly oblong petals, slightly connate at the base, finally reflexed. Stamens inserted at the junction of the petals, filaments at length longer than the corolla ; anthers small. Imperfect ovary globose, grooved. Fl. female not seen. page 599 Drupe 1/8 in. long, broadly ovoid, rauch compressed, with a sessile transversely elongated stigma on its broad truncate end, and 10-16 minute compressed coriaceous stones. - A very curious plant, which I assume to be Blume's I. spicata. Maingay's specimens are in male flowers only, and I have described the drupe from Bornean ones collected by Beccari.Sect. II. Flowers in very dense short axillary branched cymes, pedicels very short, male and female 4-merous. Drupes subsessile in the axils, 1-4-celled (pedicelled in I. odorata). 2. I. insignis, Hook.f.; branches very stout, leaves 6-9 in. elliptic-lanceolate obscurely serrate very coriaceous young spinous-toothed, drupe subsessile large with a rugose 1-3-seeded stone. SIKKIM Himalaya ; at Darjeeling, alt. 7000 ft. A small evergreen erect tree; branchlets as thick as the little finger, grooved. Leaves very thick, acute, narrowed into the stout petiole, which is 3/4-1 in. ; nerves beneath very stout and much reticulated ; young oblong-lanceolate, base rounded, margins spinous, petiole shorter. Flowers 4-merous, 1/3 in. diam., in subglobose clusters 1/2 in. diam., green ; pedicels very short, stout ; bracts opposite, small, ovate, acute. Calyx-lobes broadly ovate, acute or obtuse. Petals orbicular-obovate, connate below in the male. Stamens equalling the petals, inserted on the corolla in the male , filaments very thick. Rudimentary -ovary globose, with 4 minute papillae as stigmas. Ovary of female 4-celled ; stigma sessile, discoid, 4-lobed. Drupe 2/3 in. diam., globose, with a globose 1-3-celled 1-3-seeded grooved woody stone formed of 4 connate stones. - Closely allied to I. dipyrena, but a very much larger plant in all its parts, with shorter stamens and a very different structure of the drupe. Still more closely allied tp. the Japanese I. latifolia, Thunb., which has 4 separate stones in the drupe. 3. I. dipyrena, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, i. 473 ; PI. As. Rar. iii. 68, t. 292 ; Cat. 4327 ; branches stout, leaves 3-4 in. elliptic-lanceolate spinous-serrate very coriaceous, the old quite entire, drupe subsessile with 2 rarely more plano-convex deeply-grooved stones. Don Prodr. 188 ; DC. Prodr. ii. 15 ; Brandis For. Flor. 76. Temperate Himalaya; from Simla, alt. 5-8000 ft., to Sikkim, alt. 7-9000 ft., Wallich, &c. An evergreen tree 30-40 ft. ; trunk sometimes 17 feet girth ; shoots pilose. Leaves shining, the young very spinous, the older with scattered marginal spines, the oldest with a thickened quite entire border ; petiole 1/4-1/3 in. Flowers 4-merous, 1/4 in. diam., in axillary subglobose clusters, white ; pedicels very short ; bracts 2, opposite, ovate, acute. Calyx-loles broadly ovate, acute, ciliate. Petals obovate, connate below in the male , free in the female. Stamens of male inserted on the corolla, longer than the petals, of the female hypogynous. Ovary of female ovoid, 2- rarely 3-4-celled, stigma quadrate. Drupe 1/2 in. diam., globose, scarlet, stones usually 2, rarely 3-4, deeply grooved longitudinally. 4. I. odorata, Ham. in Don Prodr. 189 ; leaves 5-7 in. elliptic-oblong or lanceolate acute minutely serrate-toothed, male fl. in short globose panicled cymes, female cymes shorter, drupe pedicelled with 4 stones. DC. Prodr. ii. 15 ; Brandis For. Flor. 77. - Ilex ? Wall. Cat. 9023. Temperate Himalaya ; from Simla to Nipal, alt. 3-6000 ft. A small evergreen tree ; branches much less stout than in the preceding two species. Leaves sometimes 9 in.; nerves rather slender; petiole 1/3-2/3 in. Flowers 4-merous, about 1/8 in. diam., white ; male in very shortly peduncled spreading globose cymes 1/2-1 in. diam. ; female in shorter cymes and with shorter pedicels ; bracts minute, at the base of the pedicels. Calyx-lobes rounded. Petals of male connate below ; of female free, oblong, obtuse. Stamens of male inserted on the corolla, filaments slender, much longer than the petals ; of female hypogynous. Ovary globose, 4-celled ; stigma sessile quadrate. Drupe 1/4 in. diam., pedicelled, globose (ovoid, black, Brandis) ; stones 4, small, trigonous, with page 600 obtuse angles. - Brandis gives Sikkim as a habitat for this, but I doubt the plant he here alludes to being the same species ; his plant has very stout branches like those of I. dipyrena, and very shortly pedicelled young fruits, has 4 pyrenes, lanceolate minutely serrate leaves, and inhabits elevations of near 10,000 ft. ; it may be a new species, but the specimens are too imperfect for determination.Sect. III. Flowers male in panicled cymes ; females solitary or fascicled, pedicelled (not cymose nor on peduncled umbellules). Drupe 4-6-ceIled. (See 15. Gardneriana, in Sect IV.). * Leaves quite entire, or with 2-3 spinulose teeth. (See 9. embelioides.) 6. I. malabarica, Bedd. Flor. Sylv. t. 143 ; leaves 2-4-in. narrowly elliptic-oblong acute or apiciilate quite entire, male flowers in shortly panicled umbellules, calyx usually 6-merous, drupe very small puberuluus usually 6-celled, style short cylindric stout. I. Wightiana, Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Flor. 143, not of Wall. Western Peninsula ; on the Ghats, from the Concan southwards, ascending to 3000 ft. A large tree, everywhere quite glabrous. Leaves variable in length and breadth, always more or less narrowly elliptic, acute acuminate or apiculate by the produced nerve, shining above, nerves beneath faint, margin with rarely a spinulose tooth towards the tip ; petiole 1/6-1/3 in. Flowers 1/10 in. diam., peduncles and pedicels puberulous ; female fl. solitary or fascicled, the fascicles very rarely peduncled, pedicels 1/4-1/3 in. Calyx-lobes usually 6, broad, subacute, ciliate. Petals 4-6, orbicular, ciliolate, connate at the base in the male , less so in the female. Stamens often only 4, inserted at the base of the corolla, filaments short ; anthers broadly oblong. Ovary of male imperfect, with 4 minute stigmas. Drupe 1/8 in. diam., depressed-globose, usually 6- or more celled, with an evident stout style. - This has been distributed as I. Wightiana, by Perottet and others. 6. I. Walkeri, Wight & Gard. mss. ex Thwaites Enum. 184 (1858) ; glabrous, leaves 3/4-1 in. subsessile orbicular obovate or broadly elliptic very coriaceous obtuse rounded or retuse with a few teeth near the tip, flowers 4-5-merous, male in very shortly peduncled umbellules, female shortly pedicelled. I. Walkeri, Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1863, pt. i. 605. I. emarginella, Turcz. I.c. Western Peninsula; Pulney Mts., Wight. Ceylon; in the Central province, alt. 5-8000 ft. A small densely branched tree. Leaves very coriaceous, usually obovate with an emarginate or 2-lobed or 3-4-toothed tip, margins recurved, nerves below few and slender; petiole 1/10 in. Flowers 1/10 in. diam., white, 4-5-merous. Calyx-lobes 4-5, subacute. Petals orbicular, spreading, connate in both sexes. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the corolla in both sexes. Drupe 1/6 in. diam., globose, with 4-5 triangular hard cohering stones ; stigma sessile, 4-6-lobed. - A very variable plant, named Walkeri independently by Thwaites and Turczaninoff. Thwaites has a var. major with elliptic apiculate leaves. Turczaninoff's I. emarginella is the more common form of the plant. ** Leaves toothed or serrate. (See also 6. Walkeri.) 7. I. denticulata, Wall. Cat. 4333; glabrous, leaves 2 1/2-3 in. elliptic or elliptic-oblong acute or obtusely acuminate serrate very coriaceous, flowers 4-merous, male in short subsessile cymes, female fascicled, drupe 1/3 in, diam. with 4 hard stones. Wight III. t. 142; Thwaites Enum. 183; Beddome Fl. Sylv. t. 142. I. nilagirica, Miquel Pl. Hohen. 1456. Western Peninsula ; Nilghiri and Anamallay hills, alt. 6-8000 ft., Wight, &c. Ceylon, on the Bopatalawa Plains, alt. 6000 ft., Thwaites. page 601 A large timber tree (Beddome) ; young parts minutely pubescent. Leaves very coriaceous, acutely or obtusely serrate throughout their length, tip variable, very coriaceous ; nerves beneath few, very slender; petiole 1/4-3/4 in. Flowers 1/6 in. diam. ; male in branched very short cymes. Calyx-lobes broad, subacute. Petals connate at the very base in the male, free in the female, broadly oblong. Stamens about equalling the petals, inserted on the corolla in the male, hypogynous in the female. Drupes rarely solitary, globose, with 4 trigonous grooved rather woody stones ; stigma sessile, 4-lobed ; pedicels very stout, 1/3 in. long. - Wight figures the ovarian cells with 2 superposed ovules (copied in Beddome's Flor. Sylv.) ; I find but one with a large thick funicle. I have followed Wight and all subsequent authors in calling this I. denticulata, Wall. ; but the only representatives of this name in the Wallichian Herbarium are two small obovate leaves, with obscurely serrate margins, probably of I. Wightiana. 8. I. theaefolia, Wall. Cat. 6391 (Myrsine); glabrous, branches robust, leaves 2-3 1/2 in, elliptic-oblong or lanceolate subcaudate with an obtuse tip obtusely obscurely serrate very coriaceous reticulate beneath, flowers 5-merous, male in very short subsessile cymes, fem fascicled, drupe 1/4 in. diam. with 4 stones. I. gaultheriaefolia, Kurz in Beng. As. Soc. Jour. 1872, ii. 259. Khasia Mts., alt. 3-4000 ft., Gomez, &c. ; Tenasserim, Kurz: Mishmi Hills, Griffith. So near to I. denticulata, that I have hesitated before keeping it distinct ; it differs in the longer narrower more attenuate tips of the leaves, with more reticulated nerves beneath, and in the smaller drupes. I have adopted Wallich's singularly appropriate specific name. 9. I. embelioides, Hook. f. ; glabrous, leaves 1 1/2-2 in. elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate caudate-acuminate with an obtuse apiculate tip entire or with a few acute serratures, flowers 4-merous minute, male in small pedicelled umbellules, female fascicled, drupe 1/8 in. globose with 4 stones. Khasia Mts. ; common at Churra, Nunklow, &c., alt. 3-4000 ft. A small tree; tips of branchlets obscurely puberulous, as is sometimes the midrib of the young leaf above. Leaves coriaceous, sometimes quite entire, at others with small scattered spinulose teeth along the margin, very obscurely reticulated beneath ; petiole 1/4-1/3 in. Flowers about 1/12 in. diam., white ; male panicles 1/2-1 in., peduncles slender, pedicels obscurely puberulous. Calyx-lobes obtuse. Petals oblong-orbicular, connate below in both sexes. Stamens equalling the petals, inserted on the corolla in both sexes. Drupes clustered on a very short axillary branchlet, pedicels as long as themselves. - A very distinct species, of which a specimen in Griffith's Herbarium from the Khasia is labelled " Embeliae affinis? Mambrea 12-6 35," apparently in Wallich's handwriting. 10. I. Griffithii, Hook. f. ; branches pubescent or glabrescent, leaves 1 1/2-2 in. elliptic acute serrulate coriaceous shining above, flowers 4-merous, male fascicled, female solitary or nearly so, drupe globose with 4 large coriaceous 3-gonous stones and a thin epicarp. Assam, Jenkins, Griffith; Silhet, at Terrya Ghat, H.f. & T. T.; Malacca, Keddah Peak, Low ; Summit of Goonong, &c., Maingay, Griffith. A small tree, branches very sparingly pubescent in Khasia specimens, much more so in those from Malacca. Leaves coriaceous, but soft, serratures obtuse, midrib below often pubescent ; nerves numerous very fine ; petiole 1/4 in. Flowers fe nearly 1/4 in. diam., larger than in I. theaefolia, male nearly 1/5 in. diam., apparently not panicled ; pedicels 4 in. Calyx orbicular with 4 broad shallow ciliolate lobes. Petals broadly oblong, obtuse, recurved, connate below in both sexes. Stamens of male equalling the petals, inserted on the corolla in both sexes. Ovary globose ; stigma sessile, 4-lobed. Drupe quite globose, black or purple ? flesh very thin, stones coriaceous with broad flat faces and a convex back ; pedicel stout, 1/2-3/4 in. long. page 602 11. I. Thomsoni, Hook, f.; a small shrub, branchlets puberulous, leaves 1/2-1 in. obovate or oblanceolate subacute or apiculate serrulate coriaceous gland- dotted beneath, flowers 4-merous, male solitary and in 3-5-flowered cymes, female subsolitary, drupe globose 1/4 in. diam. with 4 large coriaceous 3-gonous stones. Eastern Himalaya ; Bhotan, at Tongse, Griffith. Khasia Mts., alt. 4-5000 ft., at Moflong, Wallich; Churra and Surureem, H. f. & T. T. A small bright green shrub, about 6 ft. high. Leaves shining, green, retaining their colour when dry, narrowed into the short petiole, serratures obtuse ; nerves very obscure beneath. Flowers about 1/6 in. diam., white ; cymes of male of usually 3 flowers on a peduncle 1/4-1/3 in. long; pedicels slender; female pedicels 1/4 in., lengthening and thickening in fruit. Calyx with 4 orbicular lobes. Petals broadly oblong, obtuse, connate at the base in both sexes. Stamens as long as the petals, inserted on the corolla in both sexes. Drupe like that of I. Griffithii, but smaller, purple ; stigma sessile, 4-lobed. - This was first gathered by Wallich at Moflong in 1835, when on the tea-deputation to Assam. Very near, indeed, to I. Horsfieldii, Miq., of Java, but the leaves are obovate ; both have leaves of similar texture and serrature, and gland-dotted beneath. 12. I. intricata, Hook. f. ; branches straggling with warted ridges, leaves 1/3-1/2 in. obovate obtuse coarsely serrate very coriaceous, flowers subsolitary 4-merous, male shortly pedicelled, female sessile, drupe 1/4 in. diam. with 4 large 3-gonous stones. SIKKIM and East Nipal Himalaya, alt. 10-11,000 ft., J. D. H. A low rigid straggling shrub, forming matted masses with interlaced woody branches; branchlets stout, angled and rigid, the ridges warted. Leaves spreading, thickly coriaceous, bright green, narrowed into very short petioles; nerves few beneath, raised. Flowers 1/10 in. diam. Calyx-lobes orbicular. Petals broadly oblong, coriaceous, nearly free below in the female , spreading. Stamens equalling the petals, shorter in the female , and hardly adherent to the petals at the very base. Drupes sessile, red, globose, stigma sessile 4-lobed, flesh thin, of the same structure as those of I. Thomsoni and Griffithii, to which this species is clearly allied. 13. I. fragilis, Hook. f. ; glabrous, leaves 4-5 in. elliptic or ovate subcaudate-acuminate serrulate membranous, flowers 5-merous all fascicled, drupe 1/8 in. with 5-8 stones. SIKKIM and Bhotan Himalaya, alt. 7-10,000 ft., Griffith. Khasia Mts. at Surureem, alt. 5000 ft., H.f. & T. T. A small tree, with very brittle branches, quite glabrous. Leaves bright deep green, more membranous than in any of the Indian species, very strongly reticulate with many raised nerves beneath ; petiole 1/2-2/3 in. Flowers 1/8 in. diam., both male and female fascicled ; pedicels 1/8-1/6 in., glabrous. Calyx-lobes rounded-oblong. Petals spreading, broadly oblong, obtuse, united at the base in both sexes. Stamens shorter than the petals, filaments stout, inserted on the corolla in both sexes. Drupes 1/6 in. diam., on short stout pedicels, fleshy, red, globose, stigma rather large and tumid, stones thickly coriaceous. Sect. IV. Female flowers in simple or branched peduncled umbellules. Leaves quite entire in all. (See various species in § V.) 14. I. venulosa, Hook.f.; quite glabrous, leaves 5-8 in. elliptic-oblong with long slender caudate points quite entire much reticulated, umbellules simple and panicled, male flowers 4- female 5-6-merous, drupe very small, stigma tumid subsessile. Khasia Mts., in woods, alt. 4-5000 ft., De Silva, &c. A handsome tree. Leaves shining above, pale beneath, with many spreading strong branching nerves, suddenly contracted at the apex into a tail sometimes almost 2 inches page 603 long, base rounded ; petiole 1/2-1 in, Male fl. in glabrous axillary branched cymose umbellules, 1/10 in. diarn., greenish-white; peduncle compressed, stout, 1/2-1 in. ; pedicels 1/4 in., slender. Calyx- lobes rounded. Petals broadly oblong, connate in both sexes. Stamens short, inserted on the corolla in both sexes. Female fl. umbellules in shorter stouter simple or much-branched peduncles. Drupes red, crowded ; pedicels of about their own diameter; stones 5-6, trigonous, with convex backs, rather thick. - A very distinct and handsome species.15. I. Gardneriana, Wight Ic. t. 1217 ; glabrous, leaves 2-2 1/2 in. long-petioled ovate-lanceolate caudate-acuminate quite entire, umbellules simple and panicled, flowers 5-merous. Western Peninsula ; on the Nilghiri hills at Sisparah Ghat, Wight. A small tree or large shrub ( Wight). Leaves rather coriaceous, base rounded ; nerves very faint beneath ; petiole 1/2-3/4 in., very slender. Flowers 1/8 in. diam., male only seen, in simple solitary or fascicled peduncled slightly pubescent umbels ; peduncles shorter than the petioles ; pedicels slender, 1/4 in. Calyx-lobes broad, ciliolate. Petals oblong, obtuse, connate below. Stamens of male equalling the petals, inserted on the corolla in both sexes. - A very distinct species, of which the fruit is unknown. 16. I. Wightiana, Wall. Cat 4332 ; glabrous, leaves 1 1/2-4 1/2 in. elliptic elliptic-oblong or -ovate subacute or acuminate quite entire softly coriaceous, flowers usually 5-6-merous, male and female in peduncled simple panicled puberulous umbellules, drupe with 5-6 stones, stigma subsessile. Wight Ic. t. 1216; Thwaites Enum. 183 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 142. Western Peninsula ; Nilghiri hills, Wight, &c. ; Ceylon, in the southern and central parts, ascending to 4000 ft., Thwaites. A large umbrageous tree, trunk 6 ft. in diam. at as high above the ground (Wight). Leaves coriaceous, much larger in Ceylon than in Peninsular specimens, and more reticulated with rather distant nerves beneath, narrowed into a petiole 1/4-1/3 in. long. Flowers minute, 1/10 in. diam., white, umbellules subsessile in Peninsular specimens, on peduncles 1/3-1/2 in. long in Ceylon specimens. Calyx-lobes orbicular. Petals oblong, connate below in both sexes. Stamens of male shorter than the petals, united to the corolla in both sexes. Drupe 1/4 in. diam., globose, smooth, stones with flat sides and convex backs ; style very short indeed. - The differences between the Peninsular and Ceylon specimens are almost specific. Var. peninsularis ; leaves 1-2 1/2 in., nerves very indistinct beneath, umbellules subsessile. Var. zeylanica; leaves 3-5 in., nerves very distinct beneath, umbellules pedicelled. 17. I. excelsa, Wall. Cat. 4328 (exsulca) ; glabrous, leaves 2-4 in. soft elliptic-ovate or -lanceolate acuminate quite entire, nerves very oblique, petiole slender, umbellules pubescent very shortly and stoutly peduncled, flowers 4-5-merous, drupe 1/6 in. diam. with 5 stones. Brandis For. Flor. 76 (excl. syn. Ehretiae). ? I. elliptica, Don Prodr. 189. Cassine excelsa. Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 376. Subtropical Himalaya ; from Kumaon to Nipal and Bhotan (exclusive of Sikkim), alt. 4-6000 ft. ; Khasia Mts., alt. 4000 ft., Griffith, &c. A large shrub (or tall tree, Wallich). Leaves dark-green, shining above, paler beneath, rather fleshy, base acute ; petiole 1/2-1 in. ; stipules 2, minute. Flowers 1/8 in. diam., about 12 in an umbel; peduncle 1/4-1/2 in., stout, compressed; pedicels stout, very short. Calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse, ciliate. Petals ovate-rotundate, crenulate, united at the base in both sexes. Stamens equalling the petals, inserted on the corolla in both sexes , filaments dilated at the base. Drupe globose, with 4-5 trigonous stones ; stigma 4-5- lobed. - That the trivial name exsulca of Wall. Cat. is an oversight for excelsa is evident from this being the Cassine excelsa of Wallich in Roxburgh's Flora Indica, where it is admirably described and stated to be a lofty tree ; no less than from the fact page 604 that the mss. ticket attached to Blinkworth's specimens in Wallich's handwriting, bears the name excelsa. Bramlis is certainly mistaken in referring the Ehretia umbellulata, together with various Malayan Peninsula specimens, to this species. Wallich describes the flower as inodorous, Brandis as sweet-scented. Very near if not identical with I. rotunda, Thunb., of Japan.18. I. Godajam, Colebr. ms. ex Wall. Cat. 4329 ; branchlets pubescent, leaves 3-5 in. soft ovate acute or with a retuse tip quite entire nerves spreading, petiole slender, umbellules pubescent on simple or branched peduncles, male flowers 4-5-merous. Ehretia umbellulata. Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 344 ; Cat. 4329. Pseudehretia umbellulata, Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1863, pt. i. 607. Eastern Bengal, Assam, and Silhet; Jilpigoree (Hamilton in Herb. Wall.) ; foot of Sikkim hills, J. D. H. A branching tree ; bark pale, ashy. Leaves rather membranous, soft, undulate, nerves very slender; petiole slender, 1/2-1 in.; stipules 2, minute. Flowers (male only seen) 1/8-1/6 in. diam., in simple or panicled peduncled umbellules, which, as well as the peduncles and very short pedicels, are more or less pubescent, fragrant. Calyx-lobes orbicular. Petals ovate-oblong, shorter than the slender filaments, united below. - It is remarkable that of the five collectors from whom I have specimens of this plant, not one has obtained the female flowers or fruit. One of Wallich's specimens has the flowers almost twice as large as and more pubescent than the others, and may be a different species. I have the same from the Garrow hills, gathered by Simons. - This differs much from I. excelsa, in the foliage, longer peduncles, and more numerous flowers, and may prove the same with I. sulcata, Wall. 19. I. sulcata, Wall. Cat. 4330 ; glabrous, leaves 4-6 in. soft elliptic-lanceolate or -oblong or -ovate obtuse quite entire membranous, petiole slender, umbellules solitary simple long-peduncled puberulous, flowers 4-6-merous, drupe with about 8 trigonous stones. Tenasserim, at Moulmein, Wallich ; Mergui, Griffith; Amherst, Helfer (Kew distrib. 1998) ; Pegu, Kurz. Probably a tree ; bark of branches grey-brown ; shoots apparently soft. Leaves thin and soft in texture, pale yellow-brown when dry, with a slender translucent margin ; nerves beneath very slender, arching, hardly reticulate ; petiole 1/2-3/4 in. Umbellules 12-20-flowered, more or less puberulous, always solitary and simple ; peduncle 1 in., often shorter in the fema , compressed ; pedicels 1/4 in. Flowers about 1/10 in. diam. Calyx-lobes orbicular. Petals broadly oblong, obtuse, recurved, 4 in the male and connate below, 6 in the female and free, shorter than the slender filaments. Rudimentary-ovary conical, subtended by the obtusely 6-lobed calyx. Drupe 1/5 in. diam., globose : stones trigonous, with the back, I think, concave, whence probably Wallich's name of sulcata, but I cannot well determine this point ; stigma quite sessile, lobed. - Perhaps the same as I. Godajam, Colebr. Very similar in foliage to I. cymosa, Blume, but the umbellules are simple, and bark of a very different colour. Sect. V. Female flowers in branched peduncled cymes, rarely in simple umbellules. Leaves quite entire in all. (This differs from Sect. IV. in the umbellules being more broken up into cymules.) 20. I. macrophylla, Wall. Cat. 4331 ; quite glabrous, leaves 4-7 in. elliptic-oblong obtuse quite entire rather coriaceous, nerves beneath few strong ascending, flowers in branched peduncled cymes 4-6-merous, drupe small with about 8 stones. Eastern Peninsula; Penang, Phillips, Wallich; Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. ?Tenasserim, Helfer, and Mergui, Griffith (Kew distrib. 2012). - Distrib. Java, Sumatra. page 605 A tree about 15 ft. high (Maingay). Branches stout, bark grey; shoots quite glabrous. Leaves rigid, light brown when dry, shining above, paler beneath, with about 6-8 rather distant prominent ascending nerves, sparingly reticulated ; petiole short, stout, 1/4-1/3 in. Cymes more or less effuse, with short subscorpioid many-flowered branches ; peduncles 1/4-1/3 in., rather slender, glabrous or minutely puberulous ; pedicels as short as the flowers, sometimes umbellulate. Calyx-lobes orbicular. Petals broadly oblong, obtuse, rather shorter than the stamens ; of the male 4-6, united at the base, of female often 6, unequal and free. Stamens inserted on the corolla in the male, hypogynous in the female. Drupe of two forms ; one perfect, globose, 1/4 in. diam., with a sessile stigma and 6-8 much compressed acutely 3-gonous stones ; the other (imperfect) smaller, with a distinct but very short style and empty cells. - The Tenasserim specimens doubtfully referred to this species have smaller very coriaceous leaves, 2-3 in., with more narrowed bases and tips, and glabrous cymes. A specimen of apparently the same plant is amongst Maingay 's Malacca collections, its fruit is unknown. 21. I. Maingayi, Hook.f.; quite glabrous, leaves 4-5 in. elliptic or narrowly elliptic-oblong obtusely acuminate very coriaceous rather glaucous beneath, nerves nearly horizontal, flowers subumbellate in stout much branched cymes 4-6-merous, drupe 1/5 in. diam. with 6 stones, style distinct. Penang, Maingay (Kew distrib. 1021). A tree about the size of a Guava (Maingay) ; branches woody, bark dark grey, shoots quite glabrous. Leaves very coriaceous, dark brown opaque and subglaucous beneath when dry, blacker brown and shining above, midrib stout, narrowed into a stout petiole 1/4-1/2 in. Cymes almost racemose, 1-2 in. long, peduncle and pedicel stout quite glabrous, black when dry. Flowers crowded on very short stout pedicels, 1/10 in. diam. ; female cymes very short judging from the fruit. Calyx lobes orbicular, not ciliate. Petals rather coriaceous, broadly oblong, in the male 4, rather shorter than the stout filaments ; in the female 6, inserted below the ovary free. Stamens inserted on the corolla in the male , hypogynous in the female. Drupes on stout pedicels shorter than themselves, subtended by the 6-lobed calyx, rather longer than broad ; pulp very scanty; stones trigonous, thickly coriaceous ; stigma tumid, subsessile. - Near I. macrophylla, but the nerves of the leaf are more numerous and almost horizontal. 22. I. cymosa, Blume Bijdr. 1149; branches with white bark, leaves 3-5 in. elliptic or elliptic-oblong obtuse or obtusely acuminate rather membranous, nerves beneath very slender, flowers in lax open cymes 4-8-merous, drupe 1/8 in. diam. with about 8 trigonous stones, style stout distinct. I. singapuriana, Wall. Cat. 6526. Prinos cymosa, Hassk. Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. x. 140 ; Miguel Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 595. Leucoderis javanica. Planch, mss. Eastern Peninsula ; from Tenasserim to Malacca, common. - Distrib, Sumatra, Java, Borneo. A small tree ; quite glabrous ; bark of branches snow-white, with the epidermis flaking off. Leaves usually membranous, variable in shape ; nerves few or many, spreading, very slender, sometimes quite faint, pale brown when dry, shining above, narrowed into a rather stout petiole 1/4-1/3 in. long. Flowers 1/12 in. diam., in small cymes or irregular umbellules which are collected into a spreading cymose Iong-peduncled panicle; peduncle 1/2-1 1/2 in. ; pedicels slender 1/4 in. ; male 4-5-merous, with equal oblong obtuse spreading petals ; female with a 5-merous calyx and 6-8 unequal small erect concave petals. Calyx-lobes orbicular. Drupe 1/8 in. diam., rather longer than broad, grooved when dry, with very little flesh, and usually 8 trigonous compressed stones ; stigma on an evident stout short style. - The white bark is very conspicuous in this plant, which has a more open panicled cyme and longer style than any of its Indian congeners. 23. I. Wallichii, Hook. f. ; branches with white bark, leaves 4-5 in. elliptic or elliptic-ovate obtuse quite entire thinly coriaceous, drupe 1/3 in. diam. with about 12 compressed stones, stigma sessile. Ilicinea?, Wall. Cat. 9012. page 606 Tenasserim ; at Tavoy, Gomez. Branches woody ; bark as in I. cymosa, but apparently less inclined to flake. Leaves brown when dry, pale beneath, with about 10 pair of very faint-spreading nerves, narrowed into a petiole 1/3 in. long. 24. I. sclerophylla, Hook. f. ; leaves 5-6 in. elliptic-oblong obtuse quite entire glaucous beneath thickly coriaceous, petiole short very thick, cymes female short with a very stout peduncle and pedicels. Malacca, on Mt. Ophir, Griffith. A very remarkable species, of which I have seen only two fragments. The leaves are polished above, extraordinarily thick, narrowed into a very thick petiole 1/2 in. long. Cyme 1 in., sparingly branched, branches apparently 3-flowered; pedicels 1/4 in. Flowers female only with the corolla. Calyx of 5 short rounded ciliolate lobes. Petals many, very small, unequal, free. Ovary ovoid, truncate ; stigma sessile. UNKNOWN SPECIES. I. DAPHNEPHYLLOIDES, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1870, ii. 72, from Tongloo in Sikkim, is described as 10-androus and hence cannot be an Ilex. I. ASIATICA, Linn. Sp. PI. 125. This is undeterminable; no specimen exists in the Linnean Herbarium. Order XLI. CELASTRINEAE. (By M. A. Lawson, F.L.S.) Trees or shrubs, erect or climbing. Branches sometimes spinescent. Leaves opposite or alternate, usually coriaceous, simple, petioled, rarely subsessile ; stipules caducous or 0. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, usually cymose. Calyx small, 4-5-lobed, imbricate, persistent. Petals 4-5. rarely 0, inserted below the disk or continuous with its margin, imbricate. Stamens 3-5, rarely 2, filaments subulate or flattened ; anthers 2-celled. Disk usually conspicuous, pulvinate or flattened, lobed or entire, rarely 0. Ovary sessile, the disk tree at the base or confluent with it, 3-5-celled ; style short or 0, stigma triangular rarely 3-partite ; ovules 2 in each cell, anatropous, erect, rarely 1 and pendulous, or many ascending attached to the axis - raphe in those ascending ventral, in those which are pendulous dorsal. Fruit capsular, baccate, drupaceous or samaroid. Seed arillate rarely exarillate, sometimes winged, albumen fleshy or ; embryo usually large, cotyledons foliaceous flat. - Distrib. Species about 400, scattered over the tropical aud temperate regions of the whole world. Tribe I. Celastreae. Stamens 4 or 5, rarely more, inserted on or beneath the margin of the conspicuous disk ; filaments subulate, often incurved. Seed (Kokoona excepted) albuminous. Subtribe I. Euonymeae. Leaves opposite (rarely alternate in Lophopetalum). * Fruit a capsule, dehiscent. a. Ovules 1-2 in the axis of each cell.
b. Ovules 4 or more in each cell.
page 607 ** Fruit indehiscent.
Subtribe II. Celastreae. Leaves alternate. Ovules 2 in each cell, erect. Fruit dehiscent.
Subtribe III. Elaeodendreae. Leaves opposite or subopposite. Fruit a dry or pulpy drupe.
Tribe II. Hippocrateae. Stamens 3, rarely 2, 4 or 5, inserted on the face of the disk. Filaments flattened, sometimes adnate to the ovary, recurved and causing the anthers when dehiscing to become extrorse. Seed exalbuminous. - Leaves opposite except in Siphonodon.
1. EUONYMUS, Linn. Trees or shrubs, erect rarely scandent, glabrous. Leaves petioled, rarely subsessile ; stipules caducous. Calyx 4-5-fid, spreading or recurved. Petals 4-5. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the disk ; anthers broad, 2-celled. Disk large, fleshy, 4-5-lobed. Ovary sunk in the disk, 3-5-celled ; style short or 0, stigma 3-5-lobed ; ovules 2 in each cell, attached to the inner angle, ascending and suspended. Capsule 3-5-celled, 3-5-lobed, angled or winged, coriaceous, rarely echinate; cells 1-2-seeded, loculicidal. Seeds covered by the aril, albuminous. - Distrib. Species about 40 ; natives of the mountainous regions of Tropical Asia and the Malayan Archipelago, a few also scattered over Europe and North America. Sect. I. Peduncles 1-3-flowered. * Flowers usually 5-merous. Petals fimbriate. 1. E. javanicus, Blume Bijdr. 1146; peduncles 1-flowered fascicled. Benn. Pl. Jav. Rar. 130, t. 28. E. sumatranus, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. i. 512. E. sphoerocarpus, Hassk. Cat. Pl. Hort. Bog. 229. Eastern Peninsula ; from Tenasserim to Penang and Malacca. - Distrib. Sumatra, Java. A tree 30-40 ft. Leaves 4-6 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., thick and coriaceous, oblong, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, acute or subacuminate, entire or obscurely crenate-serrate towards the apex. Peduncles 3/4-1 3/4 in., terete. Petals oblong, about 1/4 in. Fruit 3/4 in., obovate-clavate. - E. sumatranus, Miq., has fruit 1 in. or more long, but in all other respects it resembles E. javanicus. 2. E. indicus, Heyne in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 409 : peduncles 1-3-flowered solitary or geminate. Wall. Cat. 4290; W. & A. Prodr. 160. E. Goughii, Wight III. i. 178 ; Ic. t. 215 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 47 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. Ixiii. Western Peninsula ; on the Ghats from the Concan southward. A shrub or small tree. Leaves 3-4 by 1 1/4-2 1/4 in., subcoriaceous, ovate or lanceolate-oblong, entire or obscurely serrate at the apex. Peduncles 1/4-2 in., cylinclric, stoutish. Petals nearly orbicular, about 1/4 in., rust-coloured. Fruit 3/4 in., obovoid-clavate. ** Flowers usually 5-merous. Petals entire. 3. E. revolutus, Wight III. i. 178; leaves 11/2-2 by 3/4-1 1/2 in. ovate or roundish to obovate very coriaceous margins revolute, peduncles 1-3-flowered usually geminate, petals 1/6 in. orbicular flat. Thwaites Enum. 73 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. Ixiv. Ceylon ; at Newera Ellia, ascending to 6000 ft. A small glabrous tree with subquadrangular shoots. Leaves rounded at the apex, entire or obscurely serrate at the apex. Peduncles 1/4-1 in. cylindrical. Flowers bright red. Fruit 1/2 in., turbinate. 4. E. crenulatus, Wall Cat. 4297 ; leaves 2-3 by 1-1 1/2 in. elliptic-oblong to subovate coriaceous margins revolute, peduncles 3- or more-flowered, solitary, petals 1/8 in. orbicular flat. W. & A. Prodr. 161 ; Wight Ic. t. 973; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. cxliv. Western Peninsula ; Nilghiri hills, Wight, &c. A small glabrous tree; young branches slightly compressed. Leaves crenulate-serrate towards the apex. Peduncles 1 or more in., compressed, usually 3-flowered, but sometimes twice divided and 7-flowered. Petals rust-coloured. Fruit 1/ in., turbinate. - Very nearly allied to the last species, of which it may prove to be a variety. 5. E. Thwaitesii, Laws. ; leaves 1 1/ by 3/4 in. broadly lanceolate subovate acute or blandly subacuminate subcoriaceous margins flat or wrinkled, peduncles 1 in. filiform solitary 3-flowered, petals 1/6 in. orbicular with undulate margins. Ceylon; alt. 2000 ft., Walker, Thwaites. A small tree with twiggy branchlets and rough dark bark. Leaves entire. Fruit 1/2 in., obovoid, clavate. 6. E. Walkeri, Wight III. i. 178 ; leaves 1 1/-4 by 3/4-1 1/2 in. lanceolate to ovate or acuminate subcoriaceous margins flat, peduncles 1-flowered sessile or in subsessile cymes 1/5-1/4 in. in the axils of the upper leaves, petals 1/12 in. orbicular with undulate margins. Thwaites Enum. 73; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. Ixiv. E. zeylanicus, Moon Cat. 17. Ceylon ; ascending to 3000 ft. A small tree. Leaves crenate-serrate towards the apex, Peduncles slender. Flowers almost sessile, exceedingly small. Fruit turbinate. - Small-leaved specimens of this species closely resemble; E. dichotomous, and it is possible that Wight in describing the inflorescence as dichotomously branched may have confounded the two. *** Flowers 4-merous. 7. E. Grandiflorus, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 404 ; Cat. 4282; Tent. Fl. Nep. 41, t. 30; Pl. As. Rar. iii. 35, t. 254; peduncles 2-3 in. slender. E. lacerus. Ham. in Don Prodr. 191 ; DC. Prodr. ii. 5. Lophopetalum grandiflorum, Arn. in Ann. Nat. Hist. iii. 151. L. lucidum, Wight mss. Western Temperate Himalaya ; from Kumaon, alt. 3000 ft. to Nepal. Khasia Mts., alt, 4-6000 ft., Griffith, &c. page 609 A small branching tree, 12 ft. Leaves 3-4 in., obovate to obovate-oblong, rounded finely and acutely serrate at the apex, shining and dark green above, pale beneath, almost black when dry. Peduncles 3 in., slender, 3-flowered. Flowers 4/5 in. across. Petals white, nearly orbicular. Fruit 1/2 in., globose with 4 rounded angles yellow. Seeds black, shining, with a scarlet aril. - A very elegant plant both in flower and fruit. Var. Leaves 1 1/2 by 1/4 in., oblong-lanceolate, flowers smaller - perhaps a distinct species. Bhotan, Griffith. 8. E. calocarpus, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1872, pt. ii. 299 ; peduncles 1 in. or less stout. Tenasserim, Helfer. A shrub ? with glabrous terete branches. Leaves 4-6 by 2 3/4-3 in., elliptic or elliptic-oblong, acute or subacuminate, entire, subcoriaceous, green above, pale beneath. Flowers? Capsule the size of a cherry, globose, obscurely 4-lobed. Seed 1 in each cell, aril red. - Closely resembling a Microtropis in the texture and colour of its leaves. Sect. II. Flowers in 7- or more-flowered dichotomous cymes. (See 4. E. crenulatus.) * Flowers usually 5-merous. t Branches cylindric. 9. E. dichotomus, Heyne in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 410; leaves 1 1/2-2 in. lanceolate margins entire undulate, peduncles very slender, flowers very small. Wall. Cat. 4289 ; W. & A. Prodr. 160; Thwaites Enum. 73; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. Ixiii. Western Peninsula ; Courtallam, Heyne. Ceylon, banks of streams at Galagama, Thwaites. A small tree with twiggy branchlets. Cymes nearly as long as the leaves, exceedingly slender, but firm. Petals 1/12 in. orbicular, entire, flat. Fruit obconical. 10. E. glaber, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 628 ; leaves smooth elliptic-oblong the upper half obtusely serrate, flowers white. Wall. Cat. 4281. ? E. serrulata. Wall. Cat. 4296. Eastern Bengal, Griffith; ?Tavoy, Wall. A small tree with smooth shining dark-brown bark. Leaves 2 1/2 by 1-2 1/2 in., dark-green above, paler beneath. Peduncles stoutish, 1-2 1/2 in. Petals 1/6 in., orbicular, margins slightly undulate. Fruit ? Var. Leaves 3-5 in. oblong-elliptic quite entire. - Bhotan, Griffith. 11. E. serratifolius, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. Ixiv. ; Ic. PI. Ind. Or. 37, t. clxxi. ; leaves smooth lanceolate sharply and prominently serrate. Western Peninsula ; slopes of the Nilghiris, at Carcom Ghat, alt. 3000 ft.. Beddome. Leaves 3 1/-4 by 3/4-1 1/2 in., narrow to broad lanceolate, tapering at the apex to a short obtuse point. Petals 1/8 in., orbicular, subcordate at the. base, crenulate. Fruit globose, with 5 rounded lobes. - Apparently closely allied to E. paniculatus, from which it differs chiefly in its longer narrowed and more sharply serrate leaves. 12. E. paniculatus, Hb. Wight; leaves 3 1/2 by 1 1/3 in. smooth elliptic crenate-serrate membranous, flowers purplish. E. crenulata var. laxiflora, Wight Ic. i. 214. Western Peninsula ; on the Shivagherry hills, Wight. Cymes lax and divaricating, 2 1/2-4 in. Petals orbicular, entire, 1/5 in. across. Fruit ? page 610 13. E. attenuatus, Wall. Cat. 4298 ; leaves 3 1/2-6 by 3/4-1 3/4 in. smooth lanceolate-acuminate quite entire very coriaceous. Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft., Wallich, &c. A small tree ? Cymes much shorter than the leaves, about 7-flowered. Peduncles stoutish, flattened, erect. Petals 1/4 in., shortly clawed, nearly orbicular, fimbriate. Fruit obovoid, 4-angled. 14. E. timorensis, Zipp. ? ex Turcz. in Bull. Mosc. 1858, pt. i. 447 ; leaves smooth 4-6 by 2-2 1/2 in. elliptic-oblong rounded or subacute at the apex faintly serrate. Tenasserim or Andaman Islds., Helfer, Pegu, Kurz. - Distrib. Timor and Philippine Islds. A tree ? Cymes as long or nearly as long as the leaves ; peduncles stouter than in the last species, flattened, erect. Petals not clawed, orbicular, fimbriate. Fruit ? 15. E. tingens, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 406 ; Cat 4283; Brand. For. Fl. 79; leaves thick coriaceous rugose above ovate-lanceolate sharply-serrate. Western Temperate Himalaya, alt. 6-10,000 ft., from Nipal, Wallich; to Simla, Grifith. A tree 16-20 ft. Leaves 1 1/2-3 in. by 2/3-1 in., lucid, dark-green above, very pale beneath. Peduncles compressed. Petals shortly clawed, nearly orbicular, coarsely crenulate, 1/3 in., yellowish with purple veins. Fruit 1/2 in., nearly round, 4-5-angled. - The flowers of this species are sometimes tetramerous. tt Branches acutely quadrangular. 16. E. angulatus, Wight Ic. t. 1053 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. Ixiv. E. acutangulus, Wight III. 178. E. pterocladus, Hohenacker PI. Ind. Or. E. glaucus, Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1863, pt. ii. 599. Western Peninsula, Nilghiri hills, Wight, &c. A small tree, young stems acutely 4-angled or -winged. Leaves 2 1/-4 1/2 by 1-1 3/ in., oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, quite entire, with a thickened margin. Flowers ? Fruit narrowly obtriangular, acutely angled. **- Flowers usually 4-merous, (See 15. tingens.) t Style 0. 17. E. nitidus, Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ, Bot. i. 483 ; leaves 1 1/2-2 by 1/2-1 in. obovate-lanceolate subacuminate, fruit roundly 4-angled. Benth. Fl. Hongk. 62; Seem. Bot. Voy. Her. 371, t. 83. E. punctatus, Wall. Cat. 4286. Bengal; Herb. Griffith (probably cult.). - Distrib. Hong Kong. Leaves entire or obscurely serrate at the apex, coriaceous, shining. Peduncles filiform, 1/2-1 in., usually twice divided. Petals orbicular, entire, 1/12 in. across. Fruit 1/2 in., subglobose. - This is perhaps an introduced plant in Bengal. 18. E. bullatus, Wall. Cat. 4299; leaves 4-10 by 2 1/2-4 in. ovate acute, fruit 4-angled. Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1749. Euonymus sp., Wall. Cat. 7473. Khasia Mts. ; alt. 3-4000 ft., Wallich, &c. A tree ? young branches terete or slightly flattened, thick and coarse. Leaves thick, entire, or faintly serrate at the apex, bullate above, nerves very prominent beneath. Peduncles many times divided. Flowers very numerous. Petals 1/12 in., nearly orbicular, crenulate. Fruit 4-lobed, roundish, often only 1-3-seeded. page 611 19. E. fimbriatus, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind, ed. Carey, ii. 408 ; Cat 4287 ; leaves ovate-acuminate biserrate membranous, fruit with 4 tapering wings. ? E. micranthus, Don Prodr. 191. Temperate Himalaya ; from Kumaon, alt. 8-10,000 ft., to Sikkim, alt. 10-12,000 ft., J.D.H. A tree? Leaves 1 1/2-3 by 1/2-1 1/4 in., elegantly fringed with sharp deep biserratures, dark-green. Peduncles 2-3 in.; pedicels branching subumbellately. Petals 1/12 in., white, broadly ovate, entire. Fruit leathery, the size of a cherry. - The woodcut given in Paxton's Flower Garden, ii. 55, t. 316, can hardly belong to this species; the leaves resemble more those of E. pendulus or E. frigidus. 20. E. frigidus, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 409 ; Cat. 4288 ; adult leaves 3-5 by 3/4-1 1/2 in. oblong-lanceolate acuminate somewhat sharply serrate, fruit with 4 long tapering wings. SIKKIM Himalaya, alt. 8-12,000 ft., J.D.H.; Bhotan, Griffith; Kumaon, Wallich. A small tree ? young shoots succulent. Flowers very small, on weak succulent filiform peduncles and pedicels, the latter 4 in. long. Petals orbicular, entire. Fruit as in the last species. Var. Apparently a shrub, leaves 1 ft. by 1/3 in. faintly and distantly serrate. tt Style manifest. a. Fruit armed with spines. 21. E. cinereus, Laws. ; branches rough with minute tubercles, leaves obovate, fruit 3/4 in. globose armed with pale-coloured spines. East Bengal, Griffith. Scandent? Branches destitute of rootlets. Leaves 2 1/2 by 1 1/4 in., broadly obovate, rounded at the apex, serrate, pale-coloured. Flowers ? 22. E. echinatus, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 410; Cat. 4285 ; branches smooth radicant, leaves ovate-lanceolate, fruit 1/3 in. globose armed with dark-coloured spines. Royle III. t. 31 ; Bot. Mag. 2767 ; Voigt Hort. Sub. Calc. 165 ; Brand. For. Fl. 80. E. scandens, Graham in Jameson's Ed. New. Phil. Journ. 1827, 386. G. vagans. Wall. Cat. 4284, in part. Temperate Himalaya; from Garwhal to Sikkim, alt. 7-10,000 ft. Climbing over trees and rocks, to which the stems adhere by means of dense adventitious rootlets. Leaves 1-2 by 1/2-2/3 in., serrate, dark-green above, pale beneath. Peduncles mostly 3 times divided. Petals 1/6 in., orbicular, crenulate. Style 1/24 in. b. Fruit unarmed. 23. E. vagans, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 412; Cat. 4284, in part; stem climbing, leaves 1-2 by 1/2-3/4 in. ovate-lanceolate serrate, fruit the size of a pea nearly black minutely tubercled. Temperate Himalaya ; Sikkim and Nipal, Wallich, &c. Branches smooth and never radicant. This and the smooth fruit are the only characters by which to distinguish this species from the last. In Bot. Mag. 54, t. 2767, Sir W. Hooker suggested that it might be a variety only, and he founded this opinion on the circumstance that he believed he had seen a tendency in some of the fruits of E. vagans to become echinate. 24. E. Griffithii, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1872, pt. 2, 73; stem scandent acutely 4-angled or -winged, leaves 3-4 by 1-1 1/2 in. ovate or oblong-lanceolate. Hippocratea angulata, Griff. Notul. iv. 473 ; Ic. PI. As. iv. t. 581, f . i. page 612 BIRMA ; on rocks at Loonkaram and Delvi Nempean on the north from Assam, Griffith. Leaves sessile or subsessile, serrate, subbullate. Peduncles twice divided. Petals 1/12 in., white, orbicular, entire, shortly clawed. Style 1/24 in. Fruit ? 25. E. theaefolius, Wall. Cat 4293 ; a small erect shrub, branches terete, leaves 2-3 by 3/4-1 1/2 in. ovate or oblong-lanceolate coriaceous. Central and Eastern Himalaya ; Nipal, Wallich; Sikkim, alt. 5-8000 ft., J. D. H. ; KHASIA Mtss., alt. 4-6000 ft., Griffith, &c. Peduncles about twice divided, short, slender. Petals reddish, orbicular, entire, 1/6 in. Style 1/12 in. Fruit the size of a large pea, nearly round, obscurely 4-angled, 1-seeded. 26. E. pendulus, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 406; Cat. 4280 ; a small tree with slender pendulous branchlets, leaves 4-6 in. oblong or oblong-lanceolate sharply serrate coriaceous smooth and shining above, petals fimbriate. Brand. For. Fl. 79. E. lucidus, Don Prodr. 191 ? DC. Prodr. ii. 4. E. japonicus, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 405 (not Thunb.). Temperate Himalaya ; from Garwhal, Falconer, to Nipal, Wallich; East Bengal, Griffith. Branches terete. Peduncles much compressed, fascicled. Petals 4, 1/4 in., white, ovate-oblong, fimbriate. Stamens and style 1/6 in. Fruit 1/2 in., obtriangular, with 4 tapering wings. - This is quite distinct from E. japonicus, Thunb. Fl. Jap. 100, of which there is a good plate in Koempf. Ic. Select, t. 8. 27. E. Hamiltonianus, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind.ed. Carey, ii. 403 ; Cat. 4279 ; a shrub with terete branches, leaves 3-6 in. ovate or ovate-lanceolate very finely serrate membranous, petals entire. Brand. For. Fl. 78, t. xvi. E. atropurpureus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 627 (non Jacq.). Temperate Himalaya, alt. 5-6000 ft., from Kashmir, Falconer, to Kumaon, Strach. & Wint. ; Khasia Mth., alt. 5-6000 ft., Griffith, &c. Peduncles about 7-flowered. Petals 1/6 in., cordate-lanceolate with revolute margins. Stamens and style 1/8 in. Fruit turbinate, 4-lobed. 2. GLYPTOPETALUM, Thwaites. Erect shrubs or small trees, glabrous. Leaves opposite, petioled, exstipulate. Cymes 3- or more-flowered. Calyx with 4 short spreading lobes. Petals 4, with 2 pit-like depressions on the upper surface. Stamens 4, inserted above the disk ; the connective dilated - anther-cells diverging. Disk 4-lobed. Ovary immersed in the disk, 4-lobed, 4-celled ; style short, stigma capitate ; ovules solitary and pendulous from the top of each cell. Capsule subglobose, coriaceous, 1-4-celled, 1-4- seeded. Seeds as in Euonymus. - Distrib. Species 3. Ceylon, Southern India, and Malayan peninsula. 1. G. zeylanicum, Thwaites in Hook. Kew Journ. viii. 268, t. vii. B ; Enum. 73 ; leaves 4 1/2-6 by 11/2-2 1/2 in., cymes not half as long as the leaves. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. Ixiv. Western Peninsula; Anamallay hills, Beddome; Ceylon, in the Central province, alt. 3000 ft., Thwaites. A large shrub or tree, 30-40 ft. Leaves subcoriaceous or membranous, oblong or oblong-lanceolate or elliptic, serrate or entire. Cymes short, robust, 2-3 times divided, supra-axillary. Petals 1/4 in., oblong. Fruit the size of a small cherry, greenish, smooth; pedicels 1/2 in., straight. page 613 2. G. sclerocarpum, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1872, pt. ii 299 leaves 8-12 by 2-3 1/2 in., cymes not half as long as the leaves. Pegu, Kurz. A tree with thick coarse branches. Leaves very coriaceous, finely serrate or entire. Cymes stoutish. Flowers ? Fruit globose, the size of a large cherry, rough with minute tubercles ; pedicels 1 1/2 in., straight. 3. G. grandiflorum, Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. 21, t. 102 ; Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. Ixv. ; peduncles longer than the leaves. Western Peninsula ; damp forests of the Wynaad, alt. 2-2800 ft., Beddome. Leaves subcoriaceous, 3 1/-5 by 1 1/2-2 in., oblong-elliptic, rounded at the apex, acute or acuminate. Peduncles filiform, 3-flowered ; pedicels 1 in., arcuate. Flowers 1 1/4 in. across. Petals obovate. Fruit ? 3. MICROTROPIS, Wall. Trees or shrubs, glabrous. Leaves opposite, petioled, or subsessile exstipulate, entire. Flowers in sessile clusters, or in peduncled cymes, axillary or supra-axillary, sometimes unisexual. Sepals 6, imbricate. Petals 5, rarely 0, connate at the base, erect. Stamens 5, inserted on the disk or on the tube of the corolla. Disk 0, or annular. Ovary free, ovoid, perfectly or imperfectly 2-3-celled ; style very short ; stigma minutely 2-4-lobed ; ovules 2 in each cell, collateral at the inner angle. Capside oblong, coriaceous, 1-celled, 2-valved, 1-seeded, surrounded at the base with the persistent calyx. Seed erect, stipitate ; aril 0. - Distrib. Species 9 ; mountains of India, Ceylon, the Malayan peninsula and Java. * Flowers sessile, clmtered on the branches. (See 4, densiflora.) 1. M. Wallichiana, Wight mss.; leaves 2 1/2-4 by 1-2 in. petioled oblong-elliptic acute at both ends, flowers few small, fruit tapering at the base rounded at the apex. Thwaites Enum. 71 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. Ixv. Ceylon ; forests of the Central province and Saffragam, alt. 2-5000 ft. A middle-sized tree with slender branches. Petals 1/12 in., ovate-lanceolate, narrowed at the base, rounded at the apex. Fruit 3/4 in. 2. M. latifolia, Wight mss. ; leaves 4-5 by 21/2-3 in. petioled oblong-lanceolate subacuminate, flowers large and more numerous than in the last species, fruit pointed at both ends. ? M. longifolia, Wall. Cat. 4339 in part. Western Peninsula ; from the Concan to the Nilghiris. A small tree with almost black branches. Leaves pale green, very coriaceous and with a thickened margin, rugulose and opaque above. Petals 1/8 in., subovate. Fruit 3/4 in. 3. M. ramiflora, Wight Ic. t. 977 ; leaves subsessile 1-3 1/2 by 3/4-2 in. broadly-elliptic or obovate rounded and slightly emarginate at the apex margins revolute, flowers in dense clusters, fruit acute at the apex. Thwaites Enum. 72; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. Ixv. Western Peninsula ; Nilghiri Mts., Wight. Ceylon ; common in the more elevated parts of the Central Province. A small tree with thick coarse branches. Leaves very coriaceous, rounded or subcordate at the base, rugulose and opaque above. Petals 1/8 in., broadly obovate. Fruit 3/4 in. Testa reddish brown. page 614 ** Flowers in axillary or extra-axillary peduncled di- or triclhotomous cymes. 4. M. densiflora, Wight Ic. 1. 1052 ; leaves 2-2 1/2 by 1 1/4-2 in. elliptic margins revolute very coriaceous, cymes 1/2 in. short dense. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. lxv. Western Peninsula ; Nilghirl Mts., Wight, &c. A large straggling shrub or small tree. Flowers sometimes almost sessile. Petals 1/6 in., roundish-elliptic. Fruit 3/4 in., narrowly oblong, acute at both ends. 5. M. microcarpa, Wight Ic. t. 976 ; leaves 1-3 by 1/2-1 1/4 in. elliptic- or broadly-lanceolate coriaceous margins revolute, cymes 1 1/2-2 in. lax, fruit oblong narrowing to the acute apex, testa light brown. Western Peninsula ; from the Concan and Maisor southwards ; dry jungles at Kotagherry in the Nilghiris, Wight. An erect shrub. Leaves smooth above, glaucous beneath. Cymes di-trichotomous. Petals obovate-cuneate. 6. M. ovalifolia, Wight Ic. t. 976 ; leaves 1-3 by 1/2-1 1/4 in. ovate or broadly lanceolate coriaceous margins revolute, fruit ovoid subacute, testa crimson. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. Ixv. Elaeodendron nilghirense, Wall. Cat. 4409. Western Peninsula ; Nilghiri hills, Courtallam and Ootacamund, Wight, &c. A somewhat diffuse shrub. Cymes trichotomous, 2-3 in. Petals orbicular. - Very closely allied to M. microcarpa, of which it may prove to be a variety. 7. M. discolor, Wall. Cat. 4337 ; leaves 3-5 by 1 1/4-2 1/2 in. elliptic subacuminate membranous flat, cymes 1/2-1 in. compact. Arn. in Ann. Nat. Hist. iii. 152. Cassine discolor. Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 378. Celastrinea ? Wall Cat. 9014. Euonymus garcinifolius, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 628. Subtropical Himalaya; Kumaon, Wallich; Sikkim, alt. 4-7000 ft., J.D.H.; Khasia Mts., alt. 1-7000 ft., J. D. H. & T. T.; Tenasserim, Wallich, &c. A small tree. Petals 1/6 in., elliptic, concave. Fruit 1/2 in., ovoid. 8. M. bIvalvis, Wall. Cat. 4340 ; leaves 4-8 by 1 1/4-2 1/2 in. ovate to oblong-lanceolate acuminate membranous or subcoriaceous margins flat, cymes 2-4 in. di-trichotomous branches widely divaricating. Celastrus bivalvis, Jack. in Hook. Bot. Misc. ii. 71 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii 399 ; DC. Prodr. ii. 6. Euonymus ? laeta, Wall. Cat. 4294. E. capillaceus, Wall. Cat. 7270. E. filiformis, Wall. Cat. 4295. Paracelastrus bivalvis, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. 2, 691. Eastern Peninsula; from Tenasserim to Penang, Wallich; Malacca, Maingay. - DISTRIB. Sumatra, Java. Branches slender. Peduncles extra-axillary, usually springing from the branches at right angles. Petals elliptic, 1/6 in. Fruit ellipsoid. 4. LOPHOPETALUM, Wight. Trees and shrubs, usually glabrous. Leaves opposite or alternate, petioled, exstipulate. Calyx 5-lobed, lobes round short. Petals 5, continuous with the disk, persistent, the upper surface cristate or lamellate or covered with fleshy villi or naked. Stamens 5, inserted on the disk ; anthers oblong. Disk large, entire or lobed. Ovary small, immersed in page 615 the disk and continuous with it, trigonal or pyramidal, 3-4-celled, contracted into a short style, stigma capitate ; ovules 4 or more in each cell, in 2 series. Capsule coriaceous, 3-4-angled, 3-4-celled, loculicidal. Seeds few, rarely winged, arillate, albumen fleshy. - Distrib. Species 8 ; Indian Malayan and Javan.The species without fruit have been referred to this genus by habit alone. Sect. I. Petals crested. Disk flat, adhering to the calyx, 5-lobed ; lobes continuous with the petals. 1. L. Wightianum, Arn. in Ann. Nat. Hist. iii. 151 ; leaves 5-9 by 2-4 in., flowers 3/4 in. diam. Wight III. 178 ; Ic. t. 162 ; Walp. Rep. i. 530 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 48 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 145 ; Ft. Sylv. Anal. Gen. Ixv. Western Peninsula, from the Concan southwards. A large tree. Leaves coriaceous. Cymes axillary or terminal, branching paniculately several times. Petals with a membranous corrugated crest. Fruit 4 in. long, 3-celled, sharply triangular. Seeds oblong, compressed. 2. L. fimbriatum, Wight III. i. 178 ; leaves 4-7 by 2-3 1/2 in. ovate or ovate-oblong shortly acuminate, flowers nearly 1/2 in. diam. L. ovatum Presl Botan. Bemerk. 32. L. javanum Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1863, pt. i. 545. Euonymus ovata, Wall. Cat. 4300. SILHET, Wallich; Tenasserim, at Mergui, Griffith. Leaves more thin and membranous than in L. Wightianum. Flowers in axillary or terminal rigid divaricating paniculate cymes. Petals with a fimbriate crest. Fruit ? Sect. II. Petals corrugated or crisped (except 6. floribundum) on the upper surface. Disk flat, 10-lobed, lining the calyx. 3. L. pallidum, Laws. ; leaves 2 1/2-3 by 1-1 1/4 in. elliptic-oblong, cymes 1 1/2 in. glabrous, disk faintly lobed with long fleshy hairs surrounding the base of the stamens otherwise naked. Malacca, Maingay. A tree ; whole plant quite glabrous. Leaves pale ash-coloured, almost shining, petiole 1/2-1/3 in. Cymes axillary. Petals 1/12 in., broadly ovate, corrugated on the upper surface. - A very distinct species, readily known by the colour of its leaves, and the ring of fleshy hairs surrounding the stamens. 4. L. Wallichii, Kurz m Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1872, pt. ii. 299; leaves 6-8 by 3-3 1/2 in. ovate-oblong rounded at the apex, cymes 6 or more in. glabrous, disk faintly 10-lobed covered with fleshy warts. Tenasserim, at Tavoy, Parish; Birma, Kurz. A large glabrous tree. Leaves glaucescent, green and shining above, opaque beneath, coriaceous ; petiole 1-1 1/2 in. Cymes axillary and terminal, paniculate. Petals 1/12 in., crisped on the upper surface, whitish. Disk yellow. Capsule 4 or more by 2 in., smooth, 3-lobed, 3-valved. Seeds compressed, imbricate ; wings 2-2 1/2 in., elliptic-oblong, membranous. - The description of the fruit and seed is taken from Kurz. In a letter to Dr. Hooker he would make Prismatocarpus littoralis, Wall. Cat. 6520, a synonym of the above, but in this he is in error. 5. L. celastroides, Laws. ; leaves 2 1/2-4 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in. ovate acute or rounded at the apex, cymes 6 in.-1 ft. glabrous, disk very faintly lobed entirely covered with minute fleshy lobulate warts. Tenasserim at Moulmein, Griffith; Pegu, M'Clelland. A tree?; whole plant quite glabrous. Leaves coriaceous; petiole 1-1 1/4 in. Flowers in large axillary and terminal widely-divaricating paniculate cymes. Petals 1/12 in., ovate from a broad base, slightly corrugated. Fruit ? - Closely allied to L. Wallichii. page 616 6. L. floribundum, Wight Ill 178 ; leaves 3 1/2-6 by 1-2 in. oblong-elliptic, cymes 6-8 in. puberulous, disk naked 5-angled, petals naked. Tenasserim, at Mergui, Griffith. A tree ; quite glabrous with the exception of the inflorescence. Leaves acute, coriaceous ; petiole 1/3-1/2 in. Flowevs in diffuse divaricating cymes. Petals 1/15 in., ovate-orbicular. Sect. III Petals and disk naked. Disk cupular with a free margin. 7. L. filiforme, Laws. ; branches very slender almost filiform, leaves 3 by 1 1/4 in. oblong-lanceolate subacuminate with crisped margins membranous, petals 1/8 in. Tenasserim, at Mergui, Ghiffith. Whole plant quite glabrous. Cymes axillary, very slender, shorter than the leaves, subpaniculate. Flowers shortly pedicellate. Petals ovate, rounded at the apex. Fruit ? - A very distinct species readily distinguished from the rest by its very slender branches and crisped leaves. 8. L. reflexum, Laws.; branches short, leaves 2 1/2-3 by 3/4-1 1/4 in, ovate-lanceolate acuminate with reflexed tips coriaceous margins flat, flowers very small. Malacca, Maingay. Whole plant quite glabrous. Leaves minutely pellucidly punctate. Flowers in rigid divaricating paniculate cymes longer than the leaves, shortly pedicellate, yellow. Fruit ? - The description of the flowers is taken from Maingay's mss. 9. L. dubium, Laws. ; branches stout coarse, leaves 3 by 1 3/4 in. elliptic acute at both ends with a reflexed tip coriaceous margins flat, petals 1/6 in. Malacca, Maingay. A tree ; whole plant quite glabrous. Flowers in stoutish erect spicate axillary cymes, shorter than the leaves, almost sessile. Petals subtriangular. Fruit ? 5. KOKOONA, Thwaites. Branching trees with yellow or pale-coloured bark. Leaves opposite, petioled, coriaceous. Calyx small, 5-lobed. Petals 5, coriaceous, with glandular dots. Stamens 5, inserted into the margin of the disk ; anthers oblong. Disk thick, glandular, obscurely angled. Ovary immersed in the disk, 3-celled ; style short, stigma 3-lobed ; ovules 4 in each cell, in 2 series, adnate to the axis, ascending. Capsule woody, oblong, 3-gonous, 3-celled, 3-valved ; cells 4-seeded. Seeds broadly winged above, imbricate, exalbuminous. - DISTRIB. Species 3. Ceylon, Malayan Peninsula, and Borneo. A genus perhaps too closely allied to Lophopetalum to be kept separate when the fruit of more of the species of the latter genus is known. 1. K. zeylanica, Thwaites in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. v. 380, t. 6 ; Enum. 62 ; leaves crenate or serrate, petals naked brown with numerous minute dark red glandular dots, fruit oblong. Beddome Fl. Sylv. t. 146 ; Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. Ixv. Western Peninsula ; Amamallay hills, Beddome ; Ceylon ; banks of streams in the Ambagamowa and Suffragam districts, alt. 2-4000 ft. Leaves on young plants 6-8 in., oblong-lanceolate, subacuminate, serrate ; on adult trees 2 1/2-3 1/2 in., elliptic or obovate, crenate, rounded at the apex or emarginate, dark page 617 green above and glabrous, paler beneath and with numerous dark-red glandular dots. Petals broadly ovate. Fruit 1-4 in., bluntly triangular. - An oil is expressed from the seeds and used for burning in lamps. Thwaites.2. K. littoralis, Laws. ; leaves entire, petals sublamellate dotless, fruit ovate-lanceolate acute. Trigonocarpus littoralis, Wall. Cat. 6520. Malacca, Maingay; Singapore, Lobb. A tall tree, always growing in the water. Leaves 3 1/2-4 1/2 in., elliptic, dotless. Petals ovate. Fruit 1 1/2-2 in. 6. PLEUROSTYLIA, Wight. A glabrous shrub. Leaves opposite, shortly petioled, entire, exstipulate. Cymes axillary, very short, few-fiowered. Calyx small, 4-lobed. Petals 5, much larger than the calyx. Stamens 5, inserted below the disk ; connective dilated at the back. Disk thick, crenulate. Ovary half immersed in the disk, 2-celled or more commonly by abortion 1-celled ; style short, stigma broadly peltate; ovules 2 in each cell, erect. Fruit 1-2-celled, coriaceous, indehiscent. Seed 1 rarely 2, erect, covered by the arillus-like endocarp, albumen fleshy abundant ; cotyledons orbicular. - Distrib. Species 1 or 2 ; mountains of India, Ceylon, Mauritius and Madagascar. 1. P. Wightii, W. & A. Prodr. 157; Wight Ic. 155; Thwaites Enum. 71 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 47. P. Heynei, W. & A. Prodr. 157. Celastrus opposita, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 398 ; Cat. 4314; C. ?? Wightiana, Wall. Cat. 4322. Western Peninsula ; Mountains of Malabar, Nilghiris, Quilon, and Courtallam. Ceylon ; in the hot dry parts of the island. - Distrib. Mauritius and Madagascar. Leaves elliptic-oblcng to narrow oblong-lanceolate. 7. CELASTRUS, Linn. Scandent shrubs. Leaves alternate, petioled ; stipules minute and deciduous, or 0. Flowers polygamous, in terminal or axillary panicles or racemes. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading. Disk broad, concave. Stamens 5, inserted on the margin of the disk. Ovary not immersed in the disk, 2-4-celled ; style short, stigma 3-lobed, rarely 3-fid with the segments recurved ; ovules 2 in each cell, erect. Capsule globose or obovoid, 1-3-celled, 1-6-seeded. Seeds enveloped in a fleshy aril, albumen fleshy - cotyledons foliaceous. - Distrib. Species scarcely 15, natives of tropical Asia, China, Japan, Australia and North America. I. Branches covered with pale lenticular warts. 1. C. paniculata, Willd. Sp. PI. i. 1125 ; calyx-segments half-orbicular, petals 1/8 in. obovate-oblong entire, slyle acute not lobed, fruit 3-celled 3-6-seeded, seed 1/6 in. ovoid brown. Wall. Cat. 4310 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 621 ; DC. Prodr. ii. 6; W. & A. Prodr. 158; Wight III. 179, t. 72; Ic. t. 158; Brand. For. Fl. 82 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 47 ; Thwaites Enum. 72 ; Voght Hort. Sub. Calc. 166. C. alnifolia, Don Prodr. 190; DC. Prodr. ii. 6. C. dependens, Wall. Cat. 4302; Voigt Hort, Sub. Calc. 166. C. multiflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 622. C. nutans, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 623 ; Wall. Cat. 4301. C. Rothiana, Roem. & Schult. Syst. v. 423 ; DC. Prodr. ii. 8. C. Metziana, Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1858, 447. Ceanothus paniculatus, Roth Nov. Sp. 154. Scutia paniculata, Don Gen. Syst. ii. 34. Tropical and Subtropical Himalaya, alt. 1-4000 ft., ; Panjab, and throughout the hilly districts of India, ascending to 3000 ft. ; Ceylon, ascending to 2000 ft. - Distrib. Malay Archipelago, and Philippine Islds. page 618 A scandent shrub with terete branches, the young shoots and branches pendulous. Leaves 2 1/2-5 by 1 1/4-2 1/2 in., oval oblong or ovate or obovate, acuminate, serrate, membranous. Flowers yellowish-green, in terminal pendulous panicles. Petals 1/12 in., oblong. - Foliage very variable. An oil for burning in lamps is expressed from the seeds. 2. C. stylosa, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey , ii. 401; Cat. 4313; calyx-segments ovate rounded, petals 1/5 in. oblong with wavy margins, style 3-lobed, fruit 3-celled 3-6-seeded, seed 1/4 by 1/9 in. curved black. Voigt Hort. Sub. Calc. 166. NIPAL, Wallich ; Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 5-6000 ft., J. D. H. ; Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft., Griffith, &c. ; ?Pegu, M'Clelland. A scandent shrub with terete branches. Leaves 2 1/2-4 by 1 1/4-2 in., elliptic or ovate-oblong, acute or subacuminate, serrate. Flowers in short axillary or terminal irregular racemose cymes. Fruit yellow, crowned by the persistent style. II. Branches destitute of lenticels. 3. C. venulosa, Wall. Cat. 4321 ; calyx-segments half orbicular, petals 1/7 in. linear-oblong with wavy margins, style acute not lobed. SILHET, Wallich. A scandent shrub, with smooth pale-brown round branches, or dark brown and rather rough. Leaves 4-6 by 2-2 1/2 in., elliptic-oblong, narrowed at the base, suddenly and shortly acuminate, faintly serrate membranous, venation conspicuous but very delicate, shining. Flowers in short axillary or terminal spicate cymes. Fruit ? - A single specimen from Silhet in the Wallichian Herbarium. Closely allied to C paniculata. 4. C. monosperma, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 18; Fl. Ind. i. 625; calyx-segments broadly and roundly ovate, petals 1/12 in. suborbicular, style 3-lobed, fruit 1-celled 1-seeded, seed 1/3 in. elliptical brown. Wall. Cat. 4311 and 7009; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 63 ; Voight Hort. Sub. Calc. 166. C. Hindsii, Benth. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 334. Catha monosperma, Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. i. 483. C. Benthamii, Gardn. & Champ. in Hook. Kew Journ. i. 310. Eastern Bengal and Assam, Wallich, Griffith, &c. - Distrib. China. A scandent shrub with quadrangular branches. Leaves 2-4 by 1-1 3/4 in., oblong-elliptic, acuminate, sharply serrulate, coriaceous. Flowers white or greenish-yellow, in short pedunculate cymes, frequently disposed in long slender axillary or terminal naked or leafy racemes. Petals very finely creuate. - The whole plant drying black. DOUBTFUL AND EXCLUDED SPECIES. C. CRENULATA, Wall. Cat. 4323, is a Siam plant. C. FINLAYSONIANA, Wall. Cat. 4324, is a native of Siam. C. LUCIDA, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 400; Wall. Cat. 4318. C. Jackianus, Steud. Nomenc. 314 (capsules many-seeded). C. MICRANTHA, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 625 (leaves pinnate). A native of the Moluccas. C. PAUCIFLORA, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 400 (ovary 1-celled, placenta parietal). C. RACEMOSA, Wall. Cat. 4320, without flowers or fruit is indeterminable. C.TRIGYNA, Lam.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 624 ; Wall. Cat. 4315. C. obtusifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 624, is a native of the Mauritius, not of the Moluccas as stated by Roxburgh under trigyna. C. VERTICILLATA, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 624, is Pittosporum floribundum, W. & A. 8. GYMNOSPORIA, W. & A. Shrubs or small trees, branches often spinescent. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Flowers in small dichotomous cymes. Calyx 4-5-cleft. Petals 4-5, spreading. Stamens 4-5, inserted underneath the disk. Disk broad, page 619 sinuate or lobed. Ovary attached by a broad base, or immersed in the disk, 2-3-celled ; style short, 2-3-lobed ; ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule obovoid, or nearly globose. Seeds 1-2 in each cell, aril completely or partially covering the seed, or 0, albumen fleshy; cotyledons foliaceous. - DISTRIB. Species 60, natives of the hotter parts of the whole world.* Branches unarmed. 1. G. acuminata, Hook. f. ; leaves 5-8 by 2-3 1/3 in. ovate-oblong acuminate serrate membranous glabrous. Celastrus oxyphylla, Wall. Cat. 4312. SIKKIM Himalaya, alt. 2-5000 ft., J.D.H. ; Khasia Mts., alt. 4-5000 ft. ; Eastern Peninsula and Birma, Griffith. - Distrib. Yunan. A shrub with somewhat slender branches. Flowers in very delicate fasciculate dichotomous cymes 1/2-1 in. long. Petals 1/14 in., oblong-elliptic, reddish. Fruit 1/3-1/2 in., roundly obcordate, somewhat compressed, 2-celled, 2-seeded, black. 2. G. neglecta, Wall. Cat. 4341 (under Celastrus) ; leaves 4-6 by 2-2 1/2 in. ovate-elliptic acute or subacuminate entire or very faintly serrate towards the apex very coriaceous glabrous. C. ? attenuata. Wall. Cat. 4319. ? Baeobotrys acuminata. Wall. Cat. 2321. NIPAL and Silhet, Wallich. A shrub ? with thick stout branches. Flowers 1/2-1 in. long, in very delicate dichotomous cymes. Petals as in G. acuminata. Fruit nearly globose, about 1/4 in., , light yellow, 3-celled, 1-3-seeded. 3. G. salicifolia, Laws. ; leaves 3-4 by 1/3-1/2 in. narrowly lanceolate serrate glabrous. Assam, Simons. A shrub ? with erect slender dark-coloured branches. Flowers in slender di-trichotomous cymes 1-2 1/2 in. long. Petals 1/10 in., suboval, concave, pinkish-white. Fruit ? 4. G. oblanceolata, Laws.; leaves 3-4 by 1/2-3/4 in. oblanceolate tapering into the petiole serrate in the upper half coriaceous glabrous, margins revolute in the lower half. Birma, Griffith. A tortuous shrub with smooth blackish branches. Flowers in delicate trichotomous cymes 1/2-1 in. long. Fruit ? 6. G. puberula, Laws. : leaves 2-2 1/2 by 1 1/4-1 1/2 in. broadly obovate subacuminate serrate-crenate membranous puberulous on the nerves beneath. Bombay, Law. A shrub with stout branches, young branches and peduncles puberulous. Flowers in slender dichotomous cymes 2-3 in. long, which are axillary or fascicled at the ends of short branches. Fruit obovate, 1/3 in. ? 6. G. fruticosa, Thwaites Enum. 72 (under Catha) ; leaves 3/4-1 1/ by 1/3-1/2 in. oblong-spathulate crenate-serrate glabrous. Ceylon ; Central province, &c., Thwaites. A shrub, 8-10 ft. ; young branches angular. Flowers in corymbose cymes shorter than the leaves ; pedicels 1/2 in., filiform. Fruit 1/6-1/5 in., turbinate, reddish brown, with faint transverse striae, 3-celled, cells 1-seeded. Seeds red, shining, aril small, whitish. - Very like some of the unarmed forms of G. montaria, but it may be known from them by the slender filiform pedicels and the colour of the capsules. 7. G. ovata, Wall. Cat 4308 (under Celastrus) ; leaves 1 3/4-3 by 1 1/-1 3/4 in. roundly ovate or subovate serrate coriaceous glabrous. W. & A. Prodr. 159. Catha ovata, Walp. Rep. i. 532. page 620 Western Peninsula; Nilghiri Mts., Noton, &c. A shrub, drying blackish. Flowers small, in fasciculate sessile dichotomous cymes 1/4-1 1/2 in. Fruit broadly obovate, 1/2 in., drying black, 3-celled ; cells 1-2-seeded. Var. ; stems more slender and straight, leaves oblong narrowed below rounded at the apex not turning blackish when dried. - Malabar, Wight. 8. G. Rothiana, W. & A. Prodr. 159 (Celastrus) ; leaves 3-4 by 1 3/4-2 in. elliptic or obovate subcuneate at the base coriaceous glabrous. Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 47. C. serrulata, Roth Nov. Sp. 155 in part. C. Wallichiana, Wall. Cat. 4304, c in part. Catha Rothiana, Walp. Rep. i. 632. Western Peninsula ; the Concan and Canara, Heyne, &c. Branches thick and coarse, sometimes armed. Leaves crenulate. Flowers in cymes so reduced that they become sessile and clustered. Fruit obovate, 1/2 in., 3-celled ; cells 3-seeded. ** Branches armed ; spines naked. (See 8. G. Rothiana.) 9. G. rugulosa, Laws.; leaves 6 by 2 1/2 in. oblong subacuminate, fruit 1/2 in. solitary on pedicels 3/4 in. obovoid transversely wrinkled. MISHMI Hills, Griffith. A tree ? branches with smooth bark, very sparingly armed ; spines very short. Leaves faintly serrate, coriaceous. Flowers ? Fruit 3-celled ; cells 1-seeded. 10. G. Heyneana, W. & A. Prodr. 159 (Celastrus); leaves 3-4 by 1 3/4-2 1/4 in. elliptic crenate-serrate, fruiting cymes 3 in. dichotomous, capsule obovoid 1/2 in. smooth. Celastrus Heyneana, Roth in Roem. & Schult. Syst. v. 421 in part ; DC. Prodr. ii. 7. C. serrulata, Roth Nov. Sp. 165 in part. C. Wallichiana, Spreng. in Wall. Cat. 4304 c in part. Catha Heyneana, Walp. Rep. i. 532. Western Peninsula, Heyne; Pulney Mts., Wight. A tree? branches with smooth blackish bark, spines straight, 1/2 in. Flowers in axillary dichotomous cymes 2-3 in. Petals broadly ovate, 1/8 in. Fruit turbinate, 3-celled, cells 1-2-seeded, drying blackish. 11. G. Falconeri, Laws. ; leaves 2 1/2 by 1 1/4 in. obovate or subelliptic serrate scabrous above pubescent beneath, fruit 1/4 in. diam. solitary, on short peduncles or in small dichotomous cymes 1/2 in. long globose smooth 3-celled 1-2-seeded. North-West India, Herb. Falconer. A tree ? branches thickish, sparingly armed ; spines 1/2 in. Flowers ? - Known from all the other Gymnosporiae by its pubescent leaves. 12. G. rufa, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 397 (Celastrus); leaves 3-5 by 1-1 1/2 in. lanceolate acuminate serrate subcoriaceous glabrous, cymes 1-2 in. capillary dichotomous fascicled, fruit 1/6-1/4 in. obtriangular 3-celled, cells 1-seeded. Celastrus rufa. Cat. 4309 ; Brand. For. Fl. 80. Catha rufa, Don Gen. Syst. ii. 10; Walp. Rep. i. 632. Subtropical Himalaya ; from Kumaon, alt. 2-5000 ft., to Sikkim and Bhotan, alt. 3-6000 ft. Khasia Mts., alt. 2 -4800 ft. A large branching tree, with slender sparingly-armed branches; spines slender, 1/2-1 in. Leaves green above, pale beneath. Flowers small. Petals 1/15 in- Fruit pale-yellow inside. Seeds black. 13. G. Royleana, Wall. Cat 4317 (Celastrus); leaves 3/4-1 3/4 by 1/3-1 in. ovate to obovate glabrous, cymes dichotomous shorter than the leaves, fruit turbinate 1/4-1/3 in. diam. 3-celled, cells 1-seeded. C. spinosus, Royle lll. 157; Boiss. Fl. Orient, ii. 11 ; Brand. For. Fl. 80. page 621 Western Himalaya; in Kumaon and Garwhal, alt. 1-4500 ft. ? Concan, Stocks. - DISTRIB. Affghanistan. A shrub with very thorny straight or slightly zigzag branches ; spines slender, 1/2-1 in. Leaves serrate. Petals 1/8-1/6 in., white, oblong-ovate. ** Branches armed. Spines bearing leaves and flowers. 14. G. Wallichiana, Spreng. Syst. 5, Index 150 (under Celastras rigida) ; leaves 1-1 1/2 by 3/4-1 in. obovate crenate, fruit turbinate 1/2 in. Celastrus Wallichiana, W. & A. Prodr. 159 ; Wall. Cat. 4304. C. rigida, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 396. C. buxifolia, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 18. Catha Wallichii, Don Gen. Syst. ii. 10 ; Walp. Rep. i. 532. Panjab, at Peshawur, Falconer; Western Peninsula; Courtallam, Wight; Maisor, G. Thomson ; Eastern Bengal, Herb. Griffith. A shrub with zigzag branches, profusely armed with stout spines 1-3 in. long. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous. Cymes shorter than the leaves, axillary and on the spines. Fruit somewhat inflated, 3-celled ; cells 1-seeded. 15. G. emarginata, Roth Nov. Sp. 155 (Celastrus) ; leaves 1-2 1/2 by 1/2-1 1/4 in. obovate-cuneate entire, flowers fascicled in the axis of the leaves and on the spines, fruit turbinate 1/4 in. C. emarginata, W. & A. Prodr. 160 ; DC. Prodr. ii. 8 ; Wall. Cat. 4305 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 620 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 39 ; Voigt Hort. Sub. Calc. 166. Catha emarginata, Don Gen. Syst. ii. 9 ; Thwaites Enum. 72; Walp. Rep. i. 532. Western Peninsula, Shuter; Concan, Graham; Anamallay hills, Wight. Ceylon, in hot dry parts of the Island. A shrub with stout zigzag branches, profusely armed with spines 1-2 1/2 in. long. Leaves sometimes broadly ovate, emarginate, very coriaceous. Flowers on slender delicate pedicels 1/2 in. long. Fruit 3-celled, 1-seeded. 16. G. montana, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i 620 (Celastrus) ; leaves 1-3 by 1/4-2 in. linear obovate to orbicular-obovate crenulate, cymes rigid divaricating shorter than the leaves, fruit globose 1/6 in. black 1-3-celled, cells 1-seeded. Celastrus montana, W. & A. Prodr. 159 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 381 ; Wall Cat. 4306 ; Wight Ic. 382; Voigt Hort. Sub. Calc. 166 ; Roth Nov. Sp. 154; DC. Prodr. ii. 9 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylvat. Anal. Gen. Ixvi. ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 48. C. pallida, Wall. Cat, 4307 ; Voigt Hort. Sub. Calc. 167. C. crenatus, Roth Nov. Sp. 156, not of Forst. ? C. senegalensis, Lam. ; DC. Prodr. ii. 8; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. 11 ; Brand. For. Fl. 81. Catha montana, G. Don Gen. Syst. ii. 10. Throughout the drier parts of Central, South-Western, and North- Western India. - Distrib. Affghanistan ; Central Africa ; Malay Archipelago ; Australia. Branches straight, or only slightly zigzag, profusely armed, rarely unarmed. Cymes axillary or borne on the spines, forking many times. Capsules numerous, with the size and look of a pepper corn. - Although the extreme form's of this species are very distinct, it is impossible to find characters to limit them. Celastrus montana, Roxb., comprises those forms which have the branches less profusely armed, and the leaves larger and broader; C. senegalensis, Lam., those in which the stems are more robust, and profusely armed, and the leaves smaller and narrower. C. pallida, Wall., may prove to be a distinct species. De Candolle regards Roxburgh's and Roth's montana as different species, but I follow Wight and Arnott in uniting them. 9. KURRIMIA, Wall. Trees, usually quite glabrous, young branches tipped with the deciduous stipules. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate, towards the ends of the branches, coriaceous, entire, shining, penninerved; petiole slender. page 622 Flowers in simple or paniculately disposed racemes. Calyx 5-fid or-lobed, recurved. Petals 5, inserted under the margin of the disk, spreading or recurved. Stamens inserted with the petals. Disk fleshy, 5-lobed. Ovary free, glabrous or puberulous at the base, crowned at the top with a tuft of hairs ; styles 2 filiform, stigmas small capitate ; ovules 2 in each cell, erect. Capsule entire or 2-lobed, 1-2-celled, dehiscing slowly with 2 valves, 1-2-seeded. Seeds erect, completely or partially covered by a fleshy aril, albumen abundant fleshy; cotyledons linear-oblong. - Distrib. India, Ceylon, Malayan Peninsula.* Flowers in simple spikes. 1. K. pulcherrima, Wall. Cat. 4334 ; petals elliptic-oblong 1/12 in., disk slightly puberulous forming a shallow crenate cup round the glabrous base of the ovary, fruit narrowly oblong. K. calophylla. Wall. Cat. 4335. K. robusta, Kurz mss. Rhesa Moja, Ham. mss. ex Arn. in Ed. Phil. Journ. xvi. 315 ; Walp. Rep. i. 538. Celastrus robustus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 626. Nothocnestis sumatrana, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. i. 531. The KHASIA Mts., SILHET and Chittagong ; ascending to 3000ft. ; Birma, Griffith; Tenasserim, Helfer; Singapore, Wallich. - Distrib. Sumatra. A tree. Leaves 4-7 by 1-2 in., oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, glossy above. Spikes glabrous. Fruit 1 1/2-2 in., the apex often produced into a beak. 1 -celled, 1-seeded. 2. K. Maingayi, Laws. ; petals 1/10 in. linear-oblong, disk puberulous forming a crenate cup round the puberulous ovary, fruit broadly oblong acute. Singapore, Maingay. A tree. Leaves 5-9 by 3 1/2-4 in., elliptic-oblong. Spikes glaucous. Fruit 1-1 1/2 in. - Closely allied to the last species, of which it may prove to be a variety. ** Flowers in panicled spikes or racemes. 3. K. paniculata, Wall. Cat. 4336 ; fruit 3/4 in. unequally 2-lobed, lobes diverging. Rhesa paniculata. Arn. in Ed. Phil. Journ. xvi 315; Walp. Rep. i. 538. Trochisandra indica, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 120 ; Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. Ixvii. Pyrospermum calophyllum, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. i. 402. Penang, Wallich, &c. ; Singapore, Maingay ; abundant in Anamallay Hills, Beddome - DISTRIB. Sumatra. A tree. Leaves elliptic-oblong, 6-12 by 2-3 in. Flowers shortly pedicellate, in stoutish paniculate racemes. Petals obovate-oblong, flat. Disk lobed, glabrous. Ovary glabrous beneath the tuft of hairs. Fruit with the smaller lobe abortive, the larger 1-seeded. - I have seen no specimen of Beddome's Trochisandra indica, but from his description and figure I am not able to distinguish it from the above. 4. K. bipartita, Laws. ; fruit 1 1/4 in. divided nearly to the base into 2 equal nearly parallel lobes. Western Peninsula ; Shivagherry hills, Wight. Leares 3-8 by 1 3/4-3 in., elliptic-oblong. Panicles stoutish. Flowers ? Fruit-lobes narrowly oblong, rounded at the apex, black, 1-seeded. Seed not half covered by the aril. 5. K. ceylanica, Arn. Pug. in Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xviii. pt. i 328 ; fruit 3/4 in. elliptic or elliptic-oblong not lobed. Thwaites Enum. 72 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 147. Ceylon ; warm moist parts of the island. page 623 A large tree. Leaves 3-6 by 1/2-3 in., ovate or ovate-oblong, acute, the apex often reflexed. Flowers sessile, in slender panicled spikes. Petals elliptic, 1/24 in. Fruit reddish brown, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Seed nearly covered by the aril. Var. montana, Thwaites, I.c. ; panicles smaller and more succulent, flowers larger. - Central province, ascending to 5000 ft. 10. ELAEODENDRON, Jacq. f. Small trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite or subopposite, crenate or entire. Flowers in axillary dichotomous cymes, often polygamous. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading. Disk thick. Stamens 5 ; anthers nearly globose. Ovary continuous with the disk, conical, rarely 2-4- or 5-celled ; style very short ; ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit succulent or dry, 1-2-celled, indehiscent ; cells 1- rarely 2-seeded. Seed without an aril, albuminous. - Distrib. About 30 species, natives of South Africa, Tropical Asia, America and Australia. 1. E. glaucum, Pers. Synops. i. 241 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 638 ; Wall. Cat. 4325 ; DC. Prodr. ii. 10 ; Thwaites Enum. 73 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. Ixvii. E. Roxburghii, W. & A. Prodr. 157 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 38 : Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 48; Wight Ill. 178, t. 71; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. 67 ; Fl. Sylv. 148 ; Brand. For. Fl. 82. E. paniculatum, W. & A. Prodr. 157. E. oxyodon, Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1863, pt. i. 603. Celastrus glaucus, Vahl Symb. ii. 42. Mangifera glauca, Rottb. in Nov. Act. Ham. ii. 534, t. 4, f. i. Euonymus grossa, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. lnd. ed. Carey, ii. 408 ; Cat. 4291. E. Tina, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 4292. Neerija dichotoma, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 646. Rhamnus Neerija, Spreng. Syst. Veg. Suppl. 86. Schrebera albens, Willd. Sp. PI. i. 1092. Throughout the hotter parts of India and Ceylon. - Distrib, Malay Archipelago. Leaves 2-6 by 3/4-2 1/2 in., elliptic or ovate, acute or acuminate, crenate or nearly entire, membranous or subcoriaceous. Flowers in diffuse dichotomous cymes. Fruit woody, obovoid, 1/2 in., tipped at the apex with the persistent style, 1-celled, 1-seeded. - So far as foliage is concrnned this is a most variable species. Var. 1. montanum, Thwaites Enum. 73 ; fruit 1/2 in. globose very hard and woody 1-celled 1-seeded brown. - Ceylon, in hot drier parts of the Island. Var. 2. leaves 2 1/2 by 1 in. oblong-elliptic subacuminate, fruit 1/3 in. round succulent 2-celled black. - Canara, Ritchie. 11. HIPPOCRATEA, Linn. Small trees or scandent shrubs. Leaves opposite, petioled; stipules small, caducous. Flowers small, white or greenish, disposed in axillary cymes, more rarely in terminal cymose panicles. Calyx small, 5-parted. Petals 5, spreading, much larger than the calyx, imbricate or valvate. Stamens 3, recurved, lying in the grooves of the ovary. Disk conical or cupular. Ovary surrounded by the disk, 3-celled ; style very short or 0, stigmas 1-3 ; ovules 2-10 in each cell, in 2-series, inserted on the inner angle. Fruit of 3-flattened carpels connate at the base, usually dehiscent. Seeds compressed, usually winged below, exalbuminous. - Distrib. Species about 60, natives of the tropics of both hemispheres. * Petals 1/6-1/3 in. - Shrubs with climbing branches. 1. H. obtusifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 166; calyx-lobes triangular, petals 1/5 in. subulate puberulous. W. & A. Prodr. 104 ; Wight Ill. i. 134 ; Ic. t. 936 ; DC. Prodr. i. 569 ; Thwaites Enum. 52. H. barbata, F. Muell. page 624 in Trans. Phil. Inst. Vict. iii. 23. H. ? grandiflora, Wall. Cat. 4213. H. rigida, Hamp. H. tortuosa, Wall. Cat. 4216. H. volubilis, Heyne in Wall. Cat. 4215 (not of Linnaeus). Salacia laevigata, Wight in Hook. Bot. Misc. iii 295 ; Suppl. t. xxxvi. (non DC).Eastern and Western Peninsulas, from Tenasserim and the Concan southwards. SILHET, Wallich. - DISTRIB. Malay Archipelago, China, Australia, tropical Africa. A climbing shrub; young branches often quadrangular. Leaves 2-5 by 1-2 1/2 in., elliptic or oblong, obtuse, acute or shortly acuminate, crenate-serrate or entire, glabrous, coriaceous. Flowers in dichotomous cymes shorter than the leaves. Calyx-lobes entire. Disk puberulous. Ovules 6 in each cell. Carpels 1 1/2-2 in., obovoid, emarginate, striate, 4-6-seeded. 2. H. Cumingii, Laws.; calyx-lobes round, petals 1/3 in. subulate puberulous outside inside covered with rust-coloured hairs for the upper three-fourths glabrous below. Malacca, Griffith. - Distrib. Philippines. A climbing shrub. Leaves 3-4 by 1 1/2-2 in., elliptic, acute or subacuminate, glabrous, coriaceous, entire. Flowers in dichotomous cymes shorter than the leaves. Calyx-lobes very short, glabrous, entire. Disk with a ring of hairs at the base of the stamens, otherwise glabrous. Fruit ? 3. H. Lobbii, Laws. ; calyx-lobes elliptic-oblong, petals elliptic-ovate slightly cohering at the base entirely covered on the inside with dense cinereous hairs. Tenasserim ; at Moulmein, Lobb. A climbing shrub? Leaves 3-4 by 3/4-2 in., broadly elliptic, subacuminate, entirely glabrous. Cymes 2-3 times divided, shorter than the leaves. Calyx-lobes entire, pubescent. Petals 1/6 in. Anthers almost sessile. Fruit ? 4. H. Arnottiana, Wight Ill. i. 133, t. 46-47 ; calyx-lobes orbicular-ovate, petals 1/4 in. shortly clawed cordate very concave with involute margins. Salacia terminalis, Thwaites Enum. 407. Western Peninsula ; Quilon, Wight ; Canara, Plant. Hohenacker. Ceylon, near Galle, Thwaites. A climbing shrub, glabrous in every part. Leaves 3-3 by 1 1/2-2 3/4 in., elliptic, acute or subacuminate, very coriaceous, entire or faintly crenate, glabrous. Cymes axillary or panicled. Calyx-lobes entire. Fruit 2 1/2 in., oblong, emarginate. ** Flowers very numerous. Petals 1/12 in. or less. - Shrubs with climbing branches. 5. H. Grahami, Wight III. i. 134; Ic. t. 380; cymes diffuse panicled longer than the leaves, calyx-lobes orbicular sharply crenate. Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 32. H. lanceolata, Wall. Cat. 4214. Salacia paniculata. Wall. Cat. 4214, B in part. Western Peninsula ; from the Concan southwards, Wight, &c. ? Assam and ? SILHET, Wallich. A clmbing shrub. Leaves 3-5 by 1 3/4-2 in., ovate-elliptic, acute or subacuminate, entire, coriaceous, glabrous. Petals 1/12 in., very shortly clawed, linear-oblong, glabrous. Anthers subsessile. Disk glabrous. Fruit 3 by 3/4 in., linear-oblong, emarginate. Var. Leaves 4 in. lanceolate-acuminate, flowers in slender divaricating panicles twice the length of the leaves, fruit 2 3/4 in. narrowly elliptic. - Assam, Griffith. 6. H. indica, Willd. Sp. PI. i. 193 ; leaves 1 1/2-2 1/2 by 3/4-1 1/2 in., cymes very slender dichotomous shorter than the leaves, calyx-lobes triangular entire, fruit 1-1 1/2 in. DC Prodr. i. 568 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 165 ; Cor. PI. ii. t. 130; page 625 W. & A. Prodr. 104: Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 32; Thwaites Enum. 52; Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 368; Brand. For. Fl. 83. H. disperma, Vald Enum. ii. 28; Wall. Cat. 4210 in part. H. euonymoides, Vahl Enum. ii. 28. H. obtusifolia, Roxb. Wall. Cat. 4211. Tonsella disperma, Poir. - Celastrinea ? Wall. Cat. 9013.In the hotter parts of India from Behar, the Concan, and Tenasserim southwards, and in Ceylon. - Distrib. Malay Archipelago and Africa. A shrub with climbing branches. Leaves ovate or elliptic-ovate, acute or subacuminate or lanceolate, finely serrate, membranous, glabrous. Flowers glabrous, exceedingly small. Cymes many times divided ; partial cymes subumbellate. Petals 1/24 in., usually 6, elliptic oval-oblong, concave. Ovules 2-4 in each cell. Fruit oblong. Wall. Cat. 4111 B ? is evidently the same plant. 7. H. arborea, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 5 ; Fl. Ind. i. 167 ; Cor. PI. t. 205 ; leaves 4-7 by 2 1/2-3 1/4 in., cymes and fruit 3 in. Wall. Cat. 4212; DC. Prodr. 569; Brand. For. Fl. 83. ¿ H. disperma, Wall. Cat. 4212 B. Interior parts of India, Roxb. ; Bhotan and the Khasia Mts., Griffith ? Morung Mts., Hamilton. Subarboreous, with climbing branches. Leaves ovate-elliptic, subacuminate, serrate, membranous, glabrous. Fruit of 3 carpels, cuneiform, 3 by 1 1/2 in. - This ought probably to be considered a variety of H. indica, from which it differs apparently in nothing but size. In the description given by Roxburgh of H. obtusifolia (Fl. Ind. i. 166) the flowers are those of H. indica proper, while the leaves belong to H. obtusifolia, Wight. *** Erect trees. 8. H. maingayi, Laws. ; cymes 3-flowered, racemose. Malacca, Maingay. - Distrib. ? Borneo. Branches terete. Leaves 3 by 3/4 in., lanceolate, glabrous, coriaceous. Carpels triquetrous, 4-5 in., woody. Seeds 3 1/2-4 1/2 in., oblong. 12. SALACIA, Linn. Scandent or sarmentose shrubs or small trees. Leaves opposite, petiolate, exstipulate. Flowers few or many, clustered in the axils of the leaves or extra-axillary, more rarely in cymes. Calyx small, 5-parted, Petals 5, imbricate. Stamens 3, rarely 2 or 4, continuous with the disk, recurved. Ovary conical, immersed in the disk, 3-celled ; style very short, stigma simple or 3-lobed ; ovules 2-8 in each cell, in 1-2 series, inserted on the inner angle. Fruit baccate, 1-3-celled, sub-woody or fleshy. Seeds large, angular. - Distrib. Species about 70, natives of the tropics of both hemispheres. * Flowers 1-6 from an axillary or extra-axillary tubercle. a. Leaves coriaceous mostly 6-12 in. 1. S. flavescens, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1872, pt. ii. 300 ; leaves 6-12 by 2-3 1/2 in. oblong-lanceolate acute or subacuminate margins recurved, flowers about 3 very small. Dryptopetalum coriaceum, Arn. in Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 373. Microtropis coriacea, Wall. Cat. 4338. M. longifolia, Wall. Cat. 4339, in part. Eastern Peninsula, from Tenasserim, Gomez, &c., to Penang, Wallich, &c. A small tree with black branches. Leaves green glabrous and shining above, paler beneath, drying light-yellow. Flowers axillary and extra- axillary, sessile or on pedicels under 1/8 in. Fruit ? The dark stems and light-coloured leaves, together with a general aspect of a Microtropis, serve to distinguish this species from its allies. page 626 2. S. longifolia, Hook f. mss. (not Wall.) ; leaves 6-14 by 2-4 in. elliptic-lanceolate acute or subacuminate margins recurved, flowers 3-6 large. Malay, Maingay; Penang, Phillips ; Prince of Wales Island ? A small tree with rather coarse pale-coloured branches. Leaves pale-brown when dry, glabrous, coriaceous, shining beneath and finely reticulated. Flowers axillary or extra-axillary, usually sessile but sometimes on pedicels 1/8-1/3 in. Petals obovate, 1/5-1/4 in. 3. S. grandiflora, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1872, ii. 300 ; leaves 6-12 by 2 1/2-4 in. oblong \vitli a short obtusely-cuspidate reflexed apex margins recurved, flowers large. Tenasskrim, Kurz; Malacca, Griff. and Maingay; Penang, Phillips. A small tree. Leaves very coriaceous, glabrous and shining, finely reticulated. Flowers 1-3 axillary and extra-axillary, sessile or very shortly pedicellate, the largest in the genus. Petals 1/3 in., roundly obovate. Fruit 1-2 in. diam., black, smooth. - Closely allied to S. longifolia, of which it is perhaps only a variety. Maingay's specimen, No. 401, from Malacca, has pale-green leaves and a rough light -coloured fruit ; it is perhaps a distinct species. b. Leaves coriaceous 1 1/2-5 in. rarely more. 4. S. Maingayi, Laws. ; leaves 1 1/22 by 1 1/4 in. ovate subacute entire, flowers 1-3 in each axil thick and fleshy, pedicels stout 1/2-3/4 in., petals 1/6 in. roundly-oblong. Penang, Maingay. A scandeut shrub. Branches terete, rough with minute tubercular warts. Leaves very coriaceous, drying black. Fruit ? 6. S. Lobbii, Laws. ; leaves 3-3 1/2 bv 1-1 3/4 in. elliptic-oblong with a short obtuse point entire, powers 1-3 in each axil thick and fleshy, pedicels stout 1-1 1/2 in., petals 1/4 in. roundly ovate subcordate at the base. Singapore, Lobb. An erect shrub. Branches terete, covered with minute warts. Leaves not drying black. Fruit ? 6. S. prinoides, DC. Prodr. i. 571; leaves 1 1/2-3 by 3/4-1 3/4 in. oblong obtusely acumiate serrate, flowers 3-6 from each tubercle, pedicels under 1/2 in., petals 1/8 in. broadly ovate, fruit the size of a small cherry smooth. Wall. Cat 4219; W. & A. Prodr. 105; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 33. S. podopetala, Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1863, i. 581. S. Wightiana, Wall. Cat. 4221. Johnia coromandeliana, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 169; DC. Prodr. i. 571. Tonsella prinoides, Willd. in Act. Ac. Cur. Ber. iv. 184. SILHET and the Khasia Mts., H.f. & T. ; Eastern and Western Peninsula, and Ceylon. - Distrib. Java and the Philippine Islands. A small straggling tree or large climbing shrub. Leaves very coriaceous. Flowers mostly axillary. Sepals puberulous, ciliate. Petals unguiculate, entire. Fruit globose, 1-celIed, 1-seeded, black. 7. S. Brunoniana, W. & A. Prodr. 105 ; leaves 2-3 by 3/4-1 in. oblong or elliptic obtuse or with a short obtuse acumination faintly serrate, flowers 1-2 in each axil, pedicels under 1/ in. slender, petals 1/8 in. ovate from a broad base margins incurved when dry. Wall. Cat. 4217 E ? ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 33. Western Peninsula, Hb. Wight ; Ram Ghaut, Dalzel & Gibson. A scandent shrub with black rigid divaricating branches, rough with minute reddish page 627 warts. Leaves black when dry. Fruit ? -S. Flnlaysonii, Wall. Cat. 4220, which appears to be nearly allied to this species, is not Indian.8. S. Roxburghii, Wall. Cat. 4217 ; leaves 3-6 by 3/4-2 in. oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong caudate-acuminate entire or very faintly serrate, flowers 3-6 in each axil, pedicels under 1/3 in. petals 1/12 in- roundly obovate, fruit 1 3/4-2 in. diam. smooth. W. & A. Prodr. 105 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 33. ? S. chinensis, L. ; DC. Prodr. 571.? S. cochinchinensis, Lour. DC. Prodr. i, 571. ? Indeterminata, Wall. Cat. 4291. Johnia salacioides, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 168 ; DC. Prodr. i. 571. A scandent shrub. Branches pale-brown with wrinkled bark, Sepals glabrous, entire. Fruit globose, 2-3-seeded. - This is the true S. Roxburghii of Wall. Cat., and seems to be confined to the N.E. of India, so that the specimen in Hyne's Herbarium alluded to by Wight & Arnott was probably not of his own gathering. 9. S. ovalis, Laws. ; leaves 3-4 by 1 1/2--2 in. elliptic-obtuse or rounded at both ends entire, flowers 3-6 in each axil, pedicels under 1/3 in. slender, petals 1/12 in. ovate. Malacca, Maingay. A scandent shrub with smooth black pruinose branches. Leaves subcoriaceouss, pale-coloured. Fruit ? 10. S. rubra, Laws. ; leaves 2-3 by 1-1 1/4 in. elliptic-lanceolate pointed at both ends entire, fruit 1 1/2 in. diam. rugose bright red. Malacca, Maingay. A scandent? shrub with coarse pale-coloured branches. Flowers ? Fruit 2-seeded. 11. S. reticulata, Wight III. i. 134; leaves 2 1/-4 by 1-2 1/4 in. elliptic or subovate rounded at the apex or with a short obtuse point very faintly serrate or entire shining above finely reticulated beneath, flowers 6 in each axil, pedicels under 1/2 in., petals ovate acute 1/6 in., fruit 2 in. diam. tuberculate. Thwaites Enum. 53. Western Peninsula ; Quilon, Wight; Ceylon, ascending to 3000 ft. A scandent shrub with blackish branches. Sepals glabrous, entire. Var. diandra, Thwaites Enum, 53 (sp.) ; leaves smaller, less coriaceous ; stamens 2. c. Leaves membranous. 12. S. membranacea, Laws. ; leaves 3-6 by 1-2 in. elliptic entire. Sikkim, Herb. Griffith; Khasia, 2-3000 ft., H f. & T. A scandent shrub with slender stems and branches. Branches completely covered with minute pale-coloured warts. Leaves flat, shining, and very finely reticulated on both sides. Flowers ? Fruit 1 1/2 in. diam., green. Seeds yellow in a subfleshy pulp. - Apparently intermediate between S. Roxburghii and S. viminea, but approaching the latter most closely. 13. S. ? viminea. Wall. Cat. .7267; leaves 3-5 by 1-2 in. elliptic-lanceolate obtusely subacuminate crenate. Mergui, Griffith; Moulmein, Griffith; Tenasserim and Andaman, Helfer. A scandent shrub ? with exceedingly slender branches. Leaves shining above, finely reticulated beneath. Flowers 1-3 together, axillary or extra-axillary, flat, membranous or submembranous. Pedicels 1/12-1/3 in., very slender. Fruit ? ** Flowers very numerous from an axillary or extra-axillary tubercle. 14. S. multiflora, Wight III. I 134; whole plant pale-coloured, pedicels 1 in. very slender. page 628 Tenasserim, at Mergui, Griffith. A scandent? shrub, with very light-coloured branches and leaves. Leaves 6-9 by 2 3/4-4 in., elliptic-oblong, acute, entire, margins slightly recurved, membranous or subcoriaceous. Petals 1/8 in., orbicular. Ovules about 8 in each cell. Fruit ? - Resembling S. flavescens, but readily distinguished by its numerous flowers and long slender pedicels. 15. S. verrucosa, Wight Ill. i. 134; whole plant drying nearly black, branches covered with minute rough warts, pedicels slender 1/2-1 in. S. memecyloides, Wall. Cat. 4218. Tenasserim, at Moulmein and Mergui, Griffith, &c. - Distrib. Philippine Islands. A shrub. Leaves 3 1/2-5 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., elliptic-oblong or broadly lanceolate, obtuse at the apex or with a short obtuse acumen, entire or faintly serrate, very coriaceous. Flowers from chiefly extra axillary tubercles. Calyx-lobes fringed with rust-coloured hairs. Petals 1/8 in., oblong-ovate, obtuse. Ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit 3/4 in. diam., subgbbose, smooth, black. 16. S. macrosperma, Wight Ic. t. 962 ; whole plant drying nearly black, branches without warts, pedicels stoutish usually under 1/2 in. Western Peninsula, from the Concan southwards. A diffuse rambling shrub. Leaves 3 1/2-5 by 1 1/2-2 1/4 in., oblong-elliptic, shortly and obtusely acuminate, entire, very coriaceous. Flowers chiefly from extra-axillary tubercles. Calyx-lohes fringed with rust-coloured hairs. Petals rather smaller than in S. verrucosa, ovate, obtuse from a broad base. Ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit 1-1 1/2 in. diam., globose, rugulose, black. - Wight says that the calyx-lobes are not fringed in this species, but in some of his own specimens they are distinctly ciliated. Very closely indeed allied to S. verrucosa. *** Peduncles under 1/4 in. 3-flowered. 17. S. oblonga, Wall. Cat. 4226; W. & A. Prodr. 106; Wight III. t. 47 B ; Thwaites Enum. 53 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 33 : Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. Ixvii. t. x. iv. S. oppositifolia, Rottl. ; Wight Ic. t. 97. S. pomifera, Wall. Cat. 4227, not W. & A. Western Peninsula ; from the Concan southwards. Ceylon, in the hotter parts of the island. A small glabrous tree or shrub. Leaves 3-6 by 1 1/4-2 in., elliptic-oblong, rounded at the apex or with a very short obtuse acumen, slightly serrate, subcoriaceous, turning yellow when dry. Flowers sometimes sessile in the axils of the leaves owing to the extreme shortness of the common peduncle. Calyx-lobes rounded, glabrous, entire. Petals about 1/8 in., broadly elliptic, serrate. Ovules 4 in each cell. Fruit 2-2 1/2 in. diam., tuberculate, light-brown. Seeds about 8. **** Flowers in branching cymes. 18. S. fruticosa, Heyne in Wall. Cat. 4223 (under Tonsella) ; flowers in dichotomously branched cymes 3/4 in. Western Peninsula ; Canara, Herb. Hohenacker, Kurz, Rottler. A scandent shrub. Leaves 3 1/2 by 1 1/2 in., elliptic-lanceolate, acute, or shortly and obtusely acuminate, serrate, chartaceous. Petals 1/12 in. diam., orbicular, with a white border. Fruit ? - Closely allied to S. floribunda, of which it may be a variety. 19. S. Griffithii, Laws. ; flowers in divaricating cymes 4 in. long. Habitat unknown. - Herb. Griffith. Leaves 3-5 by 1 1/4-2 in., oblong-elliptic, shortly acuminate, crenate-serrate, subcoriaceous. Petals ovate-oblong, obtuse. Ovules 2, superposed. Fruit ? page 629 20. S. floribunda, Wight III. i. 134 ; flowers small umbellate in di-trichotomous cymes. S. densiflora, Wall. Cat. 4224. S. longifolia, Wall. Cat. 4225. S. pomifera, W. & A. Prodr. 105. ? non Wall. SiLHET, De Silva; Assam and the Khasia Mts., Griffith, &c. ; Tenasserim, at Mergui, Griffith. A scandent shrub. Leaves 3-6 by 3/4-2 3/4 in., elliptic-lanceolate, shortly and obtusely acuminate, serrate, subcoriaceous, shining. Petals orbicular. Ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit 1 1/2 in. diam., globose, black. DOUBTFUL SPECIES. S. latifolia, Wall. Cat. 4222 ; leaves 2 1/2-3 by 1 3/4-2 in., flowers? fruit ripe? the size of a cherry pyriform smooth. Singapore, Wallich. 13. SIPHONODON, Griff. A small glabrous tree. Leaves alternate, shortly petiolate, entire or crenate ; stipules minute, deciduous. Peduncles axillary, short, 3-4-flowered. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading. Disk not distinct from the base of the calyx. Stamens 5, connivent round the pistil, filaments flattened. Ovary half immersed in the disk, conical, the summit hollowed out and stigmatose in the cavity round a central column, cells numerous in 2-4 series ; ovules solitary in each cell, ascending and pendulous. Drupe globose, hard and fleshy, with numerous 1-seeded bony stones superposed in rings round the central axis, testa membranous, albumen sub-horny. - Distrib. Species 2 ; Malayan Peninsula, Java, Australia. Mr. Bentham in his Flora Australiensis remarks that the ovary must probably be regarded as being 5-celled, with many ovules in each cell separated by spurious transverse dissepiments. 1. S. celastrineus, Griff. in Cole. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 247, t. 14; Wall. Cat. 9019 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. ii. 592 ; Hook.f. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxii. t. 26. Astrogyne coriacea, Wall. mss. Pegu, Kurz ; Penang, Griffith. - Distrib. Java. Leaves 4-8 by 2-2 1/2 in., oblong or oblong-elliptic, acute or subacuminate, crenate-serrate, coriaceous. Peduncles under 1 in. Flowers yellowish. Fruit globose, 1-1 1/2 in. Order XLII. RHAMNEAE. (By M. A. Lawson, M.A., F.L.S.) Shrubs or trees, erect or scandent (cirrhose in Gottania). Branches unarmed spinous or aculeate. Leaves simple, alternate (opposite or subopposite in Scutia and Sageretia) usually coriaceous, often 3-5-nerved ; stipules small, deciduous or changed into prickles. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, small, greenish, in lax or dense axillary cymes, which are solitary or disposed in spikes or panicles. Calyx 4-5-fid ; lobes triangular, erect or recurved, usually carinate within, valvate. Petals 4-5, rarely 0, inserted on the throat of the calyx-tube, usually shorter than its lobes, cucullate or involute. Stamens 4-5, inserted with the petals and opposite to them, often enclosed within their folds ; anthers versatile, 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally. Disk fleshy and filling the calyx-tube, or thin and lining it, entire or lobed, glabrous, rarely tomentose. Ovary sessile, free or immersed in the disk, wholly free from the calyx- tube or more or page 630 less adherent to it, 3- rarely 2-4-celled ; style short, simple, or 2-4 cleft ; ovules 1 in each cell, erect, anatropous, raphe dorsal. Fruit free or girt at the base or middle by the adhering calyx-tube, 3- more rarely 1-4-celled, capsular or a dry or fleshy drupe, sometimes winged. Seed with fleshy albumen, rarely exalbuminous ; embryo large, erect. - Distrib. Abundant in the tropical and temperate regions of the world; genera 38, species above 400.VITMANNIA AFRICANA, W. & A. Prodr. 166 ; W. Ic. 490, is a S. African plant, not Indian. Tribe I. Ventilagineae. Scandent unarmed shrubs. Leaves alternate. Disk filling the calyx-tube. Ovary superior or half superior. Fruit dry, 1-celled, 1-seeded, girt at the base or middle by the calyx-tube. Seed exalbuminous.
Tribe II. Zizypheae. Shrubs or trees. Disk filling the calyx-tube. Fruit a dry or fleshy drupe with a 1-3-celled stone.
Tribe III. Rhamneae. Shrubs or trees. Disk lining or filling the calyx-tube. Ovary superior or half-superior. Fruit dry or fleshy, of 3, (rarely 2 or 4) pyrenes or cocci. * Disk thin lining the calyx-tube.
** Disk fleshy filling the calyx-tube.
Tribe IV. Gouanieae. Fruit inferior, crowned with the persistent calyx.
1. VENTILAGO, Gaertn. Scandent shrubs. Leaves alternate, subbifarious. Flowers small, disposed in axillary and terminal (usually leafless) panicles, rarely in the axils of the leaves. Calyx 5-fid, with spreading internally keeled lobes ; calyx-tube obconical. Petals 6, obtriangular or cucullate. Stamens 5, adnate to the base of the petals. Disk 5-lobed with a free margin. Ovary sunk in the disk, 2-celled; style very short. Fruit samaroid, the nut subglobose, page 631 girt at the base or middle by the adhering calyx-tube, prolonged above into a linear or linear-oblong coriaceous wing, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Seed subglobose, exalbuminous. - Distrib. Species about 10, scattered over the tropics of Asia, Africa, America, Australia, and the Pacific Islands.1. V. madraspatana, Gaertn. Fruct i. 223, t. 49, t 2 ; flowers in slender simple or paniculate spikes, fruit 1 1/2-2 by 2/3 in., nut girt at the base. W. & A. Prodr. 164 ; Wight Ic. 163 ; Wall Cat. 4268 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 48 ; Thwaites Enum. 74 ; Brandis For. Fl. 96. V. bracteata, Wall. Cat. 4269. Western Peninsula, from the Concan southwards ; Tenasserim, at Moulmein and Mergui, Griffith, &c. ; Ceylon, commom in hot dry places. - Distrib. Java. Young branches and leaves glabrous or only slightly pubescent. Leaves 2-4 by 1-1 1/2 in., oblong-lanceolate to ovate, acute or subacuminate, crenate or entire ; costal nerves 6-8 pair. Calyx slightly puberulous outside, glabrous inside. Ovary with a few white hairs at the base ; styles nearly straight. 2. V. calyculata, Tulasne in Arn. Sc. Nat Ser. 4, viii. 124 ; flowers in densely pubescent paniculate spikes, fruit 1 1/2-2 by 2/3 in. pubescent, nut girt round the middle. Brandis For. Fl. 96. V. denticulata, Willd. Nov. Act. Ber. iii. 417; DC. Prodr. ii 38. V. macrantha, Tulasne in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 4, viii. 123. V. madraspatana, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 629 ; Cor. PI. i. 55, t. 76 ; Wall. Cat. 4268 b ; W. & A. Prodr. 164 not of Gaertn. V. silhetiana, Smithiana, and sulphurea, Tulasne in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. iv.-viii. 125. Throughout the hotter parts of India, from the Kumaon Himalaya and Nipal, to Bhotan, Silhet, Tenasserim, and throughout the Western Peninsula. - Distrib. Java. Leaves pubescent, 3 1/2-6 by 1-2 1/2 in., ovate or ovate-elliptic, crenate-serrate, with about 6 pairs of costal nerves. Calyx densely pubescent without, hairy within on the disk. Ovary densely pubescent ; styles longer than in V. madraspatana and more diverging. Fruit yellow, often densely pubescent, at length nearly glabrous. - A variable plant so far as the size of the leaves and amount of pubescence go. 3. V. Maingayi, Laws. ; flowers in long filiform simple or compound spikes, fruit 3 by 3/4 in. glabrous girt below the middle. V. Sp. ; Griff. Notul. iv. 492. Tenasserim, Helfer, at Mergui, Griffith; Malacca, Maingay. Leaves 4-7 by 1-2 in., oblong-lanceolate, entire, coriaceous, with about 10 pairs ot costal nerves. Nut 1/2 in. diam., blackish, veined. 4. V. leiocarpa, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 77 ; flowers in small axillary clusters or cymes, the upper often forming leafless panicles, fruit glabrous 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., nut girt round the middle. V. madraspatana, Benth. in Hook. Kew Journ. iv. 42. BIRMA, Griffith; Tenassrim, Helfer ; Malacca, Maingay. - Distrib. Hongkong. Leaves ovate to oblong acuminate, crenate serrate or entire, coriaceous, shining, with about 6 pairs of costal nerves. Fruit 1/8-1/4 in. diam. ?Var. ; leaves larger ovate or elliptical obtuse, costal nerves about 10 pair. - Malacca, Maingay ; Trop. Africa. - Without the fruit it is impossible to be certain that this is not a distinct species. 5. V. bombaiensis, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 36 ; young branches and flowers covered with fulvous tomentum, flowers fascicled in the axils of the leaves. Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 48 ; Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 114. page 632 The CONCAN ; at Chorla Ghat, Dalzel. Leaves 3-5 by 3/4-1 3/4 in., lanceolate, acute or suhacuminate, crenate, glabrous, with about 3-4 pairs of costal nerves. Fruit ? - Mr. Bentham, in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 77, suggests that this may be only a side shoot of V. calyculata, but the shape of the leaves, the number of the costal nerves, and Dalzel's supposition that the fruit is larger than in V. madraspatana, point to its being distinct. 2. SMYTHEA, Seeman. Scandent shrubs. Flowers fascicled or solitary in the axils of the leaves. Calyx 5-fid ; lobes spreading ; tube obconical. Petals 5, cucullate, broadly emarginate, 2-lobed. Stamens 5, not included in the folds of the petals, filaments incurved. Disk 5-angled, flat. Ovary 2-celled ; styles 2, recurved. Fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded capsule, dehiscing down the middle, compressed, not winged. Seed flat, large, exalbuminous. - Distrib. Sp. 2, one Malayan, the other Fijian. 1. S. calpicarpa, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1872, ii. 301. Tenasserim, Helfer. Branches clothed with fulvous hairs. Leaves 3-4 by 1-1 1/2 in., elliptic-lanceolate, sometimes shortly acuminate, crenate, slightly pilose on the nerves beneath otherwise glabrous. Flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves. Fruit (immature) 1 1/4 by 3/4 in., oblong, coriaceous, covered with dense silky fulvous hairs. 3. ZIZYPHUS, Juss. Trees or shrubs, often decumbent or sarmentose and frequently armed with sharp, straight or hooked prickles (transformed stipules). Leaves subbifarious, alternate, usually coriaceous. Flowers fascicled, or in sessile or pedunculated cymes. Calyx 5-fid, lobes spreading, keeled within ; tube broadly obconical. Petals 5, rarely 0, cucullate, deflexed. Disk 5-10-lobed, flat or pitted, with a free margin. Stamens 5. Ovary sunk in the disk and confluent with it at the base, 2-4-celled; .styles 2-4, free, or more or less united. Fruit fleshy or dry, with a woody or bony 1-4-seeded 1-4-celled stone. Seed plano-convex, albumen 0, or very scanty. - Distrlb. Species about 50, found in tropical Asia and America, and the temperate regions of both hemispheres. * Flowers in sessile cymes or fascicled in the axils of the leaves. 1. Z. Jujuba, LLamk. Dict. iii. 318 ; usually armed, leaves 1-2 1/2 by 3/4-2 in. elliptic-ovate ovate or suborbicular dark green and glabrous above, covered beneath with a dense woolly pale-coloured tomentum, fruit 1/2-3/4 in. diam. DC. Prodr. ii. 21 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 608 ; Wall. Cat. 4244 ; W. & A. Prodr. 162 ; Wight Ic. t. 99 ; Hook. Journ. Bot. i. 320, t. cxl. (1834) ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 49 ; Thwaites Enum. 74 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylvat. t. cxlix. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, ii. 13 ; Brandis For. Flor. 86, t. 17. Z. mauritiana, Herb. Ham. in Wall. Cat. 4245 ; DC. Prodr. ii. 21. Z. Sororia, Schult. Syst. v. 337; DC. Prodr. ii. 21. Z. trinervius, Roth Nov. Sp. 168, excl. var. β. Rhamnus Jujuba, Linn. Fl. Zeyl. 36 ; Rheede Hort. Mal. iv. t. 40. Throughout India, from the N.W. frontier, Sindh, and base of the Himalaya to Ceylon, and Malacca; wild and extensively cultivated. - Distrib. Affghanistan, tropical Africa, the Malay Archipelago, China, Australia. A small tree 30-50 ft. ; young branches and flowers covered with a dense fuscous tomentum. Prickles solitary and straight, or geminate and then one shorter and recurved. Cymes 3/4 in. long. Calyx glabrous within. Petals subspathulate, very concave, reflexed. Disk of 10 grooved lobes. Ovary 2-celled ; styles 2, united to the page 633 middle. Fruit globose, 2-celled, fleshy and mealy, glabrous. - There are many cultivated varieties, differing greatly in the shape and size of the leaves, as also in the size and nature of the fruit, of which the most remarkable is Edgeworth's var. Hysudricus (Journ. Linn. Soc. vi. 201), with erect or spreading not drooping branches, obtuse ovate oblong or orbicular leaves, glabrous or slightly tomentose beneath, and long petioles. This, according to Aitchison, is always raised by grafts. Two other varieties are described by Edgeworth - viz., hortensis and spontaneus.2. Z. glabrata, Heyne in Roth Nov. Sp. 159 ; unarmed, leaves 1-3 by 2/3-1 1/2 in. elliptic glabrous on both sides, fruit under 1/2 in. in diameter. W. & A. Prodr. 162 ; Wight Ic. t. 282 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. Ixviii. Z. trinervius, var. β, Roth. Nov. Sp. 159. Z. trinervia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 606, not Poir. ; Wall. Cat. 4231. Eastern Bengal and Bhotan, Griffith; Western Peninsula, Nilghiri Mts., Wight, &c. A tree. Leaves obtusely serrate, coriaceous, glossy, dark-green, with 3 unbranched prominent nerves. Flowers slightly puberulous, yellowish; cymes 4 in- long. Petals obtriangular with convolute margins. Disk faintly 10-lobed, not pitted or grooved, glabrous. Ovary 2-celled; styles 2, united to the middle. Fruit globose, yellow?, with a sweet gelatinous pulp, 1-2-celled. - In some few cases the cymes are shortly pedunculate. 3. Z. nummularia, W. & A. Prodr. 162 ; profusely armed, leaves 1/2-1 in. ovate to orbicular covered with a short velvety tomentum on both sides, fruit 3/8 in. diam. Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 49 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. Ixix. ; Boiss. Fl. Orient. ii. 13 ; Brandis For. Fl. 88. Z. Lotus, Lamk. ; Aitch. Cat. 33. Z. microphylla, Roxb. Fl. Ind.i. 613; Wall. Cat. 4232. Z. rotundifolia, Lamk. Dict. iii. 319; DC. Prodr. ii. 21. Rhamnus nummularia, Burm. Fl. Ind. 61. The Panjab, ascending to 3000 ft. ; Goozerat, and the Western Peninsula, from the Deccan and Concan southwards. - Distrib. Persia. A shrub, with widely-divaricating flexuous branches ; young branches puberulous. Leaves serrate, dark-green and velvety above, pale and more felted beneath. Cymes under 1/2 in. Petals obovate with convolute margins. Disk 10-lobed with a pit opposite each lobe. Ovary 2-celled ; styles 2, united to above the middle. Fruit globose, woody, black, 2-celled. - Much used for fencing, and the sweet subacid fruit as food, especially in famine time. I follow Wight and Arnott in adopting Burmann's specific name ; though perhaps Lamarck's should be adopted. 4. Z. wynadensis, Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. 23. t. cxiv. ; unarmed, leaves 1 1/2-2 by 3/4 in. elliptic-lanceolate glabrous and shining above slightly hairy on the nerves beneath. Western Peninsula ; dense forests of the Wynaad, alt. 3000 ft., Beddome. A lofty tree, the young shoots and flowers covered with a fulvous tomentum. Leaves finely reticulated beneath, penninerved, with hairy glands in the axils of the main nerves. Flowers fascicled, forming dense axillary clusters. Petals 3-lobed with convolute margins. Disk hairy, 5-angled, not pitted. Ovary 2-celled; styles 2, divided to nearly the base. Fruit ? 5. Z. vulgaris, Lamk. Dict. iii. 316; armed, leaves 3/4-2 1/2 in. subobliquely ovate obtuse or subacute crenate-serrate glabrous on both sides, fruit 1/2 in. in diam. Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1. 609; Sibth. Fl. Graec. i. 159, t. 241 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, ii. 12. Z. flexuosa, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 365 ; Cat. 4229. Z. nitida, Roxb. Fl. Ind. I 609. Z. sativa, Gaertn. Fruct. i. 202. ? Z. sinensis, Lamk. Dict. iii. 317. PANJAB, extending to the Western frontier ; the Panjab Himalaya, Falconer, &c. ; ascending to 6500 ft. ; wild and cultivated, extending to Bengal. - Distkib. Beluchistan, W. Asia, China, Japan, S. Europe. page 634 A shrub or small tree, with rigid spreading boughs and stiff branches, which are often unarmed, the whole plant quite glabrous. Prickles usually geminate, the straight one often over 1 in. long, stout. Flowers few, fascicled in the axils of the leaves. Petals cucullate. Disk thin, obscurely 5-lobed. Ovary 2-celled ; styles 2, united to the middle. Fruit globose or oblong, succulent, red or black, shining. - Z. nitida, Roxb., of China, is said to have a yellow fruit. 6. Z. oxyphylla, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 43 ; armed, leaves 1-2 in. obliquely ovate acute or subacuminate glabrous on both sides, fruit elliptic 3/8 in. long. Brandis For. Fl. 85. Z. acuminata, Royle III. i. 168 (name only). Hazarah, Falconer ; Temperate Himalaya, in Sirmor and Garwhal, ascending to 6000 ft., Falconer, Edgeworth, &c. A shrub or small tree, 25-30 ft., resembling Z. vulgaris in habit; whole plant quite glabrous. Prickles usually geminate, the straight one 1/2 in. long, slender. Leaves finely crenate-serrate. Flowers fascicled in the axils of the leaves. Petals and disk as in Z. vulgaris. Fruit 1-ceIled, 1-seeded, subfleshy, black, very acid ; stone thin and crustaceous, flattened. 7. Z. OEnoplia, Mill. Gard. Dict. No. 3 ; armed, leaves 1-2 1/2 by 3/4-1 in. very obliquely ovate-lanceolate acute with a short soft pubescence above, and long silky appressed fulvous hairs beneath, fruit 1/4 in. diam. DC. Prodr. ii. 21; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 611 ; Wall. Cat. 4246; Don Prodr. 190; W. & A. Prodr. 163; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 49; Thwaites Enum. 74; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. Ixix. ; Brandis For. Fl. 86. Z. albens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 607. Z. celtidifolia, DC Prodr. ii. 20. Z. ferruginea. Heyne in Wall. Cat. 4246 B, in part. Z. Napeca, Roxb. Fl. Ind.i. 612, not Willd. ; Roth Nov. sp. 159. Z. pallens. Wall. Cat. 4247 ? Z. pedicellata. Wall. Cat. 4243. Z. rufula, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. 643. Z. scandens, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 17; Wall. Cat. 7269. Rhamnus OEnoplia, Linn. Sp. Pl. 282. Throughout the hotter parts of India, from the Panjab and the N.W. Himalaya to Assam and southwards to Ceylon and Malacca. - Distrib. Tropical Asia and Australia. A shrub with straggling often climbing branches, the young ones strigose or oftener covered with a rust-coloured pubescence. Leaves crenate-serrate. Prickles solitary, very short, recurved. Cymes under 1/2 in. long. Flowers glabrous within. Petals obtriangular, cucullate. Ovary 2 -celled; styles 2, united to above the middle. Fruit 1-rarely 2-celled, black and shining, globose or obovoid ; stone woody or bony. ** Flowers in pedunculate axillary cymes (see 2. glabrata). 8. Z. xylopyrus, Willd. Sp. PI. 1104; armed or on the younger branches often unarmed, branches inflorescence and fruit covered with a short greyish tomentum, leaves 1 1/2-3 1/2 in. broadly-elliptic orbicular or obovate glabrous and dark above covered with a soft pale pubescence beneath, fruit 1 1/2-1 in. diam. Roxb. Pl. Ind. i. 611; Wall. Cat. 4239; DC. Prodr. ii. 21; W. & A. Prodr. 162; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 49; Thwaites Enum. 74; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. Ixviii. ; Brandis For. Fl. 90. Z. Caracutta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 612; Wall. Cat. 4238. Z. cuneata, Wall. Cat. 7268. Z. elliptica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 610. Z. orbicularis, Schult. Syst. v. 338; DC. Prodr. ii 21. Z. ruminata, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 4236. Z. rotundifolia, Roth Nov. Sp. 160. Rhamnus xylopyrus, Retz Obs. ii. 11. North-West India, Royle, Edgeworth. Nipal, Wallich; Banda, Rajpootana, OUDE, ascending to 2000 ft. ; Behar, Western Peninsula, from the Concan southwards. Ceylon, in hot dry places. A large straggling shrub or small tree, often gregarious, deciduous. Leaves slightly oblique, rounded or subcordate at the base, serrulate. Prickles usually geminate, one page 635 straight the other recurved, glabrous. Cymes compact, 1-1 1/2 in. Flowers sometimes 4-merous. Calyx glabrous within. Petals subspathulate, very concave, reflexed. Disk thin, 5-angled. Ovary 3- rarely 2- or 4-celled ; styles usually 3, divided to near the base. Fruit globose, 3- rarely 2- or 4-celled, very hard and woody and covered with a dense almost felted grey or whitish tomentum.Var. ; branches leaves and fruit nearly glabrous, fruit oblong or round. - Perhaps the Z. Caracutta of Roxburgh. 9. Z. Napeca, Willd. Sp. PI. 1104; profusely armed, branches inflorescence and petioles covered with spreading rusty hispid hairs, leaves 1 1/4-2 1/4 by 3/4-1 1/3 in. elliptic obtuse or very shortly cuspidate finely serrulate dark and glabrous on both surfaces, styles 2. Rhamnus Napeca, Linn. Sp. 194 ; Fl. Zeylan. 87. Ceylon, Herb. Linnaeus. A straggling shrub. Leaves slightly oblique, rounded at the base, glabrous or when young slightly hispid on the nerves beneath. Prickles solitary or geminate, stout, hairy, dark, both recurved. Styles equalling the ovary, arms recurved. Fruit ? - This, by inspection of the specimens preserved in Hermann's Herbarium, I have determined to be the true Z. Napeca of Linnaeus. No modern collector has sent it from Ceylon, whence it may be suspected that the habitat is erroneous. 10. Z. lucida, Moon Cat. 17 ; armed, leaves 2-2 1/2 by 3/4-1 1/4 in. ovate-lanceolate glabrous above hairy on the veins beneath, styles 3 1/16 in. divided to the middle, fruit 1/2 in. diam. Thwaites Enum. 74. Ceylon, Walker, Thwaites. A prickly shrub. Branches far climbing, round, glabrous or hairy when young, black. Leaves oblique, crenate-serrate with a minute bristle in each crenature, minutely apiculate. Prickles solitary, very short, recurved. Flowers in pedunculated cymes about 1 in. very hairy. Petals 1/12 in., deeply cuculate on a slender claw. Disk faintly 5-angled, not pitted. Fruit globose, black, smooth. - Very closely allied to Z. Napeca. 11. Z. Linnaei, Laws.; armed, leaves 1 1/2-2 by 3/4-1 1/4 in. ovate glabrous and shining, styles 4 exceedingly minute. Z. Napeca, Linn. Herb, not Herb. Hermann. Ceylon, Walker. A prickly shrub. Branches round, glabrous, pale. Leaves nearly symmetrical, crenate without the bristles and not apiculate, pale green. Prickles solitary, very short, recurved. Cymes shortly -pedunculed, about 1 in., nearly glabrous. Flowers larger than in Z. lucida. Petals deeply cuculate, but on rather less slender claws. Disk faintly 5-angled, not pitted. Fruit ? - This is the Z. Napeca in the Linn. Herb., but not of Hermann's herbarium. 12. Z. incurva, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 614; armed, leaves 2-3 1/ by 1-1 3/4 in. ovate or ovate-oblong acute or subacuminate glabrous, petals 5, ovary 2-celled, styles 2, fruit 3/8 in. long. DC. Prodr. ii. 20 ; Don Prodr. 189 ; Wall. Cat. 4237. NIPAL, Wallich; Bhotan, Griffith; Western Peninsula, Nilghiri Mts., Herb. Hohenacker. A tree ? Leaves crenate-serrate, membranous, turning black in drying. Cymes 3/4 in. Calyx hairy outside, glabrous within. Petals subcucullate. Disk 10-lobed, with a pit opposite each lobe. Styles divided to the middle. Fruit ellipsoid, woody, 2-celled, 2-seeded. 13. Z. apetala, Hook f. ; armed, leaves 2 1/2-4 by 1-1 1/2 in. obliquely-ovate acute or acuminate glabrous, petals 0. SIKKIM Himalaya, J. D. H. A shrub ; young branches and flowers covered with ferruginous pubescence. Leaves crenate-serrate, membranous. Prickles recurved, very short and sharp, base broad. page 636 Cymes 1 1/2 in. Calyx hairy inside. Disk 5-lobed, corrugated, hairy. Ovary 2 -celled; styles 2, united to a little above the middle.14. Z. horrida, Roth Nov. Sp. 159 ; profusely armed, leaves 3/4-1 3/4 by 1/2-1 in. suborbicular glabrous, petals 5, ovary 3-celled, styles 3 minute, fruit 5/8 in. diam. DC. Prodr. ii. 20 ; W. & A. Prodr. 163 ? Western Peninsula, Wight; the Concan, Stocks. A shrub with slender divaricating branches. Leaves coarsely serrate, especially at the apex. Prickles geminate, very short, straight and recurved, the straight one 1/2 in. long or more. Flowers in dense cymes 1 in. long. Calyx hairy outside, glabrous inside. Petals spathulate, concave. Disk 5-angled, not pitted. Styles divided to nearly the base. Fruit globose, woody, 3-celled, 3-seeded. - Although this description does not entirely agree with that of Roth, I do not know to what other species his description can apply, Z. Bhunder, Royle Ill. i. 168 (name only), is scarcely determinable, but is apparently closely allied to this species. *** Flowers in pedunculated cymes, which are disposed in leafless (rarely leafy) simple or compound spikes. 15. Z. calophylla, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 366 ; armed, leaves 4-5 by 2-2 1/4 in. elliptic-oblong shortly and obtusely acuminate entire with 3 very prominent unbranched nerves glabrous, petals 5, fruit 3/4 in. diam. Wall. Cat. 4230. Bercheniia calophylla, G. Don Gen. Syst, ii, 28. Penang, Wallich; Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. - Distrib. Borneo. A shrub, with climbing branches and black bark ; wholly glabrous with the exception of the flowers and fruit. Leaves coriaceous. Prickles solitary, recurved, short, stout, base broad. Cymes usually disposed in terminal thyrsoid panicles. Calyx hairy outside, glabrous within. Petals ovate, concave. Disk 5-angled, not pitted, glabrous. Ovary 2-celled, puberulous ; styles 2. Fruit globose, woody, covered with a lightbrown pubescence, at length glabrous. - Kurz (in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1870, ii, 73) identifies with this species Z. ornata, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. 642. 16. Z. funiculosa, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 4234; armed, leaves 2 1/2-5 by 3/4-2 in. ovate or ovate-oblong obtusely acuminate with 3 very prominent unbranched nerves, petals 5, fruit obovoid 3/8 in. long. ? Z. venulosa. Wall. Cat. 4235. Eastern Bengal, the Khasia Mts., and Silhet, Wallich, &c. ? Birma, Griffith ; Tenasserim, Helfer ; Malacca, Maingay - Distrib. ? Borneo. A shrub?; young branches and flowers puberulous ; branches long slender climbing. Leaves crenate. Prickles short, stout, recurved, quite glabrous. Cymes disposed in leafless rarely leafy panicles. Petals cucullate. Disk faintly 10-lobed, not pitted, glabrous. Ovary 2-celled ; styles 2, divided to nearly the base. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded, fleshy, glabrous. - Z. venulosa, Wall. Cat. 4235, may be a more slender form of the above. 17. Z. rugosa, Lamk. Dict. iii. 319; armed, leaves 2 1/2-6 in. elliptic glabrous above young tomentosely pubescent beneath, the older nearly glabrous, petals 0, fruit 1/4-1/3 in. obovoid or globose. DC. Prodr. ii. 20 ; W. & A. Prodr. 102 ; Wight Ic. 339 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 49 : Thwaites Enum. 73 ; Brandts For. Fl. 89. ¿ Z. Burraea, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 4240 g. Z. glabra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 614; Wall. Cat. 4242. Z. latifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 607 ; Wall. Cat. 4240 ; DC. Prodr. ii. 20. Z. obliqua, Heyne in Roth Nov. Sp. 161 ; DC. Prodr. ii. 20. Z. paniculata, Roth Nov. Sp. 160 ; Wall. Cat. 4241. DC. Prodr. ii. 20. ? Z. tomentosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 611. 1 Rhamnus glabratus, Herb. Heyne in Wall. Cat. 7479. Tropical Himalaya, in Kumaon andi Sikkim. Behar, J. D. H. Assam, and Silhet, Wallich, &c. Birma, Griffith. Western Peninsula, from the Concan southwards; Ceylon, common up to 2000 ft. A straggling evergreen large shrub, or small tree, often climbing. Prickles usually page 637 solitary, recurved, short, base broad. Flowers densely pubescent, in long pedunculated cymes, forming on the usually leafless branches long terminal panicles. Calyx puberulous inside. Disk 5-lobed, hairy. Ovary 2-celled ; styles 2, united below the middle. Fruit fleshy, with a 1-celled, 1-seeded, very thin crustaceous stone. - Dalzel and Gibson speak of the fruit as being very palatable, and affording great support to the inhabitants of the Ghauts from March to the middle of May. Brandis calls it mawkish and peculiar. Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1870, ii. 73, identifies Z. Horsfieldii, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. 643, with Z. glabra, Roxb., but that species is closely allied to Z. Napeca, L., if not a variety of it.18. Z. ? elegans, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 366 ; Cat. 4233 ; an erect nearly unarmed shrub, branches filiform pubescent, leaves 1 1/2 by 1/2 in. obliquely-ovate-lanceolate obtusely acuminate finely crenate quite glabrous with 3 prominent unbranched nerves. SINCAPORE, Wallich. The flowers and fruit are not known. UNDETERMINABLE AND EXCLUDED SPECIES. Z. Baenchia, Wall. Cat. 4249, from Monghir, and Z. globularis, 4248, from Birma are undeterminable. Z. Bhunder, Royle Ill. i. 168, name only is undetermined. Z. Lotus, Lamk.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 610, is a bush allied to Z. nummularia, a native of S. Europe, N. Africa, and Arabia. Z. Nitida, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 609, is a native of China. Z. Spina-christi, L., is a tree cultivated in gardens in N.W. India, allied to Z. Jujuba, it is a native of W. Asia and Egypt. 4. BERCHEMIA, Neck. Shrubs with armed often scandent branches. Leaves alternate, penninerved ; nerves straight, parallel. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, fascicled, fascicles disposed in axillary spikes or panicles, or in the axils of the leaves, or clustered at the ends of the branches. Calyx 5- rarely 6-fid ; tube hemispherical or turbinate. Petals 5, rarely 6, obovate or cucullate. Disk lining the calyx-tube, margins free. Ovary sunk in the disk, but free from it, 2-celled, narrowed into the bifid style. Fruit a hard or fleshy drupe, girt at the base with the calyx-tube ; stone crustaceous or woody, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Seed linear-oblong, albumen fleshy. - Distrib. Species about 10, scattered through the tropics of Asia, Africa, and America. 1. B. floribunda, Wall. Cat. 4256; leaves 2-4 in. ovate acute, petiole 3/4-1 in., panicles very large terminal. Brandis For. Fl. 91. B. laxa, Wall. Cat. 4257. Zizyphus floribunda. Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 368. Tropical Himalaya, from the Jhelum to Sikkim ; Eastern Bengal and Khasia Mts., Griffith, &c. A large erect or climbing shrub or small tree. Branches glabrous, glaucous when young. Stipules 2-fid. Flowers sessile or very shortly pedicellate, about 6 in a fascicle. Calyx 5-fid ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute. Petals 5, spathulate. Fruit 2/3 in. long, purple, cylindric. - Very closely allied to if not identical with B. racemosa, Sieb., of China and Japan [Brandis). 2. B. flavescens, Wall. Cat. 4255 ; leaves 2-3 in. ovate-oblong acute cuspidate, petiole 3/4 to 1 in., flowers in short terminal racemes or panicles usually under 3 in. Zizyphus flavescens, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 367. page 638 Temperate Himalaya ; Nipal, Wallich; Sikkim, alt. 7-10,000 ft., J. B. H. A climbing shrub ; young branches with black spreading deciduous hairs. Pedicels 1/8-1/6 in. long, often arcuate. Calyx 5-fid; lobes triangular, acute. Petals 5, oblong. Stamens 5. Fruit 1/2 in. long. 3. B. polyphylla, Wall. Cat. 4259 ; leaves 1-1 1/2 in. ovate obtuse, petiole 1/4 in., flowers in axillary racemes. BIRMA ; at Taong Dong, Wallich. An erect? shrub; young branches, rachis, and petioles puberulous. Pedicels 1/8-1/3 in. long, straight. Calyx 5-fid, lobes triangular, acute. Petals 5, almost orbicular. Stamens 5. Fruit 1/3 in. long. - Closely allied to B.flavescens. 4. B. lineata, DC. Prodr. ii. 23; leaves 1/4-1 in. ovate or suborbicular subsessile, stipules very small setaceous, flowers 2-3 together fascicled in the axils of the leaves or clustered at the ends of the branches. Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 177, t. xxxvii. ; Brandis For. Flor. 91. ? B. Poiretiana, DC. Prodr. ii. 23. Rhamnus lineatus, Linn. Amoen. iv. 308. North West Himalaya, from the Indus eastwards; Khazan Valley, alt, 4-7000 ft., Stewart; Sikkim, alt. 10,000 ft., J. D. H. - Distrib. China. A diffuse shrub, with subvoluble branches, puberulous when young. Flowers on slender pedicels 1/4-3/8 in. Calyx 5-cleft ; lobes linear subulate, many limes longer than the tube. Petals linear-lanceolate. Fruit ovoid, 1/4 in. long, succulent, blue. 5. B. Edgeworthii, Laws. ; leaves 3/4-1 in. subelliptic, petiole 1/8-1/4 in., stipules 1/4 in. long ovate-lanceolate scarious, flowers about 2 together in the axils of the leaves. Western Himalaya, alt. 7-8000 ft., Edgeworth. An erect? shrub, with glabrous branches. Flowers on short pedicels, the buds almost hidden by the stipules. Calyx 6-fid. Petals 6, very broadly-ovate. Stamens 6. Fruit 2/3 in. long, surrounded at the base by the persistent entire calyx. - Known at once by its conspicuous stipules and 6-merous flowers. 5. RHAMNUS, L. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, penninerved. Flowers fascicled in the axils of the leaves or disposed in simple or compound racemes, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Calyx 4-5-fid ; tube urceolate ; lobes keeled within. Petals 4-5 or 0, cucullate or flat. Stamens 4-5. Disk thin, lining the calyx-tube. Ovary free, 3-4-celled, narrowed into a 3-4-cleft style. Fruit a berry-like drupe, girt at the base by the small calyx-tube, 2-4-celled, 2-4-seeded, obscurely dehiscent or indehiscent. Seed obovoid, albumen fleshy. - Distrib. Species about 60, scattered over the hotter and temperate regions of both hemispheres. * Flowers 4-merous. 1. R. Arnottianus, Gardn. in Thwaites Enum. 74; unarmed, petals 0. Ceylon ; in the most elevated parts of the Central province. A small glabrous tree; young branches puberulous. Leaves 1 1/2-3 by 3/4-1 1/4 in., ovate-lanceolate, acute or subacuminate, closely serrate. Flowers 2-4, fascicled in the axils of the leaves. Fruit on pedicels 3/4-1 in. long, the size of a pea, 3-4-lobed, reddish-black. - The whole plant turns blackish in drying. 2. R. persicus, Boiss. Fl. Orient, n. 17; armed, leaves tomentose beneath, petals 4. Brandis For. Flor. 93. SULIMAN and Salt ranges ; Temperate Himalaya, from the Jhelum eastwards to Garwhal, alt. 2-5000 ft. ; Western Tibet, alt. 9-14,000 ft. - Distrib. Beluchistan, Persia. page 639 A shrub, 6-8 ft., or small tree, 20 ft., with coarse spinous or unarmed branches. Leaves fascicled at the ends of the congested branchlets, 1/2-2 in., oblong or elliptic-lanceolate or obovate, acute or rounded at the apex, minutely tomentose beneath, entire or faintly serrate. Flowers few, shortly pedicellate, fascicled in the axils of the leaves. Petals spathulate. Ovary 3-4-celled. Fruit 1/5 in. long, obovoid-globose, 2-4-celled, 1 or 2 of the cells often abortive. - Boissier mentions only the small obovate-leaved plants, but in many specimens the large and small leaves occur together. 3. R. dahuricus. Pall. Fl. Ross. ii. t. 61 ; armed, leaves glabrous, petals 4. DC. Prodr. ii. 25. R. globosus, Bunge Enum. Chin. 14. R. parvilolius, Turcz. in Bull. Mosc. 1857, ii. 150. R. polymorphus, Turcz. Fl. Baik. Dahur. i 269. R. virgatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 604 ; Don Prodr. 190 ; Brand. For. Flor. 92 ; var. syIvestris, Maxim. in Mem. Acad. Imp. Sc. Petersb. x. 11,13. The Panjab, at Peshawur, Stewart; Temperate Himalaya, from Jamu and Simla, to Bhotan, alt. 4-9500 ft.; Western Peninsula, in the Ghats. - Distrib. China, Japan. A tree, 15-20 ft., or shrub, usually much branched, very variable in habit and shape of the leaves. Branches divaricating, the spines terminating the branches and so often appearing in the forks. Leaves fascicled at the ends of the exceedingly congested branchlets, 3/4-2 in., obovate, acuminate, to narrow elliptical-lanceolate, slightly pubescent beneath when young. Flowers numerous, fascicled in the axils of the leaves. Petals spathulate. Fruit obovate-obicular, 1/5 in. long. - Closely allied to the European R. catharticus. It seems hardly possible to define even as varieties the numerous forms that have been proposed as species. R. virgatus, var. aprica, Max. in Mem. Acad. Sc. Petersb., is a dwarf form with scrubby squamose branches and very small leaves. Var. hirsutus ; a large shrub or small tree, leaves 2 in. R. hirsutus, W. & A. Prodr. 165 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. Ixx. t. x. f. vi. - Western Peninsula. ** Unarmed. Flowers 5-merous. 4. R. Wightii, W. & A. Prodr. 164; leaves 3-5 by 1-2 in. glabrous, flowers fascicled, petals 5. Wight Ic. t. 159; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. Ixx. ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 50. Ceanothus Wightiana, Wall. Cat. 4264. Western Peninsula ; from the highest hills of the Concan southwards to the Nilghiris. Ceylon ; in the elevated parts of the Central province. A large glabrous shrub, the younger parts drying black. Leaves elliptic or narrowly-elliptic, shortly acuminate, closely serrate, subcoriaceous. Pedicels much shorter than the petiole. Petals cuneate-obovate, with a short apiculus, flat. Styles 3-4, diverging. 5. R. purpureus, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 44 ; leaves 3-5 by 1-2 in. glabrous, flowers fascicled, petals 0. Brandis For. Flor. 91. Western Himalaya; from Marri to Kumaon, alt. 4500-10,000 ft. A middle-sized unarmed tree. Branches purplish, with white spots ; the young leaves pubescent beneath, otherwise glabrous. Leaves ovate, shortly acuminate, closely and finely serrate, membranous. Flowers 2-3; pedicels 1/4 in., nearly as long as the petiole, Fruit on pedicels 1/2 in., the size of a pea, subglobose, bitter and purgative. 6. R. triqueter, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 376 (under Ceanothus) ; Cat. 4265 ; leaves 3-6 by 1-2 1/2 in. pubescent beneath, fascicles of flowers disposed in racemes. - Brand. For. Fl. 92. Panjab, in the Salt range ; Western Himalaya, from the Jhelum, alt. 3-4000 ft., Stewart; to Kumaon, alt. 6000 ft. A shrub, the young branches pubescent. Leaves elliptic-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or subacuminate, closely serrate, the old leaves pubescent on the nerves only. Flowers shortly pedicellate, fascicled on the leafless (very rarely leafy) branches, puberulous. Petals broadly obovate, emarginate. Fruit 1/8 in., obovoid, 3-lobed. - Although Wallich says of this species that the fruit is acutely 3-cornered, I do not find it to be the case in any of his specimens. page 640 7. R. nipalensis. Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 375 (Ceanothus) : Cat. 4263 ; leaves 3-6 by 1 1/4-2 in. glabrous fascicles of flowers disposed in simple or compound racemes, petals 5. Central and Eastern Himalaya; Nipal, Wallich; Sikkim, alt. 3-6000 ft., J. D. H. ; Khasia Mts., alt. 8-4000 ft., and Assam ; Birma ? Griffith. A suberect or rambling shrub, with long slender glabrous branches, or pubescent only on the younger parts. Leaves oblong or elliptic-oblong, shortly acuminate, serrate, membranous or subcoriaceous, dark-green and shining above. Flowers shortly pedicellate, small, green, pubescent. Petals oblong, concave. Fruit 1/4 in., broadly obovate, blackish-red. 8. R. procumbens, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 43 ; leaves 1/2-1 in., petals 0. R. rupestris, Royle III. 169 (name only). Western Himalaya, from Simla to Kumaon, alt. 7-8000 ft., Edgeworth, &c. A small shrub with prostrate branches, the younger ones pubescent. Leaves lanceolate, acute or subacuminate, coriaceous, serrulate, very shortly petiolate. Flowers 1-2, in the axils of the leaves, pedicellate. Fruit fleshy. 6. HOVENIA, Thunb. A small unarmed tree. Leaves alternate, subbifarious. Flowers in pedunculated, dichotomous, many-flowered, axillary and terminal cymes. Calyx 5-fid ; tube broadly obconical. Petals 5, inserted below the disk, clawed, cucullate. Stamens 5, a little longer than the petals. Disk lining the calyx-tube, the margin free and hairy. Ovary conical, sunk in disk, 3-celled ; style 3-cleft, branches straight, erect. Fruit with arching thickened pedicels, the size of a pea, indehiscent, obscurely 3-lobed, 3-celled, 3-seeded, the outer covering coriaceous and separating from the inner membranous endocarp. 1. H. dulcis, Thunb. Fl. Jap. 101 ; Lamk III t. 131 ; Sieb. Fl. Jap. t. 73 & 74; Bot. Mag. t. 2360; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 630; Wall. Cat. 4274; DC. Prodr.ii. 40; Brandis For. Flor. 94; Don Prodr. 189. H. acerba, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. t. 501 ; DC. Prodr. ii. 40. H. inaequalis, DC. Prodr. ii. 40. SUBTROPICAL Himalaya ; alt. 3-6500 ft., from Chamba and Hazara to Bhotan, but often cultivated. - Distrib. China and Japan. A tree 30 ft, ; trunk straight ; head broad, rounded. Leaves 4-6 by 2-3 in., ovate-acuminate, deeply and sharply serrate or nearly entire, membranous, glabrous or more rarely pubescent, 3-nerved at the base, the midrib pinnately branched. - Extensively cultivated in China and Japan tor its sweet fleshy peduncles, which taste like a Bergamot pear. 7. SCUTIA, Comm. Glabrous shrubs. Leaves opposite or subopposite, penninerved, coriaceous. Flowers in axillary fascicles or subumbellate. Calyx 5-fid ; tube hemispherical or turbinate. Petals 5, clawed, emarginate, flat or hooded. Disk filling the calyx-tube. Stamens 5, equalling the petals. Ovary sunk in the disk, 2-4-celled, narrowed into a short 2-3-cleft style. Fruit broadly obovoid or subglobose, dry or sub-fleshy, surrounded at the base by the persistent calyx-tube, 2-4-celled, 2-4-seeded. - Distrib. Species 8; natives of Asia, Africa, and tropical America. S. indica, Brongn. in Ann. Sc. Nat. x. 363; W. & A. Prodr. 165; Wight III. i. t. 73 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 50 ; Thwaites Enum. 75 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. Ixx. S. Commersoni, Brongn. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 1, x. 363. S. lucida, G. Don Gen. Syst. ii. 33. S. Rheediana, page 641 Wight Ic. t. 1071. Catha zeylanica, G. Don Gen. Syst. ii. 10. Ceanothus circumscissa, Gaertn. Fruct. ii. t. 106 ; Wall. Cat. 4266 ; DC. Prodr. ii. 30. C. zeylanica, Heyne in Roth Nov. Sp. 153 ; Wall. Cat. 4267 ; DC. Prodr. ii. 30. Celastrus zeylanica, Roth in Roem. & Schult. Syst. v. 427 ; Nov. Sp. 398 ; DC. Prodr. ii. 9. Rhamnus circumscissus, Linn.f. Suppl. 152 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 603. R. lucidus, Roxb. Fl.Ind. i. 605. E. myrtinus, Burm. Fl. Ind. 60. - Rubiacea, Wall. Cat. 8300. Rhamnea ? lucida, Wall. Cat. 4250.BIRMA, Wallich ; Western Peninsula, from the Concan southwards ; Ceylon, in the hot dry parts of the plains. - Distrib. Mauritius, Roxb. Branches straggling, armed with subopposite recurved prickles, more rarely unarmed. Leaves 3/4-1 1/2 in. long, orbicular or obovate entire, or crenate. 8. SAGERETIA, Brongn. Unarmed or spinous shrubs, with slender subscandent or rigid opposite or subopposite branches. Leaves subopposite, penninerved, nerves arched. Flowers very small, sessile on the terminal leafless paniculate branches. Calyx 5-fid, tube hemispherical ; lobes acute, keeled within. Petals 5, clawed, hooded. Stamens 5, equalling the petals. Disk cup-shaped, lining the calyx-tube, margin free 5-lobed. Ovary sunk in the disk, but free from it, 3-celled ; style short, 3-grooved, stigmas 3 capitate. Fruit globose, 3-celled, 3-seeded, coriaceous, indehiscent. - Distrib. Species about 11 ; natives of Central and Eastern Asia, Java, and the hotter parts of North America. 1. S. hamosa, Brongn. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 1, x. 360 ; leaves 4-5 by 2 in. elliptic-oblong shortly acuminate serrate glabrous on both surfaces. Berchemia ? hamosa. Wall. Cat. 4253. Zizyphus hamosa. Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 369. NIPAL, Wallich; Western Peninsula ; Pulney Mts., Wight. - Distrib. Formosa. A large shrub, with long straggling glabrous branches, unarmed or with very stout short deflexed spines. Flowers puberulous, in terminal and axillary panicles not longer than the leaves. Fruit ? 2. S. oppositifolia, Brongn. in Ann. Nat. Sc. ser. 1, x. 360 ; leaves 2-4 in. ovate-lanceolate acute or subacuminate glabrous and dark green above covered beneath when young with a dense woolly tomentum. Brand. For. Fl. 95. Sageretia filiformis, G. Don Gen. Syst. ii. 29. Berchemia ? oppositifolia, Wall. Cat. 4254. B. ? parviflora. Wall. Cat. 4258. Rhamnus filiformis, Roth Nov. Sp. 153. R. parviflorus, Klein in Roem. & Schult. Syst. v. 295 ; DC. Prodr. ii. 28. R. rigynus, Don Prodr. 190. Zizyphus oppositifolia, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 370. N.W. India and Subtropical Himalaya ; from Peshawur and Rajaori eastward to Nipal, alt. 2-5000 ft. ; Western Peninsula, from the Concan southwards. - Distrib. Java. A shrub or small tree, with long slender subsarmentose spinous branches, tomentose when young. Leaves with 5-8 pairs of nerves; petiole 1/2 in. Flowers in large terminal panicles. Fruit turbinate, 1/4 in. long, black, succulent, sweetish. 3. S. theezans, Brongn. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 1, x. 360; leaves 1 1/2-2 in. ovate or elliptic minutely serrate dark green and glabrous above pubescent when young beneath. Brandis For. Flor. 95. Sageretia, Wall. Cat. 9010. Rhamnus theezans, Linn. Mant. 207. page 642 The Salt and Suliman Ranges, alt. 2-8000 ft., Fleming; Hazara, Stewart ; Western Himalaya, alt. 3-8000 ft., from Kashmir to Simla. - Distrib. Beluchistan, China. A sarmentose spinous shrub with long slender branches. Flowers in long slender interrupted spikes. Spines and flower branches squarrose, or at the ends of the pendant branches. Fruit the size of a pea, globose, succulent, irregularly rugose, dark brown. - The fruit is sweet to the taste and extensively eaten, the leaves are used as a substitute for tea. Var. diospiryfolia ; a scrubby shrub not sarmentose, leaves shorter and broader, flower-spikes shorter. S. theezans, Brand. For. Fl. 95. Rhamnea? diospyrifolia, Wall Cat. 4251. - Ava,Wallich. 4. S. Brandrethiana, Aitch. in Journ. Linn. Soc. viii. 62; leaves 3/4-1 in. elliptic crenate or nearly entire glabrous above covered with a dense white woolly tomentum beneath 4-8-nerved very shortly petioled. Boiss. Fl. Orient, ii. 22 ; Brand. For. Fl. i. 95. North Western India ; the Salt Range, Jhelum and Peshawur, Fleming, &c. - DISTRIB. Westward to Persia and Arabia. A scrubby shrub, with numerous spinose pubescent branches. Flowers in terminal and axillary panicles. Fruit the size of a small pea, ovoid, 3-lobed, succulent, black, with raised longitudinal lines. - The fruit is sweet and much eaten by the Affghans. Brandis. S. corymbosa, G. Don Gen. Syst. ii. 29, is a West Indian species incorrectly stated by Don to be East Indian. 9. COLUBRINA, Rich. Erect shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers in very short axillary cymes. Calyx 5-fid; tube hemispherical. Petals 5, clawed, springing from the margin of the disk, hooded. Stamens 5. Disk fleshy, filling the calyx-tube. Ovary sunk in the disk and confluent with it, 3-celIed ; style 3-cleft ; stigmas reflexed. Fruit the size of a pea, subglobose, surrounded below the middle by the remains of the calyx-tube, 3-celled, cells 1-seeded, tardily dehiscent. - Distrlb. Species 10, chiefly tropical American. 1. C. asiatica, Brongn. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 1, x. 369; whole plant quite glabrous, leaves 1 1/2-2 in. by 3/4-1 1/4 in. acuminate. W. & A. Prodr. 166 ; Wight III. i. t. 74 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 50 ; Thwaites Enum. 75 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. lxix. C. javanica , Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat, pt. 1, 649. Ceanothus asiaticus, Lamk. Ill. t. 129, f. 2 ; DC. Prodr. ii. 30; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 615; Wall. Cat. 4262. C. capsularis, Forst. Prodr. 18; DC. Prodr. ii. 32. Pomaderris capsularis, G. Don Gen. Syst. ii. 39; Burm. Zeylan. t. 48. Rhamnus acuminata, Colebr. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 615. Eastern and Western Peninsulas; from the Concan and Tenasserim southwards. Ceylon, north end of the Island. - Distrib. Java, Borneo, Australia, S.W. Africa. Unarmed. Leaves 2 by 1 in., ovate, subacuminate, crenate-serrate, glabrous, membranous, 3-nerved at the base, the midrib pinnately branched. Cymes 1/4-1/2 in. long. Flowers yellowish green. 2. C. pubescens, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1872, ii. 301 ; branches and flowers hispidly-pubescent, leaves 1 1/2-2 1/2 by 3/4-1 in. Pegu, Kurz. Leaves ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate, hispidly-pubescent on both sides. Petals nearly sessile, broadly oval, emarginate, very concave. Fruit ? page 643 3. C. travancorica, Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 188 ; young branches covered with a dark rust-coloured pubescence, leaves 3-5 by 1 1/4-1 3/4 in. Western Peninsula; Quilon, Wight ; S. Travancor, Beddome. Leaves oblong shortly and suddenly acuminate, glabrous above, slightly pubescent on the nerves beneath. Flowers 1/3 in. across. Pedicels puberulous. Calyx-tube with a few hispid hairs, otherwise glabrous. Petals clawed, spathulate, acute. 10. APTERON, Kurz. A scandent shrub. Leaves penninerved. Flowers small, fascicled, disposed in panicled racemes. Calyx 5-fid, tube shortly obconic; lobes spreading, acute. Petals 5 obovate, minute, inserted between the calyx-lobes. Stamens 5, a little longer than the petals, filaments filiform. Disk flat, free. Ovary subglobose, immersed in the disk, 2-celled; style very short, stigmas 2. Drupe ? globose, adnate to the calyx-tube as in Gouania, and crowned by the calyx-limb, 1-celled by arrest, 1-seeded ? 1. A. lanceolatum, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1872, ii. 301. Tenasserim, Kurz. A large scandent shortly-tomentose shrub. Leaves 4-5 in., lanceolate, with a long somewhat obtuse point, serrate, chartaceous with a fulvous pubescence on the nerves, at length glabrous, lateral nerves numerous (7-9) prominent and reaching to the margin. Panicles hoary or yellowishly tomentose. Flowers small ; pedicels 1/12 in., slender or subfleshy, puberulous, fascicled or sub-solitary. Calyx 1/8-1/6 in. diam., puberulous. Ovary pubescent ; style shortly bifid. Fruit ? - Kurz speaks of the immature fruit as being globose, and the size of a peppercorn. I have seen no specimen. 11. GOUANIA, Linn. Unarmed climbing shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers polygamous, in axillary or terminal spikes ; rachis often cirrhose. Calyx superior, 5-fid ; tube short, obconic. Petals 5, inserted below the margin of the disk, hooded. Stamens 5, enfolded by the petals. Disk filling the calyx-tube, 5-angled or stellate. Ovary sunk in the disk, 3-celled ; style 3-cleft. Fruit inferior, coriaceous, crowned by the persistent limb of the calyx, 3-winged. - Distrib. Species 30, chiefly American, a few are African and Asiatic, and one belongs to the Pacific Islands. 1. G. microcarpa, DC. Prodr. ii. 40 ; flowers sessile densely pubescent, disk glabrous 5-lobed, style-arms glabrous minute. W. & A. Prodr. 167; Wall. Cat. 4271 ; Thwaites Enum. 75. G. integrifolia, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1871, pt. ii. 49. G. tiliaefolia, Heyne in Wall. Cat. 4271. Western Peninsula ; from the Concan southwards. Pegu, Kurz. Malacca, Griffith, &c. Ceylon, ascending to 2000 ft. - Distrib, Java. Young branches and racemes pubescent. Leaves 2-3 by 3/4-1 1/2 in., ovate or elliptic, acute or acuminate, orbicular or subcordate at the base, entire or very faintly crenate-serrate, glabrous. Calyx densely hairy outside, glabrous within. Petals obovate-oblong, very concave, margins involute. Disk-lobes faintly emarginate, or truncate. Fruit shortly winged, pubescent, at length glabrous. 2. G. leptostachya, DC. Prodr. ii. 40 ; flowers shortly pedicelled glabrous, disk glabrous 5-lobed, lobes oblong faintly emarginate, stylearms elongate. Roxb. Cor. PI. i. t. 95 (not Lamk.) ; Wall. Cat. 4270; W. & A. Prodr. 166 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 50. page 6444 Tropical Himalaya, from Kumaon to Assam and the Khasia Mts., ascending to 4000 ft. ; Banda, Bikma, TENASSERIM, and the Malay Peninsula. - Distrib. Java, Philippines. Branches glabrous. Leaves 3-4 by 1 3/4-2 in., ovate, acuminate, subcordate at the base, serrulate. Racemes slightly puberulous ; bracteoles conspicuous, subulate. Calyx glabrous or with a very few scatttered hairs on the outside. Petals hooded. Styles 1/4 the length of the calyx-segments. Fruit glabrous. 3. G. napalensis, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 417; Cat. 4272 ; flowers pubescent, disk glabrous the lobes linear acuminate, style-arms much elongated. Nipal, Wallich. SIKKIM, Griff. Leaves longer and the flowers a little larger than in the last species, and the styles twice as long. 12. HELINUS, E. Meyer. Unarmed scandent cirrhose shrubs, with slender angular branches. Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers umbellate, on long slender peduncles. Calyx superior, tube broadly obconic. Petals 5, inserted upon the margin of the disk, hooded. Stamens 5, equalling the petals. Disk epigynous, filling the calyx-tube. Ovary 3-celled ; style short, 3-cleft, stigmas recurved. Fruit inferior, obovoid-globose, 3-celled ; cells 1-seeded, coriaceous, tardily dehiscing. - DISTRIB. Species 3, two African, and one North Indian. 1. H. lanceolatus, Brand. For. Fl. 574. Gouania lanceolata, Wall. Cat. 4273. The Panjab, Oude, and the Western Himalaya from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 1-4000 ft. The whole plant quite glabrous, or the youngest parts of the shoots and flowers pubescent. Leaves 1-1 3/4 by 1/2-3/4 in., ovate to ovate-lanceolate. Order XLIII. AMPELIDEAE. (By M. A. Lawson, F.L.S.) Small trees or shrubs, usually climbing by means of tendrils, more rarely radicant (sometimes herbaceous in Leea) ; juice copious, watery. Stems angled compressed or cylindric, with numerous very large proper vessels. Leaves alternate, usually petioled, simple or digitately or pedately 3-9-foliolate, rarely pinnate or decompound. Flowers umbellately- paniculately- or spicately-cymose. Peduncles often transformed into simple or compound tendrils or adhering to rocks or trees by viscid pads terminating the ultimate segments, or expanded into a broad floriferous membrane (Pterisanthes). Flowers regular, hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual. Calyx small, entire or 4-5-toothed or- lobed. Petals 4-5, distinct, or cohering, valvate, caducous. Stamens 4-5, opposite the petals, inserted at the base of the disk or between its lobes, filaments short subulate ; anthers free or connate. 2-celIed, introrse. Disk free or connate with the petals stamens or ovary, annular or variously expanded. Ovary 2-6-celled ; style short, slender conical or 0, stigma minute or large and flat, sublobed ; ovules 1-2 in each cell, ascending, anatropal, raphe ventral. Berry 1-6-celled ; cells 1-2-seeded. Seed erect, often rugidose, albumen cartilaginous; embryo short basal, cotyledons ovate. - Distrib. Species about 250, inhabiting the tropical and temperate regions of the whole world.
1. VITIS, Linn. Sarmentose shrubs, climbing, usually by means of leaf-opposed tendrils, rarely rooting. Leaves simple or 3-9-foliolate and then digitate or pedate, rarely pinnate or bipinnate. Flowers umbellately- paniculately- racemosely or spicately-cymose, usually ebracteate, sometimes polygamous. Calyx short, entire, or 4-5-toothed or -lobed. Petals 4-5, free or cohering at the apex. Stamens 4-5, inserted below the margins of the disk ; anthers free. Ovary 2- very rarely 3-4-celled ; style or short ; ovules 2 in each cell. Berry ovoid or globose, 1-2-celled ; cells 1-2-seeded. - Distrib. About 230 species growing mostly in the tropics and subtropics of Asia, Africa and Polynesia, more rarely in America. Sect. I. Leaves simple. * Petals and Stamens 4. t Flowers umbellately-cymose. § Stems and branches acutely angled or winged, (See 7, diffusa.) 1. V. quadrangularis, Wall. Cat. 5992 ; stems 4-winged very thick fleshy greatly contracted at the nodes. W. & A. Prodr. 125 ; Wight Ic. t. 51 ; Brand. For. Ft. 100.. Cissus edulis, Dalz. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. ix. 248; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 40; Thwaites Enum. 62. C. quadrangularis, Linn. Mant. 39 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 407 ; DC. Prodr. i. 628 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PL 33 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 39. Saelanthus quadragonous, Forsk. Descr. 33, t. 2. - Rheede Hort. Mal. vii. t. 41. Throughout the hotter parts of India, from the foot of the Western Himalayas in Kumaon to Ceylon and Malacca. - Distrib. Java, East Africa. Stems glabrous, often of a great length, sometimes nearly leafless. Leaves 1-1 1/2 in., broadly cordate or reniform or 3-5-lobed, crenate-serrate, glabrous. Cymes small, shortly peduncled, glabrous. Style conspicuous, slender, stigma small. Berry globose, red, succulent, the size of a pea, very acrid. - The stems are frequently eaten by the natives of Ceylon in their curry. 2. V. glyptocarpa, Thwaites Enum. 62 (Cissus) ; branches slender 4-winged, leaves 2-3 by 1-1 3/4 in. truncate-cordate acuminate glabrous above, nerves beneath with a few appressed hairs. Ceylon ; hot drier parts of the Island, Thwaites. Leaves serrate; petiole 3/4-1 1/4 in. Cymes 3-5-rayed, longer than the petioles, glabrous. Flowers small, rufescent. Petals acute, reflexed. Style conspicuous. Fruit 1/4 in., oblong, 1 -seeded, blackish-purple. 3. V. sagittifolia, Laws. ; very glaucous, stems 4-angled or -winged flaccid not contracted at the joints, leaves cordate-sagittate peltate. V. glaberrima. Wall. Cat. 5991 in part; W. & A. Prodr. 125. Cissus hastata, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 517. Eastern Peninsula; Sincapore, Wallich; Penang, Porter; Malacca, Griffith. - Distrib. Java. page 646 A weak trailing plant. Leaves 3-5 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., entire or distantly and often bristly-serrate ; petiole 1 1/2-2 in. Petals about 1/12 in. Style conspicuous, slender. Berry small, obovoid, 2-seeded. 4. V. lonchiphylla, Thwaites Enum. 62 (Cissus) ; stems thick weak acutely-angled glabrous, leaves 4-7 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in. oblong-lanceolate acuminate roundly truncate at the base, petiole 1/4-1/2 in. Ceylon ; Arabagamowa district, at no great elevation, Thwaites. Leaves remotely denticulate, 3-nerved at the base, subpeltate. Cymes longer than the short petiole. Flowers small. Fruit depressed, globose. 5. V. pentagona, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i 408 (Cissus) ; stem 5-angled woody not contracted at the nodes. DC. Prodr. i. 628 (Cissus) ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1870, ii. 74. Forests of Chittagong, Roxburgh; Arracan and South Andaman Islds. Kurz. Stems more robust and wiry than in the last species. Leaves 3-4 by 1 1/2-2 1/4 in., ovate or cordate-ovate, acuminate, serrulate, glabrous. Cymes on long peduncles. Flowers yellowish. Petals about 1/12 in. Style shorter and stouter than in the last species, stigma capitate. Fruit ? §& Stems cylindric terete or obscurely angled. (Except 7, diffusa.) a. Plants glabrous. 6. V. glaberrima, Wall in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 476 ;Cat. 5991 in part ; glabrous, not glaucous, stem fleshy obtusely angled jointed not contracted at the nodes, leaves coriaceous obtuse or subcordate at the base, tendrils 0, flowers 1/5 in. conical. Eastern Peninsula ; Penang and Sincapore, Wallich. Leaves 2 1/2-5 by 1-2 1/2 in., oblong, rounded at the apex or very shortly cuspidate, entire or remotely and very faintly bristly-crenate, drying green. Cymes about 1 in. long, compact. Fruit (unripe) 2-celled. - The absence of tendrils and large flowers serve to distinguish this species from its allies. 7. V. diffusa, Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. 83 ; glabrous, stem 4-5-angled or subterete suffrutescent, leaves subfleshy concave-truncate at the base, tendrils simple, flowers 1/5 in. oblong. Eastern Peninsula; Sincapore, G. Thomson; Malacca, Maingay. - Distrib. Java? Leaves 3-5 by 2-3 in., ovate, drying an ashy-brown, entire or distantly and faintly serrate. Tendrils long, woody, opposite the leaves. Cymes less compact than in V. glaberrima. Fruit fleshy, 1 -celled, 1-seeded, black. - The description of the flowers is taken from Miquel's V. nodosa var. subovata, for any difference between it and this species I am not able to distinguish. 8. V. furcata, Laws. ; glabrous, branches cylindric woody not jointed, leaves 3-4 by 2-2 1/2 in. broadly ovate cuspidate distantly and faintly serrate coriaceous, tendrils forked towards the tips, petals 1/2 in., fruit nearly 1/2 in. Eastern Peninsula ; Sincapore, G. Thomson ; Malacca, Maingay. A woody climber. Tendrils long, woody. Flowers much smaller than in V. diffusa. Style conspicuous. Fruit obovate, black, dry, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Seed 4/10 by 3/10 in., obovate, angled, brown. 9. V. repens, W. & A. Prodr. 125 ; quite glabrous and glaucous, branches cylindric weak fleshy, leaves 3-8 by 1-3 1/2 in. cordate-ovate acute with distant sharp spinous teeth pale green membranous, tendrils forked, petals 1/12-1/8 in., fruit the size of a pea, pedicels slender. Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 39. V. glauca, Wall. Cat, 5990 except G. C. cordata, Roxb. Fl. page 647 Ind. 1. 407 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 32. C. repens, Lamk. ; DC. Prodr. i. 628. - Rheede Hort. Mal. vii. t. 48.Eastern Tropical Himalaya, the Khasia Mts., Assam, and Silhet, ascending to 5000 ft. Chittagong. Tenasserim. Western Peninsula. - Distrib. Java, Amboyna. (Roxb.) A weak trailing plant, always very glaucous, at least when young. Tendrils weak, fleshy. Umbels on slender peduncles, 1-4 in., the rays again umbelliferous. Style very conspicuous. Fruit dry, pedicels 1/2-1 in., neither fleshy nor increasing in size. Seed 1/6 in., globosely-pyriform, smooth, pale. 10. V. discolor, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. ii. 39 ; glabrous, not glaucous, stems subangular weak, leaves 3-12 by 1-4 in. narrowly cordate-ovate acute the upper lanceolate subcordate or entire at the base bristly-serrate blotched with white on the upper surface membranous, tendrils forked, flowers and fruit as in V. repens. Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 40. V. inaequalis, Wall. Cat. 6010 ; W. & A. Prodr. 125. ? V. diversifolia, Wall. Cat. 5996. ? V. costata, Wall. Cat. 6011. C. discolor, Blume Bijd, 181 ; Bot. Mag. 80, t. 4763. Tropical Sikkim Himalaya, the Khasia Mts., and Silhet, ascending to 3000 ft. ; Chittagong, Pegu, and Tenasserim. Western Peninsula, in the Concan, Dalzell.- Distrib. Java. Branches and pedicels bright red. Leaves oblique, spotted with transverse blotches of white between the nerves on the upper surface, purple beneath. Fruit reddish purple. Seed as in V. repens. - The presence and position of the blotches seem to be very uncertain. Instead of the discolorations lying between, they sometimes follow the course of the nerves, while sometimes the leaves are entirely destitute of any markings, in which case the plant becomes Cissus velutinus, Linden Cat. (in Bot. Mag. 86, t. 5207). Vitis inaequalis, Wall., appears to belong to the uncoloured forms of this species, in which the leaves are narrowly ovate-lanceolate, almost entire and very unequal at the base. To specimens taken from the tops of branches of either this species or V. repens must probably be referred V. costata, Wall, and V. diversifolia, Wall. 11. V. Heyneana, Wall. Cat. 5988 A ; W. & A. Prodr. 125, not DC. ; quite glabrous, branches thick hollow succulent, leaves 3-7 by 1 1/2-4 in. cordate-ovate or ovate distantly and faintly serrate thick and leathery, tendrils simple, peduncle 1 in. usually 2-rayed, rays bearing numerous umbellate flowers, pedicels thick, petals 1/8 in., fruit 1/3 in. Cissus rotundiatia, Heyne in Wall. Cat. 5988 ; ? DC. Prodr. i. 628. Western Peninsula in the Southern provinces, Courtallam and Travancor, Wight. Ceylon, Thwaites. A coarse plant with thick fleshy leathery stems. Leaves pale green. Tendrils stout. Petals distinct. Style conspicuous. Fruit pyriform, dry, 1-2-seeded, the pedicels thickened upwards. - Cissus glauca, Thwaites (Enum. 62), has thick fleshy stems and leaves as in this species, leaves 6-8 by 4 in. ovate obtuse ; the fruit resembles that of V. pallida, to which perhaps it is most closely allied. 12. V. pallida, W. & A. Prodr. 125; quite glabrous or young parts slightly puberulous, brauches thick fleshy hollow, leaves 4-10 in. broadly cordate dentate-serrate or inciso-serrate often repand, tendrils simple,, peduncle 1-2 in. very thick fleshy, cyme compact fleshy subcorymbose, bracts and bracteoles large glabrous and pellucid, petals 1/12 in., fruit the size of a pea. Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 393. ? V. Wallichii, kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1872, ii, 302. page 648 Western Himalaya, Garwhal, Strach. & Wint. Western Peninsula, from the Concan southwards. Ava ? Kurz. - Distrib. Abyssinia. Young branches and leaves often pellucid. Leaves pale green; petiole 2-5 in. Tendril short, fleshy, opposite the leaves or 0. Petals distinct. Style long, slender. Fruit subglobose, 1- or according to W. & A. 1-2-seeded ; pedicels very thick and fleshy. Seed 2/5 in., pyriform, smooth, pale. - Wight and Amott refer Cissus vitiginea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 406, to this species, but Roxburgh's figure is without doubt V. lanata. 13. V. glauca, W. & A. Prodr. 126; whole plant except the younger parts quite glabrous, stems glaucous, leaves 5-10 by 2-4 1/2 in. with long petioles roundly cordate rarely obscurely lobed cuspidate bristly- serrate membranous, tendrils forked, peduncles 2-3 in. very slender 3-5-rayed, rays umbellately many-flowered, bracts and bracteoles very small deciduous, petals 1/16 in., fruit the size of a pea. V. Kleinii, Wall. Cat. 6008 A, B. Cissus cordata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 407 ; DC Prodr. i. 628. C. glauca, Roxb, Fl. Ind. i. 406 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 32. C. purpureus, Roxb. ex Steud. ed. ii. vol i. 373. - Rheede Hort. Mal. vii. 21, t. 11. Western Peninsula ; from the Concan southwards. Stems succulent, dark brown, cylindric, faintly striate. Leaves slightly puberulous when young, drying black. Cymes slender. Flowers very small ; pedicels 1/3 in., very slender. Petals distinct. Style long, slender. Fruit subglobose, 1-2 -seeded. Seed ? Var. Stems woody swollen at the nodes. Leaves distantly and very obtusely crenate not bristly-serrate. - Courtallam. 14. V. assamica, Laws. ; whole plant except the youngest parts quite glabrous, branches subangular woody, leaves roundly cordate or orbicular cuspidate or suddenly and shortly acuminate bristly-serrate with recurved margins very prominently nerved beneath harsh and subcoriaceous, tendrils simple, cymes slender, petals 1/12 in., fruit the size of a pea. Assam, Griffith. Stems very firm and rigid, turning black when dry ; a hard harsh plant when compared with V. glauca. Flowers on slender pedicels. Petals distinct. Style 1/12 in., stigma subcapitate. Fruit 1/4 in., turbinate, dry, black, subangled, 1-seeded. Seed 1/5 in. pyriform. - Very closely allied to V. adnata. β. Leaves puhescent or tomentose beneath. 15. V. gigantea, Bedd. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxv. 212 ; an enormous climber, branches terete round glabrous, leaves 6-8 in. cordate with a deep sinus and long point mucronate glabrous above subtomentose beneath, tendrils bifid. Western Peninsula ; Anamallay forests, alt. 2000 ft., Beddome. Stems 4-5 in. diam., bark corky. Leaves crenate, crenatures sharply toothed, 5-nerved; petiole 2-4 in. Cymes 3-5-rayed, rays bearing minute green umbellate flowers. - I have never seen this species. 16. V. repanda, W. & A. Prodr. 125 ; stems and leaves with appressed woolly tomentum, leaves 4-8 by 3-6 in. broadly cordate coarsely crenate or dentate or inciso-serrate or sublobed often repand densely covered when young with rust-coloured hairs at length glabrous above, tendrils forked, petals cohering at the apex, fruit 1/3 in. pyriform. V. Iaeta, Wall. Cat. 6002. V. rosea, Royle III. 149, t. 26, f. 1. Cissus acuminata, Thwaites Enum. 62. C. aquosa, Wall. Cat. 6000. C. repanda, Vahl; DC. Prodr. i. 627; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 32 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 39. C. repens, Thwaites page 649 Enum. 62. C. riparia, Wall. Cat. 6038. C. vitiginea, Linn. Sp. PI. 117 ; DC. Prodr. i. 627 (not of Roxburgh).North Western Himalaya ; Garwhal, Falconer, &c. Assam, Silhet, and Eastern Bengal ; Western Peninsula, from the Concan southwards. Ceylon, not uncommon. Branches coarse trailing or creeping. Stems and older branches with wrinkled bark. Cymes slender, peduncle 2-5 in. bearing 3-5 rays or branching subcorymbosely with the flowers ultimately umbellate. Bracts and bracteoles densely woolly. Fruit tipped with the persistent style. Seed pyriform, smoothish. - Very variable ; the more succulent and glabrous forms closely resembling some specimens of V. pallida, while those with cordate-ovate leaves and less persistent bracteoles are with difficulty distinguished from V. adnata, to which indeed it is very closely allied. Under V. paniculata. Wall. Cat. 6022, are two species, the one with simple leaves probably belongs to V. repanda, the other with 5-foliolate leaves and labelled C. pentaphylla ? Hb. Madras, belongs to V. tenuifolia. 17. V. adnata, Wall. Cat. 5998 ; stems leaves and inflorescence clothed with a rast-coloured pubescence, leaves 4-8 by 2-4 in. cordate-ovate acute or shortly acuminate bristly-serrate, tendrils forked, cymes smaller more compact and less woolly than' in V. repanda, bracteoles very small caducous, petals distinct, fruit about the size of a pea. Brand. For. Fl. 100. V. repens, Wall. Cat. 5999 b. Cissus adnata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 405 ; DC. Prodr. i. 627 ; Wight Ic. t. 144 ; Thwaites Enum. 62 ; Cat. Bomb. Fl. 32 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 39. C. cordata, Wall. Cat. 6001. C. Kleinii, Wall. Cat. 6008 in part. C. latifolia, Vahl Symb. iii. 18. Hotter parts of India, from the Western Himalayas in Garwhal to Assam, Silhet, Bengal, Tenasserim, and Penang. Western Peninsula and Ceylon. - Distrib. Java, Borneo, Philippine Islds. A slender far-climbing plant, with round woody branches. Leaves becoming more or less glabrous above, always pubescent beneath, sometimes even densely felted with a short soft tomentum, membranous. Tendrils woody. Fruit black, smooth. Seed 3/10 in., pyriform, smooth. 18. V. spectabilis, Kurz in Trimen Journ. Bot. 1874, 196 ; a lofty scandent ferruginously hirsute shrub, leaves almost sessile broadly cordate obtuse obsoletely 3-5-lobed sinuate-cordate, at the base denticulate thick membranous scabrous above. SIKKIM Himalaya ; damp forests near Khersiong, alt. 5-6000 ft., Kurz. Flowers very small, on slender pedicels 1/12-1/4 in. Cymes pedunculate, trichotomous 1/2-1 1/2 in. Calyx truncate, scarcely 1/24 in. Style 1/24 in., truncate. Berry (immature) obovate. - According to Kurz this has the habit and affinity of V. Linnaei, but widely differs by the indumentum and almost sessile leaves. - I have not seen this species. 19. V. Linnaei, Wall. Cat. 5987; stems leaves and inflorescence clothed with a short grey pubescence, leaves 2-4 in. long and broad palmately 3-5-angled or lobed slightly cordate or retusely-truncate at the base coarsely and irregularly serrate, tendrils simple, petals distinct, fruit 1/3 in. W. & A. Prodr. 126. Cissus angulata, Lamk. Dict. Supp. i. 104; DC. Prodr. i. 629 ; Thwaites Enum. 62. Western Peninsula ; from the Concan southwards, and Ceylon. Stems and leaves subfleshy. Branches cylindric or very obtusely angled. Cymes slender, about as long as the leaves. Flowers small. Fruit oblong, bluish, pruinose ; pedicels recurved. Seed as in V. repanda. - A very distinct species, of which the synonymy has been much confused. I have followed Wallich in calling it V. Linnaei. page 650 tt Flowers in long whip-like dichotomous spikes. Fruit 2-seeded. 20. V. macrostachys, Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. i. 94. Cissus spicifera, Griff. Notul. iv. 693. Malacca ; Griffith, Maingay. - Distrib. Sumatra. Whole plant quite glabrous. Leaves 3-8 in., oblong or ovate, cuspidate, serrate, coriaceous, with prominent nerves. Spikes 2 ft. long. Flowers sessile or very shortly pedicelled, solitary or fascicled in twos or threes on the long slender pendulous rachis. Petals separating ; style short. Fruit 1 in., elliptic, fleshy. Seed 2/3 by 1/3 in., oblong, pointed at the apex, the back rounded and narrowly grooved, the face flat, rugose. ** Petals and Stamens 5. t Flowers umbellately-cymose. Style 0. Fruit 2-seeded. 21. V. sikkimensis, Laws.; whole plant glabrous, stems weak trailing, leaves 1 1/2 ft. cordate, cymes small subfleshy glabrous or with a small amount of deciduous tomentum divaricately branched on long peduncles. SIKKIM Himalaya and Khasia Mts., alt. 0-4000 ft., J. D. H. & T. T. Young parts often glaucous. Leaves membranous, denticulate, reddish. Peduncles 4 in. or more bearing a forked tendril a little below the cyme. Petals separating. Fruit ? 22. V. tomentosa, Heyne in Roth Nov. Sp. 157; whole plant covered with a thick woolly persistent tomentum, leaves palmate 3-5-angled or lobed, flowers sessile in shortly peduncled compact densely woolly cymes. V. lanata, Wall. Cat. 5995 a, ? f, ? g ; W. & A. Prodr. 130 ; Wight III. i. t. 57 ; DC. Prodr. 634. V. cinnamomea, Wall. Cat. 5989 c. V. trifida, Roth Nov. Sp. 157 ; DC. Prodr. i. 634. V. ternata, Heyne in Roth Nov. Sp. 157. V. triloba, Heyne I.c. 157 ; Wall. Cat. 6004 ? C. ; DC Prodr. i. 634. Ampelopsis ? ternata, DC. Prodr. i. 633. Western Peninsula ; from Canara southwards. Leaves 3-9 in. Flowers scarlet, when dry dark brown, showing conspicuously in the midst of the white woolly tomentum. Peduncles 3-6 in., stout, woody, bearing a stiff woody forked tendril 1 in. below the cyme. Fruit 1/3 in., black, round. Seed 1/3 by 1/4 in., broadly oblong, flat, the margin incurved, the face with a thick rounded ridge running down the middle, pale. 23. V. nervosa, Laws. ; branches petioles and cymes glabrous, leaves cordate subpalmate, nerves beneath prominent and hairy, flowers sessile. V. rugosa, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. & T. (not of Wallich). SIKKIM Himalaya, alt. 4-5000 ft., J. D. H. Stems deeply giooved, hollow. Leaves often nearly 2 ft., broadly cordate, rounded at the tip with 5-7 shallow lobes, coarsely and irregularly dentate, covered above with minute soft hairs. Cymes stoutish, bearing midway a 1-2-times forked tendril. Fruit the size of a currant, black, fleshy, pedicel 1/4 in. Seed as in V. tomentosa but rather smaller, more pointed at the apex, and darker coloured. 24. V. pedicellata, Laws. ; branches petioles and cymes covered with a short soft spreading pubescence, flowers on exceedingly slender pedicels 1/3 in. Western Himalaya ; Kumaon, alt. 7000 ft., Strach. & Wint. Stems striated, solid. Leaves 1 ft. or more, cordate-ovate, serrate or dentate, glabrous above, nerves somewhat prominent below and covered with short stiff spreading rusty hairs, very thin and membranous. Cymes very small, on a short sleuder peduncle bearing midway a weak simple tendril. Fruit ? page 651 tt Flowers paniculately cymose. 26. V. erioclada, W. & A. Prodr. 130 ; branches and petioles covered with a dense subdeciduous tomentum, leaves cordate-ovate coriaceous, flowers sessile and often almost hidden in the woolly tomentum, cymes compact or woody, peduncle 3-12 in. bearing two-thirds of the way a stout woody simple tendril. V. indica, Thwaites Enum. 63. - Rheede Hort. Mal. vii. t. 7. Western Peninsula ; Rheede, Wight; Ceylon, common up to 3000 ft. Stem stout, hollow, cylindric, striate. Leaves 6-12 by 3 1/2-7 in., acute or subacuminate, coarsely dentate, the teeth terminated by a hard obtuse point, at length quite glabrous above, nerves very prominent beneath. Cymes branching divaricately. Petals distinct. Style 0. Fruit oblong, about the size of a grape. 26. V. barbata, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 478 ; branches petioles and peduncles covered with numerous long spreading glandular capitate hairs, leaves cordate-ovate membranous, peduncle flattened 4-8 in . bearing a long forked slender tendril above its middle, cymes regularly paniculate as long as the peduncle. V. latifolia, Hb. Ham. ; Wall. Cat. 6994 ?G. V. lanata, Hb. Roxb. ; Wall. Cat. 5995 c, d. Khasia Mts., alt. 0-3000 ft. ; Assam, Silhet, Pegu, and Tenasserim. Branches stoutish, hollow, dark brown or nearly black. Leaves 8 in.-1 ft. or more, roundly cordate-ovate, sinuate-dentate, sometimes sublobed, at length glabrous above, puberulous or densely tomentose beneath. Flowers sessile in large lax ovate paniculate cymes. Fruit the size of a large currant, black, shortly pedicellate. Seed 2/5 by 1/4 in., elliptic, the back flattish and shallowly grooved, the face rather sharply ridged, nearly smooth. - A very distinct species, known at once by the long spreading black hairs. Wallich describes the flowers as being 4-cleft, but although they may be so sometimes it is certain that they are generally pentamerous. 27. V. lanata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 660 ; branches petioles and cymes more or less pubescent or tomentose, leaves cordate-ovate shortly acuminate membranous, peduncle bearing a simple or forked tendril, petals cohering at the top. W. & A. Prodr. 131; Wall. Cat. 5995 a, b, e; Brand. For. Fl. 99. V. cordifolia. Roth Nov. Sp. 158. V. indica, Hb. Ham. ; Wall. Cat. 5994? E. V. Heyneana, DC Prodr. i. 634. V. pentagona, Hb. Ham. ; Wall. Cat. 5994 1 F. V. rugosa. Wall. Cat. 5994 a, b, c, and d in part. V. Labrusca, Linn. var. γ, Regel. Conspect. Sp. Gen. 9. Cissus vitiginea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 406 (not of Linnaeus). Alima ? cristatum, Wall. Cat. 4994. Tropical Himalaya, from Kashmir and Jamu, alt. 1-4000 ft. and Kumaon, alt. 6-7000 ft., to Sikkim, alt. 1-5000 ft. ; Assam, the Khasia Mts., Chittagong, Birma, and the Circars. A very variable plant in the size shape and vestiture of the leaves, usually they are 3-6 by 1 3/4-3 in., sometimes larger, and usually softly pubescent, but sometimes felted beneath, or nearly glabrous. Flowers small, green, forming a thyrsoid paniculate cyme. Petals cohering at the apex rarely separating. Fruit the size of a large pea, round, purple, 4-seeded. Seed 1/6 by 1/88 in., obtriangular, subemarginate, rounded and smooth on the back with a small spathulate tubercle, face wedge-shaped with a shallow linear depression on each side of the ridge. - The following varieties may be distinguished : Var. 1. rugosa; leaves ovate or cordate-ovate nearly 2 ft. clothed beneath with a dense matted tomentum ; stems thicker than in the type with a dark deciduous bark. - Himalaya and Tenasserim. Var. 2. glabra; leaves almost quite glabrous ; stems more slender than in the type, approaching V. parvifolia. - Garwhal and Khasia Mts. 28. V. latifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 661 ; whole plant quite glabrous, leaves roundly cordate 3-7-angled or lobed, peduncles shortish bearing a slender forked tendril, petals distinct, flowers small reddish-brown. V. Kleinii, Wall. Cat 6008 1 C and ? D ; W. & A. Prodr. 130 ; Brand. For. Fl. 99. V. glabrata, Heyne in Roth Nov. Sp. 156 ; DC. Prodr. i. 634 V. indica, Wall. Cat. 5993 ? C. V. zeylanica, Russell Wall. Cat. 5993 ? D. - Rheede Hort. Mal. vii. 13, t. 7. North West India ; Kumaon and Moradabad. Assam, Silhet, and the Western Peninsula from the Concan and Coromandel coast southwards. Stems weak, hollow, far-climbing, striate; generally quite glabrous. Leaves 6-8 by 6-8 in. glossy. Flowers very small, in small somewhat compact thyrsoid cymes. Peduncles bearing a long wiry tendril a little below the cyme. Style 0. Fruit the size of a currant, black, 2-seeded. Seed 1/3-1/41/4 in., elliptical, with a linear tubercle on the back and the margins transversely rugose, bluntly ridged on the face. 29. V. vinifera, Linn. Sp. PI. 202; stems and leaves much as in V. latifolia, but often tomentose, peduncles destitute of tendrils, petals united at the apex, style very short thick. DC. Prodr. i. 633; W. & A. Prodr. 130 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 33 ; Brand. For. Fl. 98. Perhaps wild in the N.W. Himalaya; cultivated extensively in N.W. India and rarely in the Peninsula and Ceylon. - Distrib. Native of W. Asia. Regel, in his Conspectus Sp. Gen. Vitis. Amer. Bor. Chin. Bor. et Jap. Hab. 9, considers this plant a hybrid between V. vulpina, Linn., and V. Labrusca, Linn., two American species, which he identifies with the Indian V. parvifolia, Roxb., and V. lanata, Roxb. ttt Flowers corymbosely cymose. 30. V. montana, Laws. ; stems slender, young branches with long delicate white spreading hairs otherwise glabrous, style 0. NIPAL, Wallich (in Herb. Hook.) ; Silhet, Hook.f. & T. Leaves 8-12 by 6-8 in., cordate-ovate, or lobed as in V. latifolia. Common peduncle 3-5 in., bearing about an inch below the flowers a forked tendril; cymes small. Petals separating ? Fruit ? - Very closely allied to V. latifolia, from which it differs only in the character of the cyme, and in the long white hairs on the younger portions of the stem. 31. V. glandulosa, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 479 ; Cat. 6006 ; branches leaves and petioles covered with a short dusky pubescence, leaves cordate-ovate crenate sometimes 3-lobed, peduncles not bearing tendrils. NIPAL, Wallich. Stems cylindric, solid, jointed and thickened at the nodes, with greyish dotted bark. Leaves 3-6 by 2-4 in. Flowers in small dichotomous corymbose cymes shorter than the leaves. Fruit small, globose, dark-purple, 3-4-seeded. Seed as in V. lanata. - According to Wallich the peduncles sometimes bear a twice or thrice dichotomous tendril. tttt Flowers spicately or racemosely-cymose. 32. V. parvifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 662 ; whole plant quite glabrous, leaves 2-4 in. membranous, flowers minute green pedicellate, style distinct. Wall. Cat. 6005 ; Brand. For. Fl. 99. V. truncata, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. ii 609. V. vulpina, Linn. var. γ, Regel Conspect. Sp. Gen. Vitis, 6. V. Wallichii, DC. Prodr, i. 634. ? V. Purani, Don Prodr. 188. page 653 North Western Himalaya; from Kashmir to Nipal, alt. 3-6000 ft.; Eastern Bengal, Roxburgh. - Distrib. Malay Archipelago, China, Japan. Stems solid, trailing, slender. Leaves ovate, acute, base truncate or cordate, sharply and deeply serrate, often 3-lobed. Tendrils branched. Flowers in erect racemes 1 in. long. Petals cohering. Style very short. Fruit globose, black, the size of a pea. Seed as in V. lanata. 33. V. indica, Linn., Sp. Pl. 202 ; branches leaves and peduncles covered with a dense woolly tomentum, leaves 4-10 in. coriaceous, flowers greenish-purple nearly sessile, style 0. Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 660 ; W. & A. Prodr. 131 ; DC. Prodr. i. 634; Grah. Cat. Bomb. Fl. 33; Wall. Cat. 5993. Vitis rugosa, Wall. Cat. 5994 in part; Brand. For. Fl. 100. Rheede Hort. Mal. vii. 11, t. 6. Western Peninsula ; from the Concan southwards. Stems slender, permanently woolly. Leaves at length glabrous and shining above, cordate-ovate, acute, denticulate-serrate, the points of the serratures hard almost spiny. Peduncles stoutish, bearing a long simple tendril. Flowers in short cylindric spikes about 2 in. Petals distinct? Fruit globose, the size of a large currant, 2-4-seeded. Seed 1/3 by 1/4 in., elliptic, slightly curved on the back from end to end, otherwise flattish, with a spathulate tubercle, the face wedge-shaped. - Very closely allied to V. erioclada in general appearance. In some specimens the flowers are 4-merous. V. indica, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. pt. ii. 609, and of Thwaites, are quite distinct. ttttt Flowers in short racemose spikes at the end of long filiform tendrils 34. V. gracilis, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 477 ; Cat. 6007. Sincapore, Wallich. Branches exceedingly slender, almost filiform, pubescent. Leaves 4-5 by 2-2 1/2 in., cordate, caudate-acuminate, sharply serrate, hispidly hirsute above both on the nerves and on the intercostal spaces, beneath on the nerves only. Tendrils short, very slender, simple. Flowers ? Fruit (immature ?) oblong, oblique, 1-4-seeded, sessile. Seeds 1/2 by 1/4 in., oblong-triangular, rounded on the back, the face flattened. - Not unlike some forms of V. lanata, but differing in the nature of the pubescence and in the character of the inflorescence. Sect. II. Leaves 3-foliolate. (See V. dubia, V, Hookeri, V. lanceolaria, V. pedata, V. tuberculata, and V. sulcata.) * Petals and Stamens 4. t Stems and leaves usually fleshy. 35. V. Rheedei, W. & A. Prodr. 127; whole plants quite glabrous, petiole 2-3 in. V. heterophylla. Wall. Cat. 6036. Cissus heterophylla, Herb. Madr., Wall. Cat. 6036 (not of Poiret). C. trilobata, Lamk. Dict. i. 31 ; DC. Prodr. i. 629; Thwaites Enum. 62; Graham Cat. Bomb. Fl. 33; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 39. - Rheede Hort. Mal. vii. t. 45. Western Peninsula ; Malabar and Travancor. Ceylon, common. Stems thick and weak. Leaves 4-8 in., the upper ones smaller three-lobed or entire ; leaflets 2-5 in., shortly petioluled or sessile, the central one oblong-lanceolate, the lateral ones exceedingly oblique, all distantly often sharply toothed. Tendrils simple, woody. Flowers subumbellate, forming compact divaricating cymes 1 1/2 in. long, usually shorter than the petiole. Petals distinct. Style slender, conspicuous. Fruit globose, 1-seeded, the size of a currant, black? Seed 1/3 by 1/4 in., globose, smooth ; testa brittle. page 654 36. V. setosa, Wall. Cat. 6009 ; whole plant covered with long glandular bristly hairs without other pubescence, leaves sessile, fruit red. W. & A. Prodr. i. 127; Wight Ic. t. 170; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 41. Cissus acida. Wall. Cat. 6009, b. (not L.) C. setosa, Roxb. Fl. lnd. i. 410 ; DC. Prodr. i. 630. Western Peninsula ; from the Circars and Maisor southwards. Ceylon, south part of the Island, Gardner. Stem and leaves very fleshy, herbaceous, weak. Leaflets 1-2 in., sessile or shortly stalked, ovate or subovate, rounded at the tip, sharply and irregularly serrate-dentate. Tendrils usually forked, succulent. Flowers 1/12 in. long, umbellately disposed in divaricating cymes. Cymes on peduncles as long as or longer than the leaves. Petals revolute. Fruit the size of a pea, when young often hairy, 1-seeded. Seed subglobose, nearly smooth. - Every part of the plant is exceedingly acrid. 37. V. carnosa, Wall. Cat. 6018 ; whole plant when young covered with a short dense pubescence, leaves petioled, fruit black. W. & A. Prodr. 127; Wight Ic. 171; Brand. For. Fl. 101. V. crenata, Wall. Cat. 6021. V. trifolia, Linn. Sp. PI. 203. Cissus acida, Roxb. Ic. ined. 541. C. auriculata, Roxb. Wall. Cat. 6031 b. C. carnosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 409 ; DC. Prodr. i. 630 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. Fl. 33 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 40. C. crenata, Vahl DC. Prodr. i. 631. C. cinerea, Lamk. ; DC. Prodr. i. 631. C. obtusifolia, Lamk. Dict.i. 31? - Rheede Hort. Mal. vii. t. 9. Tropical Himalaya and throughout the hotter parts of India from thevPANJAB and BIRMA to Ceylon and Malacca. Stems more slender and less succulent than in V. setosa. Leaves 2-6 in. on long petioles; leaflets usually shortly stalked, 1-3 in., ovate or obovate, rounded or acute, serrate or dentate. Tendrils opposite the leaves, slender, wiry, usually branched. Flowers white, larger than in V. setosa, umbellately cymose, the peduncle equalling the petiole. Style conspicuous. Fruit turbinate, fleshy, 2-4-seeded. Seed 1/4 by 1/6 in. triangular, round on the back and with a linear tubercle, wedge-shaped on the face. tt Stems woody. a. Fruit under 1/2 in. diam. round or ovoid (doubtful in V. subicaulis and V. anamallayana). 38. V. bracteolata, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 483 ; Cat. 6023; stems smooth, flowers minute numerous, peduncles and pedicels filiform. SILHET, De Silva ; Bhotan and Assam, Griffith. Stems and leaves glabrous. Branches very slender. Leaves 3-5 in. ; petiole nearly as long as the leaflets ; leaflets nearly sessile or shortly stalked, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate or ovate-acute, serrate, membranous or subcoriaceous. Flowers far the smallest of the genus, disposed in pubescent divaricating filiform cymes. Cymes on a long slender peduncle. Style 0. Fruit the size of a pea, round, black, 2-3-seeded. Seed 1/4 by 1/6 in., obovoid or globose, finely muricate. 39. V. angustifolia, Wall. Cat. 6033 ; stems smooth, cymes usually under 1 in. long shorter than the petiole, flowers dioecious, larger than in V. bracteolata, fruit the size and colour of a black currant 1-2-seeded, seed hemispherical hollow, pale. Wight Ic. 176. Cissus angustifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 408 ; DC. Prodr. i. 631. C. trifoliata Hb. Ham. in Wall. Cat. 6013 ? K. Assam, Silhet, and the Khasia Mts. - Distrib. Sumatra (Roxburgh), Hongkong. Stems flexuous, dark-coloured, glabrous. Leaves 3-6 in.; petiole 1 1/2-2 1/2 in.; leaflets shortly stalked, lanceolate, serrate, glabrous, membranous. Tendrils simple. page 655 Cymes usually nearly sessile, very much smaller and more robust than in the last species. Flowers green. Style ; stigma large flat. Fruit dry, 2-4-seeded. Seed 1/4 in. diam., girt about the middle by a ridge, hollow, the small opening closed by a thin membrane closely resembling that of V. Roxburghii. - Specimens from Assam have leaves 8 in. long or more, and the cymes on longer petioles and more diffuse.40. V. canarensis, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 123; stem herbaceous pale warted, cymes about 2 in. shorter than the petioles, fruit 1/4 in. globose nearly smooth. Western Peninsula; Canara, Dalzell. Leaves 7-8 in. ; petiole 3-3 1/2 in.; leaflets 4 by 2 in., shortly stalked, elliptic, pubescent on both surfaces, at length glabrous. Petals distinct. Style short, stigma acute. - Very closely allied to V. lanceolaria, of which it may prove to be a broad-leaved variety. 41. V. Roxburghii, W. & A. Prodr. 127 (excl. synonyms); quite glabrous, stems slender, bark smooth black shining, cymes longer than the petioles, fruit the size of a currant 2-4-seeded, seeds hemispheric hollow cup-shaped, the opening closed by a membrane. Western Peninsula ; Courtallam, Wight. Leaves 5-8 in., glossy, glabrous, very membranous; petiole 2 in. ; leaflets 3-7 in., stalks 3/4-1 in., elliptic-lanceolate, acute or subacuminate, entire. Tendrils simple, long, slender. Cymes shortly pedunculate, 3-4 in., branches divaricating. Flowers small, green. Style conspicuous. - The seed closely resembling that of V. pedata, but a little larger and darker- coloured. This, by inspection of the specimen in Wight's herbarium, I have determined to be undoubtedly Wight and Arnott's species, although in the description they say that the cymes are much shorter than the petioles, almost approaching a panicle, and the leaves occasionally 4-5-foliolate. Roxburgh's Cissus feminea, which they identify with it, and owing to which the specific name of Boxhurghii was given to Wight's plant, is V. lanceolaria. 42. V. reticulata, Thwaites Enum. 63 (Cissus) ; stems slender, whole plant quite glabrous, cymes longer than the petioles, leaves prominently reticulated, fruit ovoid the size of a cherry pale rose-coloured. Ceylon ; in the Ambagamowa district, Thwaites. Leaves 6-8 in.; petiole 1 1/2-2 1/2 in.; leaflets 4-6 in., stalks 1/3-1 in. long, broadly elliptic-ovate, cuspidate, the upper half obscurely denticulate, membranous. Flowers ? Seed 1/3 in. - Thwaites remarks that this species is closely allied to some forms of V. pedata, differing from it chiefly in the form and character of the leaves, and larger fruit ; the trifoliolate character of the leaves he suggests may not be constant. 43. V. peduncularis, Wall. Cat. 6024; stems exceedingly coarse thick and woody, young branches cymes and petioles puberulous, cymes 6 in. diffuse equalling the petioles, fruit the size of a pea red, seed 1/4 by 1/5 in. triangular-obovoid emarginate coarsely angled or muricate pale. Penang, Wallich; Malacca, Maingay. Leaves 1 ft. long; petiole 6 in. ; leaflets elliptic, or subobovate, acute or rounded at the apex, coarsely dentate-serrate, at length glabrous, coriaceous. Tendrils simple, stout. Cymes 6 in. long ; peduncle 2 in. Flowers very small, often unisexual. Fruit globose, black, pruinose, 4-seeded. 44. V. himalayana, Brand. For. Fl. 100; quite glabrous the younger parts subfleshy, stem robust, lateral leaflets very oblique, cymes as long as the leaves, flowers large, fruit the size of a pea black, seed 1/4 by 1/4 in. roundly obovoid nearly smooth polished black. Vitis page 656 (Ampelopsis) neilgherrensis, Wight Ic. t. 965. Ampelopsis himalayana, Royle III. 149. Cissus himalayana, Walp. Rep. i. 441.Temperate Himalaya, from Kashmir, alt. 6-9000 ft., to Sikkim, ;alt. 6-11,000 ft. Khasia Mts., alt. 2-4000 ft. Pegu, Kurz. Western Peninsula; Pulney Mts., Wight. Bark smooth, or on the older branches with a few small warts. Leaves 3-8 in., membranous or subcoriaceous, often glossy ; petiole 1 1/2-4 in. ; leaflets 2-5 in., sharply or inciso-serrate, the terminal ovate or obovate, rounded at the base or subcordate, acuminate, lateral 1/2-ovate or 1/2-cordate. Tendrils 0. Flowers 1/6 in., in subcorymbose dichotomous cymes, rarely 5-merous. Style short, stout. Fruit 4-seeded. Var. semicordata, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 481 (species) ; young branches petioles and the nerves beneath the leaves hispidly pubescent, leaves smaller than in the type, tendrils sometimes present branched. Wall. Cat. 6020. Himalaya and Khasia Mts. - Perhaps this ought not to be distinguished even as a variety. 45. V. anamallayana, Beddome in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxv. 213; a very large glabrous climber, petiole 1-2 in., leaflets 3 1/2-4 in. ovate-lanceolate with a long acumination sharply serrate conspicuously reticulate beneath, peduncles shorter than the petioles, cymes lax. Western Peninsula; banks of rivers on the Anamallay hills, alt. 5000. ft., Beddome. Leaves of the younger branches simple, ovate-lanceolate, of the older usually trifoliolate ; petiole glandular ; leaflets nearly equal. - The description is too imperfect to determine with exactness the proper affinities of this species. 46. V. Gardneri, Thwaites Enum. 63 (Cissus); branches terete rufescent, petioles about 1 in., leaflets 2-3 in. by 1-1 1/4 in., cymes few-flowered rufescent much longer than the petioles, fruit the size of a pea blackish-purple. Ceylon ; Matele and Hunasgirie district, Thwaites. Leaflets glabrous, ovate-lanceolate, repand-dentate, cuneate at the base, lateral leaflets oblique, smaller. Stiptdes cordate-oblong, adnate. b. Fruit globose, 1 in. or more in diameter. 47. V. mollissima, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 482 ; stems slender when young covered with long hispid hairs, leaves hairy on both surfaces, style long slender, fruit dry 1 in. diam. Wall. Cat. 6012. Penang, Wallich; Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. Stems at length glabrous. Leaves 5-8 in., covered with long soft dense hairs, membranous ; petiole 2-3 1/2 in. ; leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate, acute or subacuminate, faintly serrate, lateral very oblique. Tendrils very slender, forked. Flowers about 1/12 in., long peduncled, divaricating cymes equalling the petioles. Fruit 2-3-seeded. Seed 3/4 by 1/3 in., elliptic-oblong, boat-shaped, rounded and polished on the back and with a linear tubercle hollow on the face. - Wallich describes the fruit as being " nearly the size of a cherry ;'' but the ripe ones in specimens from Malacca are very much larger. 48. V. tuberculata, Blume Bijd. 189 (Cissus); stem very warty glabrous, leaves quite glabrous coriaceous, style very short, stigma subpeltate, fruit dry 1 1/2 in. diam. Pegu, McClelland. - Distrib. Java. Whole plant quite glabrous. Leaves 8 in. to 1 ft. ; petiole 24 in. ; leaflets shortly stalked, narrowly ovate-lanceolate, shortly acuminate, entire or very faintly serrate towards the tip, margin slightly revolute. Tendrils simple or forked. Flowers very small, in dense compact cymes under 1 in., almost sessile. Fruit on very short thick pedicels, dry, membranous, brown, 1-3-seeded. Seed 3/4 by 1/3 in., obovoid page 657 emarginate, grooved on the back and in the groove a long linear tubercle, the raphe also lying in a groove on the face. - According to Blume, the leaves are sometimes 4-5-foliolate.c. Fruit oblong subfalcate, 1/2 in. long. 49. V. campylocarpa, Kurz mss. ; whole plant quite glabrous, fruit 1-seeded, seed 1/2 by 1/4 in. cylindrical curved transversely wrinkled, style 0, stigma large subpeltate. Assam, Griffith ; Pegu, Kurz. Stems round. Leaves 6-8 in., coriaceous; petiole 2 1/2-4 in. ; leaflets stalked, obovate, suddenly and shortly acuminate, faintly serrate towards the tip. Tendrils 0. Flowers in nearly sessile very diffuse widely divaricating cymes longer than the petiole. Fruit dark-brown, not pulpy, pericarp reduced to a thin membrane. ** Petals and stamens 5. 50. V. divaricata, Wall. in Hb. 1824 ; ex Cat. 5994 h under V. rugosa ; whole plant covered with deciduous down, stems cylindric, leaves 6 in.-1 ft., terminal leaflet ovate acute or subacuminate lateral semi-cordate. Temperate Himalaya, from Garwhal and Kumaon, alt. 6-700 ft., to E. Nepal, alt. 3-4000 ft. ; Maisor, Herb. Rottler. Stems slender, far-climbing. Leaves thinly membranous, 3- rarely 5-foliolate ; petiole 3-4 in. ; leaflets serrate, at length glabrous or nearly so. Flowers dark-brown or red, in small compact umbellate cymes on long woolly peduncles, which bear a forked tendril about 1 in. from the top. Style very short. Fruit globose, the size of a currant, black, 3-4-seeded. Seed 1/3 by 1/ in., almost round, flat, emarginate, pale coloured. - Wight & Arnott unite this with V. tomentosa, to which it is very closely allied, but differs sufficiently in the composition and texture of the leaves. 51. V. araneosus, Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb.Fl. 41?; whole plant covered with a deciduous down except on the under surface of the leaves where it is persistent, stems flattened, leaves 4-6 in., terminal leaflet elliptic, lateral semi-elliptic. Western Peninsula ; highest Ghats of the Concan ; Pulney Mts., Wight. Stems slender, far-climbing. Leaves membranous ; petiole 1-2 in. ; leaflets shortly-stalked, serrate, at length glabrous above, felted beneath. Flowers and fruit as in V. divaricata. Seeds 1/3 by 1/6 in., elliptic, with a round depression on the back, puckered round the margins. Sect. III. Leaves mostly 5-foliolate, digitate. (See 58, cinnamomea.) t Flowers umbellate hardly cymose. 52. V. obtecta, Wall. Cat. 6026; branches rooting, young branches petioles and peduncles clothed with soft villous red hairs, petioles 1 1/2-2 1/2 in., leaflets all under 4 in., flowers 4-merous. V. hederacea, Wall. Cat. 6019, in part. Western Himalaya, from Kumaon, alt. 6000 ft., Thomson; to Nipal, Wallich. - Distrib. Yunan. Young branches very slender, creeping, older with a roughish bark and covered with numerous short aerial rootlets. Leaflets ovate or obovate, sessile or nearly so, serrate, glabrous, membranous, lateral much smaller than the terminal. Tendrils branched, very slender, short. Flowers unisexual, 1/6 in. long. Style 0, stigma flat. Fruit immature, the size of a currant, globose, 1-seeded, black? Seed? tt Flowers umbellate in divaricating subcorymbose cymes. 53. V. Thomsoni, Laws. ; stems cylindric slender, whole plant glabrous, leaves glaucous deep green, petiole 2-3 in., leaflets 3-4 by 1 1/2-2 in. page 658 elliptic-lanceolate serrate pale beneath, flowers 4-merous, seed dark pinkish-red.Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft., H.f. & T. A low creeper, turning red. Leaflets narrowed into short stalks. Tendrils stoutish, branching. Flowers in slender widely divaricating cymes, green. Style subulate. Fruit the size of a currant, globose, 2-4-seeded, pruinose. Seed 1/4 in., obovoid, rounded on the back, wedge-shaped on the face. 54. V. elongata, Wall. Cat. 6016 ; whole plant quite glabrous, branches slightly flattened thick and succulent polished, petioles 5-8 in., leaflets 5-7 by 2-2 1/2 in. elliptic-lanceolate shortly acuminate serrate membranous narrowed into a stalk, flowers 4-merous. Cissus elongata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 411 ; W. & A. Prodr. 128. SIKKIM Himalaya, alt. 1-5000 ft., Silhet and Bengal; Coromandel, Roxburgh. A very large climber running up and over the highest trees. Branches few or until the plant arrives at a great height. Tendrils simple. Cymes di-trichotomous, the last divisions short ending in small umbels. Style short. Fruit 1 by 1/2 in., elliptic, smooth, black, 1-seeded. Seed 3/4 in., obovate, smoothish. - Wight & Arnott say that the leaves in this species, as also in the next, are sometimes pedate. 55. V. auriculata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 411 (Cissus) ; branches cylindric .succulent the young parts softly pubescent, petioles 4-7 in., leaflets on long stalks 2-6 by 1-4 in. obovate acute or shortly acuminate serrate membranous, flowers 4-merous. Wall. Cat. 6031 ; W. & A. Prodr. 129, in part ; Wight Ic. 145. Cissus auriculata, DC. Prodr. i. 632; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 40. SIKKIM Himalaya ; alt. 3-5000 ft., and Chittagong, H.f. & T. ; Bengal and Birma, Wallich; Maisor, Heyne. A large climber like V.elongata. Bark of the older stems spongy and deeply cracked. Leaves softly pubescent beneath when young, at length glabrous; stipules large, earshaped. Tendrils 2-3-cleft. Flowers small. Cymes on long thick weak succulent peduncles, divaricating, longer than the petiole. Fruit the size of a cherry, globose, red, 1-seeded. Seed elliptical, rounded at the base, 3/4 by 5/12 in. - None of the leaxes in the many specimens I have met with are pedate, as Wight & Arnott say; indeed, the specimens in Wight's herbarium numbers 427 and 967 do not belong to this species, but to V. lanceolaria. 56. V. planicaulis, Hook. f. in Bot. Mag. t. 5685 ; whole plant quite glabrous, stems greatly flattened, petioles 4-7 in., leaflets on stalks 3/4-1 1/2 in. 5-8 by 2-3 in. oblong-lanceolate subacuminate obtusely-serrate membranous or subcoriaceous, flowers 4-merous. SIKKIM Himalaya, and Khasia Mts., alt. 3-4000 ft. A vast climber reaching to the top of the highest trees, and sending down from its branches long thin leafless bands. Stems at the base often 1 1/2 ft. wide and 1 in. thick. Tendrils stout, simple. Flowers green. Cymes subcorymbose with divaricating branches. Style subulate; stigma 4-lobed. Fruit the size of a cherry, round, red? l-2-seeded. Seed 1/2 by 1/4 in., nearly cylindrical, transversely rugose. 57. V. obovata, Laws.; branches petioles peduncles and tendrils clothed with a long soft spreading fidvous pubescence, stems much flattened, petiole 4-7 in., leaflets 6-10 in. stalked glabrous except upon the stalks obovate acute or subacuminate distantly and coarsely serrate. Khasia Mts., alt. .3-4000 ft., H. f. & T. Tendrils stout, simple, very long. Cymes shortly pedunculate, subcorymbose with divaricating branches., Flowers ? Fruit the size of a cherry, globose, 2-seeded. page 659 Seeds 1/2 in., obovoid? - Probably a tall climber like the last species. These five last species, though easily distinguishable by the characters given above, are very closely allied.ttt Flowers in long pendulous racemose woolly spikes. 58. V. cinnamomea, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 483 ; Cat. 5989, in part ; stems covered with a thin yellowish or pale rust-coloured closely adhering tomentum, leaves simple to 3-foliolate at length glabrous above felted beneath, spikes spreading or ascending, fruit triangular-obcordate 1-seeded, seeds 1/3 by 1/4 in. broadly obcordate. Malacca, Penang, and Sincapore, Wallich, &c. Apparently a large climber. Stems slender, cylindric, woody. Leaves usually 3-foliolate ; petiole 3-6 in., sometimes simple, 3-lobed, cordate ; leaflets narrowed into a very short stalk, 3 1/2-8 by 2-3 in., terminal elliptic, lateral halt-cordate, sharply and bristly serrate. Bacemes cirrhiferous, very slender. Seed curved with a small round tubercle on the back, margins muricate. - The more slender habit, the thinness of the tomentum, the 1-seeded fruit aud the shape of the seed, all point to this being distinct from V. compositifolia. 59. V. compositifolia, Laws. ; stems covered with a very thick rust-coloured tomentum, leaves 5-foliolate glabrous above or tomentose on the principal nerves only densely felted beneath, spikes spreading very densely woolly, fruit 3/4 by 1/ in, 4-angled 4-seeded, seed elliptic acute at the apex emarginate at the base slightly curved flattish and smooth on the back sharply ridged on the face. V. cinnamomea var. compositifolia, Wall. Cat. 5989 B. Penang, Phillips ; Malacca, Maingay. A vast climber, with thick branches. Petioles 6-10 in. ; petiolules 1 in. ; leaflets 6-10 by 2 1/2-3 1/2 in., narrowly obovate, sharply and bristly serrate, cuspidate, coriaceous. Racemes 2 ft., much more robust than in V. cinnamomea, cirrhiferous. Fruit black, pulpy. 60. V. elegans, Kurz in Nat. Tydsch. v. Ned. Ind. (see Journ. Beng. As. Soc. 1870, pt. i. 74) ; stems covered with a very dense dark red woolly tomentum, leaves 3-5-foliolate velvety above densely felted beneath, spikes reflexed. V. cinnamomea. Wall. Cat. 5989, in part. V. coralloides, Hook. f. mss. Sincapore, Walker, &c. Petioles 2-2 1/2 in. ; leaflets 3-6 by 1 3/4-3 in., sessile, obovate, bristly serrate. Tendrils opposite the leaves or springing from the peduncle. Fruit ? - Much like V. compositifolia, but more robust, the tomentum also is darker denser and persistent on the upper surface of the leaves. Sect. IV. Leaves mostly pedately 5-foliolate. Flowers 4-merous. t Flowers umbellately cymose. 61. V. capriolata, Don Prodr. 188; whole plant quite glabrous, stipules and bracts scarious, style 0, stigma large flat. V. serrulata, Wall. Cat. 6034 a. V, hederacea, Wall. Cat. 6019, in part. C. capriolata, Royle III. t. 26. C. serrulata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 414; DC. Prodr. i. 632. C, napaulensis, DC Prodr. i. 632. Temperate Himalaya; from Garwhal? alt. 4-7000 ft., to Sikkim and Bhotan., alt. 5-8000 ft. Khasia Mts., alt. 4-6000 ft. Chittagong, Roxb. Stems very slender, wiry. Leaves 5-foliolate; petiole 1 1/2-2 1/2 in.; leaflets 1 1/2-3 by 1/2-1 1/4 in., lanceolate or narrowly ovate or subobovate, acute or subacuminate, page 660 bristly serrate in the notches. Tendrils slender, simple or forked. Cymes axillary or terminating in short lateral branches, pedunculate ; peduncles usually with several scarious conspicuous bracts, 3-5-rayed, rays several-flowered. Flowers pedicelled ; pedicels 1/4-1/3 in. Fruit the size of a currant, globose, 2-4-seeded, black. Seed 1/3 by 1/4 in., pale, obovoid, thick, rounded and muricate on the back, and with a linear tubercle, flattened on the face.ft Flowers suhcorymbosely cymose. 62. V. tenuifolia, W. & A. Prodr. 120 ; whole plant quite glabrous, leaves membranous, tendrils simple or forked, peduncles long, cymes somewhat diffuse axillary but often owing to the sudden suppression of the flowerbearing branch appearing terminal, fruit the size of a pea 1-4-seeded, seed 1/5 by 1/8 in. triangular. V. paniculata, Herb. Heyne in Wall. Cat. 6022 a, in part, and b. Cissus japonica, Willd. ; DC. Prodr. i. 632. C. tenuifolia, Heyne in Wall. Cat. 6022 a, in part. C. cymosa, Wall. Cat. 6017. C. truncata, Wall. Cat. 6032. NIAL, Wallich; SIKKIM HIMALAYA, alt. 1-5000 ft., J.D.H.; the Khasia Mts., ASSAM, BIRMA, Pegu, Tenasserim, and Malacca. Western Peninsula, in the Southern provinces. - Distrib. Cbina and Japan. Stems slender, herbaceous. Petiole 2-4 in.; leaflets shortly stalked, 1-3 by 3/4-2 in., lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate. Tendrils short, slender. Flowers in divaricating dichotomous cymes, bisexual. Style short, stigma large, subpeltate. Fruit turbinate-globose. Seed rounded and muricate on the back, sharply ridged on the face. 63. V. mollis, Wall. Cat. 6025 ; whole plant covered with a short soft pubescence, leaves membranous, flowers fruit and seed as in V. tenuifolia. SIKKIM HIMALAYA ; alt, 1-3000 ft., J. D. H. Khasia Mts., alt. 0-3000 ft. Silhet and Chittagong. Malacca, Griffith. Closely resembilng V. tenuifolia in habit. Petiole 3/4-1 1/2 in.; leaflets conspicuously stalked, 1 1/2-3 by 3/4-1 1/2 in., ovate, broadly lanceolate or subovate, serrate. 64. V. lanceolaria, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 412 (Cissus) ; whole plant quite glabrous with exception of the inflorescence, branches round covered with corky warts or tubercles, leaves between fleshy and coriaceous, tendrils simple, cymes very short and compact in the axils of the leaves, flowers unisexual, fruit the size of a small cherry dry ?, seed 1/4 in. subpyriform or almost globose. Wall. Cat 6013, in part ; W. & A. Prodr. 128; Wight Ic. t. 177; Brand. For. Fl. 101. V. muricata, W. & A. Prodr. 128; Wall. Cat. 6015 ; Wight Ic. t. 740. V. serratifolia, W. & A. Prodr. 128 (non Rottl). Cissus feminea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 410 ; DC. Prodr. i. 631. C. lanceolaria, DC. Prodr. i. 632 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 33 ; Thwaites Enum. 63. C. muricata, Dalz. & Gibs, Bomb. Fl. 40 ; Thwaites Enum. 63. Assam, Pegu, and the Eastern Peninsula, from Tenasserim to Malacca. Western Peninsula, from the Concan southwards, Ceylon, ascending to 3000 ft. Branches woody. Leaves 5-foliolate, pedate, more rarely 3-folioIate ; petiole 1 3/4-3 in. ; leaflets 3-5 by 1-2 in., stalked, oblong-lanceolate, distantly serrate. Style short, stigma peltate sublobed. Fruit subfleshy ?, globose, 1-4?-seeded. - In all those specimens which I have examined, the fruit has been 1-2- not 4-seeded as stated by Roxburgh, Wight, and Arnott, also smaller than a cherry. Var. 1 ; stems smooth. - This appears intermediate between V. lanceolaria and V. Hookeri, and in some respects answers better to Roxburgh's description of V. lanceolaria than the one given above. - Assam. Var. 2; assimilis, Kurz mss, (Sp.); stems cylindric somewhat smooth, petiole page 661 4-6 in., leaflets 4 by 2 1/2 in. sessile elliptic with a reflexed tip between fleshy and coriaceous nerves prominent beneath. - Probably a distinct species. - Tenasserim, Kurz.Var. 3 ; stems weak coarse tubercled, leaves very large subcoriaceous sharply serrate, cymes exceedingly short. - This also will probably prove to be distinct. - Penang, Maingay. 65. V. sulcata, Laws. ; whole plant quite glabrous, branches smooth sulcate, leaves between fleshy and coriaceous, tendrils simple, cymes shorter than the leaves, fruit 1 in. diam. pulpy? 4-seeded, seed ¿ by i in. oblong somewhat flattened on the face. V. lanceolaria, Wight Ic. t. 28. Western Peninsula ; Herb. Wight. A climbing shrub. Leaves 5-foliolate, pedate, or rarely 3-foliolate ; petiole 2 1/2 in. ; leaflets 3-5 by 1 1/2-2 3/4 in., stalked, ovate, acuminate, serrate. Flowers? Fruit globose, smooth, black. Seed with a narrowly clavate tubercle on the back. - The smooth sulcate stems, large fruit, and shape of the seed, forbid this being regarded as a variety of V. lanceolaria, although it is very closely allied to that species. 66. V. dubia, Laws. ; whole plant glabrous, branches cylindric smooth, leaves membranous, tendrils simple, cymes shorter than the petioles, fruit the size of a pea dry 2-seeded, seed 1/4 by 1/8 in. oblong. SIKKIM Hlmalaya, alt. 1-4000 ft., H.f. & T. Chittagong? H. f. & T. A scandent shrub ; branches slender, striate. Leaves mostly 3-foliolate, rarely 5-foliolate, pedate ; petiole 2-4 in. ; leaflets stalked, 3-8 by 1 1/4-2 1/2 in., ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, acuminate, deeply almost incisely serrate. Cymes 1-1 1/2 in., compact. 67. V. Hookeri, Laws.; whole plant glabrous or the cymes only slightly pubescent, branches cylindric smooth or only slightly warty glaucous, leaves between fleshy and coriaceous, tendrils simple, cymes shorter than the petioles, fruit 1 in. diam. pulpy 2-seeded, seed 1/2 by 1/4 in. oblong or subobovoid. SIKKIM Himalaya, the Khasia Mts., and Chittagong, alt. 1-4000 ft., H. f. & T. Bhotan and Assam, Griffith. - Distrib., Java. A large climber. Leaves pedately 5-foliolate ; petiole 4-6 in. ; leaflets stalked, 4-8 by 2-3 1/2 in., elliptic, acute at both ends or shortly acuminate at the apex, serrate. Tendrils very long. Cymes 1 1/2-2 1/2 in. 68. V. rumicisperma, Laws.; whole plant glabrous, branches cylindric covered with corky warts or tubercles, leaves between fleshy and coriaceous, tendrils forked, cymes as long as or longer than the leaves, fruit the size of a large currant 4-seeded pulpy, seed 1/3 by 1/4 in. broadly triangular-obcordate. V. lanceolaria, Wall. Cat. 6013 h. V. tuberculata, Wall. Cat. 6014. NIPAL and Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 3-7000 ft., Wallich, &c. Khasia Mts., H.f.&T. An immense climber. Leaves usually pedately 5-foliolate, rarely 3-foliolate ; petiole 3-6 in.; leaflets 3-6 by 1-2 1/2 in., elliptic-lanceolate, serrate. Fruit black. Seed with a broad .shallow groove on the back and a sharp ridge formed by the raphe on the face. The fruit is sweet and pleasant to the taste. J. D. H. - Closely allied to V. lanceolaria, but readily distinguished by its somewhat smaller fruit, and particularly by the shape of its seed. Sect. V. Leaves mostly pedately 7-9-foliolate. Flowers mostly 5-merous. t Flowers corymbosely cymose. 69. V. pedata, Vahl in Herb. Madr. ex Wall. Cat. 6027 ; whole plant softly pubescent or glabrate, leaves membranous, tendrils forked, cymes as long as or longer than the petiole, fruit the size of a currant dry 4-seeded, page 662 seed 1/8 in. diam. hemispherical hollowed out on the flat side and the opening closed by a thin membrane. W. & A. Prodr. 128. Cissus heptaphylla, Retz Obs. 22. C. pedata, Lamk. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 413 ; DC. Prodr. i. 632; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 33 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. FL 40 ; Thwaites Enum. 63. C. serratifolia, Hb. Rottl. Melothrix zeylanica, Koen. in Hb. Banks. - Rheede Hort. Mal. vii. t. 10.Bengal, Silhet, Assam, the Khasia Mts., alt. 0-3000 ft. Birma and from Tenasserim to Singapore and Penang. Western Peninsula, from the Concan southwards, and in Ceylon. - Distrib. Malayan Archipelago. A large weak climber, with cylindric ofien hirsute branches. Leaves usually 7-foliolate ; petiole 4-6 in.; leaflets on long stalks, 4-8 by 1 1/2-3 in., oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, often at length nearly glabrous. Cymes subcorymbose with widely divaricating branches. Flowers bisexual, green, covered with a greyish pubescence. Fruit subglobose, somewhat flattened at the apex. - The seed resembles exactly that of V. Roxburghii, but is rather smaller. 70. V. novemfolia, Wall. Cat. 6030 ; whole plant glabrous, branches cylindric smooth, leaves membranous, tendrils forked, cymes on very long peduncles nearly as long as the leaves, fruit 1 1/4 in. diam. pulpy 4-seeded, seed 2/ by 5/12 in. boat-shaped with the ends slightly curved inwards hollow the elliptic opening closed by a thin membrane. Singapore, Wallich, Griffith. Stems dark-brown, shining. Leaves pedately 7-9-foliolate ; petiole 4-6 in. ; leaflets 5-8 in., on long stalks, oblong-lanceolate, entire. Peduncles longer than the petioles. Flowers small, green. Fruit globose, black. tt Flowers in long slender pendulous racemose spikes. 71. V. Helferi, Laws.; stems cylindric somewhat slender the young parts covered with a pale deciduous tomentum, leaves 5-7-foliolate glabrous except on the nerves beneath, petiole 3-4 in., leaflets 3-6 by 1 1/4-2 1/2 in. shortly stalked broadly oblanceolate serrate submembranous. Tenasserim or Andaman Isls., Helfer. Peduncles opposite the leaves, cirrhiferous. Racemes 1 ft. or more long, very slender. Flowers glabrous, black when dry, subquadrangular. Style 0, stigma minute. Fruit ? 72. V. polystachya, Wall. Cat. 6028, in part; stems cylindric very coarse and thick speedily becoming covered with a thick corky bark, whole plant quite glabrous with the exception of the spikelets which are slightly puberulous, petiole 6 in., leaflets mostly 6-12 by 3-4 in. elliptic-oblong cuspidate distantly serrate on long stalks coriaceous. Tenasserim or Andaman Isls., Helfer; Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. - Distrib. Siam. Peduncles opposite the leaves, robust, cirrhiferous. Tendrils stout. Racemes, 2 ft. ; spikelets 2 in., covered with a short slight appressed pubescence. Flowers glabrous, black when dry. Petals united. Style very short. Fruit (immature) 3/4 in. diam., globose, succulent. Seed ? 73. V. nitida, Laws. ; stems cylindric smooth, bark shredding, whole plant quite glabrous, petiole 4-6 in. leaflets 7 on long stalks 8-10 by 3-4 in. elliptic-oblong acute distantly and faintly serrate shining beneath membranous, stipules large broadly ovate. V. polystachya, Wall. Cat. 6028 in part and 9031. Penang, Wallich. - Distrib. Siam. Peduncles opposite the leaves, robust, 1 1/2 ft., cirrhiferous, quite glabrous. Flowers small, black when dry, subquadrangular. Petals united ? Style very short. Fruit ? - page 663 These 3 last species are closely allied to V. cinnamomea and V. elegans, and with them form the binding link between this genus and Pterisanthes.Sect. VI. Leaves 1-3-pinnate. 74. V. rubifolia, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 480 ; Cat. 6037 ; branches and younger parts pubescent, leaves pinnate, leaflets closely and sharply serrate. Khasia Mts., alt. 4-5000 ft., De Silva, &c.; Silhet, Wallich. Assam, Masters. A large climbing shrub, branches slender, angular. Leaves 6-9 in. ; leaflets 2 1/2-3 1/2 by 1-2 1/4 in., shortly stalked, 3-5-paired, subcordate-ovate, acute or subacuminate. Tendrils forked, glabrous above, pubescent beneath. Flowers small, green, umbellate in slender dichotomous subcorymbose cymes. Fruit the size of a currant, red, turning black. Seed 1/6 by 1/8 in., broadly obovoid, the back rounded and with a spathulate tubercle, the margins transversely rugose, face sharply wedge-shaped, light-brown. 75. V. cantoniensis, Seem. Bot. Herald Voy. 370; whole plant quite glabrous, leaves pinnate or the lower pair of pinnae ternately compound. Cissus cantoniensis, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 175. C. diversifolia, Walp. Pl. Meyen. 314. Hedera hypoglauca, Hance in Walp. Ann. ii. 724. Malacca, Griffith. - Distrib. Hongkong. Stem slender, cylindric. Leaflets 5-paired, 2-3 by 1/2-1 in., ovate-lanceolate, coarsely crenate, whitish beneath. Tendrils branched. Flowers small, in dichotomons corymbose cymes, 5-merous ? Style subulate. Fruit and seed as in V. rubifolia. - A specimen in Herb. Hook., marked Khasia, Griffith, is evidently a fragment of the plants collected in Malacca. DOUBTFUL OR EXCLUDED SPECIES. Cissus acutipolia, Poir., DC. Prodr. i. 630. Description too short for identification. C. Wallichiana, Turcz. in Bull. Mosc. is Hedera Helix, L. Vitis atroviridis. Wall. Cat. 6040, is Gymnostemma trigyna. V. erythroclada, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1872, ii. 301, from Pegu (Kurz) is apparently allied to V. obovata, but the description is not sufficient for identification. V. TRICHOPHORA, Wall. Cat. 9032, is Gymnostemma trigyna ? 2. PTERISANTHES, Blume. Large scandent or sarmentose plants furnished with tendrils. Leaves alternate, simple or 3-7-foliolate, digitate or pedate. Flowers small, 4-5-merous, inserted on a flat expanded membranous pedunculated rachis, unisexual ; male flowers marginal, often pedicellate ; female sessile. Calyx cup-shaped or obsoletely toothed. Petals separating. Ovary 2-celled ; style very short, stigma capitate. Berry globose or obovoid, 1-4-seeded. - Distrib. Sp. 5 or 6. Malay and Indian archipelago. Very closely allied to Vitis, especially to those forms of the genus in which the flowers are sessile on racemose spikes. Miquel is probably right in uniting it with Vitis. 1. P. polita, Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. i. 95; whole plant quite glabrous, leaves simple. Martaban, at Moulmein, Lobb ; Singapore, Maingay. - Distrib. Sumatra, Borneo. An exceedingly slender far-climbing plant. Leaves 4-8 by 2-3 1/2 in., elliptic-oblong or ovate, acute, subcordate, distantly and spinosely serrate or entire, membranous. Tendrils bearing the red expanded rachis. Flowers 4-merous. Fruit ? page 664 2. P. heterantha, Griff. Notul. iv. 694, under Embamma ; branches leaves and peduncles densely and persistently tomentose, leaves 3-foliolate. Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. A very slender far-climbing plant. Leaves membranous; petiole 4-7 in.; leaflets 5-8 in., on stalks 3/4-1 1/4 in., terminal leaflet lanceolate, the two lateral obliquely 1/2-cordate, serrate, covered above with stiff spreading hairs, beneath with a rust-coloured felted tomentum. Tendrils very short, bearing the expanded rachis. Flowers 4-6-merous. Fruit ? - Very nearly allied to Miquel's V. rufula, if not identical with it. 3. P. cissoides, Blume Bijd. 193 ; leaves 3-folialate, branches leaves and peduncles covered with a sparse white deciduous flocculent down. Miguel in Linnaea xviii. 385, t. viii. Cissus involucrata, Spreng. Syst. iv. pt. ii. 44. Embamma cordigera, Griff. Nutul. iv. 694 ; Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 646. Vitis pterisantha, Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. i. 94. Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. - Distrib. Java. A slender climber. Leaves membranous ; petiole 1 1/2-3 in. ; leaflets shortly stalked, 3-4 by 2-2 1/2 in.; terminal obovate, lateral oblique, half cordate-ovate, distantly and spinosely serrate, speedily becoming glabrous above, permanently pubescent on the nerves beneath. Tendrils short, bearing the glabrous expanded inflorescence. Flowers 4-merous. Fruit globose, 1/3 in. diam., subfleshy, 2-celled, 4-seeded. Seed 1/4 by 1/5 in., triangular, rounded on the back, and with a sharp ridge beneath. 4. P. pedata, Laws.; leaves 5-foliolate covered with a sparse white flocculent down. Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. A slender climber, with glabrous branches. Leaves membranous ; petiole 1 1/2-2 in. ; leaflets very shortly stalked, 2 1/2-3 by 1-1 1/2 in., oblong-obovate, tipped with a hard bristle, distantly and spinosely serrate, at length nearly glabrous above, nerves beneath covered with a dense rusty tomentum. Tendrils short, bearing the glabrous inflorescence. Flowers 4-merous. Fruit ? 3. LEEA, Linn. Small trees shrubs or herbs. Branches striate or sulcate, often herbaceous. Leaves alternate, usually very large,simple, or 1-2-3- pinnate ; petiole dilated at the base into sheathing stipules, Peduncles opposite the leaves. Tendrils 0. Inflorescence corymbosely-cymose. Flowers red, yellow or green. Calyx 5-toothed. Petals 5, connate at the base and adhering to the staminal tube, revolute. Stamens united at the base into a 5-lobed tube, filaments inserted between the lobes of the tube, inflexed; anthers free and exserted, or connate and included in the tube. Ovary inserted on the disk, 3-6-celled ; style short, stigma swollen ; ovules solitary in each cell, erect. Berry 3-6-celled, 3-6-seeded, usually succulent, subglobose, flattened at the top. Seed wedge-shaped. - Distrib. Species about 25 ; must abundant in the tropics of Asia and Africa, rare in Australia. Sect. I. Leaves simple. 1. L. macrophylla, Roxb. Fl. Ind. I 653; Wall. Cat. 6818 ; Wight Ic. 1154; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 41 ; Brand. For. Fl. 102. L. latifolia, Wall. Cat. 6821. L. simplicifolia, Griff. Notul. iv. 697 ; Ic. Fl. Asiat. 645, f. 1. Throughout the hotter parts of India, from the Tropical Himalaya, as far west as Kumaon, to Bengal, Assam, Tenasserim ? and the Western Peninsula. page 665 Stems erect, flexuose. Leaves 9 in. -2 ft., broadly ovate, subcordate at the base, coarsely serrate or dentate or sublobed, repand, glabrous and dark-green above, nearly white beneath, and pubescent with minute branching hairs. Cymes puberulous, 1 ft. or more, freely branching. Flowers small, white. Anthers connected. Fruit the size of a small cherry, smooth, black, succulent. - The root is said to yield a colour fit for dyeing. Sect. II. Leaves pinnate (tripinnate leaves may occasionally be found on luxuriant plants). 2. L. cinerea, Laws.; leaflets 6-9 by 4-5 in. elliptic-ovate serrate-dentate repand dark-green and glabrous above pale beneath with minute branching hairs membranous. ? L. macrophylla, DC. Prodr. i. 635. Western Peninsula ; at Paulgautcherry (in Malabar ?) Wight. Stems herbaceous. Leaves about 2 ft. ; the lower leaflets on stalks 2-3 in., the upper ones sessile. Cymes and Flowers as in L. macrophylla. Fruit ? 3. L. coriacea, Laws. ; leaflets 10 by 4 1/2 in. sessile ovate subcordate at the base serrate-dentate not repand green and glabrous above rather paler beneath and pubescent with minute nearly simple hairs coriaceous. Western Peninsula ; the Concan, Stocks. Stems herbaceous. Leaves about 2 ft. Flowers ? Fruiting -cymes large and fleshy, branching freely. Fruit the size of a large currant, dry. - I have seen only a single specimen. 4. L. alata, Edgeworth in Trans. Linn. Soc, xx. 36 ; leaflets 12-14 by 2 1/2-3 in. sessile oblong or oblong-lanceolate sharply and irregularly serrate quite glabrous on both sides shining beneath reddish. Brand. For. Fl. 102. L. rubra, Royle III. 145, not of Blume. Tropical Himalaya ; from Garwhal, Falconer, to Sikkim, alt. 1-5000 ft., J. D. H. Stems herbaceous. Leaves shortly petioled ; petiole winged, reddish. Flowers red. Anthers connate. Fruit the size of a large currant, reddish-purple, succulent. 5. L. angustifolia, Laws. ; leaflets 1-1 1/2 ft. by 3/4-1 in. on stalks 1/4 in. linear-subulate acuminate subcordate at the base distantly serrate glabrous on both sides. Pegu, at Rangoon, McLelland. Stems herbaceous. Leaves shortly petioled, about 2 1/2 ft., pale glaucous-green. Flowers ? Fruiting-cymes rather small though freely branching. Fruit the size of a pea, dry. - Very closely allied to V. parallela. 6. L. crispa, Willd. Sp. Fl. i. 1177; stems branches peduncles and petioles with crisped wings, leaflets shortly stalked 4-12 by 1 1/2-3 1/2 in. oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong acuminate or acute rounded at the base deeply and acutely serrate prominently penninerved, glabrous above minutely pubescent on the nerves beneath coriaceous, nerves parallel straight one running to each serrature. Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 654; Wall. Cat. 6827; DC. Prodr. i. 635. L. pinnata, Andr. Lot. Rep. v. 355. SIKKIM HIMALAYA and the Khasia Mts., alt. 1-4000 ft. ; Silhet, Wallich- Assam, Chittagong. The Concan, Law. Stems herbaceous or somewhat woody, jointed, 4-5 ft. Leaves usually quinatepinnate. Cymes stoutish, small ; bracts minute. Anthers distinct. Fruit the size of a cherry, black, succulent. - The crisped winged stems and petioles give to this plant a most elegant appearance. 7. L. aspera, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 468; leaflets on long stalks 3-6 by 2-3 in. cordate-ovate suddenly acuminate crenate page 666 serrate prominently penninerved scabrous on both sides and with scattered white appressed hairs between the nerves above, nerves parallel straight one running to every other serrature. Edgeworth in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 36 ; Brandis For. Fl. 102. ? L. herbacea, Wall. Cat. 6829, and 6824 E & G (in part) under L. staphylea.Western Tropical Himalaya, from Jamu to Nipal, ascending to 6000 ft.; Oudh, Khandeish. Western Peninsula, Wight; the Concan, Law ? Stems herbaceous, erect, 2-4 ft., puljescent, not crisped. Leaves membranous or subcoriaceous when old. Cymes small, pubescent. Anthers distinct. Fruit the size of a large currant, black, succulent. - Nearly allied to L. crispa, from which it may be always readily distinguished by the want of the crisped wings on the stems and petioles, and by the white appressed hairs on the interccistal spaces. L. aspera, Wall. Cat. 6825, belongs to L. robusta, but the specimens in Wall. Herb. under 6824 e and g in part are the true plant. 8. L. pumila, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1872, ii. 302 ; stems and rachis not winged, leaves abruptly or imparipinnate 4-5-folioiate, leaflets 4 in. unequal subfalcate oblong-lanceolate entire puberulous on both sides especially beneath chartaceous. Tenasserim, Kurz. A small perennial herb, covered with a dense fulvous or cinereous pubescence. Rachis and cymes ferruginously tomentose. Flowers small, in axillary branching subpaniculate cymes, shorter than the leaves. Sepals ciliate and usually thinly hirsute. Petals broadly oblong, ciliate. Squamae bifid woolly within. - The above description is taken from Kurz. I have seen no specimen. It would appear to be allied to L. trifoliata. 9. L. trifoliata, Laws. ; young parts very slightly pubescent otherwise glabrous, leaves 3-foliolate leaflets shortly stalked 2-8 by 3/4-3 in. elliptic subacuminate sharply serrate very thin and membranous, nerves slightly arcuate one running to every other serrature. Assam, Jenkins, &c.; Bhotan, Booth; Mishmi Hills, Griffith. A small rather wiry plant, 1-2 ft. Cymes small. Anthers distinct. Fruit the size of a currant, black, dry. - Closely allied to L. aspera, but wanting the white hairs on the intercostal spaces, and differing apparently greatly in habit. Sect. III. Leaves 2-3-pinnate (pinnate leaves may be occasionally found in young or starved plants). * Leaves glabrous. 10. L. parallela ; leaflets 6-10 by 1-2 in. very shortly stalked lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate sharply serrate drying a pale glaucous-green. Assam, Jenkins; Birma, Roxburgh. Shrubby? whole plant quite glabrous. Leaves pinnate or bipinnate, 2-3 ft., subcoriaceous. Flowers small, glabrous ; peduncles long. Cymes freely branching. Anthers connate. Fruit the size of a pea, dry. - Very closely allied to L. angustifolia, differing only in the shorter broader and more sharply toothed leaves, and larger cymes. 11. L. sambucina, Willd. Sp. Fl. i. 1177 ; leaflets 2-10 by 3/4-4 1/ in. narrowly-lanceolate to ovate-oblong or oblong acute or acuminate serrate shining drying black. Roxb. Fl. Ind.i. 657 ; Wall Cat. 6823; DC. Prodr. i. 635; Griff. Notul. iv. 698; Ic. Fl. Asiat. 644, t. i. ; Brand. For. Fl. 102. L. aequata, Wall. Cat. 6824 d (not of DC.). L. acuminata, Wall. Cat. 6830. L. gigantea, Griff. Notul. iv. 697. L. laeta. Wall. Cat. 6831 ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1873, ii 65. L. ottilis, DC. Prodr. i. 636. L. ? var. sanguinea, Wall. Cat. 6824 M. ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1873, ii 66. page 667 L. Staphylea Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 658 ; W. & A. Prodr. 132; Wall. Cat. 6824 except e, and g ; Wight Ic. 78 ; III. i. 58 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 41 ; Thwaites Enum. 64. Aquilicia sambucina, Linn. Mant. 211; Cav. Diss. 7, t. 218. A. ottilis, Gaertn. Fruct. i. 275. Gilibertia nalugu, DC. Prodr. iv. 256. Gustonia nalugu, Spreng. Syst. ii. 440. Ottilis zeylanica, Gaertn. Fruct. i. t. 57. Staphylea indica, Burm. Fl. Ind. t. 24, f. 2. - Rheede Hort. Mal. ii. 43, t. 26.Common throughout the hotter parts of India, from the Himalaya as far west as Kumaon, to Birma, and southwards to Ceylon and Malacca. - Distrib. Malay Islands, China, Philippine Islands, Australia. Stems shrubby, with straight branches. Leaves pinnate or tripinnate often 3 1/2 by 4 ft. ; leaflets stalked, very variable in size and shape ; nerves arcuate. Flowers greenish-white. Anthers connate. Fruit the size of a small cherry, dry. - Wight and Arnott discriminate two varieties, depending for their characters upon the texture of their leaves, the size of their flowers, and the nature of the staminal-tubes ; but the transitional conditions between them are so numerous that they cannot be maintained. L. aequata, DC. Prodr. i. 635, with pubescent stems and leaves, belongs probably to L. hirta or L. robusta. A specimen of Griffith's, from Assam, with oblong acuminate sharply and finely serrate leaflets and prominent parallel straight nerves, is probably distinct. ** Leaves pubescent. 12. L. integrifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 659; leaflets 6-8 by 2-3 in. linear-lanceolate or lanceolate acuminate entire or very slightly serrate glabrous above sliglitly downy beneath. W. & A. Prodr. 132. Western Peninsula ; moist valleys in the Circars, Roxburgh. Subarboreous. Leaves supra-decompound, about 30 in. both ways. Cymes supradecompound, large, subcorymbose. Corolla-tube shorter than the calyx. Staminaltube cylindric, the grooves running almost to the line of union with the corolla. Lobes emarginate. Anthers oblong, pointed, connate. - I have seen no specimen, neither had Wight and Arnott, whose emended description of Roxburgh I follow. 13. L. robusta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 655 ; leaflets 6-12 by 2 1/2-6 in. ovate or ovate-lanceolate cuspidate serrate glabrous above pubescent on the veins beneath, cymes compact, bracts large persistent. W. & A. Prodr. 132; Wall. Cat. 6826. L. aspera, Wall. Cat. 6825, in part. L. compactiflora, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1873, ii. 65. SIKKIM Himalaya and Khasia Mts., alt. 1-5000 ft., H. f. & T. ; Martaban, Kurz ; Western Peninsula, in the Northern Circars, Roxburgh. A large robust shrub, 5-6 ft. Stems stout, the older parts glabrous, the younger covered with a harsh coarse short pubescence. Leaves 1-3 ft. long, often broader. Bracts 1/2-1 in., lanceolate. Flowers larger than in the other species. Anthers connate. Fruit black, succulent, the size of a small cherry. - Although Roxburgh describes the cymes as supra-decompound and the bracts as linear and caducous, I believe that this is the species he intended. 14. L. diffusa, Laws.; young parts covered with a short thin pubescence, leaflets 5-12 by 2-5 in. shortly stalked acuminate serrate dark-green above with a few white appressed hairs of the intercostal spaces at length glabrous paler and pubescent on the nerves beneath, cymes very large and diffuse, bracts minute caducous. L. aspera, Wall. Cat. 6825, in part. NIPAL, Wallich. Khasia Mts., alt. 2-3000 ft., H. f. & T. Tenasserim or Andaman Islands, Helfer. A somewhat weak shrub, with more slender branches than in L. robusta. Leaves thin and membranous ; nerves arched. Anthers connate. Fruit ? - It would seem page 668 as though Roxburgh, in his description of the cymes of L. robusta, had taken his characters from specimens belonging to this species.15. L. hirta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 655; branches and leaves hairy, leaflets 4-12 by 2-4 in. lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate acuminate serrate harsh and scabrous above hairy beneath, cymes very short and compact, bracts inconspicuous. Wall. Cat. 6822. L. scabra, Steud. ii. 21. SIKKIM Himalaya, Assam, Silhet, the Khasia Mts., East Bengal, Chittagong, Pegu, and the Andaman Islands. - Distrib. Java. Shrubby, with coarse subscabrous branches and petioles. Veins arched. Cymes 2-5 in., very compact, densely hirsute. Flowers large. Anthers connate. Fruit the size of a currant, black, dry? - Readily known from L. robusta by its abundant and harsh pubescence and inconspicuous bracts ; and from L. diffusa by its very short and compact cymes. DOUBTFUL AND EXCLUDED SPECIES. Leea cordata, Wall. Cat. 6019, appears to be a Vitis near V. pallida; the specimen is insufficient. Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1873, pt. 2, 60, refers it doubtfully to a form of V. Linnaei. Leea odontophylla, Wall. Cat. 6820 (leaves only), is probably a Vitis, allied to V. latifolia. Order XLIV. SAPINDACEAE. (By W. P. Hiern, M.A.) Trees, shrubs, or rarely stout or wiry herbs. Leaves alternate or less commonly opposite, exstipulate or occasionally stipulate, pinnate palmate trifoliolate or simple ; leaflets opposite or alternate, entire or dentate, occasionally lobed. Flowers mostly polygamo-dioecious and small, usually either irregular or unsymmetricaL Calyx mostly 4-5-lobed or -sepalous, often unequally so, imbricate or valvate in the bud. Petals free, equal or unequal, usually 4-5 or 0, the fifth sometimes deficient, flat or in one genus cupshaped, often bearded or squamate at the base within. Disk annular or unilateral, rarely in male flowers deficient. Stamens 5-10, inserted inside the disk at the base of the ovary or outside or on the disk, sometimes unilateral ; anthers 2-celled, basifixed or versatile ; filaments often pubescent, almost always free. Ovary centric or excentric, entire or lobed or sometimes divided nearly to the base, 1-4-celled ; cells 1-2- or rarely more -ovuled. Style simple or divided, usually terminal ; stigma usually simple. Ovules anatropous campylotropous or amphitropous, usually 1 or 2 together, occasionally more, affixed to the axis of the ovary, ascending. Fruit capsular or indehiscent, entire or lobed, sometimes winged. Seeds globose or compressed, arillate or naked, exalbuminous or in some genera albuminous. Embryo usually thick, sometimes plicate or spirally convolute. - Distrib. About 400 to 500 species scattered over the whole world, especially abundant within the tropics ; 83 occur in Australia ; 37 in Tropical Africa ; 20 are given by Boissier in the " Flora Orientalia." Tribe I. Sapindeae. Stamens inserted Inside the disk, sometimes unilateral. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves exstipulate, alternate or in AEsculus opposite.
page 669
Tribe II. Acerineae. Flowers regular. Stamens inserted on the disk. Lobes of the fruit indehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves opposite, exstipulate.
Tribe III. Dodonaeeae. Flowers regular. Stamens inserted outside the disk. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate, exstipulate.
Tribe IV. Meliantheae. Flowers irregular. Stamens inserted inside the disk. Seeds albuminous. Leaves alternate, stipulate.
Tribe V. Staphyleae. Flowerrs regular. Stamens inserted outside the disk. Seeds albuminous. Leaves opposite, stipulate.
1. CARDIOSPERMUM, Linn. Climbing herbs with wiry stems and branches, alternate exstipulate leaves, biternate coarsely dentate leaflets, axillary racemes, lowest pair of pedicels developed into spiral tendrils, and irregular polygamo-dioecious flowers. Sepals 4, concave, the 2 outer ones small. Petals 4, in pairs, the 2 greater lateral usually adhering to the sepals each with an emarginate scale above the base, the two smaller inferior remote from the stamens each furnished with a small crested scale. Disk unilateral, wavy, almost reduced to 2 round or linear glands opposite the lower petals. Stamens 8, excentric ; filaments free or connate at base; the 4 nearest to the glands shorter than the rest. Ovary 3-celled ; style short, trifid ; ovules solitary, ascending. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, inflated, loculicidal ; valves membranous, veiny. Seeds globose, usually arillate at the base, exalbuminous, testa crustaceous ; cotyledons large, transversely conduplicate. - Distrib. Several species, mostly occurring in Tropical America and a few in Tropical Africa. For the morphology of the flower in this genus, see Griffith Notulae, iv. p. 546. C. Schmiedelia and C. Villosa, Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 34, are clearly meant to be Schmiedelia villosa, Roxb. 1. C. Halicacabum, Linn. Sp. Fl. ed. i. 366; thinly pubescent or nearly glabrous rather pale, leaflets much acuminate, flowers small. W. & A. Prodr. i. 109 ; Wall. Cat. 8030; Griff. Notul. iv. 546, Ic. Pl. Asiat. iv. t. 599, f. 3; Stewart Punjab Pl. 31; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 34; Wight Ic. t. 508 ; Thwaites Enum. 54 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 292 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1049 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. Fl. 28 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 945 ; Baker in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 417, with syn.; Benth. Fl. Austral. i. 453. C. microcarpum, H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. Fl. v. 104; Baker I.c. 418, with syn. - Rheede Hort. Mal. viii. t. 28; Rumph. Herb. Amboin. vi. t. 24, f. 2. Throughout India, from the N.W. Frontier to Ceylon and Malacca. - Distrib. Most tropical and subtropical countries. Annual or perhaps in some cases perennial. Branches slender, furrowed. Leaves deltoid or ovate, 1 1/2-3 in. ; leaflets deeply cut. Flowers white, 1/8 in. Fruit 1/2-1 1/4 in. wide, broadly pyriform. Seeds officinal. Root aperiet. - The form with smaller obversely deltoid capsule (C microcarpum), being connected with the type by continuous links, does not appear to me to be a distinct species. 2. C. canescens, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. i. 14, t. 14 ; pale, softly pubescent, leaflets short, flowers of moderate size. W. & A. Prodr. i. 109 ; Wight Ic. t. 74; Wall. Cat. 8032; Baker in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 418, with syn. ? C. ovatum, Wall. Cat. 8031. C. pubescens, Griff. Journ. 108 not of Lagasca. BIRMA, Wallich, Griffith. Western Peninsula, from the Concan and Circars southwards. - Distrib. Abyssinia. Annual. Branches 5-furrowed. Leaves patent, triangular, 2-3 in. Flowers 1/6-1/4 in. Fruit nearly globose, 1-1 1/4 in. - C. ovatum deviates somewhat from the type in the direction of the previous species. 2. HEMIGYROSA, Blume. Trees with alternate exstipulate abruptly pinnate pallid leaves, quite entire coriaceous oblong much reticulated leaflets, short pedicels bracteate at the base and crowded polygamo-monoecious irregular flowers on spicate racemes arranged in axillary panicles. Sepals 5, erect, concave, the 2 outer ones smaller. Petals 4-5, concave, shaggy at the claw, with an entire or bifid or crested and hooded scale inserted at the claw within ; the fifth petal equal minute or obsolete. Disk unilateral, cushion-shaped. Stamens 8 or in male flowers 6-10, ascending, somewhat unilateral, inserted at the base of the ovary within the disk; filaments pilose; anthers not or scarcely page 671 exserted. Ovary excentric, turbinate-trigonous, 3- celled ; stigma trigonous, blunt; ovule solitary. Fruit indehiscent, thickly coriaceous fleshy or woody, trigonous or globose, hairy, 3-celled ; cells hairy inside. Seeds oblong, exalbuminous, exarillate, testa coriaceous ; cotyledons fleshy, equal. - Distrib. A few species, confined to the tropics of the old world.The venation of the leaflets is similar to that of the leaves of Diospyros Embryopteris, Pers. 1. H. deficiens, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 231 ; leaflets 8-14 opposite subopposite or alternate oblong glabrous shining, racemes solitary crowded or panicled axillary or scattered along the boughs shortly tomentose, petals 4-5 crenulate or subentire, scales entire half the length of tbe petals, bracts ovate small, flowers fascicled. Sapindus? deficiens, W. & A. Prodr. i. 111. Anomosanthes deficiens, Blume Rumph, iii. 151 ; Benth. & Hook. f. Gen. Pl. i. 402 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. Ixxii. Western Peninsula, Courtallam, Cochin, Travancor, Tinnevelley Ghats, and Annamallay hills, alt. 2-5000 ft. A middle-sized or small tree. Bark slightly tinged with red. Leaves 1-2 feet long; leaflets 5-9 by 1 1/4-2 1/2 in. Inflorescence 2-24 in. Flowers 1/6-1/4 in. Stamens 8-10, rarely only 6 in male flowers ; 8 in female flowers, according to Beddome. Fruit unknown. - No specimens from Ceylon, as stated by Wight Ill. i. 141. 2. H. canescens, Thwaites Enum. 56, 408 ; leaflets 2-8, mostly opposite elliptic-oblong ovate or lanceolate glabrous shining, racemes simple or panicled axillary or scattered over tbe branches shortly tomentose, bracteoles mostly subulate, flowers fascicled, petals with short cut scales at base. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 151. H. trichocarpa, Thwaites I.c. ; Bedd. Anal. Gen. Ixxi. Molinaea canescens, Roxb. Cor. PI. i. 43, t. 60; Fl. Ind. ii. 243. Sapindus tetraphylla, Vahl Symb. iii. 54 ; Wall. Cat. 8040. S. bijugus, Wall. Cat. 8045. Cupania canescens, Pers. Syn. Pl. i. 413 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 29; W. & A. Prodr. i. 113; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 35. Cupania (sp.) Wall. Cat. 9034. Cupania (sp.) 6, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. & T. Tenasserim and Birma, Wallich, Helfer; Western Peninsula, from the Concan southwards ; common on the east side of the Madras Presidency, Ceylon, near Kanally. A shrub or good sized tree, with a trunk of considerable size but not straight. Bark cinereous. Leaves 5-22 in. ; leaflets usually obtuse or emarginate, occasionally acute, 2 1/2-10 by 3/4-5 in. ; petiolules rugose, 1/8-1/3 in. long, slightly fuscous. Inflorescence shorter than the leaves. Flowers white, 1/5-1/4 in. Fruit subglobose or 3-sided, tomentose, 1/2-1 in. thick, ochre-coloured. - The pulpy mesocarp resembles an aril. 3. H. longifolia, Hiern.; leaflets 6 opposite or subopposite oblong shortly acuminate acute glabrous sliining base obtuse, racemes short solitary crowded or branched axillary or supra-axillary, flowers tomentose, scale of petals short shaggy flat entire or bifid. Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. Young parts inflorescence and fruit velvety. Leaves 2-2 1/2 ft.; rachis velvety or obsoletely so ; leaflets 12-15 by 2 1/4-3 3/4 in. ; petiolules 2/5-4/5 in. obsoletely velvety. Inflorescence 2-3 in. ; flowers 1/2 in. ; bracteoles subulate, 1/8-1/6 in. Petals 5, obovate, oblong. Fruit 1 in. long and broad, trigonous, with 3 broad shallow furrowe, setose; setae flexuose, tomentose. 3. DITTELASMA, Hook. f. A tree. Leaves alternate, pinnate, exstipulate, leaflets subopposite or alternate, quite entire. Panicles terminal, bracteate. Flowers pale, page 672 polygamo-monoecious. Sepals quincuncial, oblong, rounded at apex, rather unequal. Petals 4, erect, oblong, concave, tomentose outside, the place of the fifth vacant ; scale as large as the petal, obovate-oblong, densely shaggy-crested incurved and cohering at apex, inserted near the base of the petal and closely applied to its lamina. Disk semilunate-annular, much wider towards one side, glabrous. Stamens 8, inserted around the base of the ovary, equal ; filaments shaggy, slender at the tip ; anthers small, shortly exserted. Ovary ovoid-globose, glabrous, 3-lobed, 3-celled, contracted at the apex into short erect style, stigma shortly ;3-lobed ; ovules solitary in the cells of the ovary. Fruit 1-3-coccous, 2 segments usually smaller or obsolete, subglobose, rather fleshy, indehiscent. Seed globose, exarillate, exalbuminous ; testa very thick, bony, embryo curved, cotyledons large unequal incurved ; radicle short, incumbent. - Distrib. A monotypic genus.1. D. Rarak, Hook. f. in Benth. & Hook.f. Gen. Pl. i. 396; leaflets 14-26 usually lanceolate-acuminate delicately veined base oblique shortly petioluled, inflorescence erect ovoid-pyramidal shorter than or about equalling the leaves. Sapindus Rarak, DC. Prodr. i. 608; Blume Rumph. iii. 93, t. 167. ?S. pinnatus, Mill. Gard. Dict. No. 3. S. saponaria, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 238 (not of Linn.) - Rumph. Herb. Amboin. ii. 134. Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. (Ceylon, introduced.) - Distrib. Cochin-china, Java, Seychelles (introduced). Trunk rising 50-60 ft., terete, covered with a glabrous tenacious smooth bark. Leaves ranging up to 1 1/2 ft., pari- or imparipinnate; petiole not winged; leaflets 2-4 1/2 by 1/2-1 1/3 in., glabrous. Panicle 6-14 in., tawny-velvety. Flowers 1/5 in., tomentose, white or pale. Fruit 3/4-1 in. 4. ERIOGLOSSUM, Blume. Erect trees or shrubs. Leaves odd-pinnate, exstipulate, alternate. Leaflefs opposite or subopposite, entire. Panicles terminal, erect, bearing the white irregular polygamodioecious flowers on elongated branches. Sepals 5, unequal, orbicular, concave, broadly imbricated, the two outer ones smaller. Petals 4, unequal, obovate, clawed, the place of the 5th vacant, scale hairy, hooded, with an apical lobed appendage. Disk one-sided, lobed. Stamens 8, more or less turned to one side, rather unequal ; filaments hairy. Ovary stipitate, obcordate, 3-lobed, 3-celled ; style slender, stigma obscurely 3-lobed; ovules solitary in the cells of the ovary. Fruit 1-3-lobed to the base ; segments oblong, indehiscent, diverging. Seeds oblong, exarillate, exalbuminous, testa membranous ; embryo straight ; cotyledons thick. - Distrib. Species 2, one of which is at present known to occur only in Senegambia. For the morphology of the flower in this genus, see Griffith Notul. iv. 549. 1. E. edule, Blume Bijdr. 229 ; Rumphia iii. 110, t. 166 ; leaflets 8-12 elliptic- or ovate-oblong often acuminate shortly pubescent at least on the veins beneath, base usually oblique obtuse shortly petioluled, flowers crowded. Benth.Fl. Austral. i. 454. E. rubiginosum. Brand. For. Fl. 108. Moulinsia cupanioides, Cambess in Mem. Mus. Par. xviii. 27, 40, t, 2. Sapindus rubiginosa, Roxb. Cor. PI. i. 44, t. 62 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 282 ; W. & A. Prodr. i. 112 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 29 ; Wall. Cat. 8041 ; Griff. Notul. iv. 548 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. Suppl. 14; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. Ixxiii. S. fraxinifolius, DC. Prodr. i. 608. S. edulis, Blume Cat. Buitenz. 64. M. rubiginosa, G. Don Gen. Syst. i. 667. S, alternifolius and longifolius, Herb. Hamilt. ex W. & A. I.c.; Wall. Cat. 8041 D, 8046. S. pinnatus, Roxb. Ic. 89. page 673 SIKKIM Himalaya, Assam, Oudh, Eastern Peninsula, from Birma to Penang and Malacca, Western Peninsula from the Godavery southwards. - Distrib. Widely- spread over the Indian Archipelago, and N.W. coast of Australia. A large timber tree or shrub, with the shoots petioles and inflorescence ferruginous-pubescent. Leaves about 1-2 ft. ; leaflets 3-15 by 1-3 1/2 in. Flowers sweet-scented, shortly pedicelled in small clusters, on elongated spike-like racemes, arranged in a panicle. Fruit 1/4 in. - Wood useful, strong, and durable, chocolate coloured in the centre. In Linnaeus' Herbarium this species is named Sapindus Saponaria. 5. ALLOPHYLUS, Linn. Small trees or shrubs. Leaves 1- or 3-foliolate, exstipulate, leaflets entire or serrate. Racemes simple or branched axillary. Flowers small, polygamodioecious, globose, shortly pedicelied, white or yellowish. Sepals, 4 in opposite pairs, hooded, membranous, widely imbricated ; the two outer ones smaller. Petals 4, the place of the 5th vacant, small (or obsolete), sometimes declinate, naked inside or usually furnished with a shaggy scale above the claw. Disk one-sided, usually with 4 glands opposite the petals. Stamens 8, inserted on the receptacle inside the disk. Ovary usually 2-lobed and 2-celled - ovules in the cells solitary. Fruit indehiscent usually 1-2-lobed ; lobes subglobose, fleshy or dry. Seeds usually with a short fleshy aril ; embryo curved ; cotyledons plicate. - Distrib. A large chiefly tropical American genus ; about 12 species occur in tropical Africa, others in South Africa, the Mascarine Islands, Madagascar, &c., and several in the Indian Archipelago. Sect. I. Leaves unifoliolate. 1. A. zeylanicus, Linn. Nov. PI. Gen. in Amoen. Acad. i. 398 (1747); leaves unifoliolate ovate oblong or obovate more or less acuminate, racemes simple or slightly branched. Schmidelia Allophylus, DC. Prodr. i. 611. Am. in Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xviii. 326 ; Thwaites Enum. 55; Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 286. S. bidentata, Walt. Cat. 8062. Ornitrophe Allophylus, Pers. Syn. PI. i. 412. SIKKIM Himalaya, alt. 1-3000 ft. Assam. Cachar. Ceylon. A shrub or small tree with terete branches. Leaves 1 1/2-16 by 1/2-7 3/4 in.; petioles 1/4-3 in. Racemes 1/4-9 in. Flowers 1/16-1/8 in. diam. Fruit globose, red. - A variable species, the principal forms of which may be indicated as follows ; intermediate forms exist in some cases. Var. 1. acuminata; glabrous, leaves quite entire ovate, racemes rather long. S. acuminata, Thwaites Enum. 55 ; Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 287. - Ceylon. Var. 2. assamica; glabrous, leaves quite entire oblong, racemes short. - Assam. Var 3. hispida; branches midrib and margins of leaf hispid. S. hispida, Thwaites, I.c.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 152. - Ceylon. Var. 4. varians; leaves small obovate toothed widely repand denticulate subcoriaceous, racemes rather elongated. S. varians, Thwaites Enum. 408 ; Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 288. Var. 5. Thwaitesii ; leaves 6-10 in. obovate toothed widely repand denticulate or toothed subcoriaceous, racemes short. - Ceylon. Var. 6. grandifolia; leaves obovate toothed or widely repand denticulate, submembranous. Schmidelia, sp. 10, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. & T. - Sikkim, Assam, Cachar. Sect. II. Leaves trifoliolate. 2. A. Cobbe, Blume Rumph. iii. 131 ; leaves trifoliolate, leaflets obovate ovate or lanceolate mostly acuminate hairy or glabrous subcoriaceous entire dentate or serrate, racemes simple, flowers irregular, petals sometimes declinate. Rhus Cobbe, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. i. 267. Ornitrophe Cobbe, page 674 Willd. Sp. PI. ii. 322 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii 268. Usubis triphylla, Burm. Fl. Ind. 89, t. 32, f. 1. 0. Schmiedelia, Pers. Syn. i. 412. Schmidelia Kobbe, Lamk. lll, ii. 443. t. 312, f. 2. S. Cobbe, DC. Prodr. i. 610; W. & A. Prodr. 109 ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 29 ; Wight III. i. 141 ; Wight Ic. t. 9642 ; Thwaites Enum. 55. Toxicodendrum Cobbe, Gaertn. Fruct. i. 207, t. 44, f. 5. O. serrata, Roxb. Cor. Pl. i. t. 61 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 266. S. serrata, DC. I.c.: Wight Ill. i. 141; W. & A. Prodr. 110; Benth. Fl. Austral, i. 455 ; Wall. Cat. 8061 (O. malabarica, Hb. Madr.). S. racemosa, Linn. Mant 67 ; Wall Cat. 8059. O. Aporetica, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 28 ; Fl. Ind. ii 264. Aporetica ternata, J. R. & G. Forst. Charact. Gen. Pl. 132, t. 66. 0. villosa, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 28 ; Fl. Ind. I.c. 265. S. villosa, Wight Ic. t. 401 ; Thwaites I.c.; Wall. Cat 8060. S. Rheedii, Wight Ic. t. 964 ; Spic. Neilgh. Bot. 33. O. glabra, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 28; Fl. Ind. I.c. 267. Allophyllus lanatus, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 88 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 263. S. distachya, DC. I.c. 610. S. Aporetica, Wall. Cat. 8058 ; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1870, ii. 74. S. glabra, Wall.Cat. 8057; Steud. Nom. ed. 2, ii. 531. Pometia ternata, G. Forst. Fl. Ins. Austr. Prodr. 74 (1786). ? S. dentata, WaIl. ex Voigt Hort. Sub. Calc. 93. Schmidelia (Allophyllus ornitrophioides, Herb. Roxb.) ; Wall. Cat. 8055. S. adenophylla, Wall. Cat. 8063. S. vestita, Wall. Cat. 8066. S. timorensis, DC. Prodr. i. 611. S. orientalis, Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. ii. 666. S. ternata, Cambess. in Mem. Mus. Par. xviii. 24. O. asiatica, Hort. ex Steud. Nom. ed. 2, ii. 230. - Rheede Hort. Mal. v. t. 25.Assam, Silhet, Birma, and southwards through the Eastern Peninsula. Western Peninsula, from the Concan southwards. Ceylon. - Distrib. N. Australia, lndian Archipelago, &c. A small tree, or on the low lands and near the coast a shrub, sometimes of considerable size with a climbing habit. Bark grey or purple, spotted. Leaves very variable in size, shape, margin, and surface. Leaflets 1-10 by 1/2-4 in.; terminal petiolules ranging up to 1 in., lateral ones very short. Inflorescence 3-9 in. ; flowers yellowish or white, clustered, small ; pedicels short. Fruit red, shining, globose, 1/4 in. - The root is said to be astringent ; the ripe fruits are eaten by the natives. According to Wight & Arnott in their Prodromus, Allophyllus ternatus. Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 232 (= S. cochinchinensis, DC. I.c. 611), and Gemella trifolia, Lour. I.c. 649 (= S. Gemella, Camb. I.c.) appear to belong to this plant. An exceedingly variable species, widely spread in India and the Archipelago, and perhaps extending to Africa and America. The following is a rough key to the principal forms, which are, however, connected by various intermediate links : -
EXCLUDED SPECIES OF ALLOPHYLUS (Schmidelia). Allophylus pinnatus, Roxb. Ic. t. 1407, is Otophora fruticosa, Blume. Schmidelia (sp.), Wall. Cat. 8056, is probably Walsura villosa. Wall. S. (Ornitrophe) foetidissima, Wall. Cat. 8064. Cfr. Gynocardia. S. INTEGERRIMA, Wall. Cat. 8065, is Evodia Roxburghiana, Benth. page 675 6. AESCULUS, Linn. Trees and shrubs with scaly buds. Leaves opposite, digitate, deciduous, exstipulate ; leaflets obovate or oblong, serrate. Panicles terminal, thyrsoid. Flowers large, polygamous, irregular. Calyx tubular or campanulate, 5- cleft or -dentate, deciduous, with unequal imbricated lobes. Petals 4-5, unequal, clawed, without scales, imbricated, exceeding the calyx. Disk annular or unilateral, lobed or entire. Stamens 5-8, usually 7, inserted within the disk, free. Ovary sessile, 3-celled. Style elongated, ' slender ; stigma simple. Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary, superposed. Fruit capsular, 1-3-celled ; valves loculicidal, coriaceous ; cells 1-seeded. Seeds subglobose, exalbuminous, with a broad hilum ; testa coriaceous ; cotyledons thick, corrugated, conferruminated. - Distrib. About 14 species, natives mostly of the temperate parts of Asia and America. AE. Hippocastanum, Linn., is said to be indigenous in North India, but it is not now known in the wild state. See Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 497. 1. AE. (Pavia) indica, Colebr. in Wall. Cat. 1188; leaflets usually 7 acuminate delicately serrate submembranous distinctly petioluled, panicles oblong nearly equalling or exceeding the leaves, flowers secund. Camb. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 31, t. 35 ; Bot. Mag. t. 5117 ; Brand. For. Fl. 103, t. 19 ; Royle III. 135 ; Stew. Punjab Pl. 31. Western Himalaya, alt. 4-10,000 ft. from the Indus to Nipal. - Distrib. Affghanistan. A fine tree of 60-70 ft. in height and 10-15 in girth, with glabrous terete branches. Leaves glabrous ; leaflets unequal, the terminal one 5-9 by 1 1/2-3 in., the lateral ones smaller ; common petiole 3-6 in., thickened at the base, sulcate above ; petiolules ranging to 5/6 in. Calyx tubular, 1/3 in. long, frequently splitting as the flowers open ; lobes short, rounded. Petals 4, white with red and yellow, the place of the fifth vacant. Capsule ovoid or subpyriform., reddish-brown, without spines, rather rough, 1-2 in. long. Seeds dark. - The interior of the seeds is eaten in the Himalayas, according to Dr. Royle, in time of famine ; cattle habitually eat them. The bark peels off in long strips ; the wood is light-coloured and easily worked. The fruit is officinal, being applied externally for rheumatism. The leaves are lopped for winter fodder in the Himalaya. 2. AE. (Pavia) punduana, Wall. Cat. 1189 ; leaflets 6-7 acuminate delicately serrate subcoriaceous shortly petioled, panicles narrowly lanceolate nearly equalling the leaves, lower pedicels longer. AE. asamicus, Griff. Journ. 69, 75, 80, 122. P. khassyana, Voigt Hort. Sub. Calc. 97. Tropical Sikkim Himalaya, J. D. H. Khasia Mts., ascending to 4000 ft. Assam and BIRMA. - Distrib. Siam. A tree with glabrous terete branches. Leaves glabrous ; leaflets unequal, the terminal one 8-15 by 2 1/4-5 in., the lateral ones smaller; common petiole 7 1/2-12 in. ; petiolule 1/4-3/4 in. Calyx tubular, 1/4 in.; lobes short, rounded at apex. Petals 4, white and yellow. 7. SCYPHOPETALUM, Hiern. A small tree. Leaves alternate exstipulate unequally pinnate ; leaflets opposite. Flowers panicled, regular, hermaphrodite, 4-6-merous. Calyx deeply lobed, hemispherical ; lobes ovate, somewhat imbricated in the bud. Petals shorter than the calyx, without scales, very shortly clawed, each forming a wide short turbinate somewhat compressed cup, glabrous outside, hirsute inside. Stamens 7-6, inserted within the short annular glabrous disk, scarcely exserted, glabrous ; fllaments subulate-linear, curved near the apex; anthers short, 2-celled, fixed by the base. page 676 Ovary hairy, subsessile, 3-celled, entire ; ovules solitary ; style obsolete - stigma blunt. - Distrib. A monotypic genus peculiar by the cup-shaped petals.1. S. ramiflorum, Hiern ; leaflets 9 oblong obtuse or subacuminate coriaceous glabrescent base somewhat narrowed shortly petioluled, panicles from the old wood short, pedicels equalling or rather exceeding the flowers. - Sapindacea, Griff. Journ. 83. BIRMA ; hilly woods in the Hookhoom valley, Griffith (Kew distrib. 985). Branches reddish. Leaves 1 ft., pallid in the dry state ; petioles 2 in. ; leaflets shining above, 4-8 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in. ; petiolules 1/ in., puberulent ; lateral veins about 16 on each side of midrib, alternate. Panicles 2 1/2-3 in. diam. Flowers 1/8 in. wide, shortly pubescent. Petals flesh-coloured. 8. CUPANIA, Plum. Trees or tall shrubs. Leaves alternate, exstipulate in most cases abruptly pinnate ; leaflets entire, subcoriaceous. Panicles axillary and subterminal, bracteoled. Flowers nearly regular, polygamo-dioecious. Calyx 5-4-cleft or sepals 5-4, roundish, concave, nearly valvate or imbricated in 2 rows. Petals 5-4 or obsolete, with or without 1-2 bilobed or entire scales at base inside. Disk regular or unequally thickened, annular, glabrous, fleshy. Stamens 7-10, rarely fewer, inserted within the disk, included or more usually exserted. Ovary ovoid obovoid or obcordate, 2-4-celled, more or less pubescent ; ovules solitary. Fruit capsular, usually loculicidal obcordate or pyriform, 2-4-lobed or -sided and -celled ; lobes connate or almost free and divaricate, sometimes compressed. Seeds subglobose or oblong more or less covered with an aril, exalbuminous. Embryo thick, curved. - Distrib. A rather large tropical genus of both Worlds ; 14 of them are endemic in Australia and only 1 in tropical Africa. Sect. I. Fruit widely obcordate or 2-3-lobed. * Sepals 5. Lateral veins of leaflets arching, not parallel. 1. C. glabrata, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xli. ii. 303 (1872); glabrescent leaflets 4-8 lanceolate or ovate-oblong Acuminate subcoriaceous loosely but prominently reticulated base cuneate oblique, panicles racemose or racemes simple, flowers pentamerous, petals shorter than the sepals squamate. Sapindus squamosus, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 88 ; Fl. Ind, ii. 282 ; Wall. Cat. 8097. Connaraceae ?, Wall. Cat. 8550. Pegu and Martaban. Penang, G. Porter. - Distrib. Malay Archipelago (Roxb.). A tree of 25-30 ft. Leaves abruptly pinnate, shortly petioled, quite glabrous and shining ; leaflets 4-7 in. Flowers white ; pedicels 1/12 in. Outer sepals 1/12 in. Petals 1/24 in , glabrous outside, densely white-cottony inside. Ovary tawny-hairy. 2. C. pallidula, Hiern ; young parts tawny-pubescent, rachis of leaves not winged, leaflets 6-8 alternate or subopposite elliptic- or ovate-oblong thinly coriaceous pallid inconspicuously veined base oblique cuneate, flowers pentamerous, sepals much imbricated, petals with a large hairy scale on each side of base, capsule 2-3-lobed stipitate. Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. A small tree. Branchlets terete, clothed with a very short tomentum. Leaves 6-12 in. ; leaflets 2-5 by 2/3-2 in., acuminate ; petiolules very short, tumid at base. Flowers 1/8 in. wide. Anthers small, glabrous, exserted. Capsule 1/2 in., lobes 1/3 in. wide, nearly glabrate. - Nearly related to C regularis, Blume Rumph. iii. 159, from Sumatra and Borneo ; but diflers from it by generally smaller leaves and a paler colour page 677 in the dry state. In Dr. Brandis' herbarium there is a specimen from Salween, Burmah, named C. regularis, Blume ; it is of a dusky colour with leaves 6-12 in., leaflets 4 opposite 4-7 by 1 1/3-2 2/3 in., and inflorescence about 4 in.3. C. fuscidula, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xli. ii. 302 (1872) ; puberulent, leaflets 3-6 alternate ovate or oval obtusely subacuminate thinly coriaceous dusky (in the dry state) above with lax not strongly marked nor parallel reticulation base very oblique, panicles many-flowered, scales of the petals bifid or entire not much shorter than the petals. Tenasserim, Helfer. A tree. Shoots shortly pubescent. Leaves 5-8 in. ; rachis not winged ; leaflets 1 1/2-4 1/2 by 2/3-1 2/3 in.; petiolules very short. Panicles 3-4 in. long ; flowers 1/12-1/10 in. wide, pentandrous. Sepals imbricated. Anthers included or not much exserted, glabrous. 4. C. pleuropteris ?, Blume Rumph. iii. 158 ; rachis of leaves narrowly winged above, leaflets 4-8 opposite or subopposite obovate or narrowly elliptic obtusely acuminate or pointed base obliquely narrowed thinly coriaceous glabrate or puberulent at least beneath, inflorescence shorter than the leaves pedicels about equalling the pubescent pentamerous flowers, sepals unequal, petals larger furnished at the base each with 2 obovate scales, stamens inserted, capsule obcordate 2-3-lobed. Singapore, Maingay. Malacca, Maingay, Griffith. Penang, Wallich. - Distrib. Borneo, Sumatra. Young parts shortly tawny-pubescent. Leaves rather pallid especially beneath, 4-8 1/2 in.; leaflets 1-6 by 1/2-2 in., subsessile. Flowers 1/6 in. diam. Calyx persistent. Disk glabrous, fleshy, annular. Filaments slender, pilose below. Style linear, glabrous. Fruit glabrous, stipitate, compressed, 1/2 in. Var. α. bijuga, leaflets 4-2 glabrescent dusky. - Wall. Cat. 8094. Var. β. apiculata, leaflets 6-8 shortly pubescent beneath tawny apiculate. ** Calyx 6-cleft. Lateral veins of leaflets rather straight, subparallel. 5. C. adenophylla, Planch, mss. in Hb. Kew. ; rachis of leaves not winged leaflets 4-6 opposite ovate-oblong gradually acuminate thinly coriaceous glabrous or sparingly pubescent shining base obtusely wedgeshaped lateral veins 9-12 subparallel clearly but not stoutly marked beneath usually with small glands in the axils beneath, flowers tetramerous or pentamerous, calyx cleft subvalvate, petals with 2 obovate (or 1 bilobed) shaggy scales at base, filaments exserted pubescent, fruit obcordate or deeply bilobed glabrate. Sapindus adenophyllus, Wall. Cat. 8044. Tenasserim, at Mergui and Moulmein, Wallich, &c. Malacca, Griffith. A shrub of 10-12 ft. Young parts and inflorescence ferruginous-pubescent. Leaves 8-13 in. ; leaflets 3-9 by 1 1/4-2 3/4 in. ; petiolules 1/6-1/4 in. Inflorescence 3-6 in. Flowers 1/8 in. wide. Anthers somewhat hairy. Style equalling the ovary. Fruit 1/2-2/3 in., very shortly stipitate ; one lobe sometimes abortive. Sect. II. Fruit pyriform, 3-4 -sided, not lobed. * Petals squamate at base, exceeding the calyx. 6. C. acuta, Hiern ; rachis of leaves not winged, leaflets 11-15 alternate or subopposite lanceolate acuminate acute glabrous shining patent shortly petioluled, flowers tawny-pubescent pentamerous, petals exceeding the calyx glabrous furnished at the base with a nearly equal densely ciliated bipartite scale, partitions obovate diverging, stamens 8, filaments hairy exserted subulate below, fruit more or less pubescent tawny pyriform 3-4-sided shortly stipitate. Sapindacea, Wall. Cat. 9036. page 678 Singapore, Wallich. Malacca, Maingay. Young parts and inflorescence tawny-pubescent. Leaves 6-12 in. ; leaflets 2 1/2-4 1/2 by 2/3-1 1/8 in. ; petiolules 1/6-1/3 in., dark. Infiorescence about as long as the leaves. Calyx about 1/8 in. wide, subvalvate. Disk fleshy, glabrous, covered with whitish inflorescence. Ovary conical, tomentose, not lobed. Fruit 1 1/2-2 by 3/4-1 1/4 in., somewhat fleshy, 3-4-valved, the junctions of the valves marked by slightly elevated grooved keels which unite at the apex of the fruit to form a short aplculus. 7. C. Jackiana, Hiern ; shining, leaflets 6 or 8 opposite or subopposite elliptic shortly and obtusely acuminate base obtuse or somewhat cuneate shortly petiolate, fruiting panicles shorter than tlie leaves, fruit not lobed obovoid-oblong 2- or by abortion 1-celled mucronate-cuspidate base attenuate and shortly stipitate often compressed mostly 1 -seeded. Connarus? Jackianus, Wall. Cat. 8652. Car Nicobar Island, Jack. Leafy, young parts tawny-puberulent, soon glabrescent. Upper leaves 6-12 in. ; leaflets 3-6 by 1 1/4-2 1/2 in. ; lateral veins 8-10 on each side, not opposite. Panicles near the extremities of the branches; fruiting pedicels 1/4-1/2 in. Fruit 1 1/2 by 3/4 in., glabrous ; valves 2, tomentose inside ; dissepiment often partly obliterated. Seed ellipsoidal, 3/4 by 1/2 in., occupying the upper part of the cell ; base arillate. 8. C. pentapetala, W. & A. Prodr. 113; rachis of leaves not winged leaflets 4-8 subopposite or alternate ovate or oblong subacuminate coriaceous glabrous shining base obtuse lateral veins somewhat arching not robust, flowers pentamerous pubescent in racemes arranged in crowded panicles, calyx cleft subvalvate, petals small with two small glabrous incurved scales at base, filaments exserted pubescent, ovary pubescent 3-celled, style very short, stigma of three recurved lobes, seeds arillate. Schleichera pentapetala, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 29 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 275. C. pentaphylla, Wight Ic. t. 402. C. Roxburghii, Wight Ic. text, n. 402. SILHET, Roxburgh, 1811, in Hb. Mus. Brit. A pretty large tree. Leaves 6-12 in. ; leaflets 4-8 by 1 1/2-2 1/4 in. ; petiolule 1/8-1/4 in. Inflorescence about 7 in. Flowers 1/8 in. wide, dull yellowish green. Stamens 7-8; anthers glabrous. Disk pubescent. Capsule stipitate, 3-valved, 3/8 in. diam., pyriform, not lobed. ** Petals wanting or small and esquamate. 9. C. Lessertiana, Camb. in Mem. Mus. Par. xviii. 46, t. 3 ; leaflets 2-6 usually 4 ovate not or obtusely acuminate delicately reticulated base rounded or shortly narrowed, petiolules short, calyx-lobes 5 valvate, petals 0, disk broad glabrous or nearly so 5-crenate, stamens 8 exserted glabrous, capsule globose-pyriform 3-sided glabrous stipitate. Hassk. Pl. Jav. Rar. 285. Ratonia Lessertiana, Benth. & Hook. f. Gen. PI. i. 400. C. Mischocarpus, Steud. Nomencl. Bot. ed. 2, i. 454, Mischocarpus sundaicus, Blume Bijdr. 238; Rumph. iii. 167. Molinaea? (sp.) Wall. Cat. 8092. Schleichera trijuga, Moritzi Syst. Verz. Zoll. 22, ex Hassk. PI. Jav. Rar. 285 (not of Willdenow). Tenasserim ; at Mergui, Griffith. South Andaman Islds., Kurz. Malacca, Maingay. - DISTRIB. Malay Archipelago. A tree of moderate size, sometimes a shrub ; branches terete, glabrous, dark or reddish. Leaves 4-12 in. ; rachis not winged ; leaflets opposite or alternate, 2-8 by 1-2 2/3 in., shining. Inflorescence 2-6 in.; pedicels 1/10 in., shortly pubescent. Calyx scarcely 1/24 in. long by 1/12 in. wide, shortly pubescent. Filaments about 1/8 in. Fruit 1/2 in. long, 1-seeded ; stipes 1/5 in. 10. C. sumatrana, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1. ii. 566 ; rachis of leaves not winged somewhat trigonous above, leaflets 2-10 subalternate or subopposite page 679 oblong or ovate-oblong slightly or scarcely acuminate glabrous thinly coriaceous delicately reticulated lateral veins rarely conspicuous sometimes with axillary glands, flowers pentamerous rarely tetramerous ?, calyx cleft, petals small or wanting without scales, filaments exserted pubescent. Mischocarpus sumatranus, Blume Rumph. iii. 168. Sapindacea, Wall. Cat. 9035, 8108. C. sp. 4, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. & T.SILHET, Gomez, H.f. & T. Tenasserim, at Moulmein, Griffith. - Distrib. Sumatra. A tree of 30-40 ft. or loftier, branched high up. Branches as well as the rachis of the leaves reddish. Leaves 8-24 in. ; leaflets 3 1/2-11 by 1 1/4-3 in.; petiolules 1/6-1/3 in. Inflorescence 6-12 in. ; flowers whitish 1/10 in. wide. Petals when present minute or not exceeding the calyx, narrow, somewhat pubescent. Capsule 2/3-5/6 in., pyriform, marked with 3-4 ribs, constricted at base into a thick trigonous stipes, apiculate, glabrate, red (Blume, I.c.). - A specimen from Pegu (Kurz) in Hb. Kew., consisting of a leaf 33 in. with 10 leaflets 15-18 by about 3 in., has been named Ratonia sumatrana by Kurz in Hb. Kew. 11. C. Helferi, Hiern; leaflets 4 alternate elliptic-oblong subacuminate glabrous delicately reticulated base obtuse, flowers pentamerous on short patent racemes arranged in racemose pubescent subterminal panicles, calyx cleft subvalvate, petals 0, filaments pubescent, ovary pyriform stipitate pubescent not lobed. Tenasserim, or Andaman Islds., Helfer. Leaves about 1 ft. ; rachis terete ; leaflets 5-8 by 2 1/4-2 1/2 in. ; petiolules 1/4-1/3 in. Panicles exceeding the leaves. Calyx 1/8 in. diam. ; lobes ovate. Stamens 8. EXCLUDED SPECIES. C. CANESCENS, Pers., is Hemigyrosa canescens, Thwaites. C. (sp.) 6, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. & T., is Hemigyrosa canescens, Thwaites. C. (sp.), Wall. Cat. 8067 A, is Nephelium Longana, Camb. C. (sp.), Wall. Cat. 8067 B, is perhaps Aglaia edulis, A. Gr. C. (sp.), Wall. Cat. 8069, is Chisocheton paniculatus, Hiern. C. (sp.), Wall. Cat. 9034, is Hemigyrosa canescens, Thwaites. 9. LEPISANTHES, Blume. Trees or shrubs. Leaves pinnate, exstipulate, alternate; leaflets entire, subopposite. Inflorescence axillary and lateral, spike-like. Flowers regular, polygamo-dioecious. Sepals 5-4 widely imbricated in two rows. Petals 6-4, equal, furnished at the base with a short wide inflected entire scale. Disk annular, regular. Stamens 8, erect, inserted within the disk. Ovary sessile, 3-sided, 3-celled ; ovules solitary ; style simple : stigma blunt. Fruit drupaceous, 3-celled, 3-sided, not lobed. Seeds solitary, erect, exalbuminous ; cotyledons very thick, unequal. - Distrib. Species few, all except the following confined to the Indian Archipelago. 1. L. montana, Blume Bijdr, 238 ; Rumph. iii. 151 ; leaflets 8-10 subopposite elliptic- or ovate-oblong subacuminate base very shortly petioluled subcordate, racemes subfascicled axillary lateral simple or branched. BIRMA ; hills between Sitang and Beeling, Brandis. - Distrib. Java. A tree with dark smooth bark. Leaves 1 1/2-2 ft., paripinnate ; leaflets 5-10 by 2-3 in., glabrous above, glabrate or pubescent beneath along the midrib. Inflorescence 2-10 in., shortly pubescent. Calyx 1/6 in. ; petals rather longer, long-clawed. Fruit hairy. - A fruiting panicle from Tegu, about 18 in. long, without leaves in the Hb. Kew, named by Kurz L. montana, Bl., has fruits nearly 1 in. long. page 680 2. L. cuneata, Hiern ; leaflets 6-8 opposite or subopposite elliptic-oblong shortly and obtusely acuminate glabrous base cuneate, racemes short supra-axillary, flowers, very small obsoletely tomentose. Penang, Porter. Nearly glabrous in all parts. Branches smooth. Leaven 12-18 in. ; leaflets 3-8 by 1 1/4-2 1/2 in. ; petiolules 1/5-1/ in. Inflorescence 1-1 1/2 in.; flowers 1/12 in.; bracts subulate, small. Petals 5, glabrous, with a minute scale at base. 3. L. Browniana, Hiern ; leaflets 6-11 alternate or sometimes opposite elliptic-oblong much acuminate glabrous base cuneate petioluled, racemes short dense axillary puberulent, flowers of moderate size. Sapindacea?, R. Br. in Wall. Cat. 7497, and in Misc. Bot. ii 637. Martaban ; Tavoy and Keloben, W. Gomez. A small tree with smooth terete branches tinged with red. Leaves 1 1/2-2 1/2 ft., tending to develope further leaflets at the apex; petiole 6-12 in. ; leaflets 3-9 by 1 1/2-2 1/2 in. ; petiolules somewhat thickened at the base, ranging up to 4 in. Inflorescence 1-2 in.; pedicels about 1/4 in. Flowers 1/3 in. Sepals concave, glabrous inside, thickened at the base, the 2 outer short, the inner 1/4 in. Petals obovate, pubescent at the claw outside, with 2 glabrous scales inside. Disk glabrous. Stamens 8, 1/5 in. ; filaments hairy. Ovary obsolete from the male flowers. 10. OTOPHORA, Blume. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, pinnate ; leaflets entire (the lowest pair stipuliform). Inflorescence axillary and terminal Flowers regular, polygamous. Sepals rarely 4, concave, widely imbricated. Petals 5, rarely 4 small, somewhat squamate at base by inflexion of the subauriculate base. Disk complete, annular, crenulate or entire. Stamens 8-9, rarely fewer, inserted within the disk ; filaments very short ; anthers oblong, included. Oyary 3-4-sided, 3-4-celled ; ovules solitary, ascending; stigma subsessile, obtuse, obsoletely 3-4-rayed. Fruit baccate, not lobed, indehiscent, 3-4or by abortion 2-1-celled; seeds arillate; embryo straight; cotyledons thick. - DISTRIB. Species about 8 confined to the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. O. fruticosa, Blume (=Sapindus fruticosus, Roxb. ; Wall. Cat. 8043; Allophylus pinnatus, Roxb. Ic. t. 1407), has been introduced into India from the Moluccas. 1. O. paucijuga, Hiern; leaflets 2 or 4 opposite narrowly elliptic obtusely acuminate shining base cuueate, panicles racemose lax elongated, sepals 4-5 minutely ciliate, petals 4-3 scarcely bisquamate at base, stamens 6-7, disk glabrous, ovary glabrous. Malacca, Maingay. Leaves 4-10 in. ; petioles 3/4-2 1/2 in., base thickened and probably bearing caducous stipular leaflets; leaflets 3-6 by 1-2 in. ; petiolules 1/8-1/3 in. Racemes 1/2-1 ft. ; pedicels about equalling the flowers. 2. O. erythrocalyx, Hiern ; glabrous, leaflets 14-19 opposite or alternate elliptic or oblong shining firmly coriaceous shortly acuminate, base more or less narrowed, lowest pair stipuliform smaller, panicles elongated much branched nearly equalling the leaves, pedicels slender, petals 5 shortly ciliate very shortly squamate at base, stamens 8, filaments fleshy hairy, anthers somewhat hairy pointed, disk glabrous, ovary 3-sided 3-celled glabrous. Malacca, Maingay. A small tree. Leaves 30-45 in. ; petioles thickened at base ; leaflets ranging up to 9 by 3 in. ; petiolule 1/4 in. Flowers 1/8-1/6 in. Sepals blood-red. Petals pale-rose, page 681 appressed. Stigma sessile broadly trisulcate. Fruit whitish, glabrous, subglobose, trigonous, 3-celled, 1 1/2 in. diam. Seeds arillate.11. SCHLEICHERA, Willd. Trees. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, pinnate; leaflets opposite (or alternate) quite entire, repand-wavy or slightly serrate, with subparallel lateral veins and delicate inconspicuous reticulation. Panicles or racemes simple, elongated. Flowers small, fascicled, regular, polygamo-dioecious. Calyx 4-6-fid, small, cup-shaped ; lobes valvate or obscurely imbricated. Petals absent. Disk complete, glabrous, wavy. Stamens 5-8, exserted, inserted within the disk ; filaments more or less pubescent ; anthers small, glabrous. Ovary ovoid, 3-4-celled, narrowed into a rigid style ; stigma 3-4-cleft. Ovules solitary, erect. Fruit dry crustaceo-coriaceous, indehiscent, 1-3-celled. Seeds erect, enveloped in a fleshy aril ; embryo conduplicate, with unequal connate cotyledons. - Distrib. A small genus of India, the Indian Archipelago, and the Philippine Islands. Beddome, in his Flora Sylvatica Anal. Gen. p. Ixxii., speaks of a new tree found by him on the Golcondah hills, Vizagapatam district, which (he says) will probably turn out to be a species of Schleichera; it is a middle-sized tree, all the young parts and the inflorescence pubescent-tomentose, leaves alternate abruptly or unequally pinnate, 8-10 inches long, leaflets 2-3 pair with or without a terminal odd one, ovate or oblong with a longish acumination subentire or distantly and rather inconspicuously serrate, quite glabrous in age except the costa, 3-4 inches long by 1-1 1/2 broad, petiolules 1/4-1/2 in. long, racemes axillary panicled. The flower-buds on the specimen in the Kew Herbarium are so young that their structure cannot be determined ; indeed the Natural Order to which the plant ought to be referred is uncertain. It is diflerent from any known Indian species of Sapindacece. 1. S. trijuga, Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 1096 ; leaflets 4-8 opposite elliptic or elliptic-oblong obtuse or shortly acuminate entire at length coriaceous glabrescent or subvelutinous flat base rounded or obtuse sessile or subsessile, fruit ellipsoidal glabrous apiculate smooth or spinous. Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 29 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 35 ; Thwaites Enum. 58 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 119; Brandis Fl. Sylv. 105, t. 20; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 277 ; Roth. Nov. Sp. 385; W. & A. Prodr. 114, not of Moritzi. S. pubescens, Roth. I.c. Melicocca trijuga, Juss. in Mem. Mus. Par. iii. 187, t. 8 ; DC. Prodr. i. 615; Wall. Cat. 8080. Scytalia trijuga, Roxb. ex DC. I.c. Stadmannia trijuga, Spreng. Syst. ii. 842, St. pubescens, Spreng. I.c. Cussambium spinosum, Hamilt. in Trans. Werner. Soc. v. 356. C. glabrum, Hamilt. I.c. C. pubescens, Hamilt. I.c. 357. Conghas zeylonensis, Hb. Madr. ex Wall. I.c. M. pubescens, DC. I.c. - Rumph. Herb. Amboin. i t. 57; Wall. Cat. 8106. Dry forests, from the N.W. Himalaya at Sirmor; throughout Central and Southern India, Birma, and Ceylon. - Distrib. Java, Timor. A large tree, leafing and flowering early in the spring. Leaves paripinnate, 8-16 in. ; leaflets 1-10 by 2/3-4 1/2 in. ; the lowest pairs the smallest. . Racemes axillary, often several on short branchlets, 2-4 in. Flowers yellowish or green. Fruit 3/4-1 in. long. - The pulpy subacid aril is edible ; the bark is astringent, and, according to Dr. Roxburgh, the natives rub it up with oil and use it to cure the itch. The timber is good. EXCLUDED SPECIES. S. PENTAPETALA, Roxb., is Cupania pentapetala, W. & A. S. Trijuga, Moritzi (not of Willd.), is Cupania Lessertiana, Camb. page 682 12. GLENNIEA, Hook. f. A large glabrous much branched leafy tree. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, 1-2-jugate ; leaflets opposite, entire or wavy-repand, coriaceous. Flowers in spicate racemes forming a terminal panicle, regular, polygamous. Calyx 5-lobed, valvate. Petals minute, broader than long, shortly clawed, concave, hairy. Stamens 8; filaments short, subulate; anthers short. Disk complete, wide, fleshy, glabrous, and lobed. Ovary 3-sided, ovoid, contracted at the base, puberulent, 3-celled, narrowed into a very short style ; stigma shortly 3-lobed. Ovules solitary. Fruit depresso-globose, indehiscent, fleshy, obscurely lobed. Seeds subglobose, exalbuminous, exarillate. 1. G. zeylanica, Hook. f. in Benth. & Hook. Gen. Pl. i. 404 (ex Thwaites Enum. 408) ; leaflets elliptic or oblong shining both ends obtuse, inflorescence shortly pubescent. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 153. Ceylon, ascending to 3-4000 ft. Leaves 4-7 in. ; leaflets 1 1/2-5 by 3/4-2 1/3 in. ; petiolules tumid, 1/6-1/4 in. Calyx 1/8 in, diam. ; lobes ovate, subacute. Fruit 3/4-1 1/4 in. diam. - Dr. Thwaites I.c. gives two varieties: - Var. 1, leaflets 2. Sapindus unijuga, Thwaites, I.c. 56. Var. 2, leaflets 2-4. Nephelium fuscatum, Thwaites, I.c. 58 ; Euphoria fuscata, Benth. & Hook.f. Gen. Pl. i. 406. S. Gleniei, Thwaites, I.c. 408. 13. SAPINDUS, Plum. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate or subverticillate (and then simple), exstipulate, usually paripinnate ; leaflets coriaceous, commonly entire. Inflorescence terminal or axillary. Flowers polygamous, regular. Sepals 4-5 widely imbricated in 2 rows. Petals 4-5, with or without scales. Disk complete, annular, fleshy. Stamens usually 8-10, inserted within the disk ; filaments usually pilose ; anthers versatile. Ovary entire or 2-4-lobed, 2-4-celled. Style terminal ; stigma 2-4-lobed. Ovules solitary. Fruit fleshy or coriaceous, 1-2-coccous; cocci oblong or globose, indehiscent. Seeds with a crustaceous or membranous testa - cotyledons thick ; radicle short. - Distrib. A rather large genus inhabiting the tropical regions of the whole world. * Ovary hairy. 1. S. trifoliatus, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. i. 367 , leaves (normally) abruptly pinnate leaflets 6-4 elliptic or oblong acuminate or emarginate glabrous or especially beneath pubescent with short curved or stellate hairs base obtuse, inflorescence terminal panicled pubescent, scale of the petals membranous pilose-ciliate, ovary 3-lobed ferruginous-tomentose. S. laurifolia, Vahl Symb. iii. 54 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 34 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 278 ; W. & A. Prodr. Ill ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 29; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. Ixxiii. ; Brand. For. FL 106 ; Wall. Cat. 8038 (not of Balb. Hb.). S. acutus, Roxb. ex W. & A. I.c. ; Ic. t. 1965; not of Wall. Cat. 8096. S. emarginata, Vahl I.c. ; Roxb. I.c. 279 ; W. & A. I.c. ; Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 29 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 154; Brand. I.c. 107; Wight Ill. t. 51 ; Wall. Cat 8039; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 35. S. abstergens, Roxb. Ic. t. 1235. - Rheede Hort. Mal. iv. 43, t. 19. Common about villages in South India ; cultivated in Bengal, where it is a doubtful native. A handsome tree. Leaves 5-12 in. ; leaflets 1 1/2-8 by 1-4 in.; petiolules short. Flowers 1/6-1/5 in. long, white, hairy. Sepals 5, elliptic, obtuse. Petals 4-5, narrower page 683 and rather longer than the sepals ; " scale fringed with a dense mass of long white hairs, more or less attached to the claw and inner surface of the petal, probably free when quite young, sometimes attached along the middle line only and free at the sides, in which case it happens that the two edges of the scale separate from the middle part and appear as lateral appendages " (Dr. Brandis, I.c.). Stamens 8 ; anthers apiculate. Disk concave, with a raised fleshy hirsute edge. Fruit fleshy, 2-3-lobed, 1/2-3/4 in. long, at length glaucescent, saponaceous. - There are two forms of this tree, usually regarded as distinct species, and corresponding to Vahl's names ; one with acuminate glabrous leaves, the other with emarginate leaves pubescent beneath. The wood is used for making combs and other small articles.2. S. erectus, Hiern; leaves abruptly pinnate leaflets 6-10 subopposite narrowly elliptic acuminate entire glabrous thin base more or less narrowed, panicles terminal shorter than the leaves, flowers pentamerous, petals with an erect bifid or entire shaggy scale, ovary hairy, lobes of fruit ellipsoidal nearly glabrate. Nephelium erectum, Thwaites Enum. 57. Ceylon ; in the southern provinces, alt. 3000 ft. An erect shrub, not or sparingly branched, 6-10 ft. high. Leaves pallid, 1-2 ft.: leaflets 4-10 by 1 5/8-3 1/2 in. ; petiolules 1/8-1/5 in. Flowers 1/6 by 1/8 in. Calyx shortly and appressedly pubescent outside ; sepals rounded. Petals shortly exceeding the calyx, oblong-obovate, ciliated at the claw, glabrous and rounded above, involute at the margin ; scale glabrous at the back, inserted at the top of the claw, falling rather short of the petals. Disk glabrous, fleshy. Stamens 8 ; filaments rather shorter than the petals, pubescent above ; anthers glabrous. Style very short ; stigma minute, 3-lobed. Fruit fleshy, yellow, about 1 in. long. Aril fleshy. 3. S. Thwaitesii, Hiern ; leaves simple obovate-oblong narrowly acuminate entire glabrous pallid base attenuate, racemes terminal short simple or slightly branched obsoletely tomentose, sepals 5, rounded, petals 5, obovate obtuse upper half patent each furnished at base with an oblong hairy scale more than half the length of the petals, disk glabrous 5-cornered, filaments slender somewhat hairy above shorter than the petals, anthers small, ovary hairy 3-lobed. Nephelium simplicifolium, Thwaites Enum. 57. Ceylon; south of the Island, at no great elevation, rare. An erect shrub, 6-10 ft. high, sparingly branched. Leaves 8-12 by 2 1/2-4 in. ; petioles 1/2-2 in. Racemes 2-4 in. Flowers pentamerous, 1/8-1/6 in. Petals exceeding the calyx, not clawed. Stamens 8. ** Ovary glabrous. t Anthers short. 4. S. Mukorossi, Gaert. Fruct. i. 342, t. 70, f. 3, g, h; leaves pinnate leaflets 10-16 rarely fewer lanceolate-oblong alternate or subopposite acuminate or obtuse glabrous closely not conspicuously veined base oblique obtuse, inflorescence terminal and lateral panicled obsoletely tomentose, petals 5 each with a woolly scale on each side at the top of the claw, ovary 3-cornered glabrous. ? S. abruptus, Lour. Fl. Coch. 238. Cultivated throughout N.W. India and Bengal. Kumaon. Silhet. Assam. - DISTRIB. China, Benin Islands, Japan. A handsome tree. Shoots, &c., obsoletely tomentose. Leaves 6-18 in., crowded near the ends of the branches ; leaflets approximated, 2-6 by 3/5-2 1/5 in., shortly petioluled. Flowers 1/12 in., white or purple, ciliated. Stamens 8-10 ; anthers small, exserted, obtuse. Disk glabrous, flat, with 5 elevated radiated lines. Fruit fleshy, subglobose, somewhat glaucescent, saponaceous, 3/4 in. diam., yellow. - There are two forms of this tree ; one with obtuse or shortly and suddenly acuminate leaflets (S. detergens, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 29; Fl. Ind. ii. 280; not of Wall Cat. 8042 ; nor S. fuscatus, Hb. Ham. page 684 ex Wall. I.c.) ; the other with more lanceolate acuminate leaflets (S, acuminata, Wall. Cat. 8035; Royle lll. 139), sometimes, as stated by Dr. Royle, with the rachis of the leaves very narrowly bordered.tt Anthers oblong. 6. S. attenuatus, Wall. Cat. 8037; leaves pinnate or rarely unifoliolate leaflets usually 8-10 ovate lanceolate elliptic or oblong acuminate glabrous base rounded or cuneate, inflorescence terminal and axillary puberulent or nearly glabrous, petals 4-5 imbricated about equalling the sepals, scale present or obsolete, ovary glabrous. Scytalia rubra, Roxb.Hort. Beng. 29; Fl. Ind. ii. 272. Nephelium rubrum, G. Don Gen. Syst. i. 671 ; Wight Ic. tt. 24, 25. Euphoria verticillata, Wall. Cat. 8052 D, E, not A, B, C. E. rubra, Royle Ill. 138. E. attenuata, Planch, mss. in Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. & T. Sapindacea, Griff. Notul. iv. 551 ; Ic. PI. Asiat. t. 599, f. 2; Itin. Notes 112, n. 163. Assam, Silhet and the Mishmi Hills, Wallich, Griffith, &c.; Sikkim Himalaya, J.D.H.; Cachar Keenan; Bhotan, Griffith. A shrub or tree of moderate size. Leaves 1/2-3 ft. ; always attenuate at base when unifoliolate; leaflets alternate or opposite, 2-18 by 2/3-4 2/3 in. Flowers 1/10-1/5 in., nearly glabrous, red; bud greenish. Stamens 6-8, not exserted ; anthers yellow, oblong; filaments short or 0. Ovary bilobed. Fruit 1-2-lobed, ellipsoidal, size of an olive, red or dark purple ; aril eaten. - There is a scandent state of this plant. 6. S. Danura, Voigt Hort. Sub. Calc. 94 ; leaves simple alternate or at the extremities subverticillate obovate elliptic or oblong narrowed or shortly acuminate at apex glabrous gradually narrowed towards a rounded very shortly petioled base veins slender close not conspicuous, panicles terminal puberulent composed of rather remote diverging compound ramifications, petals 5 each with a very short woolly incurved scale at base, ovary glabrous 2-3-lobed. Scytalia Danura, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 29 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 274. Sc. verticillata, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 29 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 273. Euphoria verticillata, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1059 ; Wall. Cat. 8052 letters A, B, C, not D, E. Dimocarpus verticillata, Hb. Roxb. ex Wall. I.c. A. Nephelium verticillatum, G. Don Gen. Syst. i. 670. E. Danura, Wall. Cat. 8051. Didymococcus Danura, Blume Rumph, iii. 103. D. verticillatus, Blume I.c. North West India, ROHILCUND, Assam, Silhet, Birma, CHITTAGONG, and TENASSERIM. An evergreen shrub or small tree 6-10 ft. high. Leaves 4-12 by 1-5 1/4 in. ; petioles 1/12-1/5 in. Flowers 1/8-1/7 in., pale yellow tinged with pink. Stamens 6-8 ; anthers oblong obtuse ; filaments short. Disk glabrous. Fruit 3-l-coccous, shortly stipitate, ellipsoidal, 1/3-1/2 in. long, pulpy when ripe, orange -coloured. 7. S. bifoliolatus, Hiern ; leaves bifoliolate leaflets opposite elliptic-oblong glabrous closely and inconspicuously veined both ends obtuse, panicles terminal and axillary puberulent equalling or exceeding the leaves, petals 5 each with a small rounded ciliate scale at the base, ovary glabrous bilobed. Nephelium bifoliolatum, Thwaites Enum. 57; Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 289. Ceylon ; lower Badulu road from Kandy. Madras ; Kolay Mallay Hills, Beddome. A much-branched tree, 20-30 ft. high. Leaves 2 1/2-7 1/2 in. ; leaflets 2-5 1/2 by 3/4-1 2/3 in.; petiolules 1/6-1/3 in. Flowers 1/8 in. Sepals rounded, glabrous, shortly ciliated, connate at base. Petals rather exceeding the sepals, glabrous, ciliated. Disk fleshy, glabrous. Stamens usually 7, short ; anthers ovate-oblong. Young fruit bilobed. - An allied new species from Siam, collected by Sir R. Schomburgk, diliers by shorter petioles and less branched inflorescence. DOUBTFUL AND EXCLUDED SPECIES OF SAPINDUS. S. ACUTUS, Wall. Cat. 8096, not of Roxb., is a species of Engelhardtia. S. ADENOPHYLLUS, Wall., is Cupania adenophylla, Planch. S. ALTERNIFOLIUS, Herb. Ham., is Erioglossum edule, Blume. S. ANGUSTIFOLIUS, Wall, ex Voigt Hort. Sub. Calc. 94, not of Blume, from Khasia, is unknown to me. S BENGHALENSIS, Roxb., is Nephelium Longana, Camb. S. BIJUGUS, Wall., is Hemigyrosa canescens, Thwaites. S. DEFICIENS, W. & A., is Hemigyrosa deficiens, Bedd. S. DETERGENS, Wall., not of Roxb., is Dittelasma Karak, Hook.f. S. EDULIS, Ait., is Nephelium Lit-chi, Camb. S. EDULIS, Blume, is Erioglossum edule, Blume. S. FRAXINIFOLIUS, DC., is Erioglossum edule, Blume. S. FRUTICOSUS, Roxb., is Otophora fruticosa, Blume. S. FUSCATUS, Herb. Ham., is Dittelasma Rarak, Hook.f. S. GLABRATUS, Wall., Is Xerospermum Noronhianum, Blume. S. GLENIEI, Thwaites, is Glenneia zeylanica, Hook.f. S. INDICA, Poir. in Lamk. Diet. vi. 667, from "the Indies," cultivated in the Paris Garden, is very little known ; it has virgate glabrous branches and simple or subtrifoliolate linear-lanceolate glabrous reticulated leaves 6-8 by 1/2-2/3 in. decurrent on the petiole ; the flower and fruit are unknown. S. LEPIDOTUS, Wall., is Aglaia Wallichii, Hiern. S. LONGIFOLIA, Vahl Symb. iii. 53, a doubtful native of East India, is said by Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. ii. 282, to be a native of the Moluccas. S. LONGIFOLIUS, Herb. Ham., is Erioglossum edule, Blume. S. MICROCARPUS, W. & A. Prodr. 112, is Meliosma Arnottiana, Bedd. S. MOLLIS, Blume Rumphia iii. 98 (Dimocarpus Litchi, Herb. Heyne ex Blume I.c.) may be S. trifoliatus, Linn. (S. laurifolia, Vahl). S MONOGYNA, Herb. Heyne, is Nephelium Longana, Camb. S. MULTIJUGUS, Wall., may be Chisocheton paniculatus, Hiern. S. OBOVATUS, W. & A. Prodr. Ill (Blighia sapida, C. Kon., the " Akee,"), is Cupania edulis, Schum. & Thonn; it is cultivated in India, having been introduced from Guinea. S. PINNATUS, Mill., is probably Dittelasma Rarak, Hook. f. S. PINNATUS, Roxb., is Erioglossum edule, Blume. S. POLYPHYLLUS, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 29 ; Voigt Hort. Sub. Calc. 94, with glabrous pallid leaves 1 1/2 ft. bearing 14-16 subopposite or alternate obliquely oblong entire or repand leaflets 3-6 by 1-1 1/2 in., and with small greenish- white flowers, is very imperfectly known ; it was introduced into the Calcutta Garden from Pegu (Cfr. S. Mukorossi, Gaertn.). S. RARAK, DC, is Dittelasma Rarak, Hook. f. S. RUBIGINOSA, Roxb., is Erioglossum edule, Blume. S. SAPONARIA, Herb. Linn., not of Linn. Sp. Pl., is Erioglossum edule, Blume. S. SAPONARIA, Lour., is Dittelasma Rarak, Hook. f. S. SQUAMOSUS, Roxb., is Cupania glabrata, Kurz. S. TETRAPHYLLA, Vahl, is Hemigyrosa canescens, Thwaites. S. TRAVANCORENSIS, Wall., is Canarium commune, Linn. S. UNDULATUS, Wall, ex Voigt Hort. Sub. Calc. 94, is probably Nephelium Longana, Camb. S. UNIJUGUS, Thwaites, is Glenniea zeylanica, Hook.f. page 686 14. XEROSPERMUM, Blume. A tree. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, abruptly pinnate ; leaflets opposite, entire. Racemes axillary and terminal. Flowers regular, polygamodioecious. Sepals 4-5, imbricated in 2 rows. Petals 4-5, equal, spathulate, shorter or but little longer than the sepals, hairy at the margin, without scales. Stamens 8-7, included, inserted within the annular glabrous disk ; filaments filiform, pubescent ; anthers small, glabrous. Ovary sessile, didymous, muricated, 2-celled ; ovules solitary, ascending. Style short, thick ; stigma thick, hairy. Fruit 1-2-lobed ; parts ellipsoidal, diverging, muricated with pyramidal tubercles, indehiscent, glabrous inside. Seeds exarillate ; testa coriaceous outside, fleshy, pilose, simulating an aril ; embryo curved; cotyledons very large, thickly fleshy, superposed. - Distrib. A monotypic genus. 1. X. Noronhianum, Blume Rumph. iii. 100 ; leaflets 2-5 rarely only 1 elliptic lanceolate or oblong more or less acuminate glabrous closely reticulated base obtuse or cuneate, racemes short simple or branched subfascicled. Euphoria Noronhiana, Blume Bijdr. 234 (as to the fruit). E. xerocarpa, Blume Bijdr, 234. Nephelium Noronhianum, Camb. in Mem. Mus. Par. xviii. 30. N. xerocarpum, Camb. l.c. Sapindus glabratus, Wall. Cat. 8095. Euphoria (sp.), Wall. Cat. 8054. - Wall. Cat. 8083, 8084. SILHET, Wallich; Khasia Mts. and TENASSERIM, Griffith. Malacca, Singapore and Penang, Griffith, &c. - Distrib. Java. A tree, 30-45 or more feet high, with terete puberulent shoots. Leaves 7-13 in. ; leaflets 3 1/2-9 by 1-3 1/4 in. ; petiolules 1/6-3/8 in. Racemes 1-4 in. Flowers 1/8 in., greenish or yellow. Fruit 1 in. or more long, yellow. - The Khasia and Silhet specimens ditfer from the type by lanceolate and more acuminate leaflets. 15. NEPHELIUM, Linn. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, pinnate or rarely simple ; leaflets entire or rarely dentate more or less glaucous beneath (the lowest pair in one species simulating stipules), Inflorescence terminal and axillary. Flowers regular, polygamous. Calyx 4-8-lobed usually cup-shaped, subvalvate or somewhat imbricated in bud. Petals small, without scales, as many as or fewer in number than the calyx-lobes, or wanting. Stamens 6-10, inserted within the fleshy glabrous or pubescent disk ; filaments usually pubescent. Ovary pubescent, 2-3-lobed, usually verrucose ; lobes 1 -celled, 1-ovuled. Style 2-3-lobed, erect. Fruit 1-3-coccous, indehiscent. globose or oblong, echinate tubercled or smooth. Seeds globose, includea in a pulpy aril. - DISTRIB. A genus not separable from Euphoria (Juss.), and with it containing about 30 species, confined to India the Indian Archipelago S. China and Australia; in the last country about 10 species occur. Sect. I. Leaves usually paripinnate; leaflets none stipuliform. * Petals wanting. Calyx dentate or half-cleft. 1. N. mutabile, Blume Rumph. iii. 104 ; leaflets 4-8 opposite or subalternate oblong or oblong-elliptic obtusely acuminate entire thinly coriaceous above glabrous shining beneath glaucous marked with somewhat arching lateral veins puberulent-glandular base obtusely narrowed or rarely rounded, racemes simple or branched shortly pubescent, calyx cup-shaped 4-5-fid, petals 0, disk glabrous, stamens 7-8, fruit echinate-muricate with strong rigid setae. Euphoria Longana, Blume Bijdr. 233 (not of page 687 Lamk.). N. Griffithianum, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1872, ii. 303. Sapindacea, Griff. Notul. iv. 550 ; Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. iv. t. 599, f. i.AVA, at Bhamo, Griffith. Singapore, Anderson, Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. - DISTRIB. Java, Borneo. Leaves 3-18 in. ; leaflets 2-7 by 3/4-2 1/4 in. ; petiolules 1/10-1/5 in. Flowers 1/10-1/8 in. wide. Stamens exserted ; filaments pubescent; anthers small, glabrous. Fruit 1-1 1/2 in. diam., red ; setae subulate, obtuse, glabrous or obsoletely tomentose, 1/6-1/4 in. long. Var. ? pallens ; leaflets pallid green and nearly glabrous on both sides base more cuneate, inflorescence denser and more branched, filaments 6-8 slender longer, fruit unknown. - Malacca, Maingay ; Tenasserim, Lobb. 2. N. lappaceum, Linn. Mant. i. 125; leaflets 2-12 opposite or alternate elliptic obovate or oblong usually obtuse quite entire glabrate base obtusely narrowed, racemes loosely panicled axillary and terminal, calyx 4-6-fid subvalvate, petals 0, ovary 2-3-dymous 2-celled densely hirsute, fruit echinate-muricate. Gaertn. Fruct. ii. 272, t. 140, f. 1 ; Blume Rumph. iii. 103; Lamk. IlI. t. 764; Hassk. PI. Jav. Rar. 287. Euphoria Nephelium, DC. Prodr. i. 612 ; Wall. Cat. 8053 excl. part of B. Scytalia Ramboutan, Roxh. Hort. Beng. 29; Fl. Ind. ii. 271. Dimocarpus crinita. Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 234. N. echinatum, Noronh. in Batav. Genootsch. Verh. v. 80. Singapore, Wallich, Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. - Distrib. Malay Archipelago. A lofty tree. Leaves 3-18 in. ; leaflets 2-9 by 1-4 in., shining and dark green above, paler and marked with subparallel lateral veins beneath ; petiolules 1/12-3/8 in. Branches of the panicle spreading ; flowers fascicled, pubescent, 1/12-1/10 in. diam. Calyx campanulate, at length patent. Stamens 5-8, exserted ; filaments pubescent, especially towards base. Style deeply 2-3-lobed ; lobes recurving. Fruit-lobes 1/2-2 in. long, red yellowish orange or nearly black, setae subulate. Aril transparent, milky, fleshy, edible. - Hasskarl gives 15 varieties of this cultivated tree, commonly called Ramboutan. 3. N. glabrum, Noronh. in Batav. Genootsch. Verh. v. 80 ; leaflets 2-10 opposite or alternate elliptic usually obtuse at both ends sometimes shortly acuminate entire above glabrous and shining beneath glabrate or appressedly pubescent paler, racemes panicled, calyx 5-6-lobed slightly imbricated, petals 0, ovary deeply lobed, fruit tubercled. Reinwardt in Blume Cat. Buitenz. Ill; Hassk. PI. Jav. Rar. 290. Euphoria glabra, Blume Bijdr. 233. Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. - Distrib. Probably Malay Archipelago. A lofty tree. Leaves 6-12 in. ; leaflets 3-6 by 1 1/4-2 1/2 in., marked beneath with subparallel lateral veins ; petiolules 1/12-1/2 in. Branches of the panicles less patent than in N. lappaceum; flowers pubescent, 1/12-1/10 in. diam., fascicled. Calyx campanulate at length patent. Stamens 5-10, exserted; filaments pilose. Fruit globose or ellipsoidal glabrous, 1 in. long or more, from dark red to straw-coloured. Aril sweet. - Very like N. lappaceum, except the fruit. Hasskarl gives 3 forms of it. Blume in Rumphia, iii. 103, treats this as a remarkable variety of N. lappaceum, towards which, he states, there is a transition. A form occurs, probably referable to this species, with a 1-culled ovary and unilateral style. 4. N. lit-chi, Camb. in Mem. Mus. Par. xviii. 30 ; leaflets 2-8 opposite or alternate oblong-lanceolate or ovate acuminate above quite glabrous shining beneath glaucous glabrous or very nearly so, lateral veins obsolete base cuneate, panicle terminal, calyx 4-5-dentate, petals 0, disk glabrous, stamens 6-10 at length exserted, fruit tubercled. Grah. Cat. Bomb, PI. 29 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. Suppl. 13 ; Wight Ic. t. 43 ; Blume Rumph, iii. 106. Sapindus edulis. Ait. Hort. Kew. ii. 36 (1789) ; not of Blume. Euphoria punicea, Lamk. Dict, iii. 573; lll. t. 306. Dimocarpus Lichi, page 688 Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 233. Scytalia chinensis, Gaertn. Fruct. i. 197, t. 42, f. 3. Sc. Litchi, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 28 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 269. E. Lit-chi, Juss. Gen. 248 ; Wall. Cat. 8048 (part). N. dimocarpus, Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. & T. (N. duriocarpus, T. Anders. Fl. Behar 11). - Sonn. Voy. Ind. t. 129.Widely cultivated in India ; iritroduced from S. China. A fine tree of moderate height, with spreading branches. Leaves 3-9 in. ; leaflets 1 1/2-6 by 1/2-1 3/4 in. ; petiolules 1/12-1/4 in. Inflorecence tawny-puberulent; flowers greenish-white, 1/12-1/8 in. wide. Anthers shorter than the filaments. Disk glabrous. Ovary 2-3-celled, ferruginous-hairy; style 2-3-lobed, lobes recurved. Fruit 2-1-lobed, globose, about 1 in. diam, ; pericarp dry, at length brittle ; tubercles angular. Aril fleshy, whitish, edible. - The Litchi of commerce. ** Petals present. Calyx usually with deep divisions. t Leaflets quite entire. X Lateral veins of leaflets obsolete. 5. N. rubescens, Hiern ; leaflets 2-10 opposite or alternate lanceolate or oblong acuminate base obtuse or cuneate both sides glabrous shining lateral veins obsolete reticulation minute, panicles axillary and terminal pubescent, calyx rather deeply 4-5-lobed imbricated in bud, petals 4-5 small hairy, stamens 8-10 exserted, ovary emarginate or didymous, fruit sharply tubercled. Euphoria Lit-chi, Wall. Cat. 8048, letters G, H only, not of Juss. Martaban and Singapore, Wallich. Malacca Griffith. Glabrous and shining except the inflorescence. Leaves 6-18 in. ; leaflets 2-7 1/2 by 1/2-2 1/21/2 in., turning somewhat red in drying ; petiolules 1/6-1/3 in. Flowers 1/10-1/8 in. wide. Petals linear-obtuse or ovate acute, disk glabrous. Anthers small; filaments pubescent, shorter in the female flowers. Fruit-lobes oblong or ellipsoidal, generally solitary, green or red, 3/4-1 in. long ; setae tubular, short, compressed. XX Lateral veins of leaflets more or less conspicuous. 6. N. ? Maingayi, Hiern ; leaflets 2 or 4 opposite obovate or elliptic glabrous coriaceous shortly petioluled obtuse base obtusely narrowed lateral veins not much raised, flowers tetramerous, calyx-lobes shortly ciliated otherwise glabrous, petals smaller without scales, stamens 8 included, lobes of capsule usually solitary oblong nearly glabrate. Malacca, Maingay. Glabrous except ferruginous-puberulent shoots and inflorescence. Leaves 4-10 1/2 in. ; rachis not winged; leaflets 2 1/2-6 1/2 by 1 1/3-3 1/3 in.; petiolules 1/5-2/5 in. Inflorescence ranging up to 8 in.; flowers 1/10 in. diam., in interrupted globose clusters; bracts ranging up to 1 in. long or more. Calyx cleft, lobes imbricated. Petals shaggy-tomentose. Filaments hairy. Ovary hairy. Fruit (immature) 3/4-1 in. long, shortly stipitate. 7. N. costatum, Hiern; leaflets 4-6 opposite or alternate elliptic or oblong glabrous entire above dark green beneath pale obtuse emarginate or shortly acuminate base obtuse, flowers panicled tomentose, calyx deeply 5-lobed imbricated in bud, petals 5 minute obtuse attenuate towards base, stamens exserted. Malacca, Maingay. Leaves 6-10 in. ; leaflets 3-6 by 1 1/2-2 1/4 in., marked with subparallel lateral veins beneath ; petiolules 1/6-1/3 in. Panicles densely flowered, nearly equalling the leaves ; flowers 1/8 in. diam. Filaments pilose. Ovary pilose. 8. N. Longana, Camb. in Mem. Mus. Par. xviii 30; leaflets 4-10 opposite or alternate elliptic ovate oblong or lanceolate usually rather page 689 obtuse at both ends glabrous above subglaucescent glabrous or nearly so marked with lateral veins beneath wavy entire, base oblique, panicles terminal and axillary, calyx deeply 5- rarely 6-lobed somewhat imbricated in bud, petals spathulate about equalling the calyx, disk tomentose, stamens 6-10 included in the female shortly exserted in the male flowers, ovary 2-3-lobed, fruit tubercled. Bot. Mag. t. 4096 ; W. & A. Prodr. 113 ; Grah. Bomb. PI. 29 ; Blume Rumph. iii. 108 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 35 ; Thwaites Enum. 58. N. Mora, Gardn. ex Thwaites I.c. N. bengalense, G. Don Gen. Syst. i. 570. Scytalia bengalensis, Roxb. ex G. Don I.c. Sc. Longan, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 29 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 270. Dimocarpus Longan, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 233; Trans. Hort. Soc. ii. t. 28. Euphoria Longana, Lamk. Dict. iii. 574; Bot. Reg. t. 1729; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 156; Wall. Cat, 8049. Sapindus benghalensis, Roxb. ex. W. & A. I.c. Dimocarpus undulatus, Wight ex W. & A. I.c. E. undulata, Hb. Heyne ex Wall. I.c. S. monogyna, Hb. Heyne I.cc. D. pupilla, Moon Cat. 31. N. pupillum, Wight III. i. 141. Euphoria pupillum. Steud. Nom. ed. 2, ii. 192 (under N. pupillum). N. hypoleucum, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1871, ii. 50. - Cupania (sp.), Wall. Cat. 8067, letter A not B.Eastern Bengal. Pegu. Western Peninsula, from the Concan southwards. Ceylon. Often cultivated. - Distrib. Cultivated in the tropics. A tree of 30-40 ft. Leaves 4-18 in. ; leaflets 2-12 by 1/2-2 1/2 in. ; petiolules 1/12-1/3 in. Inflorescence puberulent ; flowers yellowish-white, 1/6-1/4 in. wide. Calyx shortly tomentose on both sides. Petals 5 rarely 6, pubescent. Filaments pubescent ; anthers glabrous, shorter. Fruit reddish or purple, globose, 1/2-3/4 in. diam. ; tubercles rugose or at length smooth. Aril wholesome. 9. N. malaiense, Grif. Notul. iv. 549 ; leaflets 6-8 subopposite or alternate elliptic or ovate-oblong shortly acuminate above dark green glabrous beneath ferruginous-pubescent subglaucous marked with transverse somewhat arched lateral veins base rounded, inflorescence terminal panicled glandular pubescent, calyx deeply 5-lobed somewhat imbricated, petals entire obovate shaggy inside, stamens short, fruit tubercled or almost obsoletely so globose. Malacca, Griffith, Maingay. Young parts glandular-pubescent. Leaves 1/2-1 1/2 ft.; leaflets 2 1/4-9 1/2 by 1-3 3/4 in.; petiolules very short, 1/12-1/6 in. Inflorescence about 1 ft. ; bracts lanceolate, obtuse ; flowers fascicled, 1/8 in. diam. Calyx-lobes obtuse, about equalling the petals. Stamens 8; filaments pubescent; anthers glabrous, shorter than the filaments, scarcely exserted. Ovary lobed, hairy, equalling the style ; stigma capitate, 2-3-lobed. Fruit 2/3-3/4 in. diam. ; aril fleshy. 10. N. eriopetalum, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. i. 508 ; leaflets 6-8 opposite or alternate elliptic-oblong or oblong apex rounded emarginate or apiculate base rounded or obtuse entire beneath ferruginous subtomentose with well-defined lateral veins above shining, branches of the panicles spike-like, calyx deeply 5-lobed subvalvate, petals spathulate hairy, filaments pubescent, fruit echinate-muricate. Malacca, Maingay. - Distrib. Sumatra. Young parts and inflorescence ferruginous-tomentose. Leaves 1-1 1/2 ft.; leaflets 4 1/2-10 by 1 1/2-3 1/2 in. ; petiolules 1/6-1/2 in. Inflorescence axillary and terminal, shorter than the leaves ; flowers 1/10-1/8 wide. Calyx-lubes ovate-elliptic, obtuse, tomentose outside, glabrous inside. Petals small, often some deficient. Disk hairy. Stamens 5-8, shortly exserted ; anther shortly oblong, not quite glabrous. Ovary 2-lobed, hairy. Cocci of the fruit compresso subglobose, 1-1 1/2 in. diam., bright red; seta subulate-obtuse, 1/3 in. page 690 tt Leaflets coarsely serrate. 11. N. Gardneri, Thwaites Enum. 58; leaflets 4-6 lanceolate coarsely remotely and obtusely serrate subglabrous lower surface glaucous base obliquely cuneate very shortly petioluled, racemes panicled, calyx deeply lobed hoary-tomentellous, petals linear-spathulate acute, fruit smoothly tubercled. Euphoria Gardneri, Benth. & Hook. f. Gen. PI. i. 406 ; Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 285. Ceylon ; at Puttam, Gardner. Leaves 3-8 in. ; leaflets 2-4 by 1/2-1 1/2 in. Inflorescence about as long as the leaves ; flowers 1/8-1/6 in. wide, 5-merous. Calyx-lobes ovate, somewhat imbricate in bud, hairy on both sides. Petals hairy on both sides, exceeding the calyx. Disk hairy. Stamens 7-10, short ; filaments hairy ; anthers small, glabrous. Ovary tubercled, hispid, didymous; style rather long. Fruit 1/2 in. long. Sect. II Leaves paripinnate ; leaflets with the lowest pair stipuliform. 12. N. stipulaceum, Bedd. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxv. 212 ; Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 103; Fl. Sylv. t. 155; leaflets 4-6 opposite or alternate elliptic obtuse glabrous lower surface pale or glaucous with clear slender lateral veins glandular in the axils base cuneate lowest pair opposite small stipuliform, panicles axillary and terminal, calyx hirsute 5-6-partite subvalvate, petals 0, stamens 5-9 short, fruit echinate. Western Peninsula ; moist forests of Malabar and the Anamallay hills, alt. 2000 ft., rare, Beddome. A handsome tree of middle size, with strong wood. Leaves 6-14 in. ; leaflets 2 1/2-6 by 1 1/6-3 in., lowest pair 1/2-1 in. long; petiolules short, ranging up to 1/4 in. Panicles rather shorter than the leaves; flowers about 1/8 in. wide. Calyx spreading. Anthers small. Ovary 2-3-lobed. Style 2-3-lobed ; lobes recurved, glandular. Fruit ellipsoidal, 3/4 by 1/2 in. ; setae subulate obtuse, rather weak, hairy at tip. Seeds half covered with the succulent aril. DOUBTFUL AND EXCLUDED SPECIES. EUPHORA EXSTIPULATIS, Griff., is Aglaia minutiflora, Bedd. EUPHORA ATTENUATA, Planch., is Sapindus attenuatus. Wall. E. DANURA, Wall., is Sapindus Danura, Voigt. E. FUSCATA, Benth. & Hook.f., is Glenniea zeylanica, Hook. f. E. LITCHI, Wall. Cat. 8048 E only (Scytalia glabra, Hb. Ham.), is Walsura robusta, Roxb. E. NEPHELIUM, Wall. Cut. 8053 part of B, is Mallotus subpeltatus, Muell. Arg. E. NORONHIANA, Blume, is Xerospermum Noronhianum, Blume. E. RIMOSA, Royle Ill. 138, is the same as Nephelium rimosum, G. Don. E. RUBRA, Royle Ill. 138, is Sapindus attenuatus, Wall. E. VERTICILLATA, Lindl., is Sapindus Danura, Voigt. E. VERTICILLATA, Wall. Cat. 8052 D, E, only, is Sapindus attenuatus, Wall. E. XEROCARPA, Blume, is Xerospermum Noronhianum, Blume. E. (sp.). Wall. Cat. 8054, is Xerospermum Noronhianum, Blume. Nephelium BIFOLIOLATUM, Thwaites, is Sapindus bifoliolatus, Hiern. N. ERECTUM, Thwaites, is Sapindus erectus, Hiern. N. EXIMIUM, Thwaites, is Pometia tomentosa, Kurz. N. FUSCATUM, Thwaites, is Glenniea zeylanica, Hook.f. N. Noronhianum, Camb., is Xerospermum Noronhianum, Blume. N. rimosum, G. Don Gen. Syst. i. 671 ; W. & A. Prodr. 113 (Scytalia rimosa, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 29 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 272), from Silhet, is unknown to me. page 691 N. RUBRUM, G. Don, is Sapindus attenuatus, Wall. N. SIMPLICIFOLIUM, Thwaites, is Sapindus Thwaitesii, Hiern. N. VARIABILE, Wall, ex Voigt Hort. Sub. Calc. 95, from Khasia, is unknown to me. N. VERTICILLATUM, G. Don, is Sapindus Danura, Voigt. N. XEROCARPUM, Camb., is Xerospermum Noronhianum, Blume. 16. POMETIA, J. R. & G. Forst. Tall trees. Leaves alternate, pinnate, leaflets subopposite, entire or serrate (the lowest pair usually stipuliform). Racemes simple or panicled, elongated slender. Flowers regular, polygamous, fascicled, small, shorter than their pedicels. Calyx cup-shaped, 5-4-fid, valvate in bud. Petals 5-4, small, usually without scales. Disk complete, annular, lobed. Stamens 4-8, usually 6-4 inserted within the disk, at length much exserted ; anthers small. Ovary 2-3-coccous and -celled ; ovules solitary. Style elongated ; stigma obtuse, emarginate. Fruit 1-2-coccous ; lobes subglobose or ellipsoidal, indehiscent, smooth. Seeds exalbuminous, covered with a mucilaginous aril. - DISTRIB. Species few, confined to India, Ceylon, the Indian Archipelago and the Pacific Islands. 1. P. tomentosa, Kurz Andam. Rep. ed. 2, 34 ; leaflets 10-26 oblong glabrescent or veins and midrib pubescent or even tomentose usually acuminate base rounded or somewhat cordate lateral veins numerous clearly marked beneath, inflorescence pubescent or glabrescent, flowers 5-4-merous. P. eximia, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 157. Irina glabra, Blume Bijdr. 230. Eccremanthus eximius, Thwaites in Hook. Kew Journ. vii. 272, t. 9. Nephelium eximium, Thwaites Enum. 57. - Rumph. Herb. Amboin. iii. 31, t. 17. Eastern Peninsula; South Andamans, Kurz; Malacca, Maingay ; Ceylon, in the Central province, Thwaites . - Distrib. Malay Archipelago. A tree ranging up to 60 ft. with terete giabrate branches. Leaves 1-3 ft. ; leaflets ranging up to 1 1/2 by 2/3 ft., the lower leaflets smaller, the lowest pair very small 3/4-1 1/2 in. diam. ; lateral veins alternately ending in a tooth ; petiolules very short. Flowers very small, 5-4-merous, yellowish-green. Petals white, short, glabrous or hairy near the apex inside, with or without an adnate hairy scale. Dish bright red or orange. Stamens 5-4 ; filaments pubescent at least below. Fruit deep red or brown when ripe, glabrous, ellipsoidal or subglobose, 1-2 in. diam. Seeds oblong ; testa red ; aril white, opaque. - Timber useful. For a figure and description of a monstrous leaf of this plant, see a paper by Dr. A. Braun on the subject. This perhaps ought to be united to P. pinnata, J. R. & G. Forster Char. Gen. 110, t. 55, a native of Fiji and other South Sea Islands ; it differs from the latter by rather more numerous less sessile less cordate and not imbricating leaflets. Var. ferruginea ; young parts inflorescence rachis of leaves and midrib of leaflets ferruginous- tomentose ; leaflets not exceeding 7 by 2 1/2 in. 17. HARPULLIA, Roxb. Erect trees. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, pinnate ; leaflets alternate, entire, acuminate, subglabrous. Flowers in racemes or panicles dioecious or polygamous, regular. Sepals 4-5, erect, equal, imbricated. Petals 4-5, narrowly obovate, exceeding the calyx, sometimes clawed, without either glands or scales, but sometimes with inflected lobes at the base of the lamina. Stamens 5-8, elongated, inserted within the obscure di.sk. Ovary page 692 tomentose, ellipsoidal or oblong, 2-celled ; ovules usually 2 together, superposed. Style elongated; stigma linear, usually more or less twisted. Capsule coriaceous, inflated, 2-lobed, 2-celled, loculicidally 2-valved ; cells 1-2-seeded. Seeds subglobose, exalbuminous, usually arillate. - Distrib. About 6 tropical Asiatic, Australian and Madagascar species.1. H. cupanoides, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 86 ; Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. .442 ; ed. 1832, i 646; leaflets 6-12 alternate or opposite ovate or elliptic thinly coriaceous lateral nerves neither stout nor approximate base obtuse or cuneate shortly petiolate, panicles lax axillary and subterminal, fruit, glabrate or nearly so. Wall. Cat. 8078. Streptostigma viridiflorum, Thwaites in Hook. Kew Journ. vi. 298, t. 9 (1854). H. imbricata, Thwaites Enum. 56; Bedd Fl. Sylv. t. 158. Otonychium imbricatum. Blume Rumph. iii 180 (fide Thwaites). Chittagong, Roxburgh. Birma, Griffith. South Andamans, Kurz. Western Peninsula, from the Concan southwards. Ceylon, in the Central province. - Distrib. Sumatra, Java, Borneo. A tree with straight trunk. Leaves 6-18 in. ; leaflets 2-9 by 1-3 in. ; petiolules 1/8-2/5 in. Panicles erect (in flower), 2-9 in. long. Flowers pale-yellow or greenish, 2/5-1/2 in. long. Calyx 1/6-1/4 in. long, somewhat tomentose, deciduous ; partitions obtuse. Petals glabrous except the claw, obtuse. Capsule 1 by 1 1/2-2 1/3 in., compressed, pendulous, bright orange. - Some of Blume's species of Harpullia are probably synonymous. 18. ZOLLINGERIA, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xli. ii. 303 (1872). A glabrcscent, shining tree. Leaves alternate, deciduous, exstipulate ; leaflets alternate, entire, papery. Panicles axillary and tenninal ; flowers white, pedicelled. Calyx 5-partite ; sepals deciduous, unequal, imbricated ; the inner 2 larger. Petals 5, somewhat clawed, each furnished at the base with an obtuse woolly scale half as long as themselves. Stamens 8, inserted within the obsolete disk ; filaments not exserted, longer slender ; anthers oval, cells blunt. Ovary 3-sided, conical, attenuated into the simple 3-dentate 3-sided style, 3-celled ; cells 1-2-ovuled. Capsules large, papery, usually 1-celled, broadly 3-2-winged, septicidally dehiscent. Seeds solitary or 2 together, exalbuminous, witliout aril ; testa membranous ; cotyledons large green plicate. - Distrib. A monotypic genus. 1. Z. macrocarpa, Kurz I.c.; leaves glabrous, leaflets 4-5 oblong rather obtusely narrowed scarcely acuminate base oblique, capsule-wings striate rounded at base truncate at apex. Pegu, at Prome, Kurz. A tree up to 80 ft. ; young parts tawny-puberulent. Leaves 9-12 in., odd-pinnate or rarely subabruptly pinnate ; leaflets 5-8 by 1 1/2-2 in.; lateral veins subparallel ; petiolules 1/6-1/4 in. Panicles 4-6 in., somewhat drooping, obsoletely puberulent Pedicels 1/6 in. Sepals about 1/12 in. long, obovate, ciliolated, subemarginate. Petals 1/6 in. long, ciliated, oblong, obtuse. Filaments pubescent. Ovary sparingly pubescent at base. Capsules 2-2 1/2 in. by 1 1/2-1 3/4 in., oblong, glabrate. 19. ACER, Tournef. Trees with opposite simple or palmately lobed exstipulate leaves, terminal and lateral racemes or corymbs and polygamous regular flowers. Calyx usually 5-partite, imbricated, deciduous. Petals isomerous with the page 693 sepals or 0, erect, shortly clawed, without scales. Stamens 4-12, usually 8, inserted on the glabrous disk; filaments usually shorter in the hermaphrodite than in the male flowers. Ovary 2- (rarely 3-) lobed and celled, laterally compressed; cells 2-ovuled. Style bipartite; divisions linear, stigmatose on the inner face. Fruit a double samara, indehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous, exarillate ; embryo conduplicate. - Distrib. A genus of 40-50 species, found also in Europe, other parts of Asia, and in North America.Sect. I. Leaves undivided. * Leaves with 3 basal nerves. 1. A. oblongum, Wall. in DC. Prodr. i 593; Cat. 1222; leaves undivided quite entire oblong or ovate acuminate glabrescent penninerved silvery glaucous beneath base obtuse 3-nerved, cymes panicled contemporary with the leaves pubescent. Camb. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 31, t. 34 ; Brand. For. FL 110; Royle lll. 134. A. laurifolium, D. Don Prodr. 249. A. Buzimpala, Hamilt. ex D. Don I.c. Temperate Himalaya ; from Kashmir, alt. 2-3000 ft., to Sikkim, alt. 3-5000 ft. ; Bhotan, and the Mishmi hills. - Distrib. Hongkong, Lochow Islds. A tree of 40-50 ft. ; trunk 1-2 ft. diam. Leaves more or less persistent, dark-green above, 2-7 by 2/3-3 in., minutely reticulated ; petioles 2/3-3 1/2 in., usually about half the length of their leaves. Sepals and petals narrow, 1/12-1/10 in. Stamens 8, exserted, glabrous. Ovary hairy. Fruit glabrous ; carpels 1-1 1/4 in. long ; wings venose, diverging, contracted below, back nearly straight ; cells woody, angular, clothed inside with white hairs. - Wood reddish, used for agricultural implements, and in Tibet for drinking cups. Var. ? microcarpum ; carpels 1/2-5/8 in. long. Mishmi hills, Griffith. 2. A. niveum, Blume Cent. Plant. Nov.; Rumph. iii 193, t. 167 B, fig. 1 ; leaves undivided quite entire elliptic or oblong acuminate or caudate glabrescent penninerved white-glaucous beneath base rounded 3-nerved, cymes panicled glabrous contemporary with the leaves. A laurinum, Hassk. in Tydschr. Nat. Wetersch. x. 138(1843); Cat. PI. Hort. Bog. 222 (without description in either case). A. javanicum, Jungh. in Tydschr. Nat. Wetersch. viii. 391 (1841), not of Burmann. Upper Assam, Griffith. Martaban, at Moulmein, Helfer. - Distrib. Sumatra, Java. A tree of 100-150 ft. Leaves 3-8 by 1-3 1/2 in.; petioles 1-3 in. Cymes lax; flowers yellowish-green. Sepals lanceolate or oblong, 1/8 in. Petals equalling or shorter than the sepals. Stamens 6-8, glabrous, short, included (in hermaphrodite flowers). Ovary hairy. Fruit glabrous ; carpels 2/3-2 1/2 in. long; wings venose, widening upwards, back but little curved, cells not angular. 3. A. laevigatum, Wall. PI. As. Rar. ii. 3, t. 104 ; Cat 1223 ; leaves undivided quite entire or minutely serrate when young ovate or oblong acuminate glabrous shining penninerved reticulated green on both sides base rounded 3-nerved, cymes panicled glabrous contemporary with the leaves. Brand. For. Fl. 110, non Hort. Temperate Himalaya; alt. 5-9000 ft., from Simla to Sikkim. Khasia Mts., alt. 6000 ft. A large tree; trunk 30-40 ft. high, 3-4 ft. diam. Leaves 2 1/2-6 by 1-2 in., more strongly reticulated than in A. oblongum; petioles 1/3-1/2 in. Cymes laxer than in A. oblongum. Sepals 5, ovate or lanceolate, 1/15 in. Petals 5, obtuse, clawed, white, 1/12-1/8 in. Stamens 5-8, glabrous, exserted. Ovary hairy. Fruit glabrous ; carpels page 694 1-1 1/4 in. long; wings venose, slightly diverging, widened above, back usually curved; cells not angular. - Wood used for building.** Leaves with 5 basal nerves. 4. A. sikkimense, Miq. in Archives Neerlandaises, ii. 471 ; leaves undivided minutely serrate ovate cuspidate subcoriaceous glabrous penninerved both sides green base cordate 5-nerved, racemes spicate contemporary with the leaves glabrate. Eastern Temperate Himalaya, from Sikkim, alt. 7-9000 ft., and Bhotan, to the Mishmi hills, Griffith. A large tall tree. Leares 3-6 by 1 2/3-3 2/3 in. ; petioles 3/4-1 1/8 in. Racemes equalling or shorter than the leaves ; pedicels very short alternate and opposite. Sepals lanceolate. Petals short. Stamens glabrous, short. Fruit glabrous ; carpels 5/8-3/4 in. long ; wings venose, diverging, widened above, back straight or slightly curved ; cells not angular. 5. A. Hookeri, Miq. in Archives Neerlandaises, ii. 471 ; leaves undivided finely duplicato-serrate ovate caudate-acuminate submembranous subglabrate both sides green base 5-nerved cordate, racemes simple nearly equalling and contemporary with the leaves puberulent. Eastern Temperate Himalaya; Sikkim, alt. 8-10,000 ft., J. D. H. Bhotan, Griffith. A tree of 40-50 ft. Leaves 2 1/2-6 by 1 1/4-3 1/2 in. ; petioles 1-2 in. Racemes 2-4 1/2 in. ; pedicels 1/8-3/5 in. Flowers 1/8 in., glabrous. Sepals elliptic or ovate. Petals obovate, about equalling the sepals. Stamens 8, scarcely exserted. Fruit glabrous ; carpels 3/4-7/8 in. long; wings venose, diverging, widened above, back slightly curved; cells not angular. 6. A. stachyophyllum, Hiern ; leaves undivided serrate ovate caudate-acuminate submembranous penninerved upper surface subglabrous lower surface hoary-velvety base rounded or slightly hollowed 5-nerved, racemes simple or branched about equalling the leaves. Eastern Temperate Himalaya; Sikkim, in the Lachoong valley, alt. 9-10,000 ft., J. D. H. Bhotan, Griffith. A small tree. Leaves 2 1/2-3 1/2 by 1 1/3-2 1/2 in.; petioles 1-3 in. Flowers unknown. Fruit glabrous ; carpels 1 3/4-2 in. long; wings venose, somewhat widened upwards and diverging ; cells angular, cuneate at base, woody. Sect. II. Leaves 3-lobed. 7. A. Isolobum, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xli. 302, 1872; leaves deeply 3-lobed glabrous shining acutely serrulate base subcordate 3-nerved lobes lanceolate acuminate acute. Pegu, Kurz. A largo glabrous tree. Leaves 3-4 1/2 by 3-5 in. wide ; petioles 1-2 in. Flowers and fruit unknown. 8. A. pentapomicum, J. L. Stewart ex Brand. For. Fl. 111; leaves 3-lobed glabrescent except tufts of hairs in the axils of the 3-5 basal nerves base truncate or cordate lobes ovate obtusely serrate, peduncles fascicled. North Western Temperate Himalaya; in hot dry places from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 2300-5300 ft. A tree ; girth of trunk rarely as much as 5 1/2 ft. ; twigs grey or reddish. Leaves 1 1/2-4 by 2 1/2-6 in., pale on both sides; lobes about half the depth of the leaves; petioles 1 1/4-4 in., thinly tomentose when young, afterwards glabrate. Flowers unknown. page 695 Peduncles in short little-branched corymbose cymes, which measure 2-3 in. long. Fruit glabrous ; carpels 1 in. long ; wings venose, slightly diverging, widening above, back nearly straight ; cells somewhat nodose.Sect. III. Leaves 5-lobed and nerved (3-lobed in A. villosum var. Thomsoni). 9. A. caesium, Wall. ex Brand. For. Fl. 111, t. 21 ; leaves palmately 6-lobed pale beneath serrate base cordate 5-nerved lobes ovate acuminate basal ones smaller, cymes corymbose appearing after the leaves. Temperate Western Himalaya, from Kashmir to Nipal, alt. 7-10,000 ft., extending to Kumaon. A tree, 70-80 ft. high. Leaves 3 1/2-7 by 4-8 in., thinly pubescent, especially on the veins beneath, usually glabrescent except in the axils of the 5 (rarely 7) basal nerves ; petioles 2 1/2-6 1/2 in. Cymes nearly equalling the leaves ; flowers pentamerous. Petals short, white. Stamens short. Fruit glabrate ; carpels 1 3/4-2 in. long; wings venose, somewhat diverging, back slightly curved ; cells angular, black. - Wood soft ; inferior drinking cups are made of it in Tibet. 10. A. villosum, Wall. PI. As. Rar. ii. 4; Cat. 1227; leaves normally 5-lobed upper surface glabrate lower surface pubescent or nearly glabrate rather paler base cordate 5-nerved lobes ovate or lanceolate serrate or repand, racemes branched or simple pubescent usually appearing rather before the leaves. Brand. For. Fl. 111. A. sterculiaceum, Wall. PI. As. Rar. ii. 3, t. 105; Cat. 1224. Temperate Western Himalaya ; from Kashmir to Nipal, alt. 7-9000 ft. A large handsome tree. Leaves 3 1/2-10 in. long and wide ; petioles 2-5 in. Cymes lateral shorter than the leaves. Sepals elliptic or ovate, ciliate, 3-nerved. Petals linear-oblong, ciliate, about equalling the calyx. Stamens 5-8, glabrous, exserted. Fruit puberulent, brownish; carpels 1 1/2-2 1/4 in. long, diverging; wings venose, margins often crenulate, back rather curved ; cells angular-nervose. - According to Dr. Wallich his A. sterculiaceum differs from the type of A. villosum in being much smoother; he thinks, however, that this difference may perhaps be due to its less elevated situation. Var. Thomsoni, Miq. in Archives Neerlandaises, ii. 470 (sp.) ; basal lobes of leaves obsolete, the three other lobes small, fruit 2-3 in. long. - Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 7-9000 ft., J. D. H. ; Bhotan, Griffith. - This is probably A. platanifolia. Griff. Itin. Notes, 200, and perhaps distinct from A. villosum. 11. A. caudatum, Wall. PI. As. Rar. ii. 4, 28, t. 132; Cat. 1225; leaves 5-lobed serrate submembranous nearly or quite glabrescent except axils of the 5 basal nerves base cordate or truncate lobes ovate caudate the two basal ones small, racemes short in flower longer in fruit nearly glabrous. Brand. For. Fl. 112. A. pectinatum, Wall. I.c. ; Cat. 1226. A. acuminatum, Wall, ex D. Don Prodr. 249. Temperate Himalaya; from Chumba to Sikkim, alt. 7-11,000 ft. A large tree, with somewhat glaucous shoots. Leaves in some cases with persistent puberulence especially along the veins beneath, 2 1/2-5 in. long and wide ; petioles 1 1/4-3 1/2 in., reddish, puberulent. Cymes appearing about the time of the leaves. Sepals 1/6 in., oblong, obtuse, whitish, 5-4. Petals white, obovate, rather shorter than the calyx. Stamens 4-6, exserted. Fruit glabrous, subglaucous ; carpels 4/5-1 1/2 in. long, more or less diverging or (in A. pectinatum) quite patent ; wings pink, or at length ferruginous, venose, back arcuate, front sinuous-crenulate ; cells rugose, darker. - A. pectinatum is a form with setosely serrate leaves. page 696 Sect. IV. Leaves 7-5-lobed and -nerved. 12. A. Campbellii, Hook. f. & Thoms. mss. in Hb. Kew. ; Brand. For. Fl. 109 ; leaves 5-7-lobed glabrescent except axils of the 5-7 basal nerves serrulate both sides green base hollowed or truncate, cymes pyramidal or elongated subglabrous appearing with the leaves. SIKKIM Himalaya, alt. 7-10,000 ft.. Herb. Griffith, J. D. H. A tree of 50 ft. Leaves of a beautifully green colour, pendulous, pilose beneath when quite young, 3-5 by 4-7 in. ; lobes lanceolate or ovate-caudate; petioles reddish, 1 3/4-3. Cymes 2-6 in. long; flowers short, green. Sepals 5, ovate. Petals white, shorter than the sepals, obtuse, plicate at base. Stamens 8, reddish, about equalling the calyx; filaments short. Fruit glabrous, 3/4-1 in. long; carpels divaricate; wings venose, widened above, back slightly curved ; cells globose darker, nearly smooth. 13. A. pictum, Thunb. Fl. Jap. 162 ; leaves 5-7-lobed submembranous grabrescent except hairy tufts on the axils of the 5-7 basal nerves both sides green base cordate or hollowed lobes lanceolate or caudate entire, cymes corymbose appearing with the leaves. Brand., For. Fl. 112; Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. i. 251. A. laetum, C. A. Mey. Verz. Pfl. Cauc. 206; Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 949. A. truncatum, Bunge Enum. Pl. China Bor. 10. A. cultratum, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. ii. 4 ; Wall. Cat. 1228. A. colchicum, Hort. A. sterculiaceum, Griff. Itin. Notes 148, not of Wall. A. Mono, Maxim. Prim. Fl. Amur. 68. Temperate Himalaya, from Kashmir, alt. 4-6000 ft., to Bhotan, alt. 9-10,000 ft. - DISTRIB. Eastward to China, Japan, and westward to Persia and the Caucasus. A beautiful tree of small or moderate size. Leaves 2-5 1/2 by 2 1/2-6 1/2 in. ; petioles glabrous, 1-4 1/2 in. Cymes 1-6 in. ; flowers 1/6-1/5 in. long, on slender pedicels. Sepals oblong. Petals spathulate, equalling the calyx. Stamens 8, included. Fruit glabrous; carpels 1 1/2-1 3/4 in. long, divaricating almost in one line; wings sinuous, venose, back arcuate; cells compressed. - Wood white, light, fine-grained. 20. DOBINEA, Hamilt. A shrub with terete virgate branches. Leaves undivided, serrately toothed, opposite, exstipulate, petioled. Panicles terminal, pyramidal, leafy below, flowers small unisexual, glabrous. Calyx cup-shaped, 4-dentate, base subturbinate, altogether wanting in the female flower. Petals 4, lanceolate-spathulate, exceeding the calyx, wanting in the female flower. Stamens 8, alternately shorter, exserted, glabrous, wanting in the female flower ; anthers short. Disk wanting in the male, annular in the female flower, glabrous. Ovary sessile, lenticular, 1 -celled, rudimentary in the male flower ; style filiform, spirally involute, stigmatose on the inner side and at the apex ; ovule solitary, erect. Fruit compressed, shortly ciliated on the margin, indehiscent, borne on widely bracteate pedicels, the bract being adnate to the pedicel and exceeding both it and the fruit. Seed solitary, compressed, exalbuminous, exarillate ; testa membranous ; cotyledons flat, accumbent ; radicle short. - Distrib. A monotypic genus. 1. D. vulgaris, Hamilt. ex D. Don Prodr. 249 ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate acutely acuminate minutely hairy on veins, acumen quite entire base rounded. Wall Cat. 1229. Central and Eastern Himalaya ; Nipal, Wallich; Sikkim, alt. 4-7000 ft., J. D. H.; Mishmi hills, Griffith. Branched, 5-8 ft. high, aromatic or with smell of ivy. Branchlets shortly pubescent. page 697 Leaves 3-7 by 1-2 in. ; petioles 1/5-1 2/3 in., pubescent. Panicles ranging up to 2 ft. in width. Flowers 1/15-1/20 in. diam, ; bracts linear, shortly pubescent, free ; those close to the fruit obcordate-orbicular, venose, 1/2-3/5 in. diam., rose-coloured. Fruit 1/8 in. diam.21. DODONAEA, Linn. Shrubs rarely arborescent. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Inflorescence lateral and terminal. Flowers polygamous, inconspicuous. Sepals 5-2, imbricated or valvate. Petals wanting. Stamens 10-5, usually 8, inserted on the outer side of the disk ; filaments short ; anthers linear-oblong. Disk obsolete in the male flower, small in the female. Ovary 3-6-sided and -celled ; style 3-6-sided, apex 3-6-cleft. Ovules 2 together, collateral or superposed. Capsule 2-6-sided, membranous or coriaceous, septicidally 2-6-valved ; valves winged at the back ; cells 1-2-seeded. Seeds lenticular or subglobose, compressed, exalbuminous, exarillate, funicle thickened; embryo spirally involute. - Distrib. A genus of some 40 species or more, mostly endemic in Australia. Dodonaea (sp.) in Herb. Hohenack. n. 2355, is Aspidopterys canarensis, Dalz. 1. D. viscosa, Linn. Mant. PI. alt. 228 ; leaves undivided oblanceolate viscid-shining glabrous subapiculate base cuneate-attenuate subsessile margin revolute entire or nearly so, cymes short, wings of each carpel oblong-orbicular extending from the base to the style. Baker in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 433; Benth. Fl. Austral. i. 475; Brand. For. Fl. 113 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient, i. 953. D. angustifolia, Lirin.f. Suppl. Pl. 218 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 256. D. dioica. Roxb. Hort. Beng. 28 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 256. D. Burmanniana, DC. Prodr. i. 616; Wight III. i t. 52 ; W & A. Prodr. 114; Grah. Cat. Bomb. PI. 30 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 36 ; Thwaites Enum. 59. D. pallida, Miq. in Herb. Hohenack. n. 1068. D. microcarpa, DC. Prodr. i. 617. D. Wightiana, Blume Rumph. iii. 189. D. pentandra, Griff. Notul. iv. 548. D. heterophylla, Hortul. ex G. Don Gen. Syst. i. 674. Wall. Cat. 8081. Ptelea viscosa, Linn. Sp. PI. ed. i. 118 ; Burm. Fl. Ind. 36. D. spathulata, Sm. 171 Bees Cycl. xii. n. 2. D. arabica, Hochst. & Steud. in Herb. Arab. Schimp. n. 766. - Burm. Fl. Zeyl. t. 23. Rumph. Herb. Amboin. iv. t. 50. Throughout India, from the Indus Eastwards and Southwards to Ceylon and Malacca. - Distrib. All warm countries. An evergreen shrub occasionally growing into a small tree. Shoots terete or somewhat angular. Leaves more or less viscid with a shining yellowish resin, very variable in breadth, 1-5 by 1/6-1 1/2 in. Sepals oblong, 1/10-1/8 in. long, about equalling the stamens. Capsule compressed, glabrous, 2/3-1 in. broad. - Several synonyms, not strictly Indian, are omitted. 21.* MELIANTHUS, Tournef. Shrubby glabrous plants with a strong odour. Leaves alternate, stipulate, unequally pinnate ; leaflets toothed, decurrent. Racemes axillary and terminal. Flowers bracteate, hermaphrodite irregular, sometimes apetalous. Calyx laterally compressed, 5-partite, base with a saccate gibbosity ; lobes unequal, imbricated. Petals excentric, declinate, subperigynous, narrow, long-clawed ; the fifth petal very small or wanting. Stamens 4, didynamous, declinate, inserted within the disk. Disk unilateral, honeyed. Ovary oblong, 4-lobed, 4-celled, style filiform, 4-toothed deeply at apex ; ovules 2-4 together. Capsule papery, vesicular, deeply 4-lobed, 4-celled. Seeds subglobose, exarillate ; albumen fleshy or horny. - Distrib. A small South African genus. page 698 1. Melianthus major, Linn. ; a South African plant, occurs in Kumaon, where it is said to be an introduction, and has been cultivated in the Nilghiris where it was first noticed by Wight (Kew Distrib. n. 542) ; it is established at Ootacamund (Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. Ixxi.), and in Bhotan reaches a limit of 9500 feet (Griff. Journ. 265). It is an undershrub with glabrous coarsely serrate leaves emitting a fetid scent when bruised ; it is synonymous with M. Himalayanus, Wall. Cat. 1190; Miq. in Herb. PI. Ind. Or. Hohenacker. n. 1059 ; Planch. in Trans. Linn. Soc. Land. xx. 416, t. 20, f. 1-13 ; Hook f. in Journ. Bot. 1873, 356. - The claw of the petals was pubescent in the flower of Wallich's specimen, which I examined, and thus the character fails which Dr. Planchon relied on for the discrimination of Wallich's species. 22. STAPHYLEA, Linn. Branched shrubs or trees, with terete branches. Leaves opposite, stipulate, trifoliate or pinnate ; leaflets stipellate, serrulate. Inflorescence lateral and terminal, bracteate, pedicels jointed in the middle. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite, pendulous. Sepals 5, oblong, imbricated, coloured, deciduous. Petals 5, as long as the sepals, obovate, imbricated, white. Stamens 5, inserted on the edge of the disk between its lobes ; filaments slender, pubescent below ; anthers versatile, shortly oblong. Ovary 3-2-lobed and -celled ; styles 3-2, slender ; stigmas subcapitate ; ovules 6 or more in each cell, in 2 rows, anatropous. Capsule membranous, vesicular-inflated, 3-2 lobed and -celled ; carpels dehiscing at the apex along the ventral suture. Seeds few, subglobose, exarillate ; testa hard; albumen fleshy. - Distrib. About 4 species occurring in North America, Europe, and Asia. 1. S. Emodi, Wall. Cat. 4275 ; leaves glabrescent or thinly pubescent beneath trifoliolate leaflets nearly equal ovate or elliptic acuminate pale beneath membranous base obtuse or cuneate lateral ones subsessile terminal one petioled, anthers shortly apiculate. Brand. For. Fl. 114. Westeun Temperate Himalaya ; from Marri to Kumaon, alt. 6-7000 ft. - Distrib. Affghanistan. A small tree with spotted bark. Leaves 4-14 in. ; leaflets 2-6 by 1-3 in. ; petioles 1 1/4-6 1/4 in. ; terminal petiole 1/3-1 3/4 in.; stipules linear, stipels setaceous, both caducous. Cymes rather dense, 1 1/2-4 in. ; flowers 1/2 in. long, about equalling the pedicels. Capsules 2-3 in. long; base turbinate. - Probably a form of the N. American S. trifolia, Linn., differing only from the type by less pubescent foliage aud anther-tips less obtuse. 23. TURPINIIA, Vent. Glabrous and shining trees or shrubs, with smooth terete branches. Leaves opposite, stipulate, usually odd-pinnate ; leaflets opposite, stipellate, serrulate, subcoriaceous. Panicles terminal and axillary; fluwers small, regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 5-partite, imbricated, Petals 5, imbricated. Stamens 5, inserted outside the lobed or crenulate raised disk ; filaments flattened; anthers short. Ovary sessile, 3-lobed and -celled; styles 3, combined or distinct ; stigmas subcapitate ; ovules 2 together or more and then in two rows. Fruit subglobose, indehiscent, 3-celled. Seeds angular ; testa hard, shining ; hile large ; albumen fleshy ; aril 0. Embryo straight. - Distrib. A genus of a few species widely dispersed. 1. T. pomifera, DC. Prodr. ii. 3 ; leaflets 3-9 elliptic oblong or ovate acuminate, primary branches of the panicles opposite. Wall. Cat. 4276. page 699 Dalrympelia pomifera, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 17 ; Cor. PI. t. 299 ; Fl. Ind. i. 633. T. nepalensis, Wall. Cat. 4277 ; W. & A. Prodr. 156 ; Wight Ic. t. 972 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 159 ; Thwaites Enum. 71. T. microcarpa, W. & A. Prodr. 156. T. martabanica. Wall. Cat. 4278. T. latifolia, Wall. Cat. 4939. Canarium Sajiga, Ham. ex W. & A. Prodr. 175. - Wall. Cat. 8104.Eastern Subtropical Himalaya, from Nipal to Sikkim, alt. 2-7000 ft. ; the Khasia Mts.; Assam, Silhet, Cachar, Chittagong, Birma to Penang. Western Peninsula ; from the Concan southwards. Ceylon. - Distrib. Yunan, China, &c. A leafy tree, sometimes large, occasionally only a shrub; foliage like that of Bischoffia javanica, Blume. Leaves 5-20 in. long ; stipules interpetiolar, triangular, caducous ; leaflets 2 1/2-8 by 1-3 in. ; petiolules of the lateral ones short, of the terminal ones ranging up to 2 in. ; stipels lanceolate-subulate, caducous. Fruit 1/3-2 in. diam., purplish, red, yellow or green. - There are two well marked forms of this species, connected, however, by intermediate ones; a. leaflets more oblong, branches of the corymbose panicle rather stout, flowers yellowish 1/8 in. diam,, petals not ciliate, ovules about 8 together, fruit very fleshy large ; β. (T. nepalensis) leaflets more ovate, branches of the depresso-pyramidal panicle less stout, flowers white 1/12 in. diam., petals shortly ciliate, ovules 2-3 together, fruit small nearly dry. The synonymy for the extra-Indian forms is not given. |